Tavis Smiley

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For his radio and television programs, see The Tavis Smiley Show.

Tavis Smiley
Tavis smiley 2014.jpg
Tavis Smiley at the 2014 Texas Book Festival
Born (1964-09-13) September 13, 1964 (age 55)
Gulfport, Mississippi, U.S.
EducationIndiana University (B.A., public affairs, 2003) Maconaquah High School
OccupationTalk show host, author
Years active1991–2017
Notable credit(s)
Tavis Smiley host
(2004–2017)
The Tavis Smiley Show from PRI (radio) host
(2005–2017)
Smiley & West co-host
(2010–2013)
BET Tonight with Tavis Smiley host
(1996–2001)
Websitetavistalks.com

Tavis Smiley (/ˈtævɪs/; born September 13, 1964) is an American talk show host and author.[1][2] Smiley was born in Gulfport, Mississippi, and grew up in Bunker Hill, Indiana. After attending Indiana University, he worked during the late 1980s as an aide to Tom Bradley, the mayor of Los Angeles.

Smiley became a radio commentator in 1991 and, starting in 1996, he hosted the talk show BET Talk (later renamed BET Tonight) on Black Entertainment Television (BET). After Smiley sold an exclusive interview of Sara Jane Olson to ABC News in 2001, BET declined to renew his contract that year. Smiley then began hosting The Tavis Smiley Show on National Public Radio (NPR) (2002–04) and used to host Tavis Smiley on the Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) on weekdays and The Tavis Smiley Show on Public Radio International (PRI).

From 2010 to 2013, Smiley and Cornel West worked together to host their own radio talk show, Smiley & West, they were featured together interviewing musician Bill Withers in the 2009 documentary film Still Bill.[3] He was the new host of Tavis Talks on BlogTalkRadio's Tavis Smiley Network.

Early life[edit]

Tavis Smiley was born in Gulfport, Mississippi, the son of Joyce Marie Roberts, a single woman who first became pregnant at age 18.[4] On September 13, 1966, his second birthday, his mother married Emory Garnell Smiley, a non-commissioned officer in the U.S. Air Force.[5] A few years later Tavis learned the identity of his biological father, whom he identifies in his autobiography, What I Know For Sure: My Story of Growing Up in America, only as "T".[6]

Smiley's family soon moved to Indiana when his stepfather was transferred to Grissom Air Force Base near Peru, Indiana. On arriving in Indiana, the Smiley family took up residence in a three-bedroom mobile home in the small town of Bunker Hill, Indiana;[7] the Smileys had three more children and added four more after the murder of Joyce's sister. Initially, four of her five children were cared for by their grandmother (known as "Big Mama"), but ill health impaired her ability, and Joyce and Emory took them in; the trailer home sheltered thirteen, including Tavis and his seven brothers and two sisters and the three adults.[8]

Smiley's mother was a very religious person, and the family attended the local New Bethel Tabernacle Church, part of the Pentecostal Assemblies of the World;[9] the Smiley children were forbidden from listening to secular music at home or going to the movie theater, and could watch only television shows their parents felt were family-friendly.[10]

When he was in seventh grade, New Bethel pastor Elder Rufus Mills accused Smiley and his siblings of "running wild, disobeying their teacher, disrespecting their teacher, disrespecting the sanctity of this building, and mocking the holy message being taught" during Sunday School.[11] According to Smiley's account of the incident, his Sunday School teacher became confused as she was answering questions about the Book of John, and other students "responded by giggling and acting a little unruly," although he and his sister Phyllis "remained quiet".[12] Garnell whipped Tavis and Phyllis with an extension cord, wounding the two children;[13] the next day at school, administrators found out about the children's injuries.[14] The local newspaper in Kokomo, Indiana reported on the beating and the legal proceedings against Garnell; Tavis and Phyllis were sent to foster care temporarily.[15] Garnell told his children that the judge decided that he had "overreacted" and found he and Joyce were "concerned parents who were completely involved in [our] children's lives and well-being".[16]

Smiley became interested in politics at age 13 after attending a fundraiser for U.S. Senator Birch Bayh.[9] At Maconaquah High School in Bunker Hill, Indiana, a school that Smiley described as "98 percent white,"[17] he was active in the student council and the debate team, even though his parents were "skeptical of all non-church extracurricular activities".[18]

Career[edit]

College and political career[edit]

In 1982 Smiley enrolled at Indiana University Bloomington (IU); because his parents refused to complete financial aid papers, Smiley entered the university with only $50 and a small suitcase.[19] Administrators let Smiley complete the paperwork to become a full-time student;[20] the summer after his first year, Smiley worked, attended summer classes, and lived off campus with Indiana Hoosiers men's basketball players, then being coached by Bob Knight.[21] Smiley was accepted into the Kappa Alpha Psi fraternity during his second year, and became business manager of his dormitory, a member of the student senate, and director of minority affairs.[22] After his friend Denver Smith was killed by Indiana police officers who claimed to have acted in self-defense, Smiley helped lead protests to defend Smith, who he believed had been wrongfully killed;[23] those protests led him to a work-study internship at the office of Bloomington Mayor Tomilea Allison, where he was paid $5 an hour. Smiley wrote letters to local residents, researched for Mayor Allison, and helped write position papers on local issues.[24] In his autobiography, Smiley says that a deputy mayor caught him systematically adding extra hours to his time sheets, illegal behavior that could have seen him charged with a felony and expelled from college, but instead of pressing charges, Mayor Allison allowed him to work all of the hours for which he had already been paid, and did not tell other people what he had done.[25]

During the first semester of his junior year, Smiley was under academic probation; he blamed his extracurricular activities for interfering with his studies;[26] when Smiley visited Los Angeles to attend a national student leaders' convention, the cousin of his roommate introduced Smiley to football star Jim Brown. Brown introduced Smiley to fellow football player George Hughley, who worked for Los Angeles mayor Tom Bradley and connected Smiley to Mayor Bradley's staff;[27] every week after meeting Bradley's staff, Smiley wrote a letter to the mayor's office asking for an internship, and once flew to Los Angeles to appeal. However, by summer he received a letter from the city stating that all internship positions were filled.[28] Smiley then handwrote a letter to the mayor that he said represented his feeling "from the heart," and Bradley called Smiley to say that he had a position available for him.[29] Although it counted for college credit, the internship was unpaid, so the Bloomington Community Progress Council funded Smiley with $5,000 for living expenses in Los Angeles, and Brown allowed Smiley to live as a houseguest in September 1985. Starting the following month, Smiley lived in the Kappa Alpha Psi fraternity house at the University of Southern California. At City Hall, Smiley worked at the Office of Youth Development on the 22nd floor.[30]

Smiley twice considered quitting college, first during his junior year,[31] and then after finishing his internship with Mayor Bradley. Bradley persuaded Smiley to return to college,[32] he took the LSAT twice because, he thought he "didn't do great the first time," and he "did a little better" the second time; he intended to apply to Harvard Law School.[33] Instead, Smiley did not graduate from college at all, because he failed a required course in his senior year, and "did poorly in several other courses," which meant he could not complete his degree on time; rather than stay for an extra term, he chose to leave IU and move to Los Angeles, where he had been promised a job.[34] Following a hiring freeze by the government of Los Angeles, Smiley served as an aide to Mayor Bradley until 1990.[35] A 1988 article in the Los Angeles Times identified Smiley as "a Bradley administrative assistant who works in South Los Angeles".[36] In 2003, Smiley officially received his degree from Indiana University in public affairs.[37]

Radio and television career[edit]

Smiley with historian Jon Wiener on his political podcast entitled Start Making Sense in 2015

Campaigning for a seat on the Los Angeles City Council in 1991 against incumbent Ruth Galanter, Smiley finished fourth among 15 candidates, he became a radio commentator, broadcasting one-minute daily radio segments called The Smiley Report on KGFJ radio.[9] With Ruben Navarrette Jr., Smiley co-hosted a local talk show in Los Angeles where his strongly held views on race and politics, combined with his arguments regarding the impact of institutional racism and substandard educational and economic opportunities for inner-city black youth, earned him attention at the Los Angeles Times. His commentaries focused on local and national current-affairs issues affecting the African-American community.[38] For six months, Smiley worked on a community news program on a local cable network, and spent six more months working on television in Montreal, Quebec, Canada.[39]

Radio beginning[edit]

In 1996 Smiley became a frequent commentator to the Tom Joyner Morning Show, a nationally syndicated radio show broadcast on black and urban stations in the United States,[40] he developed a friendship with host Joyner.

Launch of TV talk show BET Talk/ BET Tonight[edit]

Also in 1996 Smiley began hosting and executive producing BET Tonight (originally BET Talk when it first premiered), a public affairs discussion show on the Black Entertainment Television (BET) network, he interviewed major political figures and celebrities, and discussed topics ranging from racial profiling and police brutality to R&B music and Hollywood gossip.

Firing at BET Tonight[edit]

Smiley hosted BET Tonight until 2001 when, in a controversial move, the network announced that Smiley's contract would not be renewed; this sparked an angry response from Joyner, who sought to rally his radio audience to protest BET's decision. Robert L. Johnson, founder of BET, defended the decision, stating that Smiley had been fired because he had sold an exclusive interview to ABC News without first offering the story to BET, even though Smiley's contract with BET did not require him to do so. Smiley countered with the assertion that he had offered the story—an interview with Sara Jane Olson, an alleged former member of the Symbionese Liberation Army—to CBS, which, along with BET, was owned by Viacom. Smiley ultimately sold the interview to rival network ABC, he said, only after CBS passed on the interview, and suggested that his firing was payback for the publicity he gained as a result of providing an exclusive interview to ABC.[41] Ultimately BET and Viacom did not reverse their decision to terminate Smiley's contract.

Move to C-SPAN[edit]

In 2000 they began hosting annual town hall meetings called "The State of the Black Union," which were aired live on the C-SPAN cable television network; each of these town hall meetings focused on a specific topic affecting the African-American community, featuring a panel of African-American leaders, educators, and professionals, assembled before an audience, to discuss problems related to the forum's topic, as well as potential solutions.[42] Smiley also used his commentator status on Joyner's radio show to launch several advocacy campaigns to highlight discriminatory practices in the media and government, and to rally support for causes such as the awarding of a Congressional Gold Medal to civil rights icon Rosa Parks. Smiley also began building a national reputation as a political commentator with numerous appearances on political discussion shows on MSNBC, ABC, and CNN.

Radio Talk Show & Firing[edit]

Smiley was then offered a chance to host a radio talk show on National Public Radio, he served as host of The Tavis Smiley Show on NPR until December 2004, when he announced that he would be leaving his show, citing the network's inability to reach a more diverse audience.[43] Smiley launched a weekly version of his radio program The Tavis Smiley Show on April 29, 2005, distributed by NPR rival Public Radio International (PRI), until terminated by PRI on January 1, 2018, due to "troubling allegations".[44] On October 1, 2010, Tavis Smiley turned the second hour of his PRI program into Smiley & West co-hosted by his longtime collaborator Dr. Cornel West, which lasted until December 2013.[citation needed]

Move to PBS[edit]

Smiley also hosted Tavis Smiley, a late night talk show televised on the Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) network and produced in association with WNET in New York.[45]

Smiley moderated two live presidential candidate forums in 2007: a Democratic forum on June 28 at Howard University in Washington, D.C.,[46] and a Republican forum on September 27 at Morgan State University in Baltimore.[47]

Smiley appeared on the Democracy Now! show.[48]

On June 25, 2013, Smiley partnered with BlogTalkRadio, the world's largest social broadcasting network with more than 18 million visitors and 40 million listens per month, to launch the Tavis Smiley Network (TSN): Smart talk. Online.

On September 4, 2014, it was announced that Smiley would be competing on the 19th season of Dancing with the Stars, he paired with professional dancer Sharna Burgess.[49] They were eliminated on the second week of competition and finished in 12th place.[50]

Controversy over presidential candidate Barack Obama[edit]

On April 11, 2008, Tavis Smiley announced that he would resign in June 2008 as a commentator on the Tom Joyner Morning Show, he cited fatigue and a busy schedule in a personal call to Joyner. However, Joyner, referring to several commentaries in which Smiley was critical of Democratic presidential candidate Barack Obama, indicated otherwise on his program, stating: "The real reason is that he can't take the hate he's been getting regarding the Barack issue—hate from the black people that he loves so much."[51] Prior to the public controversy and being elected president, Obama had been on Smiley's PBS show six times.

In 2012, Smiley participated in a "Poverty Tour" with Princeton University professor Cornel West to promote their book The Rich and the Rest of Us: A Poverty Manifesto; the stated aim of the tour was to highlight the plight of the impoverished population of the United States prior to the 2012 presidential election, whose candidates Smiley and West stated had ignored the plight of the poor.[52][53][54][55]

The Covenant with Black America[edit]

In March 2006, The Smiley Group and Third World Press published The Covenant with Black America, a collection of essays by black scholars and professionals edited by Smiley; the book covers topics ranging from education to healthcare, and was a New York Times Bestseller.[56]

Sexual misconduct allegations[edit]

On December 13, 2017, PBS indefinitely suspended Smiley. PBS issued a statement saying that it had hired a law firm to conduct an investigation "immediately after learning of troubling allegations regarding Mr. Smiley" and that this investigation "uncovered multiple, credible allegations of conduct that is inconsistent with the values and standards of PBS."[57] It was reported by Variety that Smiley was let go due to multiple relationships with subordinates, some of whom felt the relationship was connected to their employment, it was also alleged that Smiley created an environment that was "verbally abusive and threatening."[58] Smiley's suspension followed PBS' decision to part ways with Charlie Rose.[59] Smiley is accused of having "had sexual relationships with multiple staff members, some of whom reportedly felt that their relationship with the TV host was connected to their employment status."[60]

On December 14, Smiley described the PBS investigation as "biased and sloppy" and said he would fight the allegations and the damage to his reputation, he released a statement saying, "I have the utmost respect for women and celebrate the courage of those who have come forth to tell their truth."[61] "To be clear, I have never groped, coerced or exposed myself inappropriately to any workplace colleague in my entire broadcast career, covering six networks over 30 years",[61] he also said.

Soon after the suspension, Smiley went on a country-wide tour to defend his innocence while also supporting the #MeToo movement and denouncing workplace harassment.[58][62]

Awards and contributions[edit]

Smiley was honored with the NAACP Image Award for best news, talk, or information series for three consecutive years (1997–99) for his work on BET Tonight with Tavis Smiley.[63] Smiley's advocacy efforts have earned him numerous awards and recognition including the recipient of the Mickey Leland Humanitarian Award from the National Association of Minorities in Communications.[64]

In 1999, he founded the Tavis Smiley Foundation, which funds programs that develop young leaders in the community. Since its inception, more than 6,500 young people have participated in the foundation's Youth to Leaders Training workshops and conferences.[65]

His communications company, The Smiley Group, Inc., serves as the holding company for various enterprises encompassing broadcast and print media, lecturers, symposiums, and the Internet.[citation needed]

In 1994, Time named Smiley one of America's 50 Most Promising Young Leaders.[66] Time would later honor him in 2009 as one of the "100 Most Influential People in the World". In May 2007, Smiley gave a commencement speech at his alma mater, Indiana University at Bloomington, Indiana (the university recently honored Smiley by naming the atrium of its School of Public and Environmental Affairs (SPEA) building, The Tavis Smiley Atrium).

In 2005, Tavis Smiley donated and raised thousands of dollars for Texas Southern University; the School of Communication was temporarily named after him.[67]

In May 2008, he gave the commencement address at Connecticut College, where he was awarded an honorary doctorate.[68] On December 12, 2008, Smiley received the Du Bois Medal from Harvard University's W.E.B. Du Bois Institute for African and African American Research.[69]

In May 2009, Smiley was awarded an honorary doctorate at Langston University after giving the commencement address there,[70] he was also awarded the 2009 Interdependence Day Prize from Demos in Istanbul, Turkey.[71]

Smiley was named No. 2 change agent in the field of media behind Oprah Winfrey in EBONY Magazine's POWER 150 list.

In 2014, Smiley received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, honoring his contributions to television.[72]

To date, Smiley has received 16 honorary doctorates.[citation needed]

Smiley is referenced in the KRS-One song "Clear 'Em Out."[73]

Bibliography[edit]

  • Just a Thought: The Smiley Report (ISBN 0-9636952-3-1)
  • Doing What's Right: How to Fight for What You Believe—And Make a Difference (ISBN 0-385-49931-0)
  • Hard Left (ISBN 0-385-48404-6)
  • Keeping the Faith: Stories of Love, Courage, Healing, and Hope from Black America (ISBN 0-385-72169-2)
  • How to Make Black America Better: Leading African Americans Speak Out (ISBN 0-385-72087-4)
  • On Air:The Best of Tavis Smiley on the Tom Joyner Morning Show (ISBN 1-890194-33-6)
  • The Covenant with Black America (ISBN 0-88378-277-4)
  • What I Know for Sure: My Story of Growing Up in America (ISBN 978-0-385-50516-1; ISBN 0-385-50516-7)
  • Accountable: Making America As Good As Its Promise (ISBN 978-1-4391-0004-2)
  • Fail Up (ISBN 1-4019-3390-4)
  • The Rich and the Rest of Us: A Poverty Manifesto (with Cornel West) (ISBN 1-4019-4063-3)
  • Death of a King: The Real Story of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.'s Final Year (ISBN 0-316-33276-3; ISBN 978-0-316-33276-7)
  • My Journey with Maya (with David Ritz) (ISBN 978-1-4789-5829-1)
  • Covenant With Black America: Ten Years Later (ISBN 978-1-4019-5149-8)
  • 50 For Your Future: Lessons From Down the Road (ISBN 978-1-4019-4839-9)
  • Before You Judge Me: The Triumph and Tragedy of Michael Jackson's Last Days (with David Ritz) (ISBN 0-316-25909-8; ISBN 978-0-316-25909-5)
  • The Covenant with Black America - Ten Years Later (ISBN 1-40195-149-X)

References[edit]

  1. ^ Boehm, Mike (October 25, 2009). "Tavis Smiley's exhibit 'America I Am: The African American Imprint' comes to L.A." Archived from the original on November 5, 2011 – via Los Angeles Times.
  2. ^ "Tavis Smiley wants his chair -- now". Archived from the original on December 28, 2013.
  3. ^ Hale, Mike (January 26, 2010). "A Documentary Looks at Bill Withers". Archived from the original on December 18, 2015 – via NYTimes.com.
  4. ^ Smiley 2006, p. 1
  5. ^ "Harrison – Guflport District, MS". Marriage License Link. Harrison County Mississippi. January 9, 1997. Archived from the original on July 9, 2011. Retrieved December 27, 2009.
  6. ^ Smiley 2006, pp. 49–50
  7. ^ Smiley 2006, p. 17
  8. ^ Unselfish Love. Keeping the Faith: Stories of Love, Courage, Healing, and Hope from Black America (Google eBook). Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. 2009. ISBN 9781400075935.
  9. ^ a b c "Tavis Smiley". Contemporary Black Biography. Gale. 2006. Archived from the original on May 16, 2011.
  10. ^ Smiley 2006, p. 48
  11. ^ Smiley 2006, p. 63
  12. ^ Smiley 2006, p. 62
  13. ^ Smiley 2006, pp. 64–65
  14. ^ Smiley 2006, pp. 66–67
  15. ^ Smiley 2006, pp. 72–82
  16. ^ Smiley 2006, p. 83
  17. ^ Smiley 2006, p. 94
  18. ^ Smiley 2006, pp. 95, 98
  19. ^ Smiley 2006, pp. 128–131
  20. ^ Smiley 2006, pp. 136–138
  21. ^ Smiley 2006, p. 149
  22. ^ Smiley 2006, pp. 149–150
  23. ^ Smiley 2006, pp. 151–153
  24. ^ Smiley 2006, pp. 159–162
  25. ^ Smiley 2006, pp. 163–164
  26. ^ Smiley 2006, p. 165
  27. ^ Smiley 2006, pp. 167–170
  28. ^ Smiley 2006, pp. 170–174
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  41. ^ Smiley's termination from BET Archived July 10, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
  42. ^ Smiley 2006, p. 252
  43. ^ Farley, Christopher John (December 13, 2004), "10 Questions For Tavis Smiley", Time, 164 (24), p. 8, archived from the original on February 19, 2006
  44. ^ Simpson, April, PRI Terminates Relationship with Tavis Smiley, in Current: News For People in Public Media (December 15, 2017, as accessed Dec. 17, 2017).
  45. ^ Collins, Scott (November 23, 2010). "Tavis Smiley-KCET relationship ending badly". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on July 15, 2012.
  46. ^ Nagourney, Adam (June 29, 2007). "Domestic Issues Frame Democratic Debate in a Mostly Minority Setting". The New York Times. Archived from the original on April 24, 2009. Retrieved July 17, 2010.
  47. ^ Cooper, Michael (September 28, 2007). "Advertise on NYTimes.com 4 Top G.O.P. Candidates Skip Debate With Minority Focus". The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 10, 2012. Retrieved July 17, 2010.
  48. ^ "Tavis Smiley on the State of the Black Union, Economic Inequality and the Obama Administration's Boycott of the World Conference Against Racism". March 2, 2009. Archived from the original on October 26, 2010.
  49. ^ Wagmeister, Elizabeth; Wagmeister, Elizabeth (September 4, 2014). "'Dancing With The Stars': Season 19 Celebrity Contestants Revealed". Archived from the original on April 28, 2016.
  50. ^ "DWTS Spoiler Alert! Who Was Eliminated in Week 2?". Archived from the original on September 24, 2014.
  51. ^ Farhi, Paul (April 12, 2008). "Tavis Smiley Will Cut Ties With Joyner Radio Show". Archived from the original on November 6, 2012 – via washingtonpost.com.
  52. ^ "Cornel West & Tavis Smiley on Obama: "Many of Us Are Exploring Other Possibilities in Coming Election"". Democracy Now!. August 9, 2011. Archived from the original on April 17, 2012. Retrieved April 21, 2012.
  53. ^ Stelter, Brian. "'Tavis Smiley' on Poverty Tour". Archived from the original on August 9, 2012.
  54. ^ "'Poverty tour' fuels debate on Obama's policies and African Americans". Archived from the original on August 22, 2016.
  55. ^ "Tavis Smiley and Cornel West release book on poverty". Archived from the original on August 22, 2016.
  56. ^ Weeks, Linton (April 7, 2006). "The Volume That's Making a Loud Noise". Archived from the original on February 16, 2016 – via washingtonpost.com.
  57. ^ Holloway, Daniel (December 13, 2017). "PBS Suspends 'Tavis Smiley' Following Sexual Misconduct Investigation (EXCLUSIVE)". Variety. Los Angeles: Penske Media Corporation. Retrieved December 14, 2017.
  58. ^ a b Farhi, Paul (February 1, 2018). "Most famous men accused of sexual misconduct have been lying low. Not Tavis Smiley". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved February 2, 2018.
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  60. ^ Zwirz, Elizabeth (December 13, 2017). "Tavis Smiley's show suspended by PBS after sexual misconduct accusations involving staffers emerge". Fox News. New York City: Fox Entertainment Group. Retrieved December 14, 2017.
  61. ^ a b Allen, Karma (December 14, 2017). "Suspended PBS host Tavis Smiley plans to 'fight back' against sexual misconduct allegations". ABC News. New York City: ABC. Retrieved December 14, 2014.
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  63. ^ "About the Show". pbs.org. Archived from the original on June 13, 2017. Retrieved July 11, 2017.
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  65. ^ "Tavis Smiley Foundation". guidestar.org. Retrieved July 11, 2017.
  66. ^ Tavis Smiley, Hard Left, p. 11
  67. ^ Kever, Jeannie (October 23, 2009). "TSU drops broadcaster's name after dispute" Archived March 30, 2016, at the Wayback Machine. Houston Chronicle. Accessed January 15, 2015.
  68. ^ "Honrary Degree Recipients - Connecticut College". conncoll.edu. Archived from the original on May 29, 2017. Retrieved July 11, 2017.
  69. ^ "W. E. B. Du Bois Medalists". hutchinscenter.fas.harvard.edu. Archived from the original on March 9, 2017. Retrieved July 11, 2017.
  70. ^ "Today in Black History, 9/13/2012". thewright.org. Museum of African American History. Archived from the original on July 28, 2016. Retrieved July 11, 2017.
  71. ^ "Tavis Smiley Public Radio International". pri.org. Archived from the original on June 19, 2017. Retrieved July 11, 2017.
  72. ^ "Tupac Shakur to get Walk of Fame star". Archived from the original on February 27, 2014.
  73. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on February 2, 2017. Retrieved January 25, 2017.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)

Sources[edit]

External links[edit]

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