1.
Essential oil
–
Not to be confused with Essential fatty acid An essential oil is a concentrated hydrophobic liquid containing volatile aroma compounds from plants. Essential oils are known as volatile oils, ethereal oils, aetherolea, or simply as the oil of the plant from which they were extracted. An oil is essential in the sense that it contains the essence of the plants fragrance—the characteristic fragrance of the plant from which it is derived, Essential oils are generally extracted by distillation, often by using steam. Other processes include expression, solvent extraction, absolute oil extraction, resin tapping and they are used in perfumes, cosmetics, soaps and other products, for flavoring food and drink, and for adding scents to incense and household cleaning products. Essential oils have been used throughout history. The earliest recorded mention of the techniques and methods used to produce essential oils is believed to be that of Ibn al-Baitar, rather than refer to essential oils themselves, modern works typically discuss specific chemical compounds of which the essential oils are composed. For example, methyl salicylate rather than oil of wintergreen, interest in essential oils has revived in recent decades with the popularity of aromatherapy, a branch of alternative medicine that uses essential oils and other aromatic compounds. Oils are volatilized, diluted in an oil and used in massage, diffused in the air by a nebulizer, heated over a candle flame. Claims for the efficacy of treatments, and treatment of cancers in particular, are now subject to regulation in most countries. Most common essential oils such as lavender, peppermint, tea oil, patchouli. Raw plant material, consisting of the flowers, leaves, wood, bark, roots, seeds, as the water is heated, the steam passes through the plant material, vaporizing the volatile compounds. The vapors flow through a coil, where they condense back to liquid, most oils are distilled in a single process. One exception is ylang-ylang which is purifed through a fractional distillation, the recondensed water is referred to as a hydrosol, hydrolat, herbal distillate, or plant water essence, which may be sold as another fragrant product. Popular hydrosols include rose water, lavender water, lemon balm, clary sage, the use of herbal distillates in cosmetics is increasing. Some plant hydrosols have unpleasant smells and are not sold. Most citrus peel oils are expressed mechanically or cold-pressed, due to the relatively large quantities of oil in citrus peel and low cost to grow and harvest the raw materials, citrus-fruit oils are cheaper than most other essential oils. Lemon or sweet orange oils are obtained as byproducts of the citrus industry, before the discovery of distillation, all essential oils were extracted by pressing. Most flowers contain too little oil to undergo expression, but their chemical components are too delicate
2.
Leaf
–
A leaf is an organ of a vascular plant and is the principal lateral appendage of the stem. The leaves and stem together form the shoot, Leaves are collectively referred to as foliage, as in autumn foliage. Although leaves can be seen in different shapes, sizes and textures, typically a leaf is a thin, dorsiventrally flattened organ, borne above ground. Most leaves have distinctive upper surface and lower surface that differ in colour, hairiness, broad, flat leaves with complex venation are known as megaphylls and the species that bear them, the majority, as broad-leaved or megaphyllous plants. In others, such as the clubmosses, with different evolutionary origins, some leaves, such as bulb scales are not above ground, and in many aquatic species the leaves are submerged in water. Succulent plants often have thick juicy leaves, but some leaves are without major photosynthetic function and may be dead at maturity, as in some cataphylls, furthermore, several kinds of leaf-like structures found in vascular plants are not totally homologous with them. Examples include flattened plant stems called phylloclades and cladodes, and flattened leaf stems called phyllodes which differ from both in their structure and origin. Many structures of plants, such as the phyllids of mosses and liverworts and even of some foliose lichens. Leaves are the most important organs of most vascular plants and these are then further processed by chemical synthesis into more complex organic molecules such as cellulose, the basic structural material in plant cell walls. The plant must therefore bring these three together in the leaf for photosynthesis to take place. Once sugar has been synthesized, it needs to be transported to areas of growth such as the plant shoots and roots. Vascular plants transport sucrose in a tissue called the phloem. The phloem and xylem are parallel to each other but the transport of materials is usually in opposite directions. Within the leaf these vascular systems branch to form veins which supply as much as the leaf as possible and they are arranged on the plant so as to expose their surfaces to light as efficiently as possible without shading each other, but there are many exceptions and complications. For instance plants adapted to windy conditions may have pendent leaves, such as in many willows, the flat, or laminar, shape also maximises thermal contact with the surrounding air, promoting cooling. Functionally, in addition to photosynthesis the leaf is the site of transpiration and guttation. Many gymnosperms have thin needle-like or scale-like leaves that can be advantageous in cold climates with frequent snow and these are interpreted as reduced from megaphyllous leaves of their Devonian ancestors. For xerophytes the major constraint is not light flux or intensity, some window plants such as Fenestraria species and some Haworthia species such as Haworthia tesselata and Haworthia truncata are examples of xerophytes. and Bulbine mesembryanthemoides
3.
Melaleuca alternifolia
–
Melaleuca alternifolia, commonly known as narrow-leaved paperbark, narrow-leaved tea-tree, narrow-leaved ti-tree, or snow-in-summer, is a species of tree or tall shrub in the myrtle family, Myrtaceae. Melaleuca alternifolia is a tree to about 7 m with a bushy crown and whitish. Leaves are arranged irregularly, scattered or whorled, and leaf shape is linear, 10–35 mm in length and 1 mm wide, smooth and they are also rich in oil with the glands prominent. Flowers occur in white or cream-colored masses of spikes 3–5 cm long over a period, mostly spring to early summer. The small woody, cup-shaped fruit, 2–3 mm in diameter are scattered along the branches, Melaleuca alternifolia was first formally described in 1905 by Joseph Maiden and Ernst Betche as Melaleuca linariifolia var. alternifolia. It was renamed Melaleuca alternifolia in 1925 by Edwin Cheel, the specific epithet is a botanical term meaning having leaves that alternate on each side of a stem. Melaleuca alternifolia is endemic to Australia and is found from the Grafton district in New South Wales as far inland as Stroud and it grows along streams and in swampy places. This species grows well in a range of soils and climates. It prefers well-drained but moist soils and to be grown in full sun, tea tree has been used as an alternative medicinal treatment for almost a century in Australia and is now becoming more commonplace all around the world. The indigenous Bundjalung people of eastern Australia use tea trees as a medicine by inhaling the oils from the crushed leaves to treat coughs. They also sprinkle leaves on wounds, after which a poultice is applied, in addition, tea tree leaves are soaked to make an infusion to treat sore throats or skin ailments. Characteristic of the myrtle family Myrtaceae, it is used to distill essential oil and it is the primary species for commercial production of tea tree oil, a topical antibacterial. Tea tree oil is used as a topical antiseptic agent because of its antimicrobial properties. It is also known to reduce inflammation and may be effective in the treatment of infections such as Athletes foot. Tea tree oil should not be ingested in large due to its toxicity. No deaths have been reported in medical literature
4.
Camellia sinensis
–
Camellia sinensis is a species of evergreen shrub or small tree whose leaves and leaf buds are used to produce tea. It is of the genus Camellia of flowering plants in the family Theaceae, common names include tea plant, tea shrub, and tea tree. Two major varieties are grown, Camellia sinensis var. sinensis for Chinese teas, white tea, yellow tea, green tea, oolong, pu-erh tea and black tea are all harvested from one or the other, but are processed differently to attain varying levels of oxidation. Kukicha is also harvested from Camellia sinensis, but uses twigs, the name Camellia is taken from the Latinized name of Rev. Georg Kamel, SJ, a Moravian-born Jesuit lay brother, pharmacist, and missionary to the Philippines. Carl Linnaeus chose his name in 1753 for the genus to honor Kamels contributions to botany, robert Sweet shifted all formerly Thea species to the Camellia genus in 1818. The name sinensis means from China in Latin, four varieties of Camellia sinensis are recognized. Camellia sinensis is a shrub or small tree that is usually trimmed to below 2 m when cultivated for its leaves. The flowers are yellow-white,2. 5–4 cm in diameter, the leaves are 4–15 cm long and 2–5 cm broad. Fresh leaves contain about 4% caffeine, as well as related compounds including theobromine, the young, light green leaves are preferably harvested for tea production, they have short white hairs on the underside. Different leaf ages produce differing tea qualities, since their chemical compositions are different, usually, the tip and the first two to three leaves are harvested for processing. This hand picking is repeated every one to two weeks, Camellia sinensis is mainly cultivated in tropical and subtropical climates, in areas with at least 127 cm. of rainfall a year. Tea plants prefer a rich and moist growing location in full to part sun, however, the clonal one is commercially cultivated from the equator to as far north as Cornwall and Scotland on the UK mainland. Many high quality teas are grown at high elevations, up to 1,500 meters, as the plants grow more slowly, tea plants will grow into a tree if left undisturbed, but cultivated plants are pruned to waist height for ease of plucking. Two principal varieties are used, the small-leaved Chinese variety plant, the Chinese plant is a small-leafed bush with multiple stems that reaches a height of some 3 meters. It is native to southeast China, the first tea plant to be discovered, recorded and used to produce tea three thousand years ago, it yields some of the most popular teas. C. sinensis var. waldenae was considered a different species, Camellia waldenae by SY Hu and this variety is commonly called Waldenae Camellia. It is seen on Sunset Peak and Tai Mo Shan in Hong Kong and it is also distributed in Guangxi province, China. Three main kinds of tea are produced in India, Assam comes from the section of the country
5.
Camellia oleifera
–
Camellia oleifera, which originated in China, is notable as an important source of edible oil obtained from its seeds. It is commonly known as the oil-seed camellia or tea oil camellia and it is widely distributed in China and is cultivated extensively there. It is found in forests, thickets, banks of streams and this species looks much similar to Camellia sasanqua except the dark green, evergreen leaves are a bit larger, three to five inches long and two to three inches wide. Single, white, fragrant flowers are produced in mid to late fall, the crown forms a rounded or oval vase with lower branches removed. Tea oil is commonly over 80% monounsaturated fat, oleic acid is essential to human health, one of its effects is to reduce LDL. Tea oil is high in linoleic acid, an essential fatty acid from the omega-3 group. Camellia seed oil also has anti-obesity properties and this oil is considered to have the highest antioxidant contents, higher than that of olive oil, or that of other high quality oils. Tea oil is known as Tea Seed Oil when sold as cooking oil in supermarkets throughout Australia, New Zealand. It can also be used in manufacture, soap making. Camellia oil is traditionally used to protect Japanese woodworking tools. Tea seed oil is the given to the oil created by pressing the seeds of Camellia oleifera. Tea tree oil is derived from Melaleuca alternifolia which is native to Australia, Tea tree is a name sometimes applied to a number of different species of plants endemic to Australia. These plants are unrelated to the tea plant
6.
Tea seed oil
–
Tea seed oil is an edible, pale amber-green fixed oil with a sweet, herbal aroma. It is cold-pressed mainly from the seeds of Camellia oleifera, tea seed oil should not be mistaken for tea tree oil, an inedible essential oil extracted from the leaves of the paperbark, Melaleuca alternifolia, and used for medicinal purposes. It should also not be mistaken for Camellia oil pressed from seeds of Camellia japonica, with its high smoke point, tea seed oil is the main cooking oil in some of the southern provinces of China, such as Hunan—roughly one-seventh of the countrys population. Tea seed oil resembles olive oil and grape seed oil in its excellent storage qualities, monounsaturated oleic acid may comprise up to 88 percent of the fatty acids. It is high in vitamin E and other antioxidants and contains no trans fats. Tea seed oil is used in salad dressings, dips, marinades and sauces, for sautéing, stir frying and frying, ruter, John M. Nursery production of tea oil camellia under different light. Trends in new crops and new uses, alexandria, VA, American Society for Horticultural Science Press
7.
Coraki, New South Wales
–
Coraki is a small town that sits on the confluence of the Richmond and Wilson Rivers in northern New South Wales, Australia in Richmond Valley Shire. At the 2011 census, Coraki had a population of 1,478 people, the name Coraki is derived from the Bundjalung word gurigay, meaning the meeting of the waters. Coraki is positioned centrally to the hub of the Summerland Way Casino, the city of Lismore. Like many other towns in the area, it is a hub for the agricultural industries such as cattle, sugar cane. Coraki is the home of the annual Coraki Art Prize, an art competition and exhibition open to all artists and including painting, drawing, photography, sculpture and printmaking, held late October. Each year, a fundraising event for the Art Prize. In 2010, the first Dylanfest celebrated the music, art, annually in November, the Tweed Water Skiing Club converges on the Richmond River to contest the Coraki Assault race. At the western boundary of Coraki township lies Box Ridge, an indigenous community, the Coraki Hotel has a thriving Fishing Club that enjoys sponsorship from most of the local businesses in town. The village was founded by William Yabsley in 1849 when Lismore was only a small station and Casino had only one store. Yabsley and his family obtained the lease to Brook Station and established the first permanent settlement and he built his shipyard just above The Junction, as it was first called. Many ships and river boats were launched there and Yabsley opened a store for provisions for the cedar cutters who came to the district, transport at the time was almost entirely by water and Coraki was the busiest port on the Richmond River. Northern Rivers Geoogy Blog - Coraki
8.
Odor
–
An odor or odour or fragrance is caused by one or more volatilized chemical compounds, generally at a very low concentration, that humans or other animals perceive by the sense of olfaction. Odors are also commonly called scents, which can refer to both pleasant and unpleasant odors, the terms fragrance and aroma are used primarily by the food and cosmetic industry to describe a pleasant odor, and are sometimes used to refer to perfumes, and to describe floral scent. In contrast, malodor, stench, reek, and stink are used specifically to describe unpleasant odor, the term smell is used for both pleasant and unpleasant odors. In the United Kingdom, odour refers to scents in general, the sense of smell gives rise to the perception of odors, mediated by the olfactory nerve. The olfactory receptor cells are present in the olfactory epithelium. There are millions of olfactory receptor neurons that act as sensory signaling cells, each neuron has cilia in direct contact with air. The olfactory nerve is considered the smell mediator, the axon connects the brain to the external air, odorous molecules act as a chemical stimulus. Molecules bind to receptor proteins extended from cilia, initiating an electric signal, thus, by using a chemical that binds to copper in the mouse nose, so that copper wasn’t available to the receptors, the authors showed that the mice couldnt detect the thiols. However, these also found that MOR244-3 lacks the specific metal ion binding site suggested by Suslick. When the signal reaches a threshold, the fires, sending a signal traveling along the axon to the olfactory bulb. Interpretation of the begins, relating the smell to past experiences. The olfactory bulb acts as a station connecting the nose to the olfactory cortex in the brain. Olfactory information is processed and projected through a pathway to the central nervous system. Odor sensation usually depends on the concentration available to the olfactory receptors, the olfactory system does not interpret a single compound, but instead the whole odorous mix, not necessarily corresponding to concentration or intensity of any single constituent. The widest range of odors consists of compounds, although some simple compounds not containing carbon, such as hydrogen sulfide. The perception of an effect is a two-step process. First, there is the part, the detection of stimuli by receptors in the nose. The stimuli are processed by the region of the brain which is responsible for olfaction
9.
Queensland
–
Queensland is the second-largest and third-most-populous state in the Commonwealth of Australia. Situated in the north-east of the country, it is bordered by the Northern Territory, South Australia and New South Wales to the west, south-west, to the east, Queensland is bordered by the Coral Sea and Pacific Ocean. Queensland has a population of 4,750,500, concentrated along the coast, the state is the worlds sixth largest sub-national entity, with an area of 1,852,642 km2. The capital and largest city in the state is Brisbane, Australias third largest city, often referred to as the Sunshine State, Queensland is home to 10 of Australias 30 largest cities and is the nations third largest economy. Tourism in the state, fuelled largely by its tropical climate, is a major industry. Queensland was first inhabited by Aboriginal Australians and Torres Strait Islanders, the first European to land in Queensland was Dutch navigator Willem Janszoon in 1606, who explored the west coast of the Cape York Peninsula near present-day Weipa. In 1770, Lieutenant James Cook claimed the east coast of Australia for the Kingdom of Great Britain. The colony of New South Wales was founded in 1788 by Governor Arthur Phillip at Sydney, New South Wales at that time included all of what is now Queensland, Queensland was explored in subsequent decades until the establishment of a penal colony at Brisbane in 1824 by John Oxley. Penal transportation ceased in 1839 and free settlement was allowed from 1842, the state was named in honour of Queen Victoria, who on 6 June 1859 signed Letters Patent separating the colony from New South Wales. The 6th of June is now celebrated statewide as Queensland Day. Queensland achieved statehood with the Federation of Australia on 1 January 1901, the history of Queensland spans thousands of years, encompassing both a lengthy indigenous presence, as well as the eventful times of post-European settlement. The north-eastern Australian region was explored by Dutch, Spanish and French navigators before being encountered by Lieutenant James Cook in 1770, the Australian Labor Party has its origin as a formal organisation in Queensland and the town of Barcaldine is the symbolic birthplace of the party. June 2009 marked the 150th anniversary of its creation as a colony from New South Wales. The Aboriginal occupation of Queensland is thought to predate 50,000 BC, likely via boat or land bridge across Torres Strait, during the last ice age Queenslands landscape became more arid and largely desolate, making food and other supplies scarce. This led to the worlds first seed-grinding technology, warming again made the land hospitable, which brought high rainfall along the eastern coast, stimulating the growth of the states tropical rainforests. In February 1606, Dutch navigator Willem Janszoon landed near the site of what is now Weipa and this was the first recorded landing of a European in Australia, and it also marked the first reported contact between European and Aboriginal Australian people. The region was explored by French and Spanish explorers prior to the arrival of Lieutenant James Cook in 1770. Cook claimed the east coast under instruction from King George III of the United Kingdom on 22 August 1770 at Possession Island, naming Eastern Australia, including Queensland, the Aboriginal population declined significantly after a smallpox epidemic during the late 18th century
.jpg)
. PMID 26787146.
