1.
PS Tattershall Castle
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The PS Tattershall Castle is now moored on the River Thames at the Embankment, and is used as a floating pub and restaurant. The steamer was built by William Gray & Co. in 1934 as a ferry on the River Humber for the London. She plied a route between Corporation Pier in Kingston upon Hull and New Holland Pier Station, New Holland, during the Second World War she found service as a tether for barrage balloons and for troop transfer on the Humber estuary. After the war, with the nationalisation of the railways in 1948, in 1973, after long service as a passenger and goods ferry, she was retired from service and laid up. In 1976 the ship was towed to London, repairs on the ship were deemed too costly and she was retired from service. The opening of the Humber Bridge made the service, known to have existed since at least Roman times. PS Tattershall Castle was first opened on the Thames as an art gallery until her eventual disposal to the Chef. Before opening in 1982 as a restaurant, she was sent to the Medway for further repairs, Tattershall Castle returned temporarily to Hull for a refit at MMS Ship Repair in 2015, at a cost of several million pounds. A sister ship also launched in 1934, the PS Wingfield Castle, is preserved at Hartlepools Maritime Experience, a third similar Humber ferry, the PS Lincoln Castle, built in 1940, was scrapped in Autumn 2010. PS Tattershall Castle at thisishartlepool. co. uk PS Tattershall Castle at Paddle Steamer Resources by Tramscape
2.
Castle
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A castle is a type of fortified structure built in Europe and the Middle East during the Middle Ages by European nobility. Scholars debate the scope of the castle, but usually consider it to be the private fortified residence of a lord or noble. Usage of the term has varied over time and has applied to structures as diverse as hill forts. Over the approximately 900 years that castles were built, they took on a great many forms with different features, although some, such as curtain walls. A European innovation, castles originated in the 9th and 10th centuries, after the fall of the Carolingian Empire resulted in its territory being divided among individual lords and princes. Although their military origins are often emphasised in castle studies, the structures served as centres of administration. Many castles were built from earth and timber, but had their defences replaced later by stone. Early castles often exploited natural defences, lacking features such as towers and arrowslits, in the late 12th and early 13th centuries, a scientific approach to castle defence emerged. This led to the proliferation of towers, with an emphasis on flanking fire, many new castles were polygonal or relied on concentric defence – several stages of defence within each other that could all function at the same time to maximise the castles firepower. These changes in defence have been attributed to a mixture of castle technology from the Crusades, such as concentric fortification, not all the elements of castle architecture were military in nature, so that devices such as moats evolved from their original purpose of defence into symbols of power. Some grand castles had long winding approaches intended to impress and dominate their landscape, while castles continued to be built well into the 16th century, new techniques to deal with improved cannon fire made them uncomfortable and undesirable places to live. As a result, true castles went into decline and were replaced by artillery forts with no role in civil administration, and country houses that were indefensible. From the 18th century onwards, there was a renewed interest in castles with the construction of castles, part of a romantic revival of Gothic architecture. The word castle is derived from the Latin word castellum, which is a diminutive of the word castrum, meaning fortified place. The Old English castel, Old French castel or chastel, French château, Spanish castillo, Italian castello, the word castle was introduced into English shortly before the Norman Conquest to denote this type of building, which was then new to England. In its simplest terms, the definition of a castle accepted amongst academics is a fortified residence. Feudalism was the link between a lord and his vassal where, in return for service and the expectation of loyalty. Castles served a range of purposes, the most important of which were military, administrative, as well as defensive structures, castles were also offensive tools which could be used as a base of operations in enemy territory
3.
Tattershall
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Tattershall is a village and civil parish in the East Lindsey district of Lincolnshire, England. It is situated on the A153 Horncastle to Sleaford road,1 mile east from the point where that road crosses the River Witham, at its eastern end, Tattershall adjoins the village of Coningsby, with the two being separated by the River Bain. In the same parish is the hamlet of Tattershall Thorpe, the 2011 census recorded a Tattershall civil parish population as 2,834, with the combined Tattershall and Coningsby area having a population of 6,698. Local public houses are the Black Horse on the High Street, the Fortesque Arms dates from the 15th century and is a Grade II listed building. Barnes Wallis Academy is a modern school on Butts Lane for pupils aged from 11 to 16. The school also serves Coningsby and Woodhall Spa, the remaining wreckage of the Boeing jumbo jet that was blown-up on 21 December 1988 over Lockerbie in Scotland is stored at a scrapyard near Tattershall. The remains include the nose and cockpit. Tattershall Carrs forms the last remaining remnants of ancient wet woodland, bomb shelters on a former RAF site at Woodhall Spa have been converted into bat roosts. Village historic sites include the church of the Holy Trinity, a buttercross, Tattershall Castle, Collegiate College, an octagonal 15th-century buttercross stands in the Market Place. It is both a Grade I listed structure and an ancient scheduled monument, a charter to hold a weekly market was granted by King John in 1201 in return for an annual fee of a trained goshawk. Markets are no longer held but the remains at the centre of a shopping area. Tattershall railway station was a station on the line between Boston and Lincoln until closure, the Old Station House, a stationmasters house and ticket office, is a Grade II listed building as is the former Goods Shed. The former railway line has been converted into a path at a cost of £2 million. The path was opened in October 2008. Adjacent to the castle is the Grade I listed Perpendicular-style Holy Trinity Collegiate Church, endowed by Ralph de Cromwell, 3rd Baron Cromwell and it received its charter from Henry VI in 1439 but building was not begun until 1472, reaching completion around 1500. The church has stained glass, a collection of brasses. It was restored between 1893 and 1897, near the font is a plaque marking the grave of the Tattershall resident Tom Thumb, reputedly 18.5 inches tall, who died in 1620 aged 101. Tom Thumbs small house can be seen on the roof of a house in the Market Place
4.
Lincolnshire
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Lincolnshire is a county in the east of England. It also borders Northamptonshire in the south for just 20 yards, Englands shortest county boundary, the county town is Lincoln, where the county council has its headquarters. The ceremonial county of Lincolnshire is composed of the county of Lincolnshire. Therefore, part of the county is in the Yorkshire and the Humber region of England. The county is the second-largest of the English ceremonial counties and one that is predominantly agricultural in land use, the county is fifth largest of the two-tier counties, as the unitary authorities of North Lincolnshire and North East Lincolnshire are not included. The county can be broken down into a number of geographical sub-regions including, Lincolnshire derived from the merging of the territory of the ancient Kingdom of Lindsey with that controlled by the Danelaw borough of Stamford. For some time the county was called Lindsey, and it is recorded as such in the 11th-century Domesday Book. In 1888 when county councils were set up, Lindsey, Holland and these survived until 1974, when Holland, Kesteven, and most of Lindsey were unified into Lincolnshire. A local government reform in 1996 abolished Humberside, and the south of the Humber was allocated to the unitary authorities of North Lincolnshire. These two areas became part of Lincolnshire for ceremonial such as the Lord-Lieutenancy, but are not covered by the Lincolnshire police and are in the Yorkshire. The remaining districts of Lincolnshire are Boston, East Lindsey, Lincoln, North Kesteven, South Holland, South Kesteven and they are part of the East Midlands region. Lincolnshire is home to Woolsthorpe Manor, birthplace and home of Sir Isaac Newton and he attended The Kings School, Grantham and its library has preserved his signature, applied to a window sill when he was a teenager. Lincolnshire is an area, growing large amounts of wheat, barley, sugar beet. In South Lincolnshire, where the soil is rich in nutrients, some of the most common crops include potatoes, cabbages, cauliflowers. Most such companies are long gone, and Lincolnshire is no longer an engineering centre, however, as a result of the current economic climate some food production facilities have closed down, this has caused some reduction in the levels of migrant workers. The large number of people from Portugal is still obvious in the town of Boston. A coalition of Conservatives, Liberal Democrats and Independents currently controls Lincolnshire County Council, the Conservative Party comfortably controlled the County Council following the 2009 local elections, in which they increased their majority to 43 seats. The Labour Party lost a total of 15 seats including 7 in Lincoln, the Lincolnshire Independents gained a total of four seats, although one of their number moved to the Conservative group during 2010, increasing the number of Conservative seats to 61
5.
Sleaford
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Sleaford is a market town and civil parish in Lincolnshire, England. It is on the edge of the fertile Fenlands, about 11 miles north-east of Grantham,16 miles west of Boston, with a population of 17,671 at the 2011 Census, the town is the largest settlement in the North Kesteven district. Bypassed by the A17 and the A15, it is connected to Lincoln, Newark, Peterborough, Sleaford railway station is on the Nottingham to Skegness and Peterborough to Lincoln Lines. The first settlement formed in the Iron Age where a prehistoric track crossed the River Slea and it was a tribal centre and home to a mint for the Corieltauvi in the 1st centuries BC and AD. Evidence of Roman and Anglo-Saxon settlement has been uncovered, and by the late Saxon period the town was an economic and jurisdictional centre with a court and market. In the medieval period, records differentiate between Old and New Sleaford, the emerging in the areas around the present day market place. Sleaford Castle was constructed in the 12th century for the Bishops of Lincoln, granted the right to hold a market in the mid-12th century, New Sleaford developed into a market town and became locally important in the wool trade, while Old Sleaford declined. From the 16th century, the landowners were the Carre family, who operated tight control over the town, the manor passed from the Carre family to the Hervey family by the marriage of Isabella Carre to John Hervey, 1st Earl of Bristol, in 1688. The Sleaford Navigation brought economic growth until it was superseded by the railways in the mid-1850s, in the 20th century, the sale of farmland around Sleaford by Bristol Estates led to the development of large housing estates. The subsequent availability of affordable housing combined with the educational facilities. As a result, the population underwent the fastest growth of any town in the county in the 1990s. The arrival of the made the town favourable for malting. Industry has declined, and in 2011 the most common occupations are in wholesale and retail trade, health and social care, public administration and defence and manufacturing. Regeneration of the centre has led to the redevelopment of the old industrial areas. The earliest records of the place-name Sleaford are found in a charter of 852 as Slioford, in the Domesday Book, it is recorded as Eslaforde and in the early 13th century as Sliforde. In the 13th century Book of Fees the name appears as Lafford, the name is formed from the Old English words sliow and ford, which together mean ford over a muddy or slimy river. Archaeological material from the Bronze Age and earlier has been recovered and excavations have shown there was unsustained late-Neolithic. The earliest known permanent settlement dates from the Iron Age and began where a track running northwards from Bourne crossed the River Slea, during the Roman occupation of Britain, the settlement was extensive and of considerable importance
6.
Manor house
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A manor house was historically the main residence of the lord of the manor. The term is loosely applied to various country houses, frequently dating from the late medieval era. They were sometimes fortified, but this was intended more for show than for defence. Manor houses existed in most European countries where feudalism existed, where they were known as castles, palaces. Many buildings, such as schools, are named Manor, the reason behind this is because the building was or is close to a manor house. The lord of the manor may have several properties within a county or, for example in the case of a feudal baron, spread across a kingdom. A large and suitable building was required within the manor for such purpose, generally in the form of a hall. This also gave the opportunity for the manor house to be cleaned, especially important in the days of the cess-pit. Thus such non-resident lords needed to appoint a steward or seneschal to act as their deputy in such matters, the day-to-day administration was carried out by a resident official in authority at each manor, who in England was called a bailiff, or reeve. Although not typically built with strong fortifications as were castles, many manor-houses were fortified and they were often enclosed within walls or ditches which often also included agricultural buildings. The primary feature of the house was its great hall. A late 16th-century transformation produced many of the smaller Renaissance châteaux of France, the Tudor period of stability in England saw the building of the first of the unfortified great houses, for example Sutton Place in Surrey, circa 1521. During the second half of the reign of Queen Elizabeth I and under her successor King James I the first mansions designed by architects not by mere masons or builders, began to make their appearance. Such houses as Burghley House, Longleat House, and Hatfield House are among the best known of this period, nearly every large mediaeval manor house had its own deer-park adjoining, emparked by royal licence, which served primarily as a store of food in the form of venison. Within these licensed parks deer could not be hunted by royalty and this gave them more privacy and space. Court was a suffix which came into use in the 16th century, the obvious origin of the suffix would appear to be that the building was the location where the manorial courts were held. True castles, when not royal castles, were generally the residences of feudal barons, the manor on which the castle was situated was termed the caput of the barony, thus every true ancient defensive castle was also the manor house of its own manor. The suffix -Park came into use in the 18th and 19th centuries, the usage is often a modern catch-all suffix for an old house on an estate, true manor or not
7.
Ralph de Cromwell, 3rd Baron Cromwell
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Ralph de Cromwell, 3rd Baron Cromwell was an English politician and diplomat. A Privy Councillor from 1422, he served as Treasurer of England and he also owned and developed a number of properties, including Tattershall Castle in Lincolnshire. In his youth he served in the household of Thomas, Duke of Clarence, Cromwell served Henry V at the battle of Agincourt in 1415, and throughout the reign he continued fighting in France. In 1417 he was present when Henry took Caen by assault and he was present at the capture of Courtonne on 6 March 1418, of Chambrays on the 9th, and of Rivière-Thibonville on the 11th. In May 1420 he was one of the commissioners who assisted Henry in negotiating the Treaty of Troyes. Cromwell gained the confidence of Henry V and of his brother John, Duke of Bedford and he was first summoned to parliament on 29 September 1422, and in November he was one of the lords appointed in parliament to form the council of regency. Soon afterwards he was appointed Chamberlain of the Household, and on 29 January 1426 he was one of those sent to mediate with Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester and reconcile him with Cardinal Beaufort. In the following May he was warned not to bring more than his usual retinue to parliament and he complained that he had been dismissed without cause shown and contrary to the ordinances of 1429, by which the councils proceedings were regulated. He appealed to testimonials from Bedford as to the value of his services in France, in the summer of 1433 Bedford returned to England, and during his visit the disgraced ministers were restored to power, with Cromwell made Treasurer of England. During his tenure, the French war was the single biggest drain on resources, instead he took the position of Chamberlain of the Exchequer, a post he held until 1455. Cromwell does not again come prominently forward until 1449, one of Suffolks partisans was William Tailboys, a Lincolnshire squire, with whom Cromwell had had some local disputes, and on 28 November 1449 Cromwell was attacked by Tailboys. Cromwell began legal proceedings against Tailboys, but was blocked by Suffolk, Tailboys was sent to the Tower of London and later convicted in February 1450. Suffolk was impeached by the Commons in January 1450 and later murdered on crossing to France, Cromwell was reappointed Chamberlain of the Household in the same year. The fall of Suffolk let loose a flood of personal jealousies and this included a bitter disagreement over lands with Henry Holland, Duke of Exeter. Cromwell died on 4 January 1456 at South Wingfield in Derbyshire and was buried at the church at Tattershall in Lincolnshire, Cromwell financed a number of projects in his lifetime. These included properties at Collyweston in Northamptonshire and at South Wingfield in Derbyshire and he instructed in his will that the church at Lambley in Nottinghamshire be rebuilt, where his parents and grandparents were buried. He inherited Tattershall Castle in Lincolnshire, which became his primary residence, here, he funded the construction of several buildings, including the Grand Tower at the castle, the college, the Holy Trinity church and two almshouses. Cromwell acquired a manor in Wymondham in Norfolk which still bears his name today, Cromwell was the son of Ralph de Cromwell, 2nd Baron Cromwell and his wife Joan, daughter of the chronicler Thomas Grey
8.
Lord High Treasurer
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The post of Lord High Treasurer or Lord Treasurer was an English government position and has been a British government position since the Acts of Union of 1707. A holder of the post would be the third-highest-ranked Great Officer of State, below the Lord High Steward, the Lord High Treasurer functions as the head of Her Majestys Treasury. Since the 17th century the office has often held, not by a single person. Such persons are known as Lords Commissioners of the Treasury, the office has been in commission continuously since the resignation of Charles Talbot, 1st Duke of Shrewsbury in 1714. The office continued in commission and the commissioners of the old office of Lord High Treasurer of Great Britain continued as the commissioners of the new combined office. Other members of the government, usually whips in the House of Commons, are appointed to serve as the junior Lords Commissioners of the Treasury, the Treasury was originally a section of the Royal Household with custody of the Kings money. In 1216, a Treasurer was appointed to control of the Treasury in Winchester. The Treasurer was also an officer of the Exchequer, and supervised the royal accounts, by Tudor times, the Lord High Treasurer had achieved a place among the Great Officers of State, behind the Lord Chancellor and above the Master of the Horse. Under the Treason Act 1351 it was treason to kill him, during the sixteenth century, the Lord High Treasurer was often considered the most important official of the government, and became a de facto Prime Minister. Exemplifying the power of the Lord High Treasurer is William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley, during his tenure, he dominated the administration under Elizabeth I. Since then a system has evolved which has hardly varied, next rank the Junior Lords of the Treasury who, though theoretically members of the Treasury Board, in practice serve as Government Whips under the Parliamentary Secretary to the Treasury. Chisholm, Hugh, ed. Lord High Treasurer, List of Lord High Treasurers List of Lords Commissioners of the Treasury
9.
Moat
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A moat is a deep, broad ditch, either dry or filled with water, that is dug and surrounds a castle, fortification, building or town, historically to provide it with a preliminary line of defence. In some places evolved into more extensive water defences, including natural or artificial lakes, dams. In older fortifications, such as hillforts, they are referred to simply as ditches. In later periods, moats or water defences may be largely ornamental and they could also act as sewerage. Some of the earliest evidence of moats has been uncovered around ancient Egyptian castles, one example is at Buhen, a castle excavated in Nubia. Other evidence of ancient moats is found in the ruins of Babylon, and in reliefs from ancient Egypt, Assyria, and other cultures in the region. Evidence of early moats around settlements has been discovered in archaeological sites throughout Southeast Asia, including Noen U-Loke, Ban Non Khrua Chut, Ban Makham Thae. The use of the moats could have been either for defensive or agriculture purposes, moats were excavated around castles and other fortifications as part of the defensive system as an obstacle immediately outside the walls. In suitable locations they might be filled with water, a moat made access to the walls difficult for siege weapons, such as siege towers and battering rams, which needed to be brought up against a wall to be effective. A water-filled moat made the practice of mining, digging tunnels under the castles in order to effect a collapse of the defences, segmented moats have one dry section and one section filled with water. Dry moats cut across the part of a spur or peninsula are called neck ditches. Moats separating different elements of a castle, such as the inner and outer wards are cross ditches, the shared derivation implies that the two features were closely related and possibly constructed at the same time. The term moat is also applied to natural formations reminiscent of the artificial structure, the walls were further protected from infantry attack by wet or dry moats, sometimes in elaborate systems. When this style of fortification was superseded by lines of forts in the mid-19th century. The Walls of Benin were a combination of ramparts and moats, called Iya and it was considered the largest man-made structure lengthwise, second only to the Great Wall of China and the largest earthwork in the world. With more recent work by Patrick Darling, it has established as the largest man-made structure in the world. It enclosed 6,500 km² of community lands and its length was over 16,000 km of earth boundaries. It was estimated that earliest construction began in 800 and continued into the mid-15th century, the walls are built of a ditch and dike structure, the ditch dug to form an inner moat with the excavated earth used to form the exterior rampart
