1.
Alzey
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Alzey is a Verband-free town – one belonging to no Verbandsgemeinde – in the Alzey-Worms district in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It is the fourth-largest town in Rhenish Hesse, after Mainz, Worms, Alzey is one of the Nibelungenstädte – towns associated with the Nibelungenlied – because it is represented in this work by the character Volker von Alzey. Hence, Alzey is also known as Volkerstadt, Alzey lies in Rhenish Hesse on the western edge of the northern part of the Upper Rhine Plain. It is surrounded by the part of the Alzey Hills, which meets the Rhenish Hesse Hills towards the south. The town is found some 30 km southwest of Mainz and some 22 km northwest of Worms, through Alzey, in places underground, flows the river Selz, a left-bank tributary to the Rhine. Yearly precipitation in Alzey amounts to 586 mm, which is rather low, at 18% of the German Weather Services weather stations, even lower figures are recorded. The most rainfall comes in June, in that month, precipitation is 1.9 times what it is in February. At 41% of the stations, lower seasonal swings are recorded. The earliest traces of settlement in the Alzey area go back as far as the Neolithic, Alzey was founded as a vicus in the Roman province of Germania Superior in the lands surrounding Mogontiacum. The name of Alzey is first mentioned on a Nymphenstein, dedicated on 22 November 223 by the Vicani Altiaienses. The name Altiaia could well originate as the name of an older, pre-Roman Celtic settlement of about 400 BC, over the ruins of the Roman village, which was destroyed about 350, a fort was built about 390. In 406 and 407, the Burgundians, together with the Vandals, crossed the Rhine and settled in Mainz, Alzey, the area was secured for them by treaty. In 436, the Burgundian kingdom was destroyed by the Western Roman magister militum Flavius Aëtius with help from Hunnish troops and these events were worked into the Nibelungenlied and form the origin of the legendary figure Volker von Alzey, the gleeman in the Nibelungenlied. After 450, Alzey passed to the Alamanni and the Franks when they took over the land, after Clovis Is death in 511, the Frankish Empire fell apart into separate smaller kingdoms, and Alzey became part of Austrasia, whose capital was at Metz. Following the unification of the Frankish kingdoms in the century, Alzey was assigned by the 843 Treaty of Verdun to the Kingdom of the East Franks. In 897, Alzey was first mentioned as an Imperial fief, in 1156, Alzey belonged to the Electorate of the Palatinate, and Konrad von Staufen attained the rank of Count Palatine in the Imperial castle, which had been completed in 1118. In 1277, Alzey attained the rank of town from Rudolf von Habsburg, in 1620, Count Spinola sided with the Catholic Emperor in the Thirty Years War against the Protestant Electorate of the Palatinate and also conquered Alzey. In 1689, the town and the castle, under the French troops scorched-earth policy, were burnt down in the Nine Years War, when Louis XIVs armies had to leave areas conquered earlier
2.
Rhineland-Palatinate
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Rhineland-Palatinate is one of the 16 states of the Federal Republic of Germany. It has an area of 19,846 square kilometres and about four million inhabitants, Rhineland-Palatinate is located in western Germany and borders Belgium, Luxembourg and France, and the German states of North Rhine-Westphalia, Hesse, Baden-Württemberg and Saarland. The state of Rhineland-Palatinate dates from 30 August 1946, as of 201044. 9% of the population of the state adhered to the Roman Catholic Church,30. 6% to the Evangelical Church in Germany. 22. 0% of the population is irreligious or adheres to other religions, muslims made up 2. 5% of the total. The league of ShUM-cities in the later Rhineland-Palatinate comprised the Jewish communities of Mainz, Speyer, the Takkanot Shum, or Enactments of ShUM were a set of decrees formulated and agreed upon over a period of decades by their Jewish community leaders. Rhineland-Palatinate leads all German states with a rate of approximately 50%. Important sectors are the industry, chemical industry, pharmaceutical industry. Distinctive regional industries includes gemstone industry, ceramic and glass industry, small and medium enterprises are considered the backbone of the economy in Rhineland-Palatinate. The principal employer is the chemical and plastics processing industry which is represented by BASF in Ludwigshafen, boehringer, Joh. A. Benckiser, SGE Deutsche Holding, Schott Glassworks concludes the top 5 companies in the state. Rhineland-Palatinate is Germanys leading producer of wine in terms of grape cultivation, of thirteen wine regions producing quality wine in Germany, six are located in Rhineland-Palatinate, with 65% to 70% of the production of wine grapes in Germany having their origin within the state. 13,000 wine producers generate 80% to 90% of the German wine export, traditional grape varieties and a wide range of varieties developed during the last 125 years are characteristic for the region. Classical white varieties are cultivated at 63,683 hectares and these comprise the famous Rieslings 14,446 hectares, Müller-Thurgau, Silvaner and Kerner. The share of red varieties grew constantly during the last decades, dornfelder, a new cultivar, is the leading red grape cultivated on 7,626 hectares, which is more than a third. Blauer Portugieser and Spätburgunder show also appreciable cultivated shares, the state supports the wine industry by providing a comprehensive consultancy and education program in the service supply centers of the land. The Geilweilerhof Institute for Grape Breeding is fully financed by the state, many well known new breeds, such as Morio-Muskat, Bacchus, Optima and Regent have been created in these institutes. The worldwide leader in sparkling wine production, producing 245 million bottles in 2006, is the renowned Schloss Wachenheim Group and this company is headquartered in Trier, with operations in several locations in Rhineland-Palatinate
3.
Pop music
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Pop music is a genre of popular music that originated in its modern form in the United States and United Kingdom during the mid 1950s. The terms popular music and pop music are used interchangeably, although the former describes all music that is popular. Pop and rock were synonymous terms until the late 1960s, when they were used in opposition from each other. Although pop music is seen as just the singles charts, it is not the sum of all chart music. Pop music is eclectic, and often borrows elements from other such as urban, dance, rock, Latin. Identifying factors include generally short to medium-length songs written in a format, as well as the common use of repeated choruses, melodic tunes. David Hatch and Stephen Millward define pop music as a body of music which is distinguishable from popular, jazz, according to Pete Seeger, pop music is professional music which draws upon both folk music and fine arts music. Although pop music is seen as just the singles charts, it is not the sum of all chart music, the music charts contain songs from a variety of sources, including classical, jazz, rock, and novelty songs. Pop music, as a genre, is seen as existing and developing separately, pop music continuously evolves along with the terms definition. The term pop song was first recorded as being used in 1926, Hatch and Millward indicate that many events in the history of recording in the 1920s can be seen as the birth of the modern pop music industry, including in country, blues and hillbilly music. The Oxford Dictionary of Music states that while pops earlier meaning meant concerts appealing to a wide audience. Since the late 1950s, however, pop has had the meaning of non-classical mus, usually in the form of songs, performed by such artists as the Beatles. Grove Music Online also states that, in the early 1960s pop music competed terminologically with beat music, while in the USA its coverage overlapped with that of rock and roll. From about 1967, the term was used in opposition to the term rock music. Whereas rock aspired to authenticity and an expansion of the possibilities of music, pop was more commercial, ephemeral. It is not driven by any significant ambition except profit and commercial reward, and, in musical terms, it is essentially conservative. It is, provided from on high rather than being made from below, pop is not a do-it-yourself music but is professionally produced and packaged. The beat and the melodies tend to be simple, with limited harmonic accompaniment, the lyrics of modern pop songs typically focus on simple themes – often love and romantic relationships – although there are notable exceptions
4.
Folk rock
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It has also been influential in those parts of the world with close cultural connections to Britain and gave rise to the genre of folk punk. By the 1980s the genre was in decline in popularity. When English bands of the late 1960s and early 1970s defined themselves as electric folk they were making a distinction with the existing folk rock. Folk rock was what they had already been producing, American or American style singer-songwriter material played on instruments, as undertaken by Bob Dylan. They drew the distinction because they were focusing on indigenous songs, the result of this hybridisation was an exchange of specific features drawn from Traditional music and Rock music. For example, electric folk groups, while using traditional material as their source for lyrics and tunes. In the same year, The Beatles began incorporating overt folk influences into their music, the Beatles and other British Invasion bands, in turn, influenced the Californian band The Byrds, who began playing folk-influenced material and Bob Dylan compositions with rock instrumentation. The Byrds recording of Dylans Mr Tambourine Man was released in April 1965 and reached #1 on the U. S. and UK singles charts, setting off the mid-1960s folk rock movement. The Beatles late 1965 album, Rubber Soul, contained a number of songs clearly influenced by the American folk rock boom, such as Nowhere Man and If I Needed Someone. Folk rock became an important genre among emerging English bands, particularly those in the London club scene towards the end of the 1960s. Like the American revival, it was often overtly left wing in its politics, most important among their responses were the foundation of folk clubs in major towns, starting with London where MacColl began the Ballads and Blues Club in 1953. These clubs were usually urban in location, but the songs sung in them often hearkened back to a rural pre-industrial past, in many ways this was the adoption of abandoned popular music by the middle classes. This meant that there were, by the later 1960s, a group of performers with musical skill and knowledge of a variety of traditional songs. The result was an interpretation of the song A Sailors Life. The rapid expansion of electric folk that followed in the wake of Liege, five Hand Reel a band formed out of the remnants of Spencers Feat proved to be one of the more successful and influential folk rock bands. Releasing 4 albums with Topic/RCA records they were popular in Europe. He then quit that and eventually formed the Albion Country Band, later the Albion Band, a much smaller group of English bands were formed in emulation of existing electric rock bands. Fiddlers Dram were often dismissed as one hit wonders for their single Day Trip to Bangor, most of their career, from that point until they disbanded in 1979, was one of declining profile and sales
5.
Adult contemporary music
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Adult contemporary is rather a continuation of the easy listening and soft rock style that became popular in the 1960s and 1970s with some adjustments that reflect the evolution of pop/rock music. Adult contemporary tends to have lush, soothing and highly polished qualities where emphasis on melody and it is usually melodic enough to get a listeners attention, and is inoffensive and pleasurable enough to work well as background music. Like most of pop music, its songs tend to be written in a basic format employing a verse–chorus structure, the format is heavy on romantic sentimental ballads which mostly use acoustic instruments such as acoustic guitars, pianos, saxophones, and sometimes an orchestral set. The electric guitars are normally faint and high-pitched, however, recent adult contemporary music may usually feature synthesizers. An AC radio station may play mainstream music, but it excludes hip hop, dance tracks, hard rock, and some forms of teen pop, as these are popular among adults. AC radio often targets the 25–44 age group, the demographic that has received the most attention from advertisers since the 1960s, a common practice in recent years of adult contemporary stations is to play less newer music and more hits of the past. This de-emphasis on new songs slows the progression of the AC chart, over the years, AC has spawned subgenres including hot AC, soft AC, urban AC, rhythmic AC, and Christian AC. Some stations play only hot AC, soft AC, or only one of the variety of subgenres, therefore, it is not usually considered a specific genre of music, it is merely an assemblage of selected tracks from musicians of many different genres. Adult contemporary traces its roots to the 1960s easy listening format, a few offered 90% instrumentals, and a handful were entirely instrumental. Billboard first published the Easy Listening chart July 17,1961, with 20 songs, the chart described itself as not too far out in either direction. Initially, the vocalists consisted of such as Frank Sinatra, Doris Day, Johnny Mathis, Connie Francis, Nat King Cole, Perry Como. The custom recordings were usually instrumental versions of current or recent rock and roll or pop hit songs, some stations would also occasionally play earlier big band-era recordings from the 1940s and early 1950s. After 1965, differences between the Hot 100 chart and the Easy Listening chart became more pronounced, better reflecting what middle of the road stations were actually playing, the composition of the chart changed dramatically. As rock music continued to harden, there was much less crossover between the Hot 100 and Easy Listening chart than there had been in the half of the 1960s. Roger Miller, Barbra Streisand and Bobby Vinton were among the charts most popular performers and these middle of the road stations also frequently included older, pre-rock-era adult standards and big band titles to further appeal to adult listeners who had grown up with those songs. Another big impetus for the evolution of the AC radio format was the popularity of easy listening or beautiful music stations, stations with music specifically designed to be purely ambient, hard rock had been established as a mainstream genre by 1965. From the end of the 1960s, it common to divide mainstream rock music into soft and hard rock. Soft rock was often derived from rock, using acoustic instruments and putting more emphasis on melody
6.
Dance-pop
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Dance-pop is a pop and dance subgenre that originated in the early 1980s. It is generally up-tempo music intended for nightclubs with the intention of being danceable, the genre, on the whole, tends to be producer-driven, despite some notable exceptions. Dance-pop borrowed influences from other genres, which varied by producer, artist, such include contemporary R&B, house, trance, techno, new jack swing, funk, synthpop, electropop and some forms of europop. Dance-pop is a mainstream style of music and there have been numerous pop artists. As the term started to go out of fashion by the late 1970s to early 1980s, other terms were commonly used to describe disco-based music, such as post-disco, club. Dance-pop music emerged in the 1980s as a combination of dance and pop, or post-disco, Dance-pop music was usually created, composed and produced by record producers who would then hire singers to perform the songs. In the beginning of the 80s disco was an anathema to the mainstream pop, according to prominent Allmusic critic Stephen Thomas Erlewine, Madonna had a huge role in popularizing dance music as mainstream music, utilizing her charisma, chutzpah and sex appeal. Erlewine claimed that Madonna launched dance-pop and set the standard for the genre for the two decades. The staff of Vice magazine stated that her debut album drew the blueprint for future dance-pop, in the 1980s dance-pop was closely aligned to other up-tempo electronic genres, such as Hi-NRG. Prominent producers in the 1980s included Stock, Aitken and Waterman, during the decade, dance-pop borrowed influences from funk, new jack swing, and contemporary R&B. Other prominent dance-pop artists and groups of the 1980s included the Pet Shop Boys, Mel and Kim, Samantha Fox, Debbie Gibson, by the 1990s, dance-pop had become a major genre in popular music. Several dance-pop groups and artists emerged during the 1990s, such as the Spice Girls, Britney Spears, Christina Aguilera, Jessica Simpson, Backstreet Boys, during the early 1990s, dance-pop borrowed influences from house music, as well as contemporary R&B and new jack swing. Additionally, also in 1998, Cher released a song called Believe which made usage of a technological innovation of the time. An audio processor and a form of pitch modification software, Auto-Tune is commonly used as a way to correct pitch, since the late 1990s, the use of Auto-Tune processing has become a common feature of dance-pop music. Celine Dion also released a dance-pop song Thats the Way It Is by the end of 1999 and it has a moderately slow tempo but an up-beat song. At the beginning of the 2000s, dance-pop music was still prominent, nonetheless, as R&B and hip hop became extremely popular from the early part of the decade onwards, dance-pop often borrowed a lot of its influences from urban music. Dance-pop stars from the 1980s and 1990s such as Britney Spears, Christina Aguilera, Madonna, Janet Jackson, in Madonnas case, her album Music contained elements of Euro disco, especially the successful eponymous lead single. Britney Spears album Blackout contained influences of Euro disco, the mid-to-late 2000s saw the arrival of several new dance-pop artists, including Rihanna, Kesha, Lady Gaga and Katy Perry
7.
Sezen Aksu
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Sezen Aksu is a Turkish pop music singer, songwriter and producer who has sold over 40 million albums worldwide. Her nicknames include the Queen of Turkish Pop and Minik Serçe and her work with Tarkan resulted in continental hits like Şımarık and Şıkıdım and her collaboration with Goran Bregovic widened her international audience. Sezen Aksu was born in Sarayköy, Denizli, Turkey and her family moved to Bergama when she was three years old and she spent her childhood and early youth there. Aksus parents discouraged her singing because they wanted her to have a profession as a doctor or engineer. She used to wait until they left the house and sing on the familys balcony, after finishing high school, she began studying at the local agricultural institute, but left college to concentrate on music. Along with her close friend Ajda Pekkan, Aksu is credited with laying the foundations of Turkish pop music in the 1970s and her sound has also spread across the Balkans and Greece. Aksu has also toured in Europe and the U. S to critical appraise and she has championed a variety of causes, including support for constitutional reform, minority rights, womens rights, the environment, and educational reform in Turkey. Aksu has been married and divorced four times, but kept the name from her marriage to Ali Engin Aksu. She has a son with Sinan Özer, named Mithat Can, Sezen Aksu released her first single, Haydi Şansım/Gel Bana in 1975 under the name of Sezen Seley. However, she remained undiscovered until her 1976 single Olmaz Olsun/Vurdumduymaz reached number one in the Turkish charts, Sezen Aksu in 1976, Promising Female Artist of the Year award. Her first album was 1978s Serçe, which was to give her the nickname, an Aksu drive finally got Turkey to apply for the Eurovision Song contest in the mid-70s. It was to be left to her pupil Sertap Erener to win the Eurovision, in the 80s, Aksu had a relationship with producer Onno Tunç that was both romantic and professional. As a couple they put their signatures to works that broke new ground in Turkish pop music, such as Sen Ağlama, Git, Sezen Aksu88 and her music matured in the 90s, when she co-produced her best selling album to-date Gülümse with Tunç. The A-1 track from the album called Hadi Bakalım was a hit in Turkey and Europe and it was to be later rediscovered in Europop by singer Loona as Rhythm of the Night. She also began to produce albums for her vocalists, notably producing Aşkın Nur Yengis debut album Sevgiliye again with Tunç and she was to repeat her success with artists Sertap Erener and Levent Yüksel also. Parting ways with Tunç, in 1995, Aksu branched out with the experimental album Işık Doğudan Yükselir and this album made her name outside Turkey and gave her a world music following across Europe. In 1996, she released Düş Bahçeleri as a tribute to Tunç, in 1997, she released Düğün ve Cenaze, this time collaborating with Goran Bregovic. She returned to her roots with Adı Bende Saklı, which was released in 1998 and she began to use experimental sounds and was once again pushing Turkish pop into the future
8.
Wyclef Jean
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Nel Ust Wyclef Jean, best known by his professional name Wyclef Jean, is a Haitian rapper, musician and actor. At the age of nine, Jean immigrated as a child to the United States with his family and he first achieved fame as a member of the New Jersey hip hop group the Fugees. Jean has won three Grammy Awards for his musical work, on August 5,2010, Jean filed for candidacy in the 2010 Haitian presidential election. The Electoral Commission ruled him as ineligible to stand for office, Jeans efforts at earthquake relief, highly publicized in 2010 throughout Haiti and the United States, were channeled through his charitable organization, Yéle Haiti. The charity, which conducted education and welfare activities in Haiti between 2005 and 2010, effectively closed in 2012 and it was investigated for failure to file tax returns and mismanagement of funds, a high proportion of its money went to travel and administrative expense. The New York Times reported that much of the money raised by the organization in the Hope for Haiti Now telethon was retained by Jean for his own benefit, in 2012 Jean published his memoir Purpose, An Immigrant’s Story. Along with Carlos Santana, Avicii and Alexandre Pires, Jean was chosen to perform the ceremony at the 2014 FIFA World Cup in Brazil. Their single, Dar Um Jeito, the official World Cup anthem, was released on April 29,2014, Jean was born in Croix-des-Bouquets, Haiti. In 1982, he immigrated with his family as a child to the United States, after living in Brooklyn, New York, they settled in East Orange and Newark. He began to make music as a child and has cited reggae artist Bigga Haitian as one of his influences, as well as neighborhood heroes MC Tiger Paw Raw. His mother recognized his talent and bought him a guitar when he was in his teens. Jean graduated from Vailsburg High School, Newark, New Jersey, briefly attended Eastern Nazarene College, Jean has been a resident of Saddle River, South Orange, and North Caldwell, New Jersey. In 2009, Jean enrolled in the Berklee College of Music, Jean and other musicians formed a group in the 1980s under the name Tranzlator Crew. After they signed with Ruffhouse Records and Columbia Records in 1993, they renamed their group as Fugees – an abbreviation of refugees, the groups debut album, Blunted on Reality, was released in 1994. It achieved limited success, peaking at number 62 on the US Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart. The album peaked at number 122 on the UK Albums Chart in 1997, Blunted on Reality spawned three singles, Boof Baf, Nappy Heads and Vocab. Nappy Heads was the Fugees first single to be ranked on the US Billboard Hot 100, in 1996, the Fugees released their second album, titled The Score. The album achieved significant commercial success in the United States, topping the US Billboard 200 and it was later certified as six-times platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America
9.
Miri Ben-Ari
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Miri Ben-Ari is an Israeli-American violinist. Ben-Ari was born in Tel Aviv, Israel and she grew up playing classical music, she started training at age 5 and at age 12, she was presented with a violin by Isaac Stern. During her mandatory Israeli military service, she was chosen to play for the Israeli Army String Quartet, during her stint in the Israeli military, she heard an album by Charlie Parker and immediately fell in love with jazz, she later said My soul was sold. She released her first solo CD Sahara in 1999 and her persistence earned her an appearance on BETs 106 & Park, the viewer response netted her a return visit a few weeks later. Her performances caught the eye of Jay-Z, who invited her to play as one of the headliners of New York radio station Hot 97s annual Summer Jam concert in 2001, where she netted a standing ovation. Around the same time, a friend introduced Ben-Ari to Wyclef Jean, who invited her to perform with him at his Carnegie Hall show. In 2003, she released her second CD Temple of Beautiful and she won a Grammy Award for Best Rap Song in 2005 as one of the co-writers of Kanye Wests Jesus Walks. In 2005, she released her fourth CD and first to focus on hip-hop style, entitled The Hip-Hop Violinist. As part of the promotion for it, she was part of Reeboks I Am What I Am global advertising campaign, Reebok was also part of the video for the first single from the CD, We Gonna Win. In 2006, she co-founded Gedenk, a dedicated to promoting education about the Holocaust in the United States. In 2009, she released Symphony of Brotherhood, a track featuring Martin Luther Kings I Have a Dream speech. In part due to the song, she received the first Martin Luther King, Jr. Israeli Award in January 2008 at a ceremony hosted by the President of Israel, Shimon Peres. In March 2011, Ben-Ari was invited to the White House by Michelle Obama as part of a Womens History Month celebration, to perform, in July 2011 she performed at the 2011 Miss Universe China pageant. and in October 2011 she performed at the Martin Luther King Jr. Presidential memorial dedication in Washington, DC, in 2011, she was named by Ynet as one of the 10 most influential Israelis in America. In 2012, Ben-Ari was invited to perform for U. S. President Barack Obama, in 2013 she was appointed as “Goodwill Ambassador of Music” at the United Nations Association-Brazil. In 2013 she was featured in the trance song Intense by DJ Armin Van Buuren, Ben-Ari was a special guest feature with Arianna Huffingtons THIRD METRIC LIVE and Armin Van Buuren ARMIN ONLY-INTENSE world tour. She became a blogger for the Huffington and was chosen by top Israeli news media Mako. Ben-Ari received the first-ever “Girl Up Advocate Award” to celebrate international Women’s Day from the United Nations Foundation and is the recipient of the 2015 Ellis Island Medal of Honor, a longtime resident of Bergen County, New Jersey, Ben-Ari moved from Edgewater to Fort Lee in 2016
10.
Turkish people
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Turkish people, or the Turks, also known as Anatolian Turks, are a Turkic ethnic group and nation living mainly in Turkey and speaking Turkish, the most widely spoken Turkic language. They are the largest ethnic group in Turkey, as well as by far the largest ethnic group among the speakers of Turkic languages, ethnic Turkish minorities exist in the former lands of the Ottoman Empire. In addition, a Turkish diaspora has been established with modern migration, the ethnonym Turk may be first discerned in Herodotus reference to Targitas, first king of the Scythians, furthermore, during the first century AD. Pomponius Mela refers to the Turcae in the north of the Sea of Azov. The first definite references to the Turks come mainly from Chinese sources in the sixth century, in these sources, Turk appears as Tujue, which referred to the Göktürks. Although Turk refers to Turkish people, it may sometimes refer to the wider language group of Turkic peoples. In the 19th century, the word Türk only referred to Anatolian villagers, the Ottoman ruling class identified themselves as Ottomans, not usually as Turks. In the late 19th century, as the Ottoman upper classes adopted European ideas of nationalism the term Türk took on a more positive connotation. The Turkish-speakers of Anatolia were the most loyal supporters of Ottoman rule, Turkish Jews, Christians, or even Alevis may be considered non-Turks. On the other hand, Kurdish Arab followers of the Sunni branch of Islam who live in eastern Anatolia are sometimes considered Turks, article 66 of the Turkish Constitution defines a Turk as anyone who is bound to the Turkish state through the bond of citizenship. Anatolia was first inhabited by hunter-gatherers during the Paleolithic era, most of the Turkic peoples were followers of Tengriism, sharing the cult of the sky god Tengri, although there were also adherents of Manichaeism, Nestorian Christianity and Buddhism. However, during the Muslim conquests, the Turks entered the Muslim world proper as servants, during the booty of Arab raids, the Turks began converting to Islam after Muslim conquest of Transoxiana through the efforts of missionaries, Sufis, and merchants. Although initiated by the Arabs, the conversion of the Turks to Islam was filtered through Persian, under the Umayyads, most were domestic servants, whilst under the Abbasids, increasing numbers were trained as soldiers. By the ninth century, Turkish commanders were leading the caliphs’ Turkish troops into battle, as the Abbasid caliphate declined, Turkish officers assumed more military and political power taking over or establishing provincial dynasties with their own corps of Turkish troops. During the 11th century the Seljuk Turks who were admirers of the Persian civilization grew in number and were able to occupy the province of the Abbasid Empire. By 1055, the Seljuk Empire captured Baghdad and began to make their first incursions into the edges of Anatolia, when the Seljuk Turks won the Battle of Manzikert against the Byzantine Empire in 1071, it opened the gates of Anatolia to them. Although ethnically Turkish, the Seljuk Turks appreciated and became the purveyors of the Persian culture rather than the Turkish culture, in dire straits, the Byzantine Empire turned to the West for help setting in motion the pleas that led to the First Crusade. Once the Crusaders took Iznik, the Seljuk Turks established the Sultanate of Rum from their new capital, Konya, by the 12th century the Europeans had begun to call the Anatolian region Turchia or Turkey, meaning the land of the Turks
11.
West Germany
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West Germany is the common English name for the Federal Republic of Germany or FRG in the period between its creation on 23 May 1949 to German reunification on 3 October 1990. During this Cold War era, NATO-aligned West Germany and Warsaw Pact-aligned East Germany were divided by the Inner German border, after 1961 West Berlin was physically separated from East Berlin as well as from East Germany by the Berlin Wall. This situation ended when East Germany was dissolved and its five states joined the ten states of the Federal Republic of Germany along with the reunified city-state of Berlin. With the reunification of West and East Germany, the Federal Republic of Germany, enlarged now to sixteen states and this period is referred to as the Bonn Republic by historians, alluding to the interwar Weimar Republic and the post-reunification Berlin Republic. The Federal Republic of Germany was established from eleven states formed in the three Allied Zones of occupation held by the United States, the United Kingdom and France, US and British forces remained in the country throughout the Cold War. Its population grew from roughly 51 million in 1950 to more than 63 million in 1990, the city of Bonn was its de facto capital city. The fourth Allied occupation zone was held by the Soviet Union, as a result, West Germany had a territory about half the size of the interbellum democratic Weimar Republic. At the onset of the Cold War, Europe was divided among the Western and Eastern blocs, Germany was de facto divided into two countries and two special territories, the Saarland and divided Berlin. The Federal Republic of Germany claimed a mandate for all of Germany. It took the line that the GDR was an illegally constituted puppet state, though the GDR did hold regular elections, these were not free and fair. For all practical purposes the GDR was a Soviet puppet state, from the West German perspective the GDR was therefore illegitimate. Three southwestern states of West Germany merged to form Baden-Württemberg in 1952, in addition to the resulting ten states, West Berlin was considered an unofficial de facto 11th state. It recognised the GDR as a de facto government within a single German nation that in turn was represented de jure by the West German state alone. From 1973 onward, East Germany recognised the existence of two German countries de jure, and the West as both de facto and de jure foreign country, the Federal Republic and the GDR agreed that neither of them could speak in the name of the other. The first chancellor Konrad Adenauer, who remained in office until 1963, had worked for an alignment with NATO rather than neutrality. He not only secured a membership in NATO but was also a proponent of agreements that developed into the present-day European Union, when the G6 was established in 1975, there was no question whether the Federal Republic of Germany would be a member as well. With the collapse of communism in Central and Eastern Europe in 1989, symbolised by the opening of the Berlin Wall, East Germany voted to dissolve itself and accede to the Federal Republic in 1990. Its five post-war states were reconstituted along with the reunited Berlin and they formally joined the Federal Republic on 3 October 1990, raising the number of states from 10 to 16, ending the division of Germany
12.
Music recording sales certification
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Music recording sales certification is a system of certifying that a music recording has shipped or sold a certain number of copies. The threshold quantity varies by type and by nation or territory, almost all countries follow variations of the RIAA certification categories, which are named after precious materials. The number of sales or shipments required for these awards depends upon the population of the territory in which the recording is released, typically, they are awarded only to international releases and are awarded individually for each country in which the album is sold. Different sales levels, some perhaps 10 times lower than others, the original gold record awards were presented to artists by their own record companies to publicize their sales achievements. The first of these was awarded by RCA Victor to Glenn Miller and His Orchestra in February 1942, another example of a company award is the gold record awarded to Elvis Presley in 1956 for one million units sold of his single Dont Be Cruel. The first gold record for an LP was awarded by RCA Victor to Harry Belafonte in 1957 for the album Calypso and these sales were restricted to U. S. -based record companies and did not include exports to other countries. For albums in 1968, this would mean shipping approximately 250,000 units, the platinum certification was introduced in 1976 for the sale of one million units, album or single, with the gold certification redefined to mean sales of 500,000 units, album or single. No album was certified platinum prior to this year, for instance, the recording by Van Cliburn of the Tchaikovsky Piano Concerto from 1958 would eventually be awarded a platinum citation, but this would not happen until two decades after its release. In 1999, the certification was introduced for sales of ten million units. On 14 March 1958, the RIAA certified its first gold record, soundtrack was certified as the first gold album four months later. In 1976, RIAA introduced the platinum certification, first awarded to Johnnie Taylors single, Disco Lady, as music sales increased with the introduction of compact discs, the RIAA created the Multi-Platinum award in 1984. Diamond awards, honoring those artists whose sales of singles or albums reached 10,000,000 copies, were introduced in 1999 and this became much less common once the majority of retail sales became paid digital downloads and digital streaming. In most countries certifications no longer apply solely to physical media, in June 2006, the RIAA also certified the ringtone downloads of songs. Streaming from on-demand services such as Rhapsody and Spotify has been included into existing digital certification in the U. S since 2013, in the U. S. and Germany video streaming services like YouTube, VEVO, and Yahoo. Music also began to be counted towards the certification, in both cases using the formula of 100 streams being equivalent to one download, other countries, such as Denmark and Spain, maintain separate awards for digital download singles and streaming. The International Federation of the Phonographic Industry was founded in 1996, and grants the IFPI Platinum Europe Award for album sales over one million within Europe, multi-platinum Europe Awards are presented for sales in subsequent multiples of one million. Eligibility is unaffected by time, and is not restricted to European-based artists, IMPALA sales awards were launched in 2005 as the first sales awards recognising that success on a pan-European basis begins well before sales reach one million. The award levels are Silver, Double Silver, Gold, Double Gold, Diamond, Platinum, below are certification thresholds for the United States and United Kingdom
13.
Turkey
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Turkey, officially the Republic of Turkey, is a transcontinental country in Eurasia, mainly in Anatolia in Western Asia, with a smaller portion on the Balkan peninsula in Southeast Europe. Turkey is a democratic, secular, unitary, parliamentary republic with a cultural heritage. The country is encircled by seas on three sides, the Aegean Sea is to the west, the Black Sea to the north, and the Mediterranean Sea to the south. The Bosphorus, the Sea of Marmara, and the Dardanelles, Ankara is the capital while Istanbul is the countrys largest city and main cultural and commercial centre. Approximately 70-80% of the countrys citizens identify themselves as ethnic Turks, other ethnic groups include legally recognised and unrecognised minorities. Kurds are the largest ethnic minority group, making up approximately 20% of the population, the area of Turkey has been inhabited since the Paleolithic by various ancient Anatolian civilisations, as well as Assyrians, Greeks, Thracians, Phrygians, Urartians and Armenians. After Alexander the Greats conquest, the area was Hellenized, a process continued under the Roman Empire. The Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm ruled Anatolia until the Mongol invasion in 1243, the empire reached the peak of its power in the 16th century, especially during the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent. During the war, the Ottoman government committed genocides against its Armenian, Assyrian, following the war, the conglomeration of territories and peoples that formerly comprised the Ottoman Empire was partitioned into several new states. Turkey is a member of the UN, an early member of NATO. Turkeys growing economy and diplomatic initiatives have led to its recognition as a regional power while her location has given it geopolitical, the name of Turkey is based on the ethnonym Türk. The first recorded use of the term Türk or Türük as an autonym is contained in the Old Turkic inscriptions of the Göktürks of Central Asia, the English name Turkey first appeared in the late 14th century and is derived from Medieval Latin Turchia. Similarly, the medieval Khazar Empire, a Turkic state on the shores of the Black. The medieval Arabs referred to the Mamluk Sultanate as al-Dawla al-Turkiyya, the Ottoman Empire was sometimes referred to as Turkey or the Turkish Empire among its European contemporaries. The Anatolian peninsula, comprising most of modern Turkey, is one of the oldest permanently settled regions in the world, various ancient Anatolian populations have lived in Anatolia, from at least the Neolithic period until the Hellenistic period. Many of these peoples spoke the Anatolian languages, a branch of the larger Indo-European language family, in fact, given the antiquity of the Indo-European Hittite and Luwian languages, some scholars have proposed Anatolia as the hypothetical centre from which the Indo-European languages radiated. The European part of Turkey, called Eastern Thrace, has also been inhabited since at least forty years ago. It is the largest and best-preserved Neolithic site found to date, the settlement of Troy started in the Neolithic Age and continued into the Iron Age
14.
The Washington Post
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The Washington Post is an American daily newspaper. It is the most widely circulated newspaper published in Washington, D. C. and was founded on December 6,1877 and its current slogan is Democracy Dies in Darkness. Located in the city of the United States, the newspaper has a particular emphasis on national politics. Daily editions are printed for the District of Columbia, Maryland, the newspaper is published as a broadsheet, with photographs printed both in color and in black and white. The newspaper has won 47 Pulitzer Prizes and this includes six separate Pulitzers awarded in 2008, the second-highest number ever awarded to a single newspaper in one year, second only to The New York Times seven awards in 2002. Post journalists have also received 18 Nieman Fellowships and 368 White House News Photographers Association awards, in years since, its investigations have led to increased review of the Walter Reed Army Medical Center. In 2013, its owners, the Graham family, sold the newspaper to billionaire entrepreneur. The newspaper is owned by Nash Holdings LLC, a holding company Bezos created for the acquisition, the Washington Post is generally regarded as one of the leading daily American newspapers, along with The New York Times and The Wall Street Journal. The Post has distinguished itself through its reporting on the workings of the White House, Congress. It is one of the two daily broadsheets published in Washington D. C. the other being its smaller rival The Washington Times, unlike The New York Times and The Wall Street Journal, The Washington Post does not print an edition for distribution away from the East Coast. In 2009, the newspaper ceased publication of its National Weekly Edition, the majority of its newsprint readership is in District of Columbia and its suburbs in Maryland and Northern Virginia. The Sunday Style section differs slightly from the weekday Style section, it is in a tabloid format, and it houses the reader-written humor contest The Style Invitational. Additional weekly sections appear on weekdays, Health & Science on Tuesday, Food on Wednesday, Local Living on Thursday, the latter two are in a tabloid format. In November 2009, it announced the closure of its U. S. regional bureaus—Chicago, Los Angeles and New York—as part of a focus on. political stories. The newspaper has bureaus in Maryland and Virginia. While its circulation has been slipping, it has one of the highest market-penetration rates of any metropolitan news daily, for many decades, the Post had its main office at 1150 15th Street NW. This real estate remained with Graham Holdings when the newspaper was sold to Jeff Bezos Nash Holdings in 2013, Graham Holdings sold 1150 15th Street for US$159 million in November 2013. The Washington Post continued to lease space at 1150 L Street NW, in May 2014, The Washington Post leased the west tower of One Franklin Square, a high-rise building at 1301 K Street NW in Washington, D. C
15.
Elvis Presley
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Elvis Aaron Presley was an American singer and actor. Regarded as one of the most significant cultural icons of the 20th century, he is referred to as the King of Rock and Roll. Presley was born in Tupelo, Mississippi, and relocated to Memphis and his music career began there in 1954, when he recorded a song with producer Sam Phillips at Sun Records. Accompanied by guitarist Scotty Moore and bassist Bill Black, Presley was a popularizer of rockabilly. RCA Victor acquired his contract in a deal arranged by Colonel Tom Parker, Presleys first RCA single, Heartbreak Hotel, was released in January 1956 and became a number-one hit in the United States. He was regarded as the figure of rock and roll after a series of successful network television appearances. In November 1956, Presley made his debut in Love Me Tender. In 1958, he was drafted into military service, in 1973, Presley featured in the first globally broadcast concert via satellite, Aloha from Hawaii. Several years of drug abuse severely damaged his health. Presley is one of the most celebrated and influential musicians of the 20th century and he won three Grammys, also receiving the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award at age 36, and has been inducted into multiple music halls of fame. Presley was born on January 8,1935, in Tupelo, Mississippi, to Gladys Love and Vernon Elvis Presley, Jesse Garon Presley, his identical twin brother, was delivered stillborn 35 minutes before his own birth. Thus, as a child, Presley became close to both parents and formed an especially close bond with his mother. The family attended an Assembly of God, where he found his musical inspiration. Although he was in conflict with the Pentecostal church in his later years, rev. Rex Humbard officiated at his funeral, as Presley had been an admirer of Humbards ministry. Presleys ancestry was primarily a Western European mix, including Scots-Irish, Scottish, German, gladyss great-great-grandmother, Morning Dove White, was possibly a Cherokee Native American. Gladys was regarded by relatives and friends as the dominant member of the small family, Vernon moved from one odd job to the next, evincing little ambition. The family often relied on help from neighbors and government food assistance, the Presleys survived the F5 tornado in the 1936 Tupelo–Gainesville tornado outbreak. In 1938, they lost their home after Vernon was found guilty of kiting a check written by the landowner, Orville S. Bean and he was jailed for eight months, and Gladys and Elvis moved in with relatives
16.
Atlantic Records
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Atlantic Recording Corporation is an American major record label founded in October 1947 by Ahmet Ertegün and Herb Abramson. In 2004, Atlantic Records and its sister label Elektra Records merged into Atlantic Records Group, craig Kallman is currently the chairman of Atlantic Records. Ahmet Ertegün served as founding chairman until his death on December 14,2006, the brothers had become ardent fans of jazz and rhythm & blues music, amassing a collection of over 15,00078 RPM records. He convinced the family dentist, Dr Vahdi Sabit, to invest $10,000 and recruited Herb Abramson, Abramson had worked as a part-time A&R manager/producer for the jazz label National Records, signing Big Joe Turner and Billy Eckstine. He founded Jubilee Records in 1946, but had no interest in its most successful artists, so, in September 1947, he sold his share in Jubilee to his partner, Jerry Blaine, and invested $2500 in the new Atlantic label. When interviewed in 2009 she attributed her reputation to the companys chronic cash-flow shortage, most of the problems we had with artists were that they wanted advances, and that was very difficult for us. We were undercapitalized for a long time, the labels original office in the Ritz Hotel, Manhattan proved too expensive so they relocated to an $85 per month room in the Hotel Jefferson. In its early years Atlantic focused principally on modern jazz although it released some country and western and spoken word recordings. The union action forced Atlantic to use almost all its capital to cut and stockpile enough recordings to last through the ban, Ertegun and Abramson spent much of the late 1940s and early 1950s scouring nightclubs in search of talent. Ertegun composed many songs under the alias A, in early 1949 a New Orleans distributor phoned Ertegun trying to obtain Stick McGhees Drinking Wine, Spo-Dee-O-Dee, which was unavailable due to the closure of McGhees previous label. Ertegun knew Sticks younger brother Brownie McGhee, with whom Stick happened to be staying, so he contacted the McGhee brothers, Ertegun asked about artists royalties, which he paid, which surprised Columbia executives, who did not, which scuttled the deal. On the recommendation of broadcaster Willis Conover, Ertegun and Abramson went to see Ruth Brown at the Crystal Caverns club in Washington and she was badly injured in a car accident en route to New York but Atlantic supported her for nine months and then signed her. Her first release for the label So Long, cut at her second Atlantic session on May 25,1949 with the Eddie Condon band, was a major hit, reaching #6 on the R&B chart. Brown went on to more than eighty songs for the label, becoming the most prolific. So significant was Browns success to Atlantics fortunes that the label became known colloquially as The House That Ruth Built. The Clovers Dont You Know I Love You became the labels first R&B #1 in September 1951 and she hit #1 again in March–April 1952 with 5-10-15 Hours. After she left the label in 1961 Browns fortunes declined rapidly - within a few years was reduced to working as a cleaner and bus-driver to support her children. Brown eventually received a payment of $20,000 and founded a charity
17.
Ahmet Ertegun
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Ahmet Ertegun (/ˈɑːmɛt ˈɛərtəɡən/, Turkish spelling, Ahmet Ertegün, was a Turkish-American businessman, songwriter and philanthropist. He was best known as the co-founder and president of Atlantic Records and he also wrote classic blues and pop songs, and served as the chairman of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and museum, located in Cleveland, Ohio. Ertegun has been described as one of the most significant figures in the recording industry. He was also a significant figure in fostering ties between the U. S. and Turkey, his birthplace and he served as the chairman of the American Turkish Society for over 20 years until his death. He also co-founded the New York Cosmos soccer team of the original North American Soccer League. Born in Istanbul in 1923 to an aristocratic Turkish family, Ertegun and his family, including elder brother Nesuhi, moved to Washington, D. C. in 1935, with their father, Munir. Munir served as the second Ambassador of the then-young Republic of Turkey to the United States of America. Prior to his appointment as Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the Republic of Turkey to Washington, Erteguns mother was Hayrünnisa, an accomplished musician who played keyboard and stringed instruments. She bought the records of the day, to which Ertegun. His older brother Nesuhi introduced him to music, taking him at the age of nine to see the Duke Ellington. When Ahmet was 14, his mother bought him a record-cutting machine, although he attended Landon School, an affluent all-male private school in Bethesda, Maryland, Ahmet would joke I got my real education at Howard—Howard University being a historically black college. Despite his affluent upbringing, Ertegun began to see a different world from his affluent peers, Ahmet and Nesuhi staged concerts by Lester Young, Sidney Bechet and other jazz giants, often at the Jewish Community Center. In this period of segregation, it was the only place that would allow an ethnically mixed audience. They also traveled to New Orleans and to Harlem to listen to music, Ertegun graduated from St. Johns College in Annapolis in 1944. In November of the year, Munir Ertegun died. In 1946 President Harry Truman ordered the battleship USS Missouri to return his body to Turkey as a demonstration of friendship between the USA and Turkey and this act also served as a show of support to counter the Soviet Unions potential political demands on Turkey. At the time of his fathers death, Ahmet was taking courses in Medieval philosophy at Georgetown University. Soon afterward, the returned to Turkey to stay
18.
Rhapsody (online music service)
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Napster is an online music store subscription service based in Seattle, Washington. On April 6,2010, Rhapsody relaunched as a standalone company, downloaded files come with restrictions on their use, enforced by Helix, Rhapsodys version of digital rights management enforced on AAC+ or WMA files. In the past, the service also sold individual MP3s without digital rights management restrictions, in 1999, Tim Bratton, J. P. Lester, Sylvain Rebaud, Alexandre Brouaux, Nick Sincaglia and Dave Lampton were working on a new streaming audio engine. This engine was deployed in the TuneTo. com customized radio service. In April 2001, TuneTo. com was acquired by Listen. com, a startup founded in San Francisco by author and entrepreneur Rob Reid, Aladdin was transformed into the Rhapsody music service during the summer and fall of 2001 and was launched on December 3,2001. At launch, Rhapsodys library was formed of content mostly from Naxos Records, over the next several months of 2002, they secured licenses from EMI, BMG, Warner Bros. Records, and Sony to add their music to the service, in July 2002, Rhapsody added Universal Records to their catalog, signing the last of the five major record labels of the time. RealNetworks announced plans to acquire Listen. com on April 21,2003, the transaction closed on August 3,2003. The Rhapsody service was known as RealRhapsody shortly after the acquisition. By 2004, some blogs providing sharing of playlists with comments, in late 2007, Music On the Go partnered with Rhapsody to allow Rhapsody subscribers to access all of Rhapsodys content through MOG. In February 2010, Rhapsodys owners announced their intention to restructure the company into an independent corporation. Recent problems with the music subscription service prompted the CEO to make crucial decisions. During this period, dropping the subscription service was considered, instead, the whole Rhapsody team thought of ways to revamp the struggling company and in turn dropped RealNetworks as parent of the company. This was a risky decision, as the company needed the support, but gained the support of MTV Networks and Viacom. Since independence, Rhapsody has started the process with a new logo. At that date Rhapsody had a catalog of 11,000,000 songs, on 3 August 2011, Rhapsody announced that from October 2011 they would no longer re-license DRMed music bought before July 2008. On October 3,2011, Rhapsody announced plans to acquire Napster with the deal to be completed by November. On May 6,2014, Rhapsody announced its parent company made its first outside investment and led a Series B round for Dubset Media, terms of the deal were not disclosed
19.
Turkic peoples
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The Turkic peoples are a collection of ethnic groups that live in central, eastern, northern, and western Asia as well as parts of eastern Europe. They speak languages belonging to the Turkic language family and they share, to varying degrees, certain cultural traits and historical backgrounds. The first known mention of the term Turk applied to a Turkic group was in reference to the Göktürks in the 6th century, a letter by Ishbara Qaghan to Emperor Wen of Sui in 585 described him as the Great Turk Khan. The Orhun inscriptions use the terms Turk and Turuk and this includes Chinese records Spring and Autumn Annals referring to a neighbouring people as Beidi. During the first century CE, Pomponius Mela refers to the Turcae in the north of the Sea of Azov. There are references to certain groups in antiquity whose names could be the form of Türk/Türük such as Togarma, Turukha/Turuška, Turukku. But the information gap is so substantial that we cannot firmly connect these ancient people to the modern Turks, turkologist András Róna-Tas posits that the term Turk could be rooted in the East Iranian Saka language or in Turkic. This etymological concept is related to Old Turkic word stems tür, türi-, törü. The earliest Turkic-speaking peoples identifiable in Chinese sources are the Dingling, Gekun, the Chinese Book of Zhou presents an etymology of the name Turk as derived from helmet, explaining that taken this name refers to the shape of the Altai Mountains. During the Middle Ages, various Turkic peoples of the Eurasian steppe were subsumed under the identity of the Scythians, between 400 CE and the 16th century, Byzantine sources use the name Σκύθαι in reference to twelve different Turkic peoples. However, the usage of the term is based on the linguistic classification in order to avoid any political sense. In short, the term Türki can be used for Türk or vice versa and it is generally agreed that the first Turkic people lived in a region extending from Central Asia to Siberia, with the majority of them living in China historically. Historically they were established after the 6th century BCE, the earliest separate Turkic peoples appeared on the peripheries of the late Xiongnu confederation about 200 BCE. Turkic people may be related to the Xiongnu, Dingling and Tiele people, according to the Book of Wei, the Tiele people were the remnants of the Chidi, the red Di people competing with the Jin in the Spring and Autumn period. Turkic tribes such as the Khazars and Pechenegs probably lived as nomads for many years before establishing the Turkic Khaganate or Göktürk Empire in the 6th century and these were herdsmen and nobles who were searching for new pastures and wealth. The first mention of Turks was in a Chinese text that mentioned trade between Turk tribes and the Sogdians along the Silk Road, the first recorded use of Turk as a political name appears as a 6th-century reference to the word pronounced in Modern Chinese as Tujue. The Ashina clan migrated from Li-jien to the Juan Juan seeking inclusion in their confederacy, the tribe were famed metalsmiths and were granted land near a mountain quarry which looked like a helmet, from which they were said to have gotten their name 突厥. A century later their power had increased such that they conquered the Juan Juan, Turkic peoples originally used their own alphabets, like Orkhon and Yenisey runiforms, and later the Uyghur alphabet
20.
History of the Russo-Turkish wars
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The Russo-Turkish wars were a series of wars fought between the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire between the 16th and 20th centuries. It was one of the longest series of conflicts in European history. The latters pro-Ottoman policy caused discontent among many Ukrainian Cossacks, who would elect Ivan Samoilovich as a sole Hetman of all Ukraine in 1674. In 1679–80, the Russians repelled the attacks of the Crimean Tatars and signed the Treaty of Bakhchisarai on January 3,1681, Russia had joined the European Holy League in 1686. During the war, the Russian army organized the Crimean campaigns of 1687 and 1689, the Russian involvement marked the beginning of the Russo-Turkish Wars. The gains by both were confirmed in the Treaty of Constantinople, for a few years, both would border each other through a large territory in the Caucasus now as well, which caused further frictions. The treaties made in 1732 and 1735, had other diplomatically favourable aspects as it included an Russo-Iranian alliance against Turkey as well, as Persia was at war with Ottoman Empire in 1730–1735. In the meantime Russia also was supporting the accession to the Polish throne of Augustus III in 1735 instead of the French protégé Stanisław Leszczyński, Austria was Russias ally since 1726. The casus belli was the raids of the Crimean Tatars on Ukraine in the end of 1735, in 1736, the Russian commanders envisioned the seizure of Azov and the Crimea. On June 19, the Russian Don army under the command of General Peter Lacy with the support from the Don Flotilla under the command of Vice Admiral Peter Bredahl seized the fortress of Azov, in July 1737, the Münnich army took by storm the Ottoman fortress of Ochakov. The Lacy army marched into the Crimea the same month, inflicting a number of defeats on the army of the Crimean khan, however, Lacy and his soldiers had to leave the Crimea due to lack of supplies. In July 1737, Austria entered the war against Turkey, but was defeated a number of times, in August, Russia, Austria and Turkey began negotiations in Nemirov, which would turn out to be fruitless. There were no significant military operations in 1738, the Russian army had to leave Ochakov and Kinburn due to the plague outbreak. In 1739, the Münnich army crossed the Dnieper, defeated the Ottoman Empire at Stavuchany and occupied the fortress of Khotin, however, Austria was defeated by the Ottoman Empire once again and signed a separate peace treaty on August 21. This, coupled with the imminent threat of the Swedish invasion, forced Russia to sign the Belgrade Peace Treaty with Turkey on September 18, following this border incident at Balta, Sultan Mustafa III declared war on Russia on September 25,1768. The Turks formed the alliance with the Polish oppositionary forces of the Bar Confederation, while Russia was supported by the United Kingdom, the naval operations of the Russian Baltic Fleet in the Mediterranean yielded victories under the command of Aleksey Grigoryevich Orlov. In 1771, Egypt and Syria rebelled against the Ottoman rule, while the Russian fleet totally destroyed the Ottoman Navy. On July 21,1774, the Ottoman Empire signed the Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca, according to which the Crimean Khanate formally gained its independence, Russia received the contribution of 4.5 million rubles and two key seaports allowing the direct access to the Black Sea
21.
Rize
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Rize is the capital city of Rize Province in the eastern part of the Black Sea Region of Turkey. The name comes from Greek ρίζα or Ριζαίον, meaning mountain slopes, in modern times, its name in Greek was usually Ριζούντα. In the Ottoman period, it was called Rize, the city is built around a small bay on the Black Sea coast, on a narrow strip of flat land between the sea and the mountains behind. The coastal strip is being expanded with landfill and the city is growing up the hillsides away from the coast. Rize is a center for processing and shipping Rize Tea, the tea grown in the surrounding area, Tea was introduced in the region in the 1940s and 1950s, changing the destiny of the region, which was desperately poor until then. The city has a tea research institute founded in 1958 and tea gardens are the sight in the towns panoramic view. Tea and kiwifruit plants are planted in gardens around the town. Rize is linked by road with Trabzon, Hopa (55 miles east on the Georgian border, the nearest airport is in Trabzon. Rize is a town, a typical Turkish provincial capital with little in the way of night life or entertainment. The visitors to the surrounding countryside also contribute to the economy of the town, Rize has a humid subtropical climate. Snowfall is quite common between the months of December and March, snowing for a week or two, and it can be once it snows. The climate turns continental on the hillsides and subarctic on mountain slopes and yaylas, the Black Sea coast receives the greatest amount of precipitation in Turkey and is the only region of Turkey that receives high precipitation throughout the year. The water temperature, as in the whole Turkish Black Sea coast, is always cool, however, weather destroyed the crops in the early 20th century, and the industry declined. The area also produced small amounts of manganese, the economic structure of Rize is based primarily around its geographic location. Rize is a mountainous city, making industrial development difficult. Given the lack of air and rail transit, most goods have to travel by truck or ship, rizes primary trading partner is Trabzon, the most developed city of northeast Black Sea region. Rizes main exports are agriculturally based, tea and kiwifruit are among its most popular commodities, Rize University was founded in 2006. After a while, the name of the Rize University is changed by the university senates approval to Recep Tayyip Erdoğan University, Rize Castle, a partly-ruined medieval castle southwest of the city center
22.
Black Sea
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The Black Sea is a body of water between Eastern Europe and Western Asia, bounded by Bulgaria, Georgia, Romania, Russia, Turkey, and Ukraine. It is supplied by a number of rivers, such as the Danube, Dnieper, Rioni, Southern Bug. The Black Sea has an area of 436,400 km2, a depth of 2,212 m. It is constrained by the Pontic Mountains to the south and by the Caucasus Mountains to the east, the longest east-west extent is about 1,175 km. The Black Sea has a water balance, that is, a net outflow of water 300 km3 per year through the Bosphorus. Mediterranean water flows into the Black Sea as part of a two-way hydrological exchange, the Black Sea drains into the Mediterranean Sea and then the Atlantic Ocean, via the Aegean Sea and various straits. The Bosphorus Strait connects it to the Sea of Marmara, and these waters separate Eastern Europe and Western Asia. The Black Sea is also connected to the Sea of Azov by the Strait of Kerch, the water level has varied significantly. Due to these variations in the level in the basin. At certain critical water levels it is possible for connections with surrounding water bodies to become established and it is through the most active of these connective routes, the Turkish Straits, that the Black Sea joins the world ocean. When this hydrological link is not present, the Black Sea is a basin, operating independently of the global ocean system. Currently the Black Sea water level is high, thus water is being exchanged with the Mediterranean. The Turkish Straits connect the Black Sea with the Aegean Sea, and comprise the Bosphorus, the Sea of Marmara, the International Hydrographic Organization defines the limits of the Black Sea as follows, On the Southwest. The Northeastern limit of the Sea of Marmara, a line joining Cape Takil and Cape Panaghia. Strabos Geographica reports that in antiquity, the Black Sea was often just called the Sea, for the most part, Graeco-Roman tradition refers to the Black Sea as the Hospitable sea, Εὔξεινος Πόντος Eúxeinos Póntos. This is a euphemism replacing an earlier Inhospitable Sea, Πόντος Ἄξεινος Póntos Áxeinos, strabo thinks that the Black Sea was called inhospitable before Greek colonization because it was difficult to navigate, and because its shores were inhabited by savage tribes. The name was changed to hospitable after the Milesians had colonized the southern shoreline and it is also possible that the epithet Áxeinos arose by popular etymology from a Scythian word axšaina- unlit, dark, the designation Black Sea may thus date from antiquity. A map of Asia dating to 1570, entitled Asiae Nova Descriptio, from Abraham Orteliuss Theatrum Orbis Terrarum, english-language writers of the 18th century often used the name Euxine Sea to refer to the Black Sea
23.
Skopje
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Skopje is the capital and largest city of the Republic of Macedonia. It is the political, cultural, economic, and academic center. It was known in the Roman period under the name Scupi, the territory of Skopje has been inhabited since at least 4000 BC, remains of Neolithic settlements have been found within the old Kale Fortress that overlooks the modern city centre. On the eve of the 1st century AD, the settlement was seized by the Romans, when the Roman Empire was divided into eastern and western halves in 395 AD, Scupi came under Byzantine rule from Constantinople. During much of the medieval period, the town was contested between the Byzantines and the Bulgarian Empire, whose capital it was between 972 and 992. From 1282, the town was part of the Serbian Empire, in 1392, the city was conquered by the Ottoman Turks who called the town Üsküp. The town stayed under Turkish control for over 500 years, serving as the capital of pashasanjak of Üsküb, at that time the city was famous for its oriental architecture. In 1912, it was annexed by the Kingdom of Serbia during the Balkan Wars and after the First World War the city part of the newly formed Kingdom of Serbs, Croats. In the Second World War the city was conquered by the Bulgarian Army, in 1944, it became the capital city of Democratic Macedonia, which was a federal state, part of Democratic Federal Yugoslavia. The city developed rapidly after World War II, but this trend was interrupted in 1963 when it was hit by a disastrous earthquake, in 1991, it became the capital city of an independent Macedonia. Skopje is located on the course of the Vardar River. It is a center for metal-processing, chemical, timber, textile, leather, industrial development of the city has been accompanied by development of the trade, logistics, and banking sectors, as well as an emphasis on the fields of transportation, culture and sport. Skopje is located in the north of the Republic of Macedonia, in the center of the Balkan peninsula, the city is built in the Skopje valley, oriented on a west-east axis, along the course of the Vardar river, which flows into the Aegean Sea in Greece. The valley is approximately 20 kilometres wide and it is limited by several mountain ranges to the North and South and these ranges limit the urban expansion of Skopje, which spreads along the Vardar and the Serava, a small river which comes from the North. In its administrative boundaries, the City of Skopje stretches for more than 33 kilometres, Skopje is approximately 245m above sea level and covers 571.46 km2. The urbanised area only covers 337 km2, with a density of 65 inhabitants per hectare, Skopje, in its administrative limits, encompasses many villages and other settlements, including Dračevo, Gorno Nerezi and Bardovci. According to the 2002 census, the City of Skopje comprised 506,926 inhabitants, the City of Skopje reaches the Kosovo border to the North-East. Clockwise, it is bordered by the Macedonian municipalities of Čučer-Sandevo, Lipkovo, Aračinovo, Ilinden, Studeničani, Sopište, Želino
24.
Istanbul
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Istanbul, historically known as Constantinople and Byzantium, is the most populous city in Turkey and the countrys economic, cultural, and historic center. Istanbul is a city in Eurasia, straddling the Bosphorus strait between the Sea of Marmara and the Black Sea. Its commercial and historical center lies on the European side and about a third of its population lives on the Asian side, the city is the administrative center of the Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality, both hosting a population of around 14.7 million residents. Istanbul is one of the worlds most populous cities and ranks as the worlds 7th-largest city proper, founded under the name of Byzantion on the Sarayburnu promontory around 660 BCE, the city developed to become one of the most significant in history. After its reestablishment as Constantinople in 330 CE, it served as a capital for almost 16 centuries, during the Roman and Byzantine, the Latin. Overlooked for the new capital Ankara during the period, the city has since regained much of its prominence. The population of the city has increased tenfold since the 1950s, as migrants from across Anatolia have moved in, arts, music, film, and cultural festivals were established at the end of the 20th century and continue to be hosted by the city today. Infrastructure improvements have produced a complex transportation network, considered a global city, Istanbul has one of the fastest-growing metropolitan economies in the world. It hosts the headquarters of many Turkish companies and media outlets and accounts for more than a quarter of the gross domestic product. Hoping to capitalize on its revitalization and rapid expansion, Istanbul has bid for the Summer Olympics five times in twenty years, the first known name of the city is Byzantium, the name given to it at its foundation by Megarean colonists around 660 BCE. The name is thought to be derived from a personal name, ancient Greek tradition refers to a legendary king of that name as the leader of the Greek colonists. Modern scholars have hypothesized that the name of Byzas was of local Thracian or Illyrian origin. He also attempted to promote the name Nova Roma and its Greek version Νέα Ῥώμη Nea Romē, the use of Constantinople to refer to the city during the Ottoman period is now considered politically incorrect, even if not historically inaccurate, by Turks. By the 19th century, the city had acquired other names used by foreigners or Turks. Europeans used Constantinople to refer to the whole of the city, pera was used to describe the area between the Golden Horn and the Bosphorus, but Turks also used the name Beyoğlu. The name İstanbul is commonly held to derive from the Medieval Greek phrase εἰς τὴν Πόλιν and this reflected its status as the only major city in the vicinity. The importance of Constantinople in the Ottoman world was reflected by its Ottoman name Der Saadet meaning the gate to Prosperity in Ottoman. An alternative view is that the name evolved directly from the name Constantinople, with the first, a Turkish folk etymology traces the name to Islam bol plenty of Islam because the city was called Islambol or Islambul as the capital of the Islamic Ottoman Empire
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Kiss
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A kiss is the touch or pressing of ones lips against another person or an object. Cultural connotations of kissing vary widely, in some situations, a kiss is a ritual, formal or symbolic gesture indicating devotion, respect, or sacrament. The word came from Old English cyssan, in turn from coss, cesare Lombroso, Italian criminologist, physician and founder of the Italian School of Positivist Criminology, supported this idea. Both lip and tongue kissing are mentioned in Sumerian poetry, My lips are too small and my precious sweet, lying by my heart, one by one tonguemaking, one by one. When my sweet precious, my heart, had lain down too, each of them in turn kissing with the tongue, the wisdom of the earth in a kiss and everything else in your eyes. I kiss her before everyone that all may see my love. And when her lips are pressed to mine I am made drunk, when we kiss, and her warm lips half open, I fly cloud-high without beer. His kisses on my lips, my breast, my hair. Come. And kiss me when I die, For life, compelling life, is in thy breath, And at that kiss, though in the tomb I lie, I will arise and break the bands of Death. Much later, there is the verse from the Song of Songs, May he kiss me with the kisses of his mouth. In Cyropaedia, Xenophon wrote about the Persian custom of kissing in the lips upon departure while narrating the departure of Cyrus the Great as a boy from his Median kinsmen, according to Herodotus, when two Persians meet, the greeting formula expresses their equal or inequal status. They do not speak, rather, equals kiss each other on the mouth, and in the case one is a little inferior to the other. During the later Classical period, affectionate mouth-to-mouth kissing was first described in the Hindu epic, academics who have studied it say kissing spread slowly to other parts of the world after Alexander the Great and his army conquered parts of Punjab in northern India in 326 B. C. The Romans helped to spread the habit to most of Europe, the Romans were passionate about kissing and talked about several types of kissing. Kissing the hand or cheek was called an osculum, Kissing on the lips with mouth closed was called a basium, which was used between relatives. A kiss of passion was called a suavium, Kissing was not always an indication of eros, or love, but also could show respect and rank as it was used in Medieval Europe. Kristoffer Nyrop identified a number of types of kisses, including kisses of love, affection, peace, respect and friendship. He notes, however, that the categories are somewhat contrived and overlapping, and some cultures have more kinds, including the French with twenty, Kissing another persons lips has become a common expression of affection or warm greeting in many cultures worldwide
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Holly Valance
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Holly Rachel Candy, known professionally as Holly Valance, is an Australian actress, singer, songwriter and model. Valance began her career as Felicity Flick Scully on the Australian soap opera Neighbours, in 2002, she released her first album Footprints which included the single Kiss Kiss. Valance was born in Fitzroy, Victoria to a Serb father, Rajko Vukadinović, and her father was a musician, playing the piano, and a model in his younger years in Belgrade. Her mother, whose father was a relative of Benny Hill, was a model in the UK and she has two sisters, Coco and Olympia. The latter is an actress who plays Paige Smith in Neighbours, all three sisters hold dual Australian-British citizenship. Valance grew up in Melbourne and moved to the UK when she was 18, after two years in the UK, she moved to Los Angeles, where she spent seven years. As a teenager, in 1999 she was cast in the long-running Australian soap Neighbours as Felicity Flick Scully, Valance left the series in 2002 to pursue a music career. Valances first single as a recording artist was Kiss Kiss, an English language rewrite of the Turkish singer Tarkans Şımarık, the song entered both the Australian Recording Industry Association and UK Singles Charts charts at No.1 in April/May 2002. The song dominated the charts around Europe, going top ten in seventeen countries, the directors cut version of the music video was notable in that Valance appeared to be dancing naked. She revealed that she was topless but also wearing flesh-coloured underwear, the footage was digitally retouched adding strategically placed lighting effects. The song was nominated for four ARIA Music Awards, Valances next single, Down Boy peaked at No.2 in the UK and at No.3 in Australia. Her first album, Footprints, was released on 14 October 2002 and it peaked in its first week at No.9 in the UK and No.15 in Australia. The albums third and final single Naughty Girl peaked at No.3 in Australia, following the legal problems and poor sales from the album State of Mind, Valance was reportedly dropped from her recording company. She denied this stating, I asked to be released, but Warner refused, Valance later confirmed she is no longer interested in recording music, telling Mens Style magazine, I do something until its not fun any more and then move on. In 2004, Valance returned to acting, this time in the United States, appearing in episodes of the television series CSI, Miami, in 2005, she appeared in an episode of CSI, NY. In 2005 Valance returned to music, albeit briefly, when she appeared on Har Mar Superstars album The Handler singing on the tracks, DUI, Back the Camel Up and Body Request. She appeared in Prison Break in 2006 as Nika Volek, a role which she continued to portray in the second season. Also in 2006, Valance appeared in the National Lampoon comedy Pledge This, the same year, she starred in DOA, Dead or Alive, an adaptation of the popular video game Dead or Alive, where she played Christie
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Collaboration
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Collaboration is the process of two or more people or organizations working together to realize or achieve something successfully. Collaboration is very similar to, but more closely aligned than, Most collaboration requires leadership, although the form of leadership can be social within a decentralized and egalitarian group. Teams that work collaboratively can obtain resources, recognition and reward when facing competition for finite resources. Structured methods of collaboration encourage introspection of behavior and communication and these methods specifically aim to increase the success of teams as they engage in collaborative problem solving. Forms, rubrics, charts and graphs are useful in situations to objectively document personal traits with the goal of improving performance in current. Collaboration is also present in opposing goals exhibiting the notion of adversarial collaboration, following are some examples of successful collaboration efforts in the past. Trade originated with the start of communication in prehistoric times, trading was the main facility of prehistoric people, who bartered goods and services from each other when there was no such thing as the modern day currency. Peter Watson dates the history of commerce from circa 150,000 years ago. Due to specialisation and division of labor, most people concentrate on an aspect of production. As such, trade at prices between locations benefits both locations. The members of an intentional community typically hold a social, political or spiritual vision. They also share responsibilities and resources, intentional communities include cohousing, residential land trusts, ecovillages, communes, kibbutzim, ashrams, and housing cooperatives. Typically, new members of a community are selected by the communitys existing membership. Hutterite, Austria Housing units are built and assigned to families but belong to the colony. Meals are taken by the colony in a common long room. The goal was to eliminate bad character traits, early Kibbutz settlements founded near Jerusalem A Kibbutz is an Israeli collective community. The movement combines socialism and Zionism in a form of practical Labor Zionism, forced by necessity into communal life, and inspired by their own ideology, the kibbutz members developed a pure communal mode of living that attracted interest from the entire world. Ayn Rand utterly rejected the notion that one should live an isolated life, Rand wrote hundreds of pages about the virtues and benefits of collaborating with others to mutual advantage
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Metamorfoz
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Metamorfoz is the renowned Turkish pop singer Tarkans sixth Turkish language and seventh studio album, which was released on 25 December 2007 in Turkey. Album was published in Europe, Asia, seven of the songs were written by Tarkan, while three others are collaborations with composer Ozan Çolakoğlu. The style and genre of the album is a new style, according to the official website. Despite the bad criticism he had received, Metamorfoz sold 300,000 copies in the first week of its release, Metamorfoz was released in Europe on February 1,2008, by Urban, in a few countries like Germany and Austria. The European release is an enhanced CD that includes the video of Vay Anam Vay. In 2008 Tarkan remix album with Tiësto and other Turkish DJs, album was published in Europe, Asia, Japan, North America, South America, Australia. Tarkans last Turkish language album was Dudu, in 2003 and his first English language work, Come Closer did not bring satisfactory results when compared to the sales of his previous albums. It did not even reach gold sales, according to the list published by MÜ-YAP, after the failure of Come Closer Tarkan decided to release a new, Turkish album and in the beginning of 2007 he declared that he was working on new songs. However, release dates were continuously being postponed, the Turkish daily Hürriyet reported that the album would be released around Ramadan Fest, the three-day celebration after the Islamic fasting month of Ramadan. It was rumoured that the first single would be called Biraz Nezaket, Tarkan denied this in an interview given at the Atatürk International Airport in Istanbul, declaring that release was delayed and the Sezen Aksu song was taken off the track list. Metamorfoz was finally released in Turkey on December 25,2007, one day after its release date. Seven of the songs were written by Tarkan, three are collaborations with producer-composer Ozan Çolakoğlu, Metamorfoz means metamorphosis, transformation or change in English. The title indicates that musically Metamorfoz is different from Tarkans previous works, the cover pictures Tarkan with unusually short hair, in a shiny grey suit, an image unfamiliar to his fans, which also justifies the title of the album. The cover features the title in Braille dots for the visually impaired, in the first edition of the cover the Braille title was printed wrong and read Tarkaf instead of Tarkan. It was soon corrected and the cover reprinted, the style of the album is a mix of heavy electropop with dance and rock, extensive use of samples, electric guitars thrown here and there, synthesizers and keyboards. Oriental percussion and strings sounds are given a minor role compared to his previous albums, some journalists compared the style to that of Justin Timberlake and Britney Spears songs Toxic and Piece of Me, mixed with some oriental sauce to make it slide easier. The story of the songs were told by Tarkan himself in an interview for the magazine Yeni Aktüel, as told by Tarkan, Vay Anam Vay was born when he was working in the studio on another song. He wrote it in two hours and together with Çolakoğlu they found it so good that they decided to adjust the other songs to its style, thus the albums metamorphic style was determined by Vay Anam Vay
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The Wedding Singer
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The Wedding Singer is a 1998 American romantic comedy film written by Tim Herlihy and directed by Frank Coraci. It stars Adam Sandler as a singer in the 1980s. It was produced by Robert Simonds for US$18 million and grossed $80.2 million in the United States and it was a box office hit and critically acclaimed with many calling it Sandlers best movie. Many have praised the chemistry of him and Barrymore, the film was later adapted into a stage musical of the same name, debuting on Broadway in April 2006 and closing on New Years Eve of that same year. In 1985, Robbie Hart is an engaging and entertaining wedding singer from Ridgefield and he is engaged to his long-time girlfriend, Linda, who was attracted to him at a time when he dreamed of becoming a rock star. He meets and befriends a waitress, Julia Sullivan, at the hall where he regularly performs. She is also engaged to businessman Glenn Gulia and he promises to sing at their wedding, on their wedding day, Robbies sister, Kate, tells him that Linda has changed her mind about the wedding, leaving him emotionally devastated and humiliated. Later that day, Linda visits Robbie and she reveals that she stopped loving him when she found out that he lost his ambitions of being a rock star and instead became a wedding singer. She tells him that talking to her friends, she realizes she cant continue lying to herself. He tries to move on with his life, but despair hinders his performances, Julia tries to cheer him up and later asks him to help her plan her own wedding. He eventually agrees and their friendship blossoms, meanwhile, as he spends more time with her, she begins to realize how shallow Linda is. During a double date between Julia and Glenn, and Julias cousin, Holly, Robbie learns that Glenn frequently cheats on Julia, Julia and Robbie are increasingly confused by their deepening feelings for each other. He tells her he has plans to retire from singing and pursue a more conventional career and she becomes angry with him for assuming that she is marrying Glenn for his money. When he arrives, he sees her through her bedroom window and she is wearing her wedding dress, to which he mistakenly concludes that she is looking forward to marrying Glenn. In actuality, she is expressing doubts about him, particularly her new name of Julia Gulia, heartbroken, Robbie leaves to get drunk and finds Glenn in the midst of his pre-bachelor party. After a heated exchange, he punches Robbie and proceeds to mock him, an intoxicated Robbie goes home and finds Linda waiting for him and wanting to reconcile. He passes out, but the morning, she answers the door. She runs to Glenn, wanting to be married immediately and he happily offers to take her to Las Vegas
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Yine Sensiz
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Yine Sensiz was a 1992 album of the Turkish pop singer Tarkan Tevetoğlu. This was his album and launched him onto the Turkish pop scene. Last 3 tracks were added during its released in 1993, the album sold 1.2 million copies. Remix Adnan Göykem Music direction, arrangements, Ozan Çolakoğlu Mixing, Riza Erekli Publisher, Onur Ofset Photography and it was re-released in CD format in 1993 with three new remixes. Tarkan Tevetoğlu - Tarkan Lyric TR Tarkan Translations Album and Song Lyrics Information in English Tarkan Tevetoğlu
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A-Acayipsin
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Aacayipsin is the 1994 album of the Turkish pop singer Tarkan Tevetoğlu. Album was published in Europe, Asia and this was his second album, the success of which launched him as a superstar onto the Turkish pop scene with over 3 million copies sold worldwide. The album also sold over 750 thousand copies in Europe, a feat for a Turkish performer. Dön Bebeğim Şeytan Azapta Bekle Kış Güneşi Unutmamalı Gül Döktüm Yollarına The third track on the album Seytan Azapta was remixed when its video was released. This remixed version was exclusive to the video and was never published on this or any following release, a rare promotional CD single with three tracks from this album was released in Germany. Hepsi Senin Mi held the title track plus Bekle and Kis Günesi and was released in 1995, – courtesy of Ali Yildirim When the song Hepsi Senin Mi. was released as the single Şıkıdım in Europe in 1999, a different music video was filmed for its release. Tarkan Translations Album Song Lyrics in English
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Cosmopolitan (magazine)
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Cosmopolitan is an international fashion magazine for women. Often referred to as Cosmo, its content as of 2011 includes articles on issues, relationships, sex, health, careers, self-improvement, celebrities, fashion. Published by Hearst Corporation, Cosmopolitan has 64 international editions, is printed in 35 languages, Cosmopolitan began as a family magazine, launched in 1886 by Schlicht & Field of New York as The Cosmopolitan. There was also a department for the members of the family. Cosmopolitans circulation reached 25,000 that year, but by November 1888, John Brisben Walker acquired the magazine in 1889. That same year, he dispatched Elizabeth Bisland on a race around the world against Nellie Bly to draw attention to his magazine. Under John Brisben Walkers ownership, E. D. Walker, formerly with Harpers Monthly, took over as the new editor, introducing colour illustrations, serials and book reviews. It became a market for fiction, featuring such authors as Annie Besant, Ambrose Bierce, Theodore Dreiser, Rudyard Kipling, Jack London, Willa Cather. The magazines circulation climbed to 75,000 by 1892, in 1897, Cosmopolitan announced plans for a free correspondence school, No charge of any kind will be made to the student. All expenses for the present will be borne by the Cosmopolitan, No conditions, except a pledge of a given number of hours of study. When 20,000 immediately signed up, Walker could not fund the school, also in 1897, H. G. Wells The War of the Worlds was serialized, as was his The First Men in the Moon. Olive Schreiner contributed an article about the Boer War. And Colorado - New Tricks in an Old Game, Jack Londons novella, The Red One, was published in the October 1918 issue, and a constant presence from 1910-18 was Arthur B. Reeve, with 82 stories featuring Craig Kennedy, the scientific detective, Magazine illustrators included Francis Attwood, Dean Cornwell, Harrison Fisher, and James Montgomery Flagg. Hearst formed Cosmopolitan Productions, a company based in New York City from 1918 to 1923, then Hollywood until 1938. Cosmopolitan magazine was titled as Hearsts International Combined with Cosmopolitan from 1925 until 1952. In 1911, Hearst had bought a middling monthly magazine called World To-Day, in June 1914 it was shortened to Hearsts and was ultimately titled Hearsts International in May 1922. In order to spare serious cutbacks at San Simeon, Hearst merged the magazine Hearsts International with Cosmopolitan effective March 1925, after Hearst died in 1951, the Hearsts International disappeared from the magazine cover altogether in April 1952
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ATV (Turkey)
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ATV is a nationwide TV channel in Turkey, began broadcasting in September 1993. ATV is an acronym of Actual Television, as of August 2013, ATV is Turkeys 5th popular channel with a market share of 6. 71%. ATV was founded by Dinç Bilgin, who is the owner of the channel. The channel changed its ownership to Ciner Medya Grubu in 2002, ATV was owned by Çalık Holdings Turkuvaz Media Group, but in 2013, the ownership changed again to Kalyon Group. Omer Kara Para Aşk Ölene Kadar Ask ve Ceza Seviyor Sevmiyor Kırgın Çiçekler Eşkıya Dünyaya Hükümdar Olmaz Kertenkele Yeniden Doğuş Aşk ve Mavi 7 de 7 Kim Milyoner Olmak İster Kaç Para, güven Bana Hakan Bey Official site ATV Turkey at LyngSat Address ATV Distribution
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Turkish classical music
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Classical Turkish music, sometimes known as Ottoman classical music, developed in Istanbul and other major Ottoman cities and towns through the palaces and Sufi lodges of the Ottoman Empire. Above all a vocal music, Ottoman music traditionally accompanies a solo singer with an instrumental ensemble. In recent times, instruments might include tambur, ney, kemençe, keman, kanun, sometimes described as monophonic music, the variety of ornamentation and variation in the ensemble requires the more accurate term heterophonic. Ottoman music has a large and varied system of modes or scales known as makams, there are more than 600 makams that have been used so far. Out of these, at least 119 makams are formally defined, in the Sufi teaching, each makam represents and conveys a particular psychological and spiritual state. Sometimes, in certain makams, Ottomans would use different instrumental and vocal musical pieces in order to certain medical and psychological conditions. A number of systems were used for transcribing classical music. Turkish classical music is taught in conservatories and social clubs, the most respected of which is Istanbuls Üsküdar Musiki Cemiyeti, a full fasıl concert would include four different instrumental forms and three vocal forms, including a light classical song, şarkı. A strictly classical fasıl remains in the same throughout, from the introductory taksim to the end. Tanrıkorur argues that the differences between the traditional music genres stemmed from the cultural clash between the East and the West that emerged during the Tanzîmat Era. Older instruments still in use include lavta, Ottoman classical music comprises many vocal and instrumental forms, among which are the suites called fasıl. A fasıl typically includes many instrumental and/or vocal movements, including taksim, peşrev, şarkı, beste, Ottoman music has various genres including the spiritual, improvised and fasil music. Other famous proponents of this genre include Dede Efendi, Prince Cantemir, Baba Hamparsum, Kemani Tatyos Efendi, Sultan Selim III, the most popular modern Turkish classical singer is Münir Nurettin Selçuk, who was the first to establish a lead singer position. Other performers include Bekir Sıdkı Sezgin, Alaeddin Yavaşça, Müzeyyen Senar, Emel Sayın, the long list of Turkish words on the screen are names of individual makam. Each makam has its own quality and repertoire, click on any of these to get a list of the music available to view. TurkMusikisi, the premier Turkish-language website dedicated to Ottoman music, highly recommended, regardless of Turkish ability. Secular classical music, selection from gazel improvisation sung by Safiye Ayla mp3,829 kB,0,00,53 duration Mosque music, selection from Merhaba bahrı sung by Kâni Karaca mp3,1. It explores the history, reviews the instruments of Turkish classical and folk music and it is available in four languages, Turkish, English, French and German
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Baruch College
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Baruch is one of CUNYs senior colleges. It traces its roots back to the 1847 founding of the Free Academy, the New York State Literature Fund was created to serve students who could not afford to enroll in New York City’s private colleges. The Fund led to the creation of the Committee of the Board of Education of the City of New York, led by Townsend Harris, J. S. Bosworth, and John L. Mason, which brought about the establishment of what would become the Free Academy, the Free Academy became the College of the City of New York, now The City College of New York. In 1919, what would become Baruch College was established as City College School of Business, on December 15,1928, the cornerstone was laid on the new building which would house the newly founded school. At this point, the school did not admit women, at the time it opened it was considered the biggest such school for the teaching of business education in the United States. By the 1930s, women were allowed into the School of Business, the total enrollment at CCNY reached an all-time high of 40,000 students in 1935, and the School of Business had an enrollment of more than 1,700 students in the day session alone. In 1953, it was renamed the Baruch School of Business in honor of Bernard Baruch, in 1961, the New York State Education Law established the City University of New York system. In 1968, the Baruch School of Business was spun off as Baruch College, the first president of the new college was the previous Federal Secretary of Housing and Urban Development Robert C. In 1971, the college appointed Clyde Wingfield, a noted educator and he was succeeded by economist Joel Edwin Segall in 1977. Segall recruited several well-known faculty members to the School of Business, matthew Goldstein was president of the school from 1991 to 1998. He was responsible for raising admissions requirements and creating the School of Public Affairs in 1994, edward Regan, former comptroller of New York state, served as president from 2000 to 2004. During his tenure, test scores rose, student retention rates increased, in 2001, the Vertical Campus opened and Baruch accepted its first students from the CUNY Honors College, now known as the Macaulay Honors College. The college also implemented a common curriculum for all undergraduates. Baruch received donations from alumni, the Vertical Campus, 23rd Street building, Alumni giving has increased under Baruch Means Business, a $150 million capital campaign. In August 2009, Waldron resigned from her position to become a University Professor at the Graduate Center, stan Altman, former dean of the School of Public Affairs from 1999 to 2005, was named interim president. On February 22,2010, Dr. Mitchel Wallerstein, Dean of the Maxwell School of Citizenship and he took office on August 2,2010. Baruch was the scene of student protests in 2011 as a result of tuition hikes, Zicklin is also a Senior Fellow at the Wharton School at the University of Pennsylvania
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