Tanzimat
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The Tanzimat was a period of reforms in the Ottoman Empire that began with the Edict of Gülhane of 1839 and ended with the First Constitutional Era in 1876. Driven by reformist statesmen such as Musta
Mustafa Reşid Pasha, chief architect of the Tanzimat reform
Cenab Şehabeddin was known for his liberal ideals and poetry influenced by French Symbolism.
Diplomat Mehmed Cemil Bey wearing a frock coat and a bow tie.
Necip Ahmed Pasha, career officer and composer in French-inspired uniform.
The Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire was a period of history of the Ottoman Empire beginning with the Young Turk Revolution and ultimately ending with the empire's dissolution and the founding of the
Territorial changes of the Ottoman Empire 1912 corrected
Territorial changes of the Ottoman Empire 1913
Territorial changes of the Ottoman Empire 1920
Ottoman Loan certificate, 1933; printed in French