1.
Millbank
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Millbank is an area of central London in the City of Westminster. Millbank is located by the River Thames, east of Pimlico, Millbank is known as the location of major government offices, the Millbank Tower and prominent art institutions such as Tate Britain and the Chelsea College of Art and Design. The area derives its name from a watermill owned by Westminster Abbey that once stood at a close to present day College Green. Described as a place of plague pits and a low, marshy locality suitable for shooting snipe in the nearby bogs, facilities at the prison camp on the marshy ground were so poor that 1,200 prisoners were recorded as having died in the primitive conditions. Baltic Wharf, a site just to the north of Vauxhall Bridge, was for much of the 19th century the location of a Henry Castle & Son, a ship breaking and timber merchant. Numerous wooden ships of the line of the Royal Navy were dismantled at this location, their ornate figureheads often displayed on the gates and perimeter of the yard walls. Millbank shares the name of the road along the north bank of the River Thames, extending northwards from Vauxhall Bridge to Abingdon Street. There are parliamentary offices situated across this road, notably No.7, the road was created as part of the Thames Embankment in the mid 19th century and lies above a large interceptor sewer. The listed site has since been renovated as a purpose built arts college for the Chelsea College of Art, the Tate Britain art gallery is directly opposite near the end of Vauxhall Bridge, providing a distinct arts presence in the area. The headquarters of the British chemicals giant ICI was originally located at Imperial Chemical House on Millbank before it relocated to Manchester Square, the headquarters for the Northern Ireland Office, MI5 and Thames House are also nearby. On 18 December 1973, the Provisional Irish Republican Army exploded a bomb on Thorney Street at 8, the bomb resulted in over 50 people injured, including two seriously. Millbank Studios reside in the area as an independent broadcast company, the studio is situated opposite the Houses of Parliament. The BBC Parliament broadcasting channel is situated nearby. No.4 is the commonly used by broadcasters for producing coverage of the Westminster area, including the BBC, Sky News. RTÉ News and Current Affairs also have their London bureau at the same location, neighbouring College Green is used as a setting for interviewing politicians outdoors. Millbank Estate is a large but highly regarded Grade II-listed red-brick housing estate that gives the area behind Tate Britain a distinct character, the estate was built between 1897 and 1902, the bricks being recycled from Millbank Prison, which had closed in 1890. The 17 buildings, comprising one of Londons earliest social housing schemes, are named after distinguished painters such as Turner, Gainsborough, Millais, the estate has 562 flats, all managed on behalf of Westminster City Council by MEMO, the largest tenant management organisation in Westminster. The estates management board is elected annually from the resident population, half of the estates flats are private leaseholds, the other half are rented from Westminster City Council
2.
London
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London /ˈlʌndən/ is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom. Standing on the River Thames in the south east of the island of Great Britain and it was founded by the Romans, who named it Londinium. Londons ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its 1. 12-square-mile medieval boundaries. London is a global city in the arts, commerce, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research and development, tourism. It is crowned as the worlds largest financial centre and has the fifth- or sixth-largest metropolitan area GDP in the world, London is a world cultural capital. It is the worlds most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the worlds largest city airport system measured by passenger traffic, London is the worlds leading investment destination, hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city. Londons universities form the largest concentration of education institutes in Europe. In 2012, London became the first city to have hosted the modern Summer Olympic Games three times, London has a diverse range of people and cultures, and more than 300 languages are spoken in the region. Its estimated mid-2015 municipal population was 8,673,713, the largest of any city in the European Union, Londons urban area is the second most populous in the EU, after Paris, with 9,787,426 inhabitants at the 2011 census. The citys metropolitan area is the most populous in the EU with 13,879,757 inhabitants, the city-region therefore has a similar land area and population to that of the New York metropolitan area. London was the worlds most populous city from around 1831 to 1925, Other famous landmarks include Buckingham Palace, the London Eye, Piccadilly Circus, St Pauls Cathedral, Tower Bridge, Trafalgar Square, and The Shard. The London Underground is the oldest underground railway network in the world, the etymology of London is uncertain. It is an ancient name, found in sources from the 2nd century and it is recorded c.121 as Londinium, which points to Romano-British origin, and hand-written Roman tablets recovered in the city originating from AD 65/70-80 include the word Londinio. The earliest attempted explanation, now disregarded, is attributed to Geoffrey of Monmouth in Historia Regum Britanniae and this had it that the name originated from a supposed King Lud, who had allegedly taken over the city and named it Kaerlud. From 1898, it was accepted that the name was of Celtic origin and meant place belonging to a man called *Londinos. The ultimate difficulty lies in reconciling the Latin form Londinium with the modern Welsh Llundain, which should demand a form *lōndinion, from earlier *loundiniom. The possibility cannot be ruled out that the Welsh name was borrowed back in from English at a later date, and thus cannot be used as a basis from which to reconstruct the original name. Until 1889, the name London officially applied only to the City of London, two recent discoveries indicate probable very early settlements near the Thames in the London area
3.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
4.
London Underground
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The London Underground is a public rapid transit system serving London and some parts of the adjacent counties of Buckinghamshire, Essex and Hertfordshire in the United Kingdom. The network has expanded to 11 lines, and in 2015–16 carried 1.34 billion passengers, the 11 lines collectively handle approximately 4.8 million passengers a day. The system has 270 stations and 250 miles of track, despite its name, only 45% of the system is actually underground in tunnels, with much of the network in the outer environs of London being on the surface. In addition, the Underground does not cover most southern parts of Greater London, the current operator, London Underground Limited, is a wholly owned subsidiary of Transport for London, the statutory corporation responsible for the transport network in Greater London. As of 2015, 92% of operational expenditure is covered by passenger fares, the Travelcard ticket was introduced in 1983 and Oyster, a contactless ticketing system, in 2003. Contactless card payments were introduced in 2014, the LPTB was a prominent patron of art and design, commissioning many new station buildings, posters and public artworks in a modernist style. Other famous London Underground branding includes the roundel and Johnston typeface, to prepare construction, a short test tunnel was built in 1855 in Kibblesworth, a small town with geological properties similar to London. This test tunnel was used for two years in the development of the first underground train, and was later, in 1861, the worlds first underground railway, it opened in January 1863 between Paddington and Farringdon using gas-lit wooden carriages hauled by steam locomotives. It was hailed as a success, carrying 38,000 passengers on the opening day, the Metropolitan District Railway opened in December 1868 from South Kensington to Westminster as part of a plan for an underground inner circle connecting Londons main-line termini. The Metropolitan and District railways completed the Circle line in 1884, built using the cut and this opened in 1890 with electric locomotives that hauled carriages with small opaque windows, nicknamed padded cells. The Waterloo and City Railway opened in 1898, followed by the Central London Railway in 1900, the Metropolitan Railway protested about the change of plan, but after arbitration by the Board of Trade, the DC system was adopted. When the Bakerloo was so named in July 1906, The Railway Magazine called it an undignified gutter title, by 1907 the District and Metropolitan Railways had electrified the underground sections of their lines. In January 1913, the UERL acquired the Central London Railway, the Bakerloo line was extended north to Queens Park to join a new electric line from Euston to Watford, but World War I delayed construction and trains reached Watford Junction in 1917. During air raids in 1915 people used the stations as shelters. An extension of the Central line west to Ealing was also delayed by the war, the Metropolitan promoted housing estates near the railway with the Metro-land brand and nine housing estates were built near stations on the line. Electrification was extended north from Harrow to Rickmansworth, and branches opened from Rickmansworth to Watford in 1925, the Piccadilly line was extended north to Cockfosters and took over District line branches to Harrow and Hounslow. In 1933, most of Londons underground railways, tramway and bus services were merged to form the London Passenger Transport Board, the Waterloo & City Railway, which was by then in the ownership of the main line Southern Railway, remained with its existing owners. In the same year that the London Passenger Transport Board was formed, in the following years, the outlying lines of the former Metropolitan Railway closed, the Brill Tramway in 1935, and the line from Quainton Road to Verney Junction in 1936
5.
Pimlico tube station
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Pimlico is a London Underground station in Pimlico, City of Westminster. It is on the Victoria line between Victoria and Vauxhall in Zone 1, the station opened on 14 September 1972 – more than a year after the rest of the line had become fully operational. It is the station to be served exclusively by the Victoria line making it the least used station on the line. Pimlico was an addition to the final section of the Victoria line between Victoria and Brixton. It is the station on the line which does not have an interchange with another Underground and/or National Rail line. Pimlico was the last Underground station to open until the first section of the Piccadilly lines Heathrow extension was opened to Hatton Cross in 1975. In March 2015, the station was chosen to be the test for Wayfindr, the main entrance is on the corner of Bessborough Street and Rampayne Street. It is part of a block that until 2006 was entirely occupied by the Office for National Statistics apart from the station. There are two entrances, in Lupus Street and on the other side of Bessborough Street. These others have ramps as well as stairs, facilitating wheelchair access, however, there are still a few steps to walk down to enter the ticket hall. London Buses routes 2,24,36,87,88,185,360,436 and C10 and night route N2 serve the station
6.
Tate
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Tate is an institution that houses the United Kingdoms national collection of British art, and international modern and contemporary art. It is a network of four art museums, Tate Britain, London, Tate Liverpool, Tate St Ives, Cornwall and Tate Modern, London, Tate is not a government institution, but its main sponsor is the UK Department for Culture, Media and Sport. The name Tate is used also as the name for the corporate body. The gallery was founded in 1897, as the National Gallery of British Art, the Tate Gallery was housed in the current building occupied by Tate Britain, which is situated in Millbank, London. Tate Liverpool has the purpose as Tate Modern but on a smaller scale. All four museums share the Tate Collection, one of the Tates most publicised art events is the awarding of the annual Turner Prize, which takes place at Tate Britain. The original Tate was called the National Gallery of British Art, situated on Millbank, Pimlico, the idea of a National Gallery of British Art was first proposed in the 1820s by Sir John Leicester, Baron de Tabley. It took a step nearer when Robert Vernon gave his collection to the National Gallery in 1847, a decade later John Sheepshanks gave his collection to the South Kensington Museum, known for years as the National Gallery of Art. Henry Tate also donated his own collection to the gallery and it was initially a collection solely of modern British art, concentrating on the works of modern—that is Victorian era—painters. It was controlled by the National Gallery until 1954, in 1926 and 1937, the art dealer and patron Joseph Duveen paid for two major expansions of the gallery building. His father had paid for an extension to house the major part of the Turner Bequest. Henry Courtauld also endowed Tate with a purchase fund, by the mid 20th century, it was fulfilling a dual function of showing the history of British art as well as international modern art. In 1954, the Tate Gallery was finally separated from the National Gallery, later, the Tate began organising its own temporary exhibition programme. In 1979 with funding from a Japanese bank a large extension was opened that would also house larger income generating exhibitions. In 1987, the Clore Wing opened to house the major part of the Turner bequest, in 1988, an outpost in north west England opened as Tate Liverpool. This shows various works of art from the Tate collection as well as mounting its own temporary exhibitions. In 2007, Tate Liverpool hosted the Turner Prize, the first time this has been held outside London and this was an overture to Liverpools being the European Capital of Culture 2008. In 1993, another offshoot opened, Tate St Ives and it exhibits work by modern British artists, particularly those of the St Ives School
7.
Tate Liverpool
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Tate Liverpool is an art gallery and museum in Liverpool, Merseyside, England, and part of Tate, along with Tate St Ives, Cornwall, Tate Britain, London, and Tate Modern, London. The museum was an initiative of the Merseyside Development Corporation, Tate Liverpool was created to display work from the Tate Collection which comprises the national collection of British art from the year 1500 to the present day, and international modern art. The gallery also has a programme of temporary exhibitions, until 2003, Tate Liverpool was the largest gallery of modern and contemporary art in the UK outside London. The gallery opened in 1988 and is housed in a converted warehouse within the Albert Dock on Liverpools waterfront, the original conversion was done by James Stirling but the building was given a major refurbishment in 1998 to create additional gallery space. In 2007, the area was redesigned by architects Arca to create an updated appearance and better proportions. A colour-changing wall acts as a backdrop to the brick volume. Behind the scenes, Arca also made alterations to the hospitality, cloakroom, events, the gallery has hosted numerous live events in the foyer, including Made Up Mix as part of Liverpools Biennial of Contemporary Art. This event featured Die Plankton performing a show which was recorded for their Yorkshires Answers To The Beatles live album, Tate Liverpool official site Arca Smoke and mirrors, The surreal life and work of René Magritte, The Independent,10 June 2011
8.
Tate Modern
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Tate Modern is a modern art gallery located in London. It is Britains national gallery of modern art and forms part of the Tate group. It is based in the former Bankside Power Station, in the Bankside area of the London Borough of Southwark, Tate holds the national collection of British art from 1900 to the present day and international modern and contemporary art. Tate Modern is one of the largest museums of modern and contemporary art in the world and it is directly across the river from St Pauls Cathedral. The power station closed in 1981, prior to redevelopment, the power station was a 200 m long, steel framed, brick clad building with a substantial central chimney standing 99 m. The structure was divided into three main areas each running east-west - the huge main turbine hall in the centre, with the boiler house to the north. For many years after closure Bankside Power station was at risk of being demolished by developers, many people campaigned for the building to be saved and put forward suggestions for possible new uses. An application to list the building was refused, in April 1994 the Tate Gallery announced that Bankside would be the home for the new Tate Modern. In July of the year, an international competition was launched to select an architect for the new gallery. Jacques Herzog and Pierre de Meuron of Herzog & de Meuron were announced as the architects in January 1995. The £134 million conversion to the Tate Modern started in June 1995, the most obvious external change was the two-story glass extension on one half of the roof. Much of the internal structure remained, including the cavernous main turbine hall. The history of the site as well as information about the conversion was the basis for a 2008 documentary Architects Herzog and de Meuron and this challenging conversion work was carried by Carillion. Tate Modern was opened by the Queen on 11 May 2000, Tate Modern received 5.25 million visitors in its first year. The previous year the three existing Tate galleries galleries had received 2.5 million visitors combined, Tate Modern had attracted more visitors than originally expected and plans to expand it had been in preparation since 2004. These plans focused on the south west of the building with the intention of providing 5, 000m2 of new display space, the southern third of the building was retained by the French power company EDF Energy as an electrical substation. In 2006, the released the western half of this holding and plans were made to replace the structure with a tower extension to the museum. The tower was to be built over the old oil storage tanks, structural, geotechnical, civil, and façade engineering and environmental consultancy was undertaken by Ramboll between 2008 and 2016
9.
Tate St Ives
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Tate St Ives is an art gallery in St Ives, Cornwall, England, exhibiting work by modern British artists with links to the St Ives area. The Tate also took over management of another museum in the town, the Tate St Ives was built between 1988 and 1993 on the site of an old gasworks, it now receives around 210,000 visitors each year. In 2015, it received funding for an expansion, doubling the size of the gallery, the gallery is expected to re-open in March 2017. In 1980, Tate group started to manage the Barbara Hepworth Museum and Sculpture Garden, the group decided to open a museum in the town, to showcase local artists, especially those already held in their collection. In 1988, the purchased a former gas works and commissioned architects Eldred Evans and David Shalev. The building included a rotunda at the centre of the gallery, the gallery opened in June 1993, the second of the Tates regional galleries after Tate Liverpool, receiving more than 120,000 visitors before the end of the year. The gallery receives over 210,000 visitors every year, in January 2015, the Tate St Ives received £3.9 million to build an extension to the existing gallery, with the intention of doubling the available space. The contract was awarded to BAM Construct UK, who would be adding a1,200 square metres extension, the Tate St Ives was closed in October 2015 for these works and will remain closed until at least March 2017. List of St Ives artists Tate St Ives website artcornwall. org — on-line journal for art and artists in Cornwall
10.
City of Westminster
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The City of Westminster is an Inner London borough which also holds city status. It occupies much of the area of Greater London including most of the West End. It is to the west of and adjoining the ancient City of London, directly to the east of the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea and it was created with the 1965 establishment of Greater London. Upon creation, Westminster was awarded city status, which had previously held by the smaller Metropolitan Borough of Westminster. Aside from a number of parks and open spaces, the population density of the district is high. Many sites commonly associated with London are in the borough, including St. Jamess Palace, Buckingham Palace, the Houses of Parliament, much of the borough is residential, and in 2008 it was estimated to have a population of 236,000. The local authority is Westminster City Council, the current Westminster coat of arms were given to the city by an official grant on September 2,1964. Westminster had other arms before, which had an identical to the chief in the present arms. The symbols in the two thirds of the shield stand for former municipalities now merged with the city, Paddington. The original arms had a portcullis as the charge, which now forms the crest. The origins of the City of Westminster pre-date the Norman Conquest of England, in the mid-11th Century king Edward the Confessor began the construction of an abbey at Westminster, only the foundations of which survive today. For centuries Westminster and the City of London were geographically quite distinct, Westminster briefly became a city in 1540 when Henry VIII created the short-lived Diocese of Westminster. Following the dissolution of Westminster Abbey, a court of burgesses was formed in 1585 to govern the Westminster area, Jamess, Strand, Westminster, Pimlico, Belgravia, and Hyde Park. The Westminster Metropolitan Borough was itself the result of an amalgamation which took place in 1900. Sir John Hunt O. B. E was the First Town Clerk of the City of Westminster, the boundaries of the City of Westminster today, as well as those of the other London boroughs, have remained more or less unchanged since the Act of 1963. On 22 March 2017, a terrorist attack took place on Westminster Bridge, Bridge Street and Old Palace Yard, five people - three pedestrians, one police officer, and the attacker - died as a result of the incident. More than 50 people were injured, an investigation is ongoing by the Metropolitan Police. The city is divided into 20 wards, each electing three councillors, Westminster City Council is currently composed of 44 Conservative Party members and 16 Labour Party members
11.
Art of the United Kingdom
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The Art of the United Kingdom refers to all forms of visual art in or associated with the United Kingdom since the formation of the Kingdom of Great Britain in 1707. For earlier periods, and some more detailed information on the period, see English art, Scottish art, Welsh art. Increasing British prosperity led to an increased production of both fine art and the decorative arts, the latter often being exported. The Romantic period produced the diverse talents of William Blake, J. M. W. Turner, John Constable. The Victorian period saw a great diversity of art, and a far larger quantity created than before, much Victorian art is now out of critical favour, with interest concentrated on the Pre-Raphaelites and the innovative movements at the end of the 18th century. The oldest surviving British art includes Stonehenge from around 2600 BC and this had a brief but spectacular flowering in all the countries that now form the United Kingdom in the 7th and 8th centuries, in works such as the Book of Kells and Book of Lindisfarne. The Insular style was influential across Northern Europe, and especially so in later Anglo-Saxon art, the Protestant Reformations of England and Scotland were especially destructive of existing religious art, and the production of new work virtually ceased. The Artists of the Tudor Court were mostly imported from Europe, the portraiture of Elizabeth I ignored contemporary European Renaissance models to create iconic images that border on naive art. His counterpart in Edinburgh, Sir John Baptist Medina, born in Brussels to Spanish parents, had died just before the Union took place, and was one of the last batch of Scottish knights to be created. Medina had first worked in London, but in mid-career moved to the competitive environment of Edinburgh. Richardson also trained the most notable Irish portraitist of the period and his best-known work is at Greenwich Hospital, Blenheim Palace and the cupola of Saint Pauls Cathedral, London. From 1714 the new Hanoverian dynasty conducted a far less ostentatious court, fortunately, the booming British economy was able to supply aristocratic and mercantile wealth to replace the court, above all in London. Other subjects were only issued as prints, and Hogarth was both the first significant British printmaker, and still the best known. Many works were series of four or more scenes, of which the best known are, A Harlots Progress and A Rakes Progress from the 1730s and Marriage à-la-mode from the mid-1740s. Like many later painters Hogarth wanted above all to achieve success at history painting in the Grand Manner, the academy was taken over by Thornhill in 1716, but seems to have become inactive by the time John Vanderbank and Louis Chéron set up their own academy in 1720. This did not last long, and in 1724/5 Thornhill tried again in his own house, with little success. Hogarth inherited the equipment for this, and used it to start the St. Martins Lane Academy in 1735, Hogarth also helped solve the problem of a lack of exhibition venues in London, arranging for shows at the Foundling Hospital from 1746. The Scottish portraitist Allan Ramsay worked in Edinburgh before moving to London by 1739 and his main London rival in the mid-century, until Reynolds made his reputation, was Reynolds master, the stodgy Thomas Hudson
12.
J. M. W. Turner
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Joseph Mallord William Turner, RA was an English Romanticist landscape painter. Turner was considered a figure in his day, but is now regarded as the artist who elevated landscape painting to an eminence rivalling history painting. Although renowned for his oil paintings, Turner is also one of the greatest masters of British watercolour landscape painting and he is commonly known as the painter of light. Joseph Mallord William Turner was baptised on 14 May 1775, and it is generally believed he was born between late April and early May. Turner himself claimed he was born on 23 April, but there is no proof and he was born in Maiden Lane, Covent Garden, in London, England. His father, William Turner, was a barber and wig maker and his mother, Mary Marshall, came from a family of butchers. A younger sister, Mary Ann, was born in September 1778, the earliest known artistic exercise by Turner is from this period—a series of simple colourings of engraved plates from Henry Boswells Picturesque View of the Antiquities of England and Wales. Around 1786, Turner was sent to Margate on the north-east Kent coast, here he produced a series of drawings of the town and surrounding area foreshadowing his later work. Turner returned to Margate many times in later life, by this time, Turners drawings were being exhibited in his fathers shop window and sold for a few shillings. His father boasted to the artist Thomas Stothard that, My son, in 1789, Turner again stayed with his uncle who had retired to Sunningwell in Berkshire. A whole sketchbook of work from time in Berkshire survives as well as a watercolour of Oxford. The use of sketches on location, as the foundation for later finished paintings. By the end of 1789, he had begun to study under the topographical draughtsman Thomas Malton. Turner learned from him the tricks of the trade, copying and colouring outline prints of British castles. He would later call Malton My real master, topography was a thriving industry by which a young artist could pay for his studies. In the same year of 1789 he entered the Royal Academy of Art schools, when he was 14 years old, Sir Joshua Reynolds, president of the Royal Academy, chaired the panel that admitted him. At first Turner showed a keen interest in architecture, but was advised by the architect Thomas Hardwick to continue painting and his first watercolour painting A View of the Archbishops Palace, Lambeth was accepted for the Royal Academy summer exhibition of 1790 when Turner was 15. As a probationer in the academy, he was drawing from plaster casts of antique sculptures
13.
Millbank Prison
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It was opened in 1816 and closed in 1890. After various changes in circumstance, the Panopticon plan was abandoned in 1812, an architectural competition was then held for a new penitentiary design. It attracted 43 entrants, the winner being William Williams, drawing master at the Royal Military College, Williams basic design was adapted by a practising architect, Thomas Hardwick, who began construction in the same year. Hardwick resigned in 1813, and John Harvey took over the role, Harvey was dismissed in turn in 1815, and replaced by Robert Smirke, who brought the project to completion in 1821. The marshy site on which the prison stood meant that the builders experienced problems of subsidence from the outset, Smirke finally resolved the difficulty by introducing a highly innovative concrete raft to provide a secure foundation. However, this added considerably to the costs, which eventually totalled £500,000, more than twice the original estimate. The first prisoners, all women, were admitted on 26 June 1816, the prison held 103 men and 109 women by the end of 1817, and 452 men and 326 women by late 1822. Sentences of five to ten years in the National Penitentiary were offered as an alternative to transportation to those thought most likely to reform. In addition to the problems of construction, the marshy site fostered disease, in 1818 they employed a Medical Supervisor, in the form of Dr Alexander Copland Hutchison of Westminster Dispensary, to oversee the health issues of the occupants. In 1822–23 an epidemic swept through the prison, which seems to have comprised a mixture of dysentery, scurvy, depression and other disorders. The decision was taken to evacuate the buildings for several months, the female prisoners were released. The design also turned out to be unsatisfactory, the network of corridors was so labyrinthine that even the warders got lost, and the ventilation system allowed sound to carry, so that prisoners could communicate between cells. The annual running costs turned out to be an unsupportable £16,000, in view of these problems, the decision was eventually taken to build a new model prison at Pentonville, which opened in 1842 and took over Millbanks role as the National Penitentiary. By an Act of Parliament of 1843, Millbanks status was downgraded, every person sentenced to transportation was sent to Millbank first, where they were held for three months before their final destination was decided. By 1850, around 4,000 people convicted of crimes were being transported annually from the UK, prisoners awaiting transportation were kept in solitary confinement and restricted to silence for the first half of their sentence. Large-scale transportation ended in 1853, and Millbank then became a local prison. By 1886 it had ceased to hold inmates, and it closed in 1890, demolition began in 1892, and continued sporadically until 1903. The buildings of each pentagon were set around a cluster of five courtyards used as airing-yards, the third and fourth pentagons were used to house female prisoners, and the remaining four for male prisoners
14.
Higgs and Hill
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Higgs and Hill was a major British construction company responsible for building some of Londons finest buildings. The Company was established in 1874 by the merger of the firm of Thomas Hill with the firm of William Higgs and it was originally called Hill, Higgs and Hill but changed it name to Higgs and Hill when Rowland Hill retired in 1879. The Company was first based at Crown Works in Vauxhall but moved to New Malden in 1967, sir Brian Hill, a member of the seventh generation of his family to work in the business, retired in 1992. In 1994 it announced a rights issue to finance the acquisition of land for housing, in 1996 the Company announced poor results arising from re-organisation charges and contract losses. The Company was acquired by Hollandsche Beton Groep later that year, HBG was itself acquired by Koninklijke BAM Groep in 2002
15.
Henry Tate
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Sir Henry Tate, 1st Baronet was an English sugar merchant and philanthropist, noted for establishing the Tate Gallery, London. Tate was the son of a Unitarian clergyman, when he was 13, he became a grocers apprentice in Liverpool. After a seven-year apprenticeship, he was able to set up his own shop and his business was successful, and grew to a chain of six stores by the time he was 35. In 1859 Tate became a partner in John Wright & Co. sugar refinery, by 1869, he had gained complete control of the company, and renamed it as Henry Tate & Sons. In 1872, he purchased the patent from German Eugen Langen for making sugar cubes, in 1877 he opened a refinery at Silvertown, London, which remains in production. At the time, much of Silvertown was still marshland, Tate was a modest rather retiring man, well known for his concern with workers’ conditions. He built the Tate Institute opposite his Thames Refinery, a bar, Tate rapidly became a millionaire and donated generously to charity. The National Gallery of British Art, nowadays known as Tate Britain, was opened on 21 July 1897, Tate made many donations, often anonymously and always discreetly. He supported alternative and non-establishment causes, there was £10,000 for the library of Manchester College, founded in Manchester in 1786 as a Dissenting academy to provide religious nonconformists with higher education. He also gave the College, £5,000 to promote the ‘theory, in addition he gave £20,000 to the Hahnemann Hospital in Liverpool in 1885. He particularly supported health and education with his money and he also gave £8,000 to the Liverpool Royal Infirmary, and £5,000 to the Queen Victoria Jubilee Institute, which became the Queens Institute for District Nurses. Tate was made a baronet in 1898, the year before his death, in 1921, after Tates death, Henry Tate & Sons merged with Abram Lyle & Sons to form Tate & Lyle. In 2001, a plaque commemorating Sir Henry was unveiled on the site of his first shop at 42 Hamilton Street. In 2006 a Wetherspoons pub in his town of Chorley was named after the sugar magnate. His mother was Agnes Booth and his father was the Reverend William Tate and he lived at Park Hill by Streatham Common, South London, and is buried in nearby West Norwood Cemetery, the gates of which are opposite a public library that he endowed. Park Hill became a nunnery after his death until refurbishment as housing around 2004, Tate Gallery Tate & Lyle Sir Henry Tate The Sugar Girls blog, Happy Birthday, Henry Tate. http, //www. thepeerage. com/p59124. htm#i591238
16.
Portico
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A portico is a porch leading to the entrance of a building, or extended as a colonnade, with a roof structure over a walkway, supported by columns or enclosed by walls. This idea was used in Ancient Greece and has influenced many cultures. Some noteworthy examples of porticos are the East Portico of the United States Capitol, the portico adorning the Pantheon in Rome, porticos are sometimes topped with pediments. Bologna, Italy, is famous for its porticos, in total, there are over 45 km of arcades, some 38 in the city center. The longest portico in the world, about 3.5 km, in Bologna, Italy, porticos stretch for 18 km. Palladio was a pioneer of using temple-fronts for secular buildings, in the UK, the temple-front applied to The Vyne, Hampshire was the first portico applied to an English country house. A pronaos is the area of the portico of a Greek or Roman temple. Roman temples commonly had an open pronaos, usually with only columns and no walls, the word pronaos is Greek for before a temple. In Latin, a pronaos is also referred to as an anticum or prodomus, the different variants of porticos are named by the number of columns they have. The style suffix comes from the Greek στῦλος, column, the tetrastyle has four columns, it was commonly employed by the Greeks and the Etruscans for small structures such as public buildings and amphiprostyles. Roman provincial capitals also manifested tetrastyle construction, such as the Capitoline Temple in Volubilis, the North Portico of the White House is perhaps the most notable four-columned portico in the United States. Hexastyle buildings had six columns and were the standard façade in canonical Greek Doric architecture between the archaic period 600–550 BC up to the Age of Pericles 450–430 BC. With the colonization by the Greeks of Southern Italy, hexastyle was adopted by the Etruscans, Roman taste favoured narrow pseudoperipteral and amphiprostyle buildings with tall columns, raised on podiums for the added pomp and grandeur conferred by considerable height. The Maison Carrée at Nîmes, France, is the best-preserved Roman hexastyle temple surviving from antiquity, octastyle buildings had eight columns, they were considerably rarer than the hexastyle ones in the classical Greek architectural canon. The best-known octastyle buildings surviving from antiquity are the Parthenon in Athens, built during the Age of Pericles, and the Pantheon in Rome. The destroyed Temple of Divus Augustus in Rome, the centre of the Augustan cult, is shown on Roman coins of the 2nd century AD as having built in octastyle. The decastyle has ten columns, as in the temple of Apollo Didymaeus at Miletus, the temple of Venus and Rome, built by Hadrian in Rome about 130 A. D. was decastyle, the only known example in Roman architecture. Classical architecture List of classical architecture terms Hypostyle Loggia Stoa Greek architecture, Encyclopædia Britannica,1968 Stierlin, Greece, From Mycenae to the Parthenon, TASCHEN,2004, Editor-in-chief Angelika Taschen, Cologne, ISBN 3-8228-1225-0 Stierlin, Henri
17.
Dome
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A dome is an architectural element that resembles the hollow upper half of a sphere. The precise definition has been a matter of controversy, there are also a wide variety of forms and specialized terms to describe them. A dome can rest upon a rotunda or drum, and can be supported by columns or piers that transition to the dome through squinches or pendentives, a lantern may cover an oculus and may itself have another dome. Domes have a long architectural lineage that extends back into prehistory and they have been constructed from mud, snow, stone, wood, brick, concrete, metal, glass, and plastic over the centuries. The symbolism associated with domes includes mortuary, celestial, and governmental traditions that have developed over time. Domes have been found from early Mesopotamia, which may explain the forms spread and they are found in Persian, Hellenistic, Roman, and Chinese architecture in the Ancient world, as well as among a number of contemporary indigenous building traditions. They were popular in Byzantine and medieval Islamic architecture, and there are examples from Western Europe in the Middle Ages. The Renaissance style spread from Italy in the Early modern period, advancements in mathematics, materials, and production techniques since that time resulted in new dome types. The domes of the world can be found over religious buildings, legislative chambers, sports stadiums. The English word dome ultimately derives from the Latin domus —which, up through the Renaissance, labeled a revered house, such as a Domus Dei, or House of God, the French word dosme came to acquire the meaning of a cupola vault, specifically, by 1660. A dome is a rounded vault made of either curved segments or a shell of revolution, sometimes called false domes, corbel domes achieve their shape by extending each horizontal layer of stones inward slightly farther than the lower one until they meet at the top. A false dome may also refer to a wooden dome, true domes are said to be those whose structure is in a state of compression, with constituent elements of wedge-shaped voussoirs, the joints of which align with a central point. The validity of this is unclear, as domes built underground with corbelled stone layers are also in compression from the surrounding earth, as with arches, the springing of a dome is the level from which the dome rises. The top of a dome is the crown, the inner side of a dome is called the intrados and the outer side is called the extrados. The haunch is the part of an arch that lies halfway between the base and the top. The word cupola is another word for dome, and is used for a small dome upon a roof or turret. Cupola has also used to describe the inner side of a dome. Drums, also called tholobates, are cylindrical or polygonal walls with or without windows that support a dome, a tambour or lantern is the equivalent structure over a domes oculus, supporting a cupola
18.
John Russell Pope
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Pope was born in New York in 1874, the son of a successful portrait painter. He studied architecture at Columbia University and graduated in 1894 and he was the first recipient of the Rome Prize to attend the newly founded American Academy in Rome, a training ground for the designers of the American Renaissance. He would remain involved with the Academy until his death, Pope was one of the first architectural students to master the use of the large-format camera, with glass negatives. Pope attended the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris in 1896, honing his Beaux-Arts style, after returning to New York in 1900, he worked for a few years in the office of Bruce Price before opening his own practice. He also designed the extension of the Henry Clay Frick mansion in New York City that created the Garden Court, in 1919, he developed a master plan for the future growth of Yale University. Popes original plan is a document in the City Beautiful movement in city planning. Pope won a Silver Medal in the 1932 Summer Olympics for his design of the Payne Whitney Gymnasium and his firms designs alternated between revivals of Gothic, Georgian, eighteenth-century French, and classical styles. Pope designed the Henry E. Huntington mausoleum on the grounds of The Huntington Library and later used the design as a prototype for the Jefferson Memorial in Washington, D. C. The Jefferson Memorial and the National Gallery of Art were both neoclassical, modeled by Pope on the Roman Pantheon. C, the National City Christian Church, Constitution Hall, American Pharmacists Association Building, Ward Homestead, and the National Archives Building. In 1932, he constructed the house for Alpha Delta Phi at Cornell University in Ithaca. He designed additions to the Tate Gallery and British Museum in London, an honor for an American architect. Pope was also responsible for alterations to Belcourt, the Newport residence of Oliver. The Georgian Revival residence he built in 1919 for Thomas H. Frothingham in Far Hills, Pope was a member of the U. S. Commission of Fine Arts from 1912 to 1922, serving as chairman from 1921 to 1922. He also served on the Board of Architectural Consultants for the Federal Triangle complex in Washington, a 1991 exhibition at the National Gallery of Art, John Russell Pope and the Building of the National Gallery of Art, spurred the reappraisal of his work. For some time, it had been scorned and derided by many critics influenced by International Modernism, 1911–15, House of the Temple, Washington, D. C. C. 1930, National City Christian Church, Washington, D. C. C, 1938–41, National Gallery of Art, Washington, D. C. Eggers & Higgins Bedford, Steven McLeod, John Russell Pope, Architect of Empire, New York,1998
19.
James Stirling (architect)
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Sir James Frazer Stirling RA was a British architect. Stirling worked in partnership with James Gowan from 1956 to 1963 and his year of birth is widely quoted as 1926 but his longstanding friend Colin St John Wilson later stated it was 1924. Stirling went to school at Quarry Bank High School, Liverpool, during World War II, he joined the Black Watch before transferring to the Parachute Regiment. He was parachuted behind German enemy lines before D-Day and wounded twice, Stirling studied architecture from 1945 until 1950 at the University of Liverpool, where Colin Rowe was a tutor. In 1956 he and James Gowan left their positions as assistants with the firm of Lyons, Israel and their first built project – the Langham House Close – was regarded as a landmark in the development of brutalist residential architecture, although this was a description both architects rejected. The project brought Stirling to a global audience, in 1963, Stirling and Gowan separated, Stirling then set up on his own, taking with him the office assistant Michael Wilford. Stirling then oversaw two prestigious projects, the History Faculty Library at the University of Cambridge and the Florey Building accommodation block for The Queens College, during the 1970s, Stirlings architectural language began to change as the scale of his projects moved from small to very large. His architecture became more overtly neoclassical, though it remained deeply imbued with modernism and this produced a wave of large-scale urban projects, most notably three museum projects for Düsseldorf, Cologne, and Stuttgart. Winning the design competition for the Neue Staatsgalerie, it came to be seen as an example of postmodernism, among unrealized projects in the US are designs for Columbia University and a competition proposal for the Walt Disney Concert Hall in Los Angeles. In 1981, Stirling was awarded the Pritzker Prize, Stirling received a series of important commissions in England – the Clore Gallery for the Turner Collection at the Tate Britain, London, the Tate Liverpool, and No 1 Poultry in London. In June 1992, Stirling was awarded a knighthood, after consulting with Michael Wilford, he accepted the award on the grounds that it might help their practice. Three days after the announcement of his knighthood, Stirling was hospitalised in London with a painful hernia and he died on 25 June 1992 on the operating table due to bungled anaesthesis. In accordance with his wishes, his ashes were buried near to his memorial at Christ Church Spitalfields, after Stirlings death, Michael Wilford continued the practice. The Stirling Prize, a British annual prize for architecture since 1996, was named after him, many architects admire Stirlings work, but opinion has been divided. After Stirlings death Italian architect and critic Vittorio Gregotti wrote that from now on, rather more cuttingly, Jonathan Meades says that His buildings, like their bombastic maker, looked tough but were perpetual invalids, basket cases
20.
Postmodern architecture
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The movement was given a doctrine by the architect and architectural theorist Robert Venturi in his 1966 book Complexity and Contradiction in Architecture. The style flourished from the 1980s through the 1990s, particularly in the work of Venturi, Philip Johnson, Charles Moore, in the late 1990s it divided into a multitude of new tendencies, including high-tech architecture, neo-classicism and deconstructivism. The architect and architectural historian Robert Venturi led the attack in 1966 in his book, Complexity, … I welcome the problems and exploit the uncertainties. … I like elements which are rather than pure, compromising rather than clean. … I am for messy vitality over obvious unity, … I prefer both-and to either-or, black and white, and sometimes gray, to black or white. … An architecture of complexity and contradiction must embody the difficult unity of inclusion rather than the easy unity of exclusion, Venturis second book, Learning from Las Vegas, co-authored with his wife, Denise Scott Brown, and Steven Izenour, further developed his argument against modernism. He urged architects take into consideration and to celebrate the architecture in a place. He argued that ornamental and decorative elements accommodate existing needs for variety, Rossi insisted that cities be rebuilt in ways that preserved their historical fabric and local traditions. Similar ideas were and projects were put forward at the Venice Biennale in 1980, the call for a post-modern style was joined by Christian de Portzamparc in France and Ricardo Bofill in Spain, and in Japan by Arata Isozaki. Robert Venturi was both a prominent theorist of postmodernism and an architect who buildings illustrated his ideas, after studying at the American Academy in Rome, he worked in the offices of the modernists Eero Saarinen Louis Kahn until 1958, and then became a professor architecture at Yale University. One of his first buildings was the Guild House in Philadelphia and these two houses became symbols of the postmodern movement. He went on to design, in the 1960s and 1970s, Michael Graves designed two of the most prominent buildings in the postmodern style, the Portland Building and the Denver Public Library. The building has since added to the National Register of Historic Places. The most famous work of architect Charles Moore is the Piazza dItalia in New Orleans, drawing upon the Spanish Revival architecture of the city hall, Moore designed the Beverly Hills Civic Center in a mixture of Spanish Revival, Art Deco and Post-Modern styles. It includes courtyards, colonnades, promenades, and buildings, with open and semi-enclosed spaces, stairways and balconies. Philip Johnson began his career as a pure modernist, in 1935 he co-authored the famous catalog of the Museum of Modern Art exposition on the International Style, and studied with Walter Gropius and Marcel Breuer at Harvard. His Glass House in New Canaan, Connecticut, inspired b a similar house by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe became an icon of the modernist movement and he worked with Mies on another iconic modernist project, the Seagrams Building in New York City. However, his buildings in the 1970, such as IDS Center in Minneapolis and Pennzoil Place in Houston were massive, sober
21.
River Thames
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The River Thames is a river that flows through southern England, most notably through London. At 215 miles, it is the longest river entirely in England and it also flows through Oxford, Reading, Henley-on-Thames and Windsor. The lower reaches of the river are called the Tideway, derived from its tidal reach up to Teddington Lock. It rises at Thames Head in Gloucestershire, and flows into the North Sea via the Thames Estuary, the Thames drains the whole of Greater London. Its tidal section, reaching up to Teddington Lock, includes most of its London stretch and has a rise, in Scotland, the Tay achieves more than double the average discharge from a drainage basin that is 60% smaller. Along its course are 45 navigation locks with accompanying weirs and its catchment area covers a large part of South Eastern and a small part of Western England and the river is fed by 38 named tributaries. The river contains over 80 islands, in 2010, the Thames won the largest environmental award in the world – the $350,000 International Riverprize. The Thames, from Middle English Temese, is derived from the Brittonic Celtic name for the river, Tamesas, recorded in Latin as Tamesis and yielding modern Welsh Tafwys Thames. It has also suggested that it is not of Celtic origin. A place by the river, rather than the river itself, indirect evidence for the antiquity of the name Thames is provided by a Roman potsherd found at Oxford, bearing the inscription Tamesubugus fecit. It is believed that Tamesubugus name was derived from that of the river, tamese was referred to as a place, not a river in the Ravenna Cosmography. The rivers name has always pronounced with a simple t /t/, the Middle English spelling was typically Temese. A similar spelling from 1210, Tamisiam, is found in the Magna Carta, the Thames through Oxford is sometimes called the Isis. Ordnance Survey maps still label the Thames as River Thames or Isis down to Dorchester, richard Coates suggests that while the river was as a whole called the Thames, part of it, where it was too wide to ford, was called *lowonida. An alternative, and simpler proposal, is that London may also be a Germanic word, for merchant seamen, the Thames has long been just the London River. Londoners often refer to it simply as the river in such as south of the river. Thames Valley Police is a body that takes its name from the river. The marks of human activity, in cases dating back to Pre-Roman Britain, are visible at various points along the river
22.
Stanley Spencer
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Sir Stanley Spencer CBE RA was an English painter. Spencer referred to Cookham as a village in Heaven and in his biblical scenes, although his compositions became more claustrophobic and his use of colour less vivid he maintained an attention to detail in his paintings akin to that of the Pre-Raphaelites. Spencers works often express his fervent if unconventional Christian faith and this is especially evident in the scenes that he based in Cookham which show the compassion that he felt for his fellow residents and also his romantic and sexual obsessions. Spencers works originally provoked great shock and controversy, Spencers early work is regarded as a synthesis of French Post-Impressionism, exemplified for instance by Paul Gauguin, plus early Italian painting typified by Giotto. Stanley Spencer was born in Cookham, Berkshire, the surviving child of William. His father, usually known as Par, was a music teacher, stanleys younger brother, Gilbert Spencer, also became a notable artist, known principally for his landscapes. The family home, Fernlea, on Cookham High Street, had built by Spencers grandfather Julius Spencer. Stanley Spencer was educated at home by his sisters Annie and Florence, as his parents had reservations about the council school. However, Gilbert and Stanley took drawing lessons from a local artist, Par Spencer approached local landowners, Lord and Lady Boston, for advice, and Lady Boston agreed Stanley could spend time drawing with her each week. In 1907 Lady Boston arranged for Stanley to attend Maidenhead Technical Institute, from 1908 to 1912, Spencer studied at the Slade School of Fine Art at University College London, under Henry Tonks and others. His contemporaries at the Slade included Dora Carrington, Maxwell Gordon Lightfoot, Mark Gertler, Paul Nash, Edward Wadsworth, Isaac Rosenberg, so profound was his attachment to Cookham that most days he would take the train back home in time for tea. It even became his nickname, his fellow student Christopher R. W. Nevinson dubbed him Cookham, while at the Slade, Spencer allied with a, short-lived, group who called themselves the Neo-Primitives which was centred on Bomberg and William Roberts. In 1912 Spencer exhibited the painting John Donne Arriving in Heaven, in 1914 Spencer completed Zacharias and Elizabeth and The Centurions Servant. The latter painting featured not only Spencer himself as the servant, but also his brothers and he also began work on a self-portrait. Self-portrait was painted in Wisteria Cottage, a decaying Georgian house Spencer rented, from the local coalman in Cookham, apple Gatherers had been bought by the artist Henry Lamb, who promptly sold it to the art collector Edward Marsh. Marsh later bought Self-portrait and considered it to be masterly. glowing with genius, at the start of World War One Spencer was keen to enlist but his mother persuaded him, given his poor physique, to apply for ambulance duties. After thirteen months at Beaufort, the RAMC transferred Spencer to overseas duties and he left Beaufort in May 1916 and after ten weeks training at Tweseldown Camp in Hampshire, the 24-year-old Spencer was sent to Macedonia, with the 68th Field Ambulance unit. In 1917 he subsequently volunteered to be transferred to a regiment, the 7th Battalion
23.
Listed building
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A listed building or listed structure, in the United Kingdom, is one that has been placed on the Statutory List of Buildings of Special Architectural or Historic Interest. The statutory bodies maintaining the list are Historic England in England, Cadw in Wales, Historic Scotland in Scotland, however, the preferred term in Ireland is protected structure. In England and Wales, an amenity society must be notified of any work to a listed building which involves any element of demolition. Owners of listed buildings are, in circumstances, compelled to repair and maintain them. When alterations are permitted, or when listed buildings are repaired or maintained, slightly different systems operate in each area of the United Kingdom, though the basic principles of the listing remain the same. It was the damage to caused by German bombing during World War II that prompted the first listing of buildings that were deemed to be of particular architectural merit. The listings were used as a means of determining whether a building should be rebuilt if it was damaged by bombing. Listing was first introduced into Northern Ireland under the Planning Order 1972, the listing process has since developed slightly differently in each part of the UK. In the UK, the process of protecting the historic environment is called ‘designation’. A heritage asset is a part of the environment that is valued because of its historic. Only some of these are judged to be important enough to have legal protection through designation. However, buildings that are not formally listed but still judged as being of heritage interest are still regarded as being a consideration in the planning process. Almost anything can be listed – it does not have to be a building, Buildings and structures of special historic interest come in a wide variety of forms and types, ranging from telephone boxes and road signs, to castles. Historic England has created twenty broad categories of structures, and published selection guides for each one to aid with assessing buildings and these include historical overviews and describe the special considerations for listing each category. Both Historic Scotland and Cadw produce guidance for owners, in England, to have a building considered for listing or delisting, the process is to apply to the secretary of state, this can be done by submitting an application form online to Historic England. The applicant does not need to be the owner of the building to apply for it to be listed, full information including application form guidance notes are on the Historic England website. Historic England assesses buildings put forward for listing or delisting and provides advice to the Secretary of State on the architectural, the Secretary of State, who may seek additional advice from others, then decides whether or not to list or delist the building. In England and Wales the authority for listing is granted to the Secretary of State by the Planning Act 1990, Listed buildings in danger of decay are listed on the Historic England Heritage at Risk Register
24.
Heritage Lottery Fund
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The Heritage Lottery Fund was established in the United Kingdom under the National Lottery etc. The Fund opened for applications in 1994, although HLF is branded as though a body in its own right, it is administered by a pre-existing non-departmental public body – the Board of Trustees of the National Heritage Memorial Fund. The turnover of HLF is considerably larger than the work of the NHMF. Decisions about policies and large applications are made by the Trustees of the NHMF, there are also decision-making committees in the English regions, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. Head office is in London, with offices in nine English regions and in Scotland, Wales. The Heritage Lottery Fund offers a range of different grant programmes from £3,000 to over £5 million
25.
Caruso St John
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Caruso St John is an architectural firm established in 1990 by Adam Caruso and Peter St John. Caruso St John have gained a reputation for excellence in designing contemporary projects in the public realm. The practice came to attention with The New Art Gallery Walsall. Current and past clients include Tate Britain, the V&A, English Heritage and the Arts Council of England, as well as European housing developers Trudo, the SBB and the Gagosian Gallery. Caruso St John aims to have a range of work at a variety of scales and want to resist the trend of increased size. The practice is interested in the potential and physical qualities of construction. This attitude has developed out a fascination for materials, backed up with an involvement in academic, built projects incorporate this research and respond to their physical context and brief in unexpected ways. The projects stand out by resisting off the peg construction, both the New Art Gallery, Walsall and the Brick House, London have been short listed for the Stirling Prize, the UK’s most prestigious architecture award, in recognition of this ambition. The office of approximately 20 work in a studio in a 1930s factory building in East London which the practice converted to studio use for themselves in 2000. Both Adam Caruso and Peter St John have taught in architecture schools consistently throughout the lifetime of Caruso St John, Adam Caruso taught at the University of North London from 1990 to 2000, and was Professor of Architecture at the University of Bath from 2002 to 2005. In 2011 Adam Caruso was appointed Professor of Architecture and Construction at ETH Zürich, Peter St John taught at the University of North London from 1990 to 2000. In 2005 he was a critic at the Graduate School of Design at Harvard University. From 2007 to 2009 he was a professor at ETH Zürich
26.
Millbank Millennium Pier
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Millbank Millennium Pier is a pier on the west bank of the River Thames, in London, United Kingdom. It is served by boats operating under licence from London River Services and is situated between Lambeth Bridge and Vauxhall Bridge on Millbank and it is accessed from a point adjacent to Millbank Tower and the Tate Britain art gallery. The pier is served by the Tate-to-Tate river bus service, which links the Tate Britain with the Tate Modern Gallery via a Thames boat service, Millbank Millennium Pier was opened on 22 May 2003 by London Mayor Ken Livingstone. The project was part of a transport and regeneration strategy for the Thames led by Londons Cross-River Partnership. The Millbank Millennium Pier was designed by Marks Barfield Architects with engineering, the lighting design Flash Tidal was created by artist Angela Bulloch. The pier is notable for its angular, constructivist steel structure, the main contractor was Mowlem with the steel fabrication by K&N Welding and electrical work by Philipsons. The pier has been awarded a number of prizes for its design, including a RIBA award, a Commendation by the ICE Merit Award judges
27.
Rex Whistler
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Reginald John Rex Whistler was a British artist, designer and illustrator. Reginald John Whistler was born in Britain on 24 June 1905, at Eltham, greater London, after Haileybury the young Whistler was accepted at the Royal Academy, but disliked the regime there and was sacked for incompetence. He then proceeded to study at the Slade School of Art, where he met Stephen Tennant, soon to become one of his best friends, through Tennant, he later met the poet Siegfried Sassoon and his wife Hester, to both of whom Whistler became close. Upon leaving the Slade he burst into a career as a professional artist. His work encompassed all areas of art and design – from the West End theatre to book illustration and mural, paintings at Port Lympne Mansion, Plas Newydd, Mottisfont Abbey and Dorneywood among others, show his outstanding talent in this genre. During his time at Plas Newydd he may well have become the lover of the daughter of the 6th Marquess of Anglesey, the owner of the house, who had commissioned him to undertake the decorative scheme. Whistler and Lady Caroline Paget are known to have very close friends and he painted numerous portraits of her. Whether this painting was actually posed for or whether it was how Whistler imagined her naked is a matter of debate and his most noted work during the early part of his career was for the café at the Tate Gallery, completed in 1927 when he was only 22. He was commissioned to produce posters and illustrations for Shell Petroleum and he also created designs for Wedgwood china based on drawings he made of the Devon village of Clovelly. His murals for Edwina Mountbattens 30-room luxury flat in Brook House, Park Lane, London were later installed by the Mountbattens’ son-in-law, decorator David Hicks, Whistlers activities also extended to ballet design. He designed the scenery and costumes for Ninette de Valois and Gavin Gordons Hogarth-inspired 1935 ballet The Rakes Progress, when war broke out, although he was 35, Whistler was eager to join the army. He was commissioned into the Welsh Guards as Lieutenant 131651, in 1944 he was sent to France following the D-Day landings. During the war, he was the officer of his regiment. He decided that just because he was at war, did not mean he could not paint, in July he was with the Guards Armoured Division in Normandy as the invasion force was poised to break out of the salient east of Caen. On the hot and stuffy 18 July his tank, after crossing a line, drove over some felled telegraph wires beside the railway. He and the crew got out to free the tank from the wire when a German machine gunner opened fire on them, Whistler dashed across an open space of 60 yards to another tank to instruct its commander, a Sergeant Lewis Sherlock, to return the fire. As he climbed down from Sherlocks tank a mortar bomb exploded beside him and killed him instantly and he was the first fatality suffered by the battalion in the Normandy campaign. The two free tanks of his troop carried out their dead commanders orders before returning to lay out his corpse beside a nearby hedge, Whistlers neck had been broken, but there was not a mark on his body
28.
Damien Hirst
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Damien Steven Hirst is an English artist, entrepreneur, and art collector. He is the most prominent member of the known as the Young British Artists. He is internationally renowned, and is reportedly the United Kingdoms richest living artist, during the 1990s his career was closely linked with the collector Charles Saatchi, but increasing frictions came to a head in 2003 and the relationship ended. Death is a theme in Hirsts works. He became famous for a series of artworks in which animals are preserved—sometimes having been dissected—in formaldehyde. The best known of these was The Physical Impossibility of Death in the Mind of Someone Living and he has also made spin paintings, created on a spinning circular surface, and spot paintings, which are rows of randomly coloured circles created by his assistants. In September 2008, he took a move for a living artist by selling a complete show, Beautiful Inside My Head Forever, at Sothebys by auction. Hirst was born Damien Steven Brennan in Bristol and grew up in Leeds and he never met his father, with his mother marrying his stepfather when he was 2 and divorcing 10 years later. His stepfather was reportedly a motor mechanic, Hirsts mother who was from an Irish Catholic background worked for the Citizens Advice Bureau, and has stated that she lost control of her son when he was young. He was arrested on two occasions for shoplifting, however, Hirst sees her as someone who would not tolerate rebellion, she cut up his bondage trousers and heated one of his Sex Pistols vinyl records on the cooker to turn it into a fruit bowl. He says, If she didnt like how I was dressed and she did, though, encourage his liking for drawing, which was his only successful educational subject. His art teacher at Allerton Grange School pleaded for Hirst to be allowed to enter the sixth form and he was refused admission to Jacob Kramer School of Art when he first applied, but attended the college after a subsequent successful application to the Foundation Diploma course. He went to an exhibition of work by Francis Davison, staged by Julian Spalding at the Hayward Gallery in 1983. Davison created abstract collages from torn and cut coloured paper which, Hirst said, blew me away, and which he modelled his own work on for the next two years. He worked for two years on London building sites, then studied Fine Art at Goldsmiths, University of London, although again he was refused a place the first time he applied. In 2007, Hirst was quoted as saying of An Oak Tree by Goldsmiths senior tutor, Michael Craig-Martin, That piece is, I think, I still cant get it out of my head. While a student, Hirst had a placement at a mortuary and he gained sponsorship from the London Docklands Development Corporation. The show was visited by Charles Saatchi, Norman Rosenthal and Nicholas Serota, Hirsts own contribution to the show consisted of a cluster of cardboard boxes painted with household paint
29.
Angela Bulloch
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Angela Bulloch, is an artist who often works with sound and installation, she is recognised as one of the Young British Artists. Bulloch lives and works in Berlin, Bulloch studied at Goldsmiths College, London and was included in the Freeze Exhibition,1988. She was nominated for the Turner Prize in 1997, part of an all-female shortlist that also included Cornelia Parker, Christine Borland, for the Turner Prize exhibition, Bulloch exhibited her playful artwork called Rules Series. Bulloch has worked in media, including video, installation, sculpture. In particular, she has used video, sound and light to explore pre-edited systems, many of her works make use of biofeedback systems. Such as in her 1994 work Betaville, a machine painting vertical and horizontal stripes on a wall, was triggered whenever someone sat on the bench in front of it. Bulloch has also made a number of works using Belisha beacons, Bulloch was nominated for the Turner Prize in 1997 and for the Preis der Nationalgalerie für junge Kunst in 2005
30.
Tracey Emin
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Tracey Emin, CBE, RA is an English contemporary artist known for her autobiographical and confessional artwork. Emin produces work in a variety of media including drawing, painting, sculpture, film, photography, neon text, once the enfant terrible of the Young British Artists in the 1980s, Tracey Emin is now a Royal Academician of the Royal Academy of Arts. The same year, she gained media exposure when she swore multiple times in a state of drunkenness on a live discussion programme called The Death of Painting on British television. In 1999, Emin had her first solo exhibition in the United States at Lehmann Maupin Gallery, the artwork featured used condoms and blood-stained underwear. Emins covers a variety of different media, including needlework and sculpture, drawing, video and installation, photography and painting. In December 2011, she was appointed Professor of Drawing at the Royal Academy, with Fiona Rae, Emin lives in Spitalfields, east London. Emin was born in Croydon, part of Surrey, to an English mother of Romanichal descent, Emins paternal great-grandfather had reportedly been a Sudanese slave in the Ottoman Empire. Via her father, she is of Turkish Cypriot descent, Emin suffered an unreported rape at the age of 13 while living in Margate, citing assaults in the area as what happened to a lot of girls. Her work has been analysed within the context of early adolescent and childhood abuse and she studied fashion at Medway College of Design. There she met expelled student Billy Childish and was associated with The Medway Poets, Emin and Childish were a couple until 1987, during which time she was the administrator for his small press, Hangman Books, which published Childishs confessional poetry. In 1984 she studied printing at Maidstone Art College, which she has described as one of the most influential periods of her life. In 1995 she was interviewed in the Minky Manky show catalogue by Carl Freedman and it was more a time, going to Maidstone College of Art, hanging around with Billy Childish, living by the River Medway. In 1987, Emin moved to London to study at the Royal College of Art, after graduation, she had two traumatic abortions and those experience led her to destroy all the art she had produced in graduate school and later described the period as emotional suicide. Her influences included Edvard Munch and Egon Schiele, and for a time she studied philosophy at Birkbeck, One of the paintings that survives from her time at Royal College of Art is Friendship, which is in the Royal College of Art Collection. Additionally, a series of photographs from her work that were not destroyed were displayed as part of My Major Retrospective. In November 1993, Emin had her first solo show at White Cube, in 1995 Freedman curated the show Minky Manky at the South London Gallery. Emin has said, At that time Sarah was quite famous, Carl said to me that I should make some big work as he thought the small-scale stuff I was doing at the time wouldnt stand up well. Making that work was my way at getting back at him, the result was her tent Everyone I Have Ever Slept With 1963–1995, which was first exhibited in the show
31.
John Latham (artist)
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John Aubrey Clarendon Latham, was a Zambia-born British conceptual artist. Latham was educated at Winchester College, in the Second World War he commanded a motor torpedo boat in the Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve. After the war he studied art, first at the Regent Street Polytechnic and then at the Chelsea College of Art and he married fellow artist and collaborator Barbara Steveni in Westminster in 1951. The spray can became Lathams primary medium, as can be seen in Man Caught Up with a Yellow Object in the Tate Gallery collection. In addition to paint, Latham tore, sawed, chewed and burnt books to create collage material for his work. Lathams event-based art was influential in performance art, in 1966, Latham took part in the Destruction in Art Symposium in London led by Gustav Metzger along with Fluxus artists such as Yoko Ono, Wolf Vostell and Al Hansen. His skoob works using books or materials derived from them had the power to shock and he moved from collages to towers of books which he then burnt, awakening uncomfortable echoes of the Nazi regimes public burning of banned books. From 1983 Latham lived and worked at his house, Flat Time House in Peckham and he died at Kings College Hospital, Camberwell, on 1 January 2006. In 2005 Tate Britain put on an exhibition of Lathams work, in 2010 John Latham, Canvas Events was published by Ridinghouse. Like Latham, early members of Pink Floyd attended Regent Street Polytechnic, in 2016, Pink Floyd released their collection of rare and unreleased recorded material in the box set Pink Floyd The Early Years. On the second CD of the collection are nine versions of their unreleased song John Latham. Thing Co. Ltd. Les Levine, Bernar Venet, and John Latham in Parachute 106, Latham, J. Report of a Surveyor. In, Lisson Gallery John Latham, Early Works, the Least Event The Future of Flat Time HO - The Least Event, Camberwell Arts Week Portrait with Word of John Latham by Mark-Steffen Goewecke
32.
Douglas Gordon
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Douglas Gordon is a Scottish artist, he won the Turner Prize in 1996 and the following year he received the Premio 2000 at the 47th Venice Biennale. He lives and works in Berlin, Germany, Gordon won the Hugo Boss Prize in 1998. Much of Gordons work is seen as being about memory and uses repetition in various forms and he uses material from the public realm and also creates performance-based videos. His work often overturns traditional uses of video by playing with time elements, Gordon has often reused older film footage in his photographs and videos. One of his art works is 24 Hour Psycho which slows down Alfred Hitchcocks film Psycho so that it lasts twenty four hours. In one installation, this was placed at the top of a building, referencing one of the films main plot points. At first, the 71-second loops are in sync, but they get out and then progressively back with each repetition of the whole. In each projection the camera circles as the elephant walks around, lies down to play dead, K.364 premiered at the Venice Film Festival in September 2010. Gordon has also made photographs, often in series with minor variations between each individual piece. His Blind Stars featured publicity photographs of movie stars in which the sitters eyes were replaced by expressionless black. In 2008, Gordon was a member of the Official Competition Jury at the 65th Venice International Film Festival, in 2010, Gordon collaborated with Rufus Wainwright, creating the visuals for his tour which accompany Rufus All Days Are Nights, Songs for Lulu album. Gordons first solo show was in 1986, in 1993, he exhibited 24 Hour Psycho in the spaces of Tramway, Glasgow. In 1996, Gordon was one of the invited to Skulptur Projekte Münster. In 2005, he put together an exhibition at the Deutsche Guggenheim, also in 2006, there was an exhibition of his at the Museum of Modern Art in New York, called Timeline. A2006 retrospective was on view at the Kunstmuseum Wolfsburg, Germany, Douglas is represented by Gagosian Gallery, Until then, Paris, Galerie Eva Presenhuber, Zürich and Dvir Gallery Tel Aviv. Gallery versions of Zidane, un portrait du 21e siècle were purchased by the Scottish National Gallery of Modern Art and his color photograph Monster is in the permanent collection of the Honolulu Museum of Art. Exhibition in Barcelona Douglas Gordon in the Video Data Bank Pretty much every film, to be seen on monitors, some with headphones, others run silently and all simultaneously
33.
Sam Taylor-Johnson
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Samantha Louise Sam Taylor-Johnson OBE is an English filmmaker, photographer and visual artist. Her directorial feature film came in 2009 with Nowhere Boy. She is one of a group of known as the Young British Artists. She was born Samantha Taylor-Wood in Croydon, London and her father, David, left the family when she was nine. Her mother, Geraldine, is a teacher and astrologer. She has one younger sister Ashley, and a maternal half-brother, Taylor-Johnson grew up near Streatham Common in south London until her parents divorce. The family then moved and lived in an old house in Jarvis Brook in East Sussex. Taylor-Wood began exhibiting fine art photography in the early 1990s, in 1994, she exhibited a multi-screen video work titled Killing Time, in which four people mimed to an opera score. From that point multi-screen video works became the focus of Taylor-Johnsons work. Beginning with the video works Travesty of a Mockery and Pent-Up in 1996, one of Taylor-Johnsons first United Kingdom solo shows was held at the Chisenhale Gallery, east London, in September–October 1996. Taylor-Johnson was nominated for the annual Turner Prize in 1998, and she won the Illy Café Prize for Most Promising Young Artist at the 1997 Venice Biennale. The poses of the figures referenced famous works of art from the past, in 2002, Taylor-Johnson was commissioned by the National Portrait Gallery to make a video portrait of David Beckham—whom she depicted sleeping. She is perhaps best known for her work entitled Crying Men which features many of Hollywoods glitterati crying, including Robin Williams, Sean Penn, Laurence Fishburne, in 2006, Taylor-Johnson had a survey exhibition at the BALTIC Centre for Contemporary Art, Gateshead, United Kingdom. 2014 saw a new exhibition by Taylor-Johnson, of the private apartment of Mademoiselle Chanel at The Saatchi Gallery. Entitled ‘Second Floor’, the series of 34 photographs captured the private rooms of Coco Chanel at 31 Rue Cambon in Paris, in August 2008, Taylor-Johnson was chosen to direct Nowhere Boy, a biopic about the childhood of The Beatles singer, John Lennon. I got into the car and said, I just have to call these producers, I got into the car and I put the key into the ignition and Lennons voice came straight out of the radio and it was Starting Over. It was one of those moments where I thought it was a sign, the 53rd annual London Film Festival screened the film as its closing presentation on 29 October 2009. The film was released in the UK on Boxing Day,2009. to positive reviews, Taylor-Johnson was nominated for a BAFTA award on 21 January 2010, but lost out to Duncan Jones
34.
Turner Prize
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The Turner Prize, named after the English painter J. M. W. Turner, is an annual prize presented to a British visual artist under the age of 50. Awarding the prize is organised by the Tate gallery and staged at Tate Britain, since its beginnings in 1984 it has become the UKs most publicised art award. As of 2004, the award was established at £40,000. There have been different sponsors, including Channel 4 television and Gordons Gin, a prominent event in British culture, the prize has been awarded by various distinguished celebrities, in 2006 this was Yoko Ono, and in 2012 it was presented by Jude Law. The prize was named after Turner because while he is now considered one of the countrys greatest artist, while he was active his work was controversial. While he is now looked at as a traditionalist, his new approach to landscape painting changed the course of art history, each year after the announcement of the four nominees and during the build-up to the announcement of the winner, the Prize receives intense attention from the media. Much of this attention is critical and the question is often asked, artists are chosen based upon a showing of their work that they have staged in the preceding year. Nominations for the prize are invited from the public, although this was considered to have negligible effect—a suspicion confirmed in 2006 by Lynn Barber. The exhibition remains on view until January, the prize is officially not judged on the Tate show, however, but on the earlier exhibition for which the artist was nominated. The exhibition and prize rely on commercial sponsorship, by 1987, money for the prize was provided by Drexel Burnham Lambert, its withdrawal after its demise led to the cancellation of the prize for 1990. Channel 4, an independent television channel, stepped in for 1991, doubling the money to £20,000. In 2004, they were replaced as sponsors by Gordons Gin, doubling the money to £40,000, with £5,000 going to each of the shortlisted artists. Tate Director Sir Nicholas Serota has been the Chair of the jury since his tenure at the Tate, there are conflicting reports as to how much personal sway he has over the proceedings. Most of the artists nominated for the prize selection become known to the public for the first time as a consequence. Some have talked of the difficulty of the media exposure. Sale prices of the winners have generally increased, Chris Ofili, Anish Kapoor and Jeremy Deller later became trustees of the Tate. Some artists, notably Sarah Lucas, have declined the invitation to be nominated, the first Turner Prize was awarded to Malcolm Morley, an English artist living in the United States. Other nominees included sculptor Richard Deacon, graphic-styled collaborative duo Gilbert & George, abstract painter Howard Hodgkin, Howard Hodgkin is awarded the Turner Prize for A Small Thing But My Own
35.
Stuckist demonstrations
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Stuckist demonstrations since 2000 have been a key part of the Stuckist art groups activities and have succeeded in giving them a high-profile both in Britain and abroad. Their primary agenda is the promotion of painting and opposition to conceptual art and their demonstrations are particularly associated with the Turner Prize at Tate Britain, but have also been carried out at other venues, including Trafalgar Square and the Saatchi Gallery. There have also been protests in the United States by US Stuckists. They didnt know who was protesting out there, there is, however, no mention of any such demonstration on the Stuckism website. The Stuckists were founded in 1999 by Charles Thomson and Billy Childish to promote figurative painting, Thomson derived the name of the group from an insult by Tracey Emin to her ex-boyfriend Childish that he was stuck. The original group of 13 artists has now grown to a movement of 183 groups in 44 countries. The Stuckists have demonstrated annually at Tate Britain on the occasion of the Turner Prize since 2000, and have been featured extensively in the media for their appearances. The demonstrations have adopted a variety of themes to make their point, which is simply that the prize is named after a famous painter and their Turner Prize manifesto comments, The only person who wouldnt be in danger of winning the Turner Prize is Turner. This is a leaflet they have handed out to the public, the first Stuckist demonstration took place outside Tate Britain on Turner Prize day,28 November 2000. The group took care to work within the regulations in order to subvert them and they were dressed as clowns, and had obtained advance permission to enter the museum in this costume. They announced on their web site, Please note this is not a demonstration in the normal meaning and this is simply the exercise of ones right to visit the gallery which one has paid for, in the attire of ones choice. It should be noted that the following is NOT permissible wear, naked, swimming costume and this award continued to be made in subsequent years. They then paraded outside Tate Britain in clown costumes, walked into the museum, to coincide with the Tates show, they also staged their own concurrent show The Real Turner Prize Show with simultaneous shows of the same name in Germany and Australia. The Guardian announced the winner of the real Turner Prize with the headline Turner Winner Riles the Stuckists, there was a demonstration in ordinary clothes at the Prize press launch on 6 November. Another demonstration took place on the Prize ceremony day,9 December, this reached a worldwide TV audience, the work of one nominee, Martin Creed, was an empty room, where the lights went on and off every five seconds. The demonstrators dressed in costume and shone torches in protest. The Stuckists gave their Art Clown of the Year Award to Sir Nicholas Serota, other nominees were Charles Saatchi, Norman Rosenthal and Sarah Kent. There was a demonstration at the Turner Prize press launch on 29 October, meanwhile, the Stuckism International Gallery staged The Real Turner Prize Show 2002
36.
Stuckism
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Stuckism is an international art movement founded in 1999 by Billy Childish and Charles Thomson to promote figurative painting as opposed to conceptual art. By July 2012 the initial group of 13 British artists had expanded to 233 groups in 52 countries, Childish and Thomson have issued several manifestos. The first one was The Stuckists, consisting of 20 points starting with Stuckism is a quest for authenticity, in another manifesto they define themselves as anti-anti-art which is against anti-art and for art. After exhibiting in galleries in Shoreditch, London, the Stuckists first show in a major public museum was held in 2004 at the Walker Art Gallery. The group has demonstrated annually at Tate Britain against the Turner Prize since 2000 and they have also come out in opposition to the Charles Saatchi-patronised Young British Artists. The name Stuckism was coined in January 1999 by Charles Thomson in response to a poem read to him several times by Billy Childish, in it, Childish recites that his former girlfriend, Tracey Emin had said he was stuck. With his art, poetry and music, in 1979, Thomson, Childish, Bill Lewis and Ming were members of The Medway Poets performance group, to which Absolon and Sanchia Lewis had earlier contributed. Peter Waites Rochester Pottery staged a series of solo painting shows, in 1982, TVS broadcast a documentary on the poets. That year, Emin, then a student, and Childish started a relationship, her writing was edited by Bill Lewis, printed by Thomson. Group members published dozens of works, the poetry group dispersed after two years, reconvening in 1987 to record The Medway Poets LP. Clark, Howard and Machine became involved over the following years, Thomson got to know Williams, who was a local art student and whose girlfriend was a friend of Emin, Thomson also met Everall. During the foundation of the group, Ming brought in his girlfriend, Guru, the most contentious statement in the manifesto is, Artists who dont paint arent artists. The second and third manifestos, An Open Letter to Sir Nicholas Serota and Remodernism respectively, were sent to the director of the Tate and he sent a brief reply, Thank you for your open letter dated 6 March. You will not be surprised to learn that I have no comment to make on your letter, in the Remodernism manifesto, the Stuckists declared that they aimed to replace postmodernism with remodernism, a period of renewed spiritual values in art, culture and society. In Anti-anti-art, the Stuckists outlined their opposition to what is known as anti-art, Stuckists claim that conceptual art is justified by the work of Marcel Duchamp, but that Duchamps work is anti-art by intent and effect. Manifestos have been written by other Stuckists, including the Students for Stuckism group, an Underage Stuckists group was founded in 2006 with a manifesto for teenagers written by two 16-year-olds, Liv Soul and Rebekah Maybury, on MySpace. The first Stuckist show was Stuck, Stuck. in September 1999 in Joe Cromptons in Shoreditch Gallery 108, followed by The Resignation of Sir Nicholas Serota. In 2000 they staged The Real Turner Prize Show at the time as the Tate Gallerys Turner Prize exhibition
37.
Yale Center for British Art
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The Yale Center for British Art at Yale University in downtown New Haven, Connecticut, houses the largest and most comprehensive collection of British art outside the United Kingdom. The collection of paintings, sculpture, drawings, prints, rare books, the Yale Center for British Art was completed after Kahns death in 1974, and opened to the public on April 15,1977. The exterior is made of steel and reflective glass, the interior is made of travertine marble, white oak. Kahn succeeded in creating intimate galleries where one can view objects in diffused natural light and he wanted to allow in as much daylight as possible, with artificial illumination used only on dark days or in the evening. The building’s design, materials, and sky-lit rooms combine to provide an environment for the works of art that is simple and dignified. The collection consists of nearly 2,000 paintings and 200 sculptures, the collection also has works by artists from Europe and North America who lived and worked in Britain. These include Hans Holbein, Peter Paul Rubens, Anthony van Dyck, Canaletto, Johann Zoffany, John Singleton Copley, Benjamin West, and James McNeill Whistler. Other genres include marine paintings, represented by Samuel Scott and Charles Brooking, London cityscapes, travel art from India, scenes of Shakespearean plays, sculptors represented include Louis-Francois Roubiliac, Joseph Nollekens, Francis Chantrey, Jacob Epstein, and Henry Moore. The collection of 20,000 drawings and watercolors and 31,000 prints features British sporting art, the Centers collection of rare books and manuscripts comprises 35,000 volumes, including maps, atlases, sporting books, and archival material of British artists. It also has some 1,300 leaves originating in illustrated incunabula, the collection also includes a complete set of William Morris’s Kelmscott Press publications as well as a growing collection of contemporary artists’ books. The Center’s collection also contains a significant number of early maps, the four-floor Center offers a year-round schedule of exhibitions and educational programs, including films, concerts, lectures, tours, symposia, and family programs. It also provides opportunities for scholarly research, including residential fellowships. Academic resources of the Center include the library and photo archive, conservation laboratories. The Center is open to the free of charge six days a week. The Yale Center for British Art at Great Buildings and at Architecture Week Official website
38.
David Hockney
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David Hockney, OM, CH, RA is an English painter, draughtsman, printmaker, stage designer and photographer. An important contributor to the pop art movement of the 1960s, Hockney was born in Bradford, England, to Laura and Kenneth Hockney, the fourth of five children. He was educated at Wellington Primary School, Bradford Grammar School, Bradford College of Art and the Royal College of Art in London, while there, Hockney said he felt at home and took pride in his work. At the Royal College of Art, Hockney featured in the exhibition Young Contemporaries—alongside Peter Blake—that announced the arrival of British Pop art and he was associated with the movement, but his early works display expressionist elements, similar to some works by Francis Bacon. When the RCA said it would not let him graduate in 1962 and he had refused to write an essay required for the final examination, saying he should be assessed solely on his artworks. Recognising his talent and growing reputation, the RCA changed its regulations, after leaving the RCA, he taught at Maidstone College of Art for a short time. The artist moved to Los Angeles in 1964, returned to London in 1968, in 1974 he began a decade-long personal relationship with Gregory Evans who moved with him to the US in 1976 and as of 2017 remains a business partner. In 1978 he rented the house in which he lived when he moved to Los Angeles. He also owned a 1, 643-square-foot beach house at 21039 Pacific Coast Highway in Malibu, Hockney is openly gay, and unlike Andy Warhol, whom he befriended, he openly explored the nature of gay love in his portraiture. Sometimes, as in We Two Boys Together Clinging, named after a poem by Walt Whitman, already in 1963, he painted two men together in the painting Domestic Scene, Los Angeles, one showering while the other washes his back. In summer 1966, while teaching at UCLA he met Peter Schlesinger, an art student who posed for paintings and drawings, Elliott was a first- and second-team player for Bridlington rugby club. It was reported that Hockneys partner drove Elliott to Scarborough General Hospital where he later died, the inquest returned a verdict of death by misadventure and Hockney was never implicated. In November 2015 Hockney sold his house in Bridlington, a five-bedroomed former guesthouse, for £625,000 and he retains a studio in London and a house in Malibu, California. Hockney has smoked cigarettes for over 60 years but has been teetotal since 1990 when he had a heart-attack and he holds a California Medical Marijuana Verification Card, which enables him to buy cannabis for medical purposes. He has used hearing aids since 1979, but realised he was going deaf long before that and he swims for half an hour each day and can stand for six hours at the easel. Hockney made prints, portraits of friends, and stage designs for the Royal Court Theatre, Glyndebourne, La Scala, born with synaesthesia, he sees synesthetic colours in response to musical stimuli. Hockney painted portraits at different periods in his career, from 1968, and for the next few years he painted friends, lovers, and relatives just under lifesize and in pictures that depicted good likenesses of his subjects. Hockneys own presence is implied, since the lines of perspective converge to suggest the artists point of view
39.
Peter Blake (artist)
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Sir Peter Thomas Blake, CBE, RDI, RA is an English pop artist, best known for co-creating the sleeve design for the Beatles album Sgt. His other best known include the cover of the Band Aid single Do They Know Its Christmas. And the Live Aid concert poster, Blake also designed the 2012 Brit Award statuette. One of the best known British pop artists, Blake is considered to be a prominent figure in the pop art movement, central to his paintings are his interest in images from popular culture which have infused his collages. In 2002 he was knighted at Buckingham Palace for his services to art, born in Dartford,25 June 1932, Kent, he was educated at the Gravesend Technical College school of Art, and the Royal College of Art. During the late 1950s, Blake became one of the best known British pop artists and his paintings from this time included imagery from advertisements, music hall entertainment, and wrestlers, often including collaged elements. Blake was included in exhibitions at the Institute of Contemporary Arts and had his first solo exhibition in 1960. In the Young Contemporaries exhibition of 1961 in which he exhibited alongside David Hockney and R. B. Kitaj, Blake won the John Moores junior award for Self Portrait with Badges. From 1963 Blake was represented by Robert Fraser placing him at the centre of swinging London and his Captain Webb Matchbox piece is another of his works in the pop art movement. On the Balcony is a significant early work remains an iconic piece of British Pop Art. The work, which appears to be a collage but is painted, shows, among other things. It was inspired by a painting by Honoré Sharrer depicting workers holding famous paintings, Workers, Blake has referred to the work of other artists many times. Another example, The First Real Target a standard archery target with the title written across the top is a play on paintings of targets by Kenneth Noland and he designed the sleeve for Sgt. Peppers Lonely Hearts Club Band with his wife Jann Haworth, the American-born artist whom he married in 1963, peppers sleeve has become an iconic work of pop art, much imitated and Blakes best-known work. Producing the collage necessitated the construction of a set with photographs and objects, such as flowers. Blake has subsequently complained about the fee he received for the design. Blake made sleeves for the Band Aid single, Do They Know Its Christmas, Paul Wellers Stanley Road and the Ian Dury tribute album Brand New Boots and Panties. He designed the sleeves for Pentangles Sweet Child and The Whos Face Dances, in 1969, Blake left London to live near Bath
40.
Francis Bacon (artist)
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Francis Bacon was an Irish-born British figurative painter known for his bold, grotesque, emotionally charged and raw imagery. Bacon was a bon vivant and gambler who took up painting in his early 20s and he drifted as an interior decorator in his 20s and 30s, he admitted that his artistic career was delayed because he spent too long looking for subject matter that could sustain his interest. His abstracted figures are typically isolated geometrical spaces, set against flat, Bacon said that he saw images in series, and his work typically focused on a single subject or format for sustained periods, often in triptych or diptych formats. These were followed by his early 1960s variations on crucifixion scenes, from the mid-1960s he mainly produced portraits of friends and drinking companions, either as single or triptych panels. Following the 1971 suicide of his lover George Dyer, his art became more sombre, inward-looking and preoccupied with the passage of time, the climax of this later period is marked by masterpieces, including his 1982s Study for Self-Portrait and Study for a Self-Portrait—Triptych, 1985–86. Francis Bacon was the subject of two Tate retrospectives and a showing in 1971 at the Grand Palais. Since his death his reputation and market value have grown steadily, in the late 1990s a number of major works, previously assumed destroyed, including early 1950s popes and 1960s portraits, reemerged to set record prices at auction. In 2013 his Three Studies of Lucian Freud set the record as the most expensive piece of art sold at auction. Francis Bacon was born in a home in the heart of old Georgian Dublin at 63 Lower Baggot Street. His father, Captain Anthony Edward Mortimer Bacon was born in Adelaide, South Australia to an English father and an Australian mother. His father, a veteran of the Boer War, was a trainer, while his mother, Christina Winifred Firth, known as Winnie, was heiress to a Sheffield steel business. His father was a descendant of Sir Nicholas Bacon, elder half-brother of Sir Francis Bacon. His great-great-grandmother, Lady Charlotte Harley, was acquainted with Lord Byron. When Bacons paternal grandfather was given the chance to revive the title of Lord Oxford by Queen Victoria, Bacon had an older brother, Harley, two younger sisters, Ianthe and Winifred, and a younger brother, Edward. He was brought up by the nanny, Jessie Lightfoot, from Cornwall, known as Nanny Lightfoot. In the 1940s, she helped him in keeping gambling houses in London, the family moved house often, moving back and forth between Ireland and England several times, leading to a feeling of displacement which remained with the artist throughout his life. They returned to Ireland after the First World War, as a child Bacon was shy and enjoyed dressing up. This, coupled with his manner, upset his father
41.
The Cholmondeley Ladies
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The Cholmondeley Ladies is an early 17th-century English oil painting depicting two women seated upright and side by side in bed, each holding a baby. Measuring 886 by 1723mm, it was painted on a wooden panel, on closer inspection, the details of the clothing of each pair and their eye colours differ. The women may be sisters, and they are thought to be twins due to their close physical resemblance. The artist is unknown, but the work is thought to have been painted near the Cholmondeley familys estates in Cheshire, the pose is not known to have been used in any other British painting, but was frequently seen in contemporary tomb sculpture. The painting was in the collection of Thomas Cholmondeley, the son of Sir Hugh Cholmondeley and his wife Lady Mary Cholmondeley. It was presented to the Tate Gallery by a donor in 1955. John T.141, pp. 1-37, referred to in The Cholmondeley Ladies, Tate Gallery, texts The Cholmondeley Ladies, Tate Gallery, work The Perception of Symmetry, Michael Bird, Tate etc
42.
Peter Paul Rubens
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Sir Peter Paul Rubens was a Flemish/Netherlandish draughtsman and painter. He is widely considered as the most notable artist of Flemish Baroque art school, the catalogue of his works by Michael Jaffé lists 1,403 pieces, excluding numerous copies made in his workshop. His commissioned works were mostly history paintings, which included religious and mythological subjects and he painted portraits, especially of friends, and self-portraits, and in later life painted several landscapes. Rubens designed tapestries and prints, as well as his own house and he also oversaw the ephemeral decorations of the royal entry into Antwerp by the Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand in 1635. His drawings are mostly extremely forceful but not overly detailed and he also made great use of oil sketches as preparatory studies. For altarpieces he painted on slate to reduce reflection problems. Rubens was born in the city of Siegen to Jan Rubens and he was named in honour of Saint-Peter and Paul, because he was born on their solemnety. His father, a Calvinist, and mother fled Antwerp for Cologne in 1568, after increased religious turmoil and persecution of Protestants during the rule of the Spanish Netherlands by the Duke of Alba. Jan Rubens became the adviser of Anna of Saxony, the second wife of William I of Orange. Following Jan Rubens imprisonment for the affair, Peter Paul Rubens was born in 1577, the family returned to Cologne the next year. In 1589, two years after his fathers death, Rubens moved with his mother Maria Pypelincks to Antwerp, religion figured prominently in much of his work and Rubens later became one of the leading voices of the Catholic Counter-Reformation style of painting. In Antwerp, Rubens received a Renaissance humanist education, studying Latin, by fourteen he began his artistic apprenticeship with Tobias Verhaeght. Subsequently, he studied under two of the leading painters of the time, the late Mannerist artists Adam van Noort. Much of his earliest training involved copying earlier works, such as woodcuts by Hans Holbein the Younger. Rubens completed his education in 1598, at time he entered the Guild of St. Luke as an independent master. In 1600 Rubens travelled to Italy and he stopped first in Venice, where he saw paintings by Titian, Veronese, and Tintoretto, before settling in Mantua at the court of Duke Vincenzo I Gonzaga. The colouring and compositions of Veronese and Tintoretto had an effect on Rubenss painting. With financial support from the Duke, Rubens travelled to Rome by way of Florence in 1601, there, he studied classical Greek and Roman art and copied works of the Italian masters
43.
William Hogarth
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William Hogarth FRSA was an English painter, printmaker, pictorial satirist, social critic, and editorial cartoonist who has been credited with pioneering western sequential art. His work ranged from realistic portraiture to comic series of pictures called modern moral subjects. Knowledge of his work is so pervasive that satirical political illustrations in this style are referred to as Hogarthian. William Hogarth was born at Bartholomew Close in London to Richard Hogarth, a poor Latin school teacher and textbook writer, in his youth he was apprenticed to the engraver Ellis Gamble in Leicester Fields, where he learned to engrave trade cards and similar products. Young Hogarth also took a lively interest in the life of the metropolis and the London fairs. Around the same time, his father, who had opened an unsuccessful Latin-speaking coffee house at St Johns Gate, was imprisoned for debt in Fleet Prison for five years, Hogarth never spoke of his fathers imprisonment. Hogarth became a member of the Rose and Crown Club, with Peter Tillemans, George Vertue, Michael Dahl, by April 1720, Hogarth was an engraver in his own right, at first engraving coats of arms, shop bills, and designing plates for booksellers. In 1727, he was hired by Joshua Morris, a tapestry worker, Morris heard that he was an engraver, and no painter, and consequently declined the work when completed. Hogarth accordingly sued him for the money in the Westminster Court, in 1757 he was appointed Serjeant Painter to the King. In the bottom corner, he shows Protestant, Catholic, and Jewish figures gambling, while in the middle there is a huge machine, like a merry-go-round. At the top is a goat, written below which is Whol Ride, Other early works include The Lottery, The Mystery of Masonry brought to Light by the Gormogons, A Just View of the British Stage, some book illustrations, and the small print Masquerades and Operas. He continued that theme in 1727, with the Large Masquerade Ticket, in 1726 Hogarth prepared twelve large engravings for Samuel Butlers Hudibras. These he himself valued highly, and they are among his best book illustrations, in the following years he turned his attention to the production of small conversation pieces. One of his real low-life and real-life subjects was Sarah Malcolm who he sketched two days before her execution and he might also have printed Burlington Gate, evoked by Alexander Popes Epistle to Lord Burlington, and defending Lord Chandos, who is therein satirized. This print gave great offence, and was suppressed, however, modern authorities such as Ronald Paulson no longer attribute it to Hogarth. In 1731 Hogarth completed the earliest of his series of moral works, the collection of six scenes was entitled A Harlots Progress and appeared first as paintings before being published as engravings. The inaugural series was a success and was followed in 1735 by the sequel A Rakes Progress. The original paintings of A Harlots Progress were destroyed in the fire at Fonthill House in 1755, while A Rakes Progress is displayed in the room at Sir John Soanes Museum, London
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The Painter and his Pug
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Painter and his Pug is a 1745 self-portrait created by William Hogarth. He began the portrait a decade earlier, the portrait was originally created with the intention of Hogarth wearing formal attire, but was changed to the informal attire sometime during the painting process. In the portrait, Hogarth himself is in a painting as the pug is alongside him, the dog is indifferent to the painting, to the books and to the painting palette. So the painting seems to be a Vanitas still life, but, as an ironic disruption, the cloth behind the dog comes out of the painting. The painting is part of the collections of the Tate Gallery
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