1.
Hebrew language
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Hebrew is a language native to Israel, spoken by over 9 million people worldwide, of whom over 5 million are in Israel. Historically, it is regarded as the language of the Israelites and their ancestors, the earliest examples of written Paleo-Hebrew date from the 10th century BCE. Hebrew belongs to the West Semitic branch of the Afroasiatic language family, Hebrew is the only living Canaanite language left, and the only truly successful example of a revived dead language. Hebrew had ceased to be a spoken language somewhere between 200 and 400 CE, declining since the aftermath of the Bar Kokhba revolt. Aramaic and to a lesser extent Greek were already in use as international languages, especially among elites and it survived into the medieval period as the language of Jewish liturgy, rabbinic literature, intra-Jewish commerce, and poetry. Then, in the 19th century, it was revived as a spoken and literary language, and, according to Ethnologue, had become, as of 1998, the language of 5 million people worldwide. After Israel, the United States has the second largest Hebrew-speaking population, with 220,000 fluent speakers, Modern Hebrew is one of the two official languages of the State of Israel, while premodern Hebrew is used for prayer or study in Jewish communities around the world today. Ancient Hebrew is also the tongue of the Samaritans, while modern Hebrew or Arabic is their vernacular. For this reason, Hebrew has been referred to by Jews as Leshon Hakodesh, the modern word Hebrew is derived from the word Ivri, one of several names for the Israelite people. It is traditionally understood to be a based on the name of Abrahams ancestor, Eber. This name is based upon the root ʕ-b-r meaning to cross over. Interpretations of the term ʕibrim link it to this verb, cross over, in the Bible, the Hebrew language is called Yәhudit because Judah was the surviving kingdom at the time of the quotation. In Isaiah 19,18 it is called the Language of Canaan, Hebrew belongs to the Canaanite group of languages. In turn, the Canaanite languages are a branch of the Northwest Semitic family of languages, according to Avraham ben-Yosef, Hebrew flourished as a spoken language in the Kingdoms of Israel and Judah during about 1200 to 586 BCE. Scholars debate the degree to which Hebrew was a vernacular in ancient times following the Babylonian exile. In July 2008 Israeli archaeologist Yossi Garfinkel discovered a ceramic shard at Khirbet Qeiyafa which he claimed may be the earliest Hebrew writing yet discovered, dating around 3000 years ago. The Gezer calendar also dates back to the 10th century BCE at the beginning of the Monarchic Period, classified as Archaic Biblical Hebrew, the calendar presents a list of seasons and related agricultural activities. The Gezer calendar is written in an old Semitic script, akin to the Phoenician one that through the Greeks, the Gezer calendar is written without any vowels, and it does not use consonants to imply vowels even in the places where later Hebrew spelling requires it
2.
Hebrew
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Hebrew is a language native to Israel, spoken by over 9 million people worldwide, of whom over 5 million are in Israel. Historically, it is regarded as the language of the Israelites and their ancestors, the earliest examples of written Paleo-Hebrew date from the 10th century BCE. Hebrew belongs to the West Semitic branch of the Afroasiatic language family, Hebrew is the only living Canaanite language left, and the only truly successful example of a revived dead language. Hebrew had ceased to be a spoken language somewhere between 200 and 400 CE, declining since the aftermath of the Bar Kokhba revolt. Aramaic and to a lesser extent Greek were already in use as international languages, especially among elites and it survived into the medieval period as the language of Jewish liturgy, rabbinic literature, intra-Jewish commerce, and poetry. Then, in the 19th century, it was revived as a spoken and literary language, and, according to Ethnologue, had become, as of 1998, the language of 5 million people worldwide. After Israel, the United States has the second largest Hebrew-speaking population, with 220,000 fluent speakers, Modern Hebrew is one of the two official languages of the State of Israel, while premodern Hebrew is used for prayer or study in Jewish communities around the world today. Ancient Hebrew is also the tongue of the Samaritans, while modern Hebrew or Arabic is their vernacular. For this reason, Hebrew has been referred to by Jews as Leshon Hakodesh, the modern word Hebrew is derived from the word Ivri, one of several names for the Israelite people. It is traditionally understood to be a based on the name of Abrahams ancestor, Eber. This name is based upon the root ʕ-b-r meaning to cross over. Interpretations of the term ʕibrim link it to this verb, cross over, in the Bible, the Hebrew language is called Yәhudit because Judah was the surviving kingdom at the time of the quotation. In Isaiah 19,18 it is called the Language of Canaan, Hebrew belongs to the Canaanite group of languages. In turn, the Canaanite languages are a branch of the Northwest Semitic family of languages, according to Avraham ben-Yosef, Hebrew flourished as a spoken language in the Kingdoms of Israel and Judah during about 1200 to 586 BCE. Scholars debate the degree to which Hebrew was a vernacular in ancient times following the Babylonian exile. In July 2008 Israeli archaeologist Yossi Garfinkel discovered a ceramic shard at Khirbet Qeiyafa which he claimed may be the earliest Hebrew writing yet discovered, dating around 3000 years ago. The Gezer calendar also dates back to the 10th century BCE at the beginning of the Monarchic Period, classified as Archaic Biblical Hebrew, the calendar presents a list of seasons and related agricultural activities. The Gezer calendar is written in an old Semitic script, akin to the Phoenician one that through the Greeks, the Gezer calendar is written without any vowels, and it does not use consonants to imply vowels even in the places where later Hebrew spelling requires it
3.
Public university
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A public university is a university that is predominantly funded by public means through a national or subnational government, as opposed to private universities. Whether a national university is considered public varies from one country to another, in Egypt, Al-Azhar University opened in 975 AD as the second oldest university in the world. In Nigeria Public Universities can be established by both the Federal Government and by State Governments, students are enrolled after completing the 8-4-4 system of education and attaining a mark of C+ or above. They are also eligible for a low interest loan from the Higher Education Loan Board and they are expected to pay back the loan after completing higher education. South Africa has 23 public tertiary institutions, either categorised as a traditional university or a comprehensive university. Almost entire national universities in Brunei are public universities and these are major universities in Brunei, University of Brunei Darussalam Brunei Technological University Sultan Sharif Ali Islamic University There are 40 public universities in Bangladesh. The University Grant Commission is the body for all the public universities in Bangladesh. The universities do not deal directly with the government, but with the University Grants Commission, recently many private universities are established under the Private University Act of 1992. In mainland China, nearly all universities and research institutions are public and currently, the public universities are usually run by the provincial governments, there are also circumstances where the municipal governments administer the universities. Some public universities are national, which are administered by the central government. Private undergraduate colleges do exist, which are vocational colleges sponsored by private enterprises. The majority of universities are not entitled to award bachelors degrees. Public universities usually enjoy higher reputation domestically, eight institutions are funded by the University Grants Committee. The Academy for Performing Arts also receives funding from the government, the Open University of Hong Kong is also a public university, but it is largely self-financed. The Shue Yan University is the private institution with the status of a university. There are public and private institutes in Indonesia. The government provide public universities, institutes, high schools and academies in each province, the private educational institution usually provided by religious organizations, public organizations, and some big companies. In India, most universities and nearly all research institutions are public, There are some private undergraduate colleges, mostly engineering schools, but a majority of these are affiliated to public universities
4.
Research university
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Such universities can be recognized by their strong focus on innovative research and the prestige of their brand names. From the late 20th century to the present, U. S. research universities have dominated most international college and university rankings
5.
Rector (academia)
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A rector is a term used in non-English-speaking countries for a university chancellor. In the sphere of academia, it is the highest academic official of universities and in certain other institutions of higher education. The term and office of a rector are called a rectorate, the title is used widely in universities in Europe. And is very common in Latin American countries and it is also used in Brunei, Turkey, Russia, Pakistan, the Philippines, Indonesia, Israel and the Middle East. In some universities, the title is phrased in an even loftier manner and this term is generally not used in English-speaking countries. In England and elsewhere in Great Britain, the head of a university is referred to as a chancellor. This pattern has been followed in the Commonwealth, the United States, in Scotland, many universities are headed by a chancellor, with the Lord Rector designated as an elected representative of students at the head of the university court. The head of a university in Germany is called a president, rector magnificus or rectrix magnifica, in Dutch universities, the rector magnificus is the most publicly prominent member of the board, responsible for the scientific agenda of the university. In the Netherlands, the rector is, however, not the chair of the university board, the chair has, in practice, the most influence over the management of the University. In some countries, including Germany, the position of teacher in secondary schools is also designated as rector. In the Netherlands, the rector and conrector are used commonly for high school directors. This is also the case in some Maltese secondary schools, in the Scandinavian countries, the head of a university or a gymnasium is called a rektor. In Sweden and Norway, this term is used for the heads of primary schools. For example, in Portugal, the rector of the University of Coimbra, the heads of Czech universities are called the rektor. The rector acts in the name of the university and decides the universitys affairs unless prohibited by law, the rector is nominated by the University Academic Senate and appointed by the President of the Czech Republic. The nomination must be agreed by a majority of all senators. The vote to elect or repeal a rector is secret, the term of office is four years and a person may hold it for at most two consecutive terms. The rector appoints vice-rectors, who act as deputies to the extent the Rector determines, Rectors salaries are determined directly by the Minister of Education
6.
Postgraduate education
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In North America, this level is generally referred to as graduate school. The organization and structure of education varies in different countries. This article outlines the types of courses and of teaching and examination methods. There are two types of degrees studied for at the postgraduate level, academic and vocational degrees. The term degree in this means the moving from one stage or level to another. University studies took six years for a degree and up to twelve additional years for a masters degree or doctorate. The first six years taught the faculty of the arts, which was the study of the seven liberal arts, arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, music theory, grammar, logic, the main emphasis was on logic. Once a Bachelor of Arts degree had been obtained, the student could choose one of three faculties—law, medicine, or theology—in which to pursue masters or doctors degrees. Because theology was thought to be the highest of the subjects, the main significance of the higher, postgraduate degrees was that they licensed the holder to teach. In most countries, the hierarchy of postgraduate degrees is as follows, in Scottish Universities, the Master of Philosophy degree tends to be by research or higher masters degree and the Master of Letters degree tends to be the taught or lower masters degree. In many fields such as social work, or library science in North America. Professional degrees such as the Master of Architecture degree can last to three and a years to satisfy professional requirement to be an architect. Professional degrees such as the Master of Business Administration degree can last up to two years to satisfy the requirement to become a business leader. These are often divided into academic and professional doctorates. An academic doctorate can be awarded as a Doctor of Philosophy degree or as a Doctor of Science degree, a doctorate is the terminal degree in most fields. In the United States, there is distinction between a Doctor of Philosophy degree and a Doctor of Science degree. In the second half of the 19th century, however, US universities began to follow the European model by awarding doctorates, in the UK, an equivalent formation to doctorate is the NVQ5 or QCF8. Most universities award degrees, usually at the postgraduate level
7.
Doctorate
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There are a variety of doctoral degrees, with the most common being the Doctor of Philosophy, which is awarded in many different fields, ranging from the humanities to the scientific disciplines. The term doctor derives from the Latin docere meaning to teach, the doctorate appeared in medieval Europe as a license to teach Latin at a university. Its roots can be traced to the church in which the term doctor referred to the Apostles, church fathers. The right to grant a licentia docendi was originally reserved to the Catholic church, the Third Council of the Lateran of 1179 guaranteed the access—at that time largely free of charge—of all able applicants. This right remained a bone of contention between the authorities and universities that were slowly distancing themselves from the Church. The right was granted by the pope to the University of Paris in 1213 where it became a universal license to teach, according to Keith Allan Noble, the first doctoral degree was awarded in medieval Paris around 1150. The so-called professional, vocational, or technical curriculum of the Middle Ages included only theology, law, the doctorate of philosophy developed in Germany in the 17th century. The term philosophy does not refer solely to the field or academic discipline of philosophy, but is used in a sense in accordance with its original Greek meaning. In most of Europe, all fields were traditionally known as philosophy, the doctorate of philosophy adheres to this historic convention, even though the degrees are not always for the study of philosophy. D. University doctoral training was a form of apprenticeship to a guild, the traditional term of study before new teachers were admitted to the guild of Masters of Arts was seven years, matching the apprenticeship term for other occupations. Originally the terms master and doctor were synonymous, but over time the doctorate came to be regarded as a higher qualification than the masters degree, University degrees, including doctorates, were originally restricted to men. The use and meaning of the doctorate has changed over time, for instance, until the early 20th century few academic staff or professors in English-speaking universities held doctorates, except for very senior scholars and those in holy orders. After that time the German practice of requiring lecturers to have completed a research doctorate spread, universities shift to research-oriented education increased the doctorates importance. Today, a doctorate or its equivalent is generally a prerequisite for an academic career. Professional doctorates developed in the United States from the 19th century onward, the first professional doctorate to be offered in the United States was the M. D. The MD became the standard first degree in medicine during the 19th century, the MD, as the standard qualifying degree in medicine, gave that profession the ability to set and raise standards for entry into professional practice. The modern research degree, in the shape of the German-style Ph. D. was first awarded in the U. S. in 1861, in the UK, research doctorates initially took the form of higher doctorates, introduced from 1882 onwards. The PhD spread to the UK from the US via Canada, following the MD, the next professional doctorate, the Juris Doctor, was established by Chicago University in 1902
8.
Tel Aviv
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Tel Aviv-Yafo is a major city in Israel, located on the countrys Mediterranean coastline. It is the center and the technology hub of Israel, with a population of 432,892. Tel Aviv is the largest city in the Gush Dan region of Israel, Tel Aviv is also a focal point in the high-tech concentration known as the Silicon Wadi. Tel Aviv is governed by the Tel Aviv-Yafo Municipality, headed by Ron Huldai, Tel Aviv is a global city, and is the thirty eighth most important financial center in the world. Tel Aviv is known to have the third-largest economy of any city in the Middle East after Abu Dhabi and Kuwait City, the city receives over a million international visitors annually. Known as The City that Never Sleeps and a party capital, it has a lively nightlife, the city was founded in 1909 by Jewish immigrants on the outskirts of the ancient port city of Jaffa. It is named after the Hebrew translation of Theodor Herzls 1902 novel, Altneuland, the modern citys first neighbourhoods had already been established in 1886, the first being Neve Tzedek. Immigration by mostly Jewish refugees meant that the growth of Tel Aviv soon outpaced Jaffas, Tel Aviv and Jaffa were merged into a single municipality in 1950, two years after the establishment of the State of Israel. Tel Avivs White City, designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2003, Tel Aviv is the Hebrew title of Theodor Herzls Altneuland, translated from German by Nahum Sokolow. The name was chosen in 1910 from several suggestions, including Herzliya and it was found fitting as it embraced the idea of a renaissance in the ancient Jewish homeland. Aviv is Hebrew for spring, symbolizing renewal, and tel is a man-made mound accumulating layers of civilization built one over the other and symbolizing the ancient. Although founded in 1909 as a settlement on the sand dunes North of Jaffa. The marketing pamphlets advocating for its establishment in 1906, wrote, In this city we will build the streets so they have roads and sidewalks and electric lights. Every house will have water wells that will flow through pipes as in every modern European city. Since 1886, Jewish settlers had founded new neighborhoods outside Jaffa on the current territory of Tel Aviv, the first was Neve Tzedek, built on lands owned by Aharon Chelouche and inhabited primarily by Mizrahi Jews. Other neighborhoods were Neve Shalom, Yafa Nof, Achva, Ohel Moshe, Kerem HaTeimanim, once Tel Aviv received city status in the 1920s, those neighborhoods joined the newly formed municipality, now becoming separated from Jaffa. The Second Aliyah led to further expansion, in 1906, a group of Jews, among them residents of Jaffa, followed the initiative of Akiva Aryeh Weiss and banded together to form the Ahuzat Bayit society. The societys goal was to form a Hebrew urban centre in an environment, planned according to the rules of aesthetics
9.
Israel
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Israel, officially the State of Israel, is a country in the Middle East, on the southeastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea and the northern shore of the Red Sea. The country contains geographically diverse features within its small area. Israels economy and technology center is Tel Aviv, while its seat of government and proclaimed capital is Jerusalem, in 1947, the United Nations adopted a Partition Plan for Mandatory Palestine recommending the creation of independent Arab and Jewish states and an internationalized Jerusalem. The plan was accepted by the Jewish Agency for Palestine, next year, the Jewish Agency declared the establishment of a Jewish state in Eretz Israel, to be known as the State of Israel. Israel has since fought several wars with neighboring Arab states, in the course of which it has occupied territories including the West Bank, Golan Heights and it extended its laws to the Golan Heights and East Jerusalem, but not the West Bank. Israels occupation of the Palestinian territories is the worlds longest military occupation in modern times, efforts to resolve the Israeli–Palestinian conflict have not resulted in peace. However, peace treaties between Israel and both Egypt and Jordan have successfully been signed, the population of Israel, as defined by the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics, was estimated in 2017 to be 8,671,100 people. It is the worlds only Jewish-majority state, with 74. 8% being designated as Jewish, the countrys second largest group of citizens are Arabs, at 20. 8%. The great majority of Israeli Arabs are Sunni Muslims, including significant numbers of semi-settled Negev Bedouins, other minorities include Arameans, Armenians, Assyrians, Black Hebrew Israelites, Circassians, Maronites and Samaritans. Israel also hosts a significant population of foreign workers and asylum seekers from Africa and Asia, including illegal migrants from Sudan, Eritrea. In its Basic Laws, Israel defines itself as a Jewish, Israel is a representative democracy with a parliamentary system, proportional representation and universal suffrage. The prime minister is head of government and the Knesset is the legislature, Israel is a developed country and an OECD member, with the 35th-largest economy in the world by nominal gross domestic product as of 2016. The country benefits from a skilled workforce and is among the most educated countries in the world with one of the highest percentage of its citizens holding a tertiary education degree. The country has the highest standard of living in the Middle East and the third highest in Asia, in the early weeks of independence, the government chose the term Israeli to denote a citizen of Israel, with the formal announcement made by Minister of Foreign Affairs Moshe Sharett. The names Land of Israel and Children of Israel have historically used to refer to the biblical Kingdom of Israel. The name Israel in these phrases refers to the patriarch Jacob who, jacobs twelve sons became the ancestors of the Israelites, also known as the Twelve Tribes of Israel or Children of Israel. The earliest known artifact to mention the word Israel as a collective is the Merneptah Stele of ancient Egypt. The area is known as the Holy Land, being holy for all Abrahamic religions including Judaism, Christianity, Islam
10.
Ramat Aviv
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Ramat Aviv is a neighborhood in Tel Aviv, Israel. Ramat Aviv has expanded over the years and now consists of four quarters, Neve Avivim, Ramat Aviv Aleph, Ramat Aviv Gimmel, Ramat Aviv was founded in the 1950s, following the great influx of immigrants from Eastern Europe into Israel. Over the years additional neighborhoods were built to the north and northwest, landmarks in Ramat Aviv include Tel Aviv University, the Eretz Israel Museum, the Palmach Museum, Beth Hatefutsoth and the Ramat Aviv Mall. Ramat Aviv Gimmel was an opera on Israeli TV. A luxury residential complex in Kiev is modelled after Ramat Aviv Gimmel
11.
Wise Observatory
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The Florence and George Wise Observatory is an astronomical observatory owned and operated by Tel Aviv University. It is located 5 km west of the city of Mitzpe Ramon in the Negev desert near the edge of the Ramon Crater, and it is the only professional astronomical observatory in Israel. Founded in October 1971 as a collaboration between Tel Aviv University and the Smithsonian Institution, and named after the late Dr. George S. Wise, the observatory is a research laboratory of Tel-Aviv University. Traditionally, the Wise Observatory Director is appointed by Tel-Aviv Universitys Dean of Exact Sciences from the academic staff of the Department of Astronomy. The number of nights, with part of the night cloud-free, is about 240. The best season, when practically no clouds are observed, is June to August, winds are usually moderate mainly from North-East and North. Storm wind velocities occur, but rarely, the wind speed tends to decrease during the night. Temperature gradients are small and fairly moderate, the average relative humidity is quite high with a tendency to decline during the night from April to August. The average seeing is about 2-3 seconds of arc, a few good nights have seeing of 1 or less while few show seeing larger than 5. An important advantage of the Wise Observatory at its location of ~35°E in the Northern Hemisphere is the possibility of cooperating with observatories at other longitudes for time-series studies. Such projects involve searches for stellar oscillations within the Whole Earth Telescope project, monitoring gravitational microlensing events, combined ground and space observing campaigns, a project to monitor photometrically and spectroscopically Active Galactic Nuclei is still running, following about 30 years of data collection. Other major projects include searches for supernovae and extrasolar planets, and investigations of star formation processes in galaxies through wide and narrow-band filter imaging. Lately, some emphasis is put on studies of Near Earth Objects, with the focus being the rotational properties of NEOs. As of 2016, the Wise Observatory is credited by the Minor Planet Center with the discovery of 17 numbered minor planets during 1999–2007, moreover, another 8 minor planets were discovered at the Wise Observatory, but are now credited to the individual astronomers such as David Polishook. The observatory operates a one-metre-diameter Boller and Chivens telescope, which is a wide-field Ritchey-Chrétien reflector mounted on a rigid, off-axis equatorial mount. This telescope was originally a twin of the Las Campanas 1 m Swope telescope and it also has two CCD cameras, a two-star Nather-type photometer, a Faint-object spectrograph-camera, and an older Boller and Chivens spectrograph. The photoelectric photometer and the Boller and Chivens spectrograph have not been in use for more than a decade, however, this instrument never produced satisfactory images and its use was discontinued. Another camera was operated from the end of 2007 to about 2014 and this camera is composed of four 4096x4096 pixel non-butted Fairchild CCDs that are thick and front-illuminated, thus have a response peaking in the red with approximately 42% quantum efficiency
12.
Mitzpe Ramon
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Mitzpe Ramon is a town in the Negev desert of southern Israel. The name Ramon comes from the Hebrew Romaim meaning Romans and it is situated on the northern ridge at an elevation of 860 meters overlooking a sizable erosion cirque known as the Ramon Crater. In 2015 it had a population of 4,998, Mitzpe Ramon was founded in 1951 as a camp for the workers building the road to Eilat. The towns first permanent residents, immigrants from North Africa and Romania, settled there in the 1960s, several young families came from Kibbutz Reim and other parts of Israel around 1956–57. There was an influx of immigrants from Morocco and India in the early 1960s, conditions in the early years were harsh, with limited food supplies and practically no modern day amenities. Ice blocks and provisions were delivered once a week by a supply truck, there was a single school with one classroom for all ages. The homes of the first settlers were prefabricated asbestos barracks, later, rows of small attached stone houses were built and after that, apartment buildings, beginning in the early 1960s. Ramon Crater, known as a makhtesh, is 38 km long,6 km wide and 450 meters deep, Mitzpe Ramons climate borders between hot desert climate and cold desert climate, characterized by hot, dry summers and cold winters. There are moderate to strong winds all year long, caused by its location above the crater, precipitation is scarce, concentrated around the winter months, with an annual precipitation amount of roughly 70 millimeters. Snowfall occurs on average once in a couple of years, the development of Mitzpe Ramon was adversely affected by the opening of Route 90 in the late 1960s. After the inauguration of this highway, traffic to and from Eilat bypassed Mitzpe Ramon almost entirely. However, growing interest in ecotourism, Jeep trekking, mountain biking and hiking, and the upgrading of Route 40, Jerusalem Marble, one of a few major suppliers and overseas exporters of Jerusalem stone, inaugurated a new, state-of-the-art factory in Mitzpe Ramon in January 2000. Jerusalem Stone is exported globally by a handful of respected suppliers including companies from both Israel and the Palestinian Authority area who have access to the stone from Mitzpe Ramon quarry, Mitzpe Ramon has six hotels and dozens of Bed and Breakfast establishments. In 2011, the Isrotel hotel chain opened a luxury hotel, in December 2013, plans were proposed to build a Las Vegas-style Casino in the town. The Mitzpe Ramon Jazz Club hosts musical ensembles on the weekend, on weekdays, it operates as a music school. Meever, a hostel and event space, located in the artist quarter of Mitzpe Ramon
13.
Cymbalista Synagogue and Jewish Heritage Center
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The Cymbalista Synagogue and Jewish Heritage Center is a cultural center and the main synagogue of Tel Aviv University. It was designed in 1996 by architect Mario Botta and constructed from 1997 to 1998, the patrons and namesakes were Paulette and Norbert Cymbalista. The floor plan of the building comprises approximately 800 m2, from a rectangular base rise two matching towers both square in plan and merging to circles at their highest points of 13.5 m. A rectangular lobby connects the two towers, the original architectural form of the towers is a realisation in stone of the geometrical squaring the circle. In each tower at the top is installed a square canopy which drapes natural light onto the walls of the hybrid cylinder. These installations resemble the traditional Jewish wedding canopy, the chuppah, here permanent, the Torah Ark is partially lit by translucent onyx. An inscription in Hebrew above it reads, שויתי יהוה לנגדי תמיד or in English, one such institution, the Jewish Museum Berlin hosted an exhibition, Jewish Identity in Architecture which featured the Cymbalista Synagogue. Earlier international architects had designed synagogues in their modern ways, Beth Sholom Congregation by Frank Lloyd Wright. Mario Botta had designed the building for the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art a few years before and then the Évry Cathedral, with a cylindrical shape
14.
David Azrieli
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David Joshua Azrieli, CM CQ was an Israeli-Canadian real estate tycoon, developer, designer, architect, and philanthropist. With an estimated net worth of $US3.1 billion, Azrieli was ranked by Forbes as the ninth wealthiest Canadian, David Azrieli was born into a Jewish family in Maków Mazowiecki, Poland, he fled Europe during World War II for British Mandate Palestine. Between 1943 and 1946, Azrieli briefly studied architecture at the Technion and he fought in the 1948 Arab-Israeli War. In 1954, he immigrated to Montreal, at the age of 75, he received his masters degree in architecture from Carleton University. In Montreal, he established his business, beginning with the construction of small duplexes and working his way up to apartment buildings and, later on. This business is now called Canpro Investments, azrielis building projects can be seen in the office buildings, high-rise residences, office towers and shopping centres he has built in Canada, the United States and Israel. His two companies are Montreal-based Canpro Investments Ltd. and Tel-Aviv-based Canit Investment, Management and Finance Ltd, in 1969, the heirs of Canadian railway magnate William Cornelius Van Horne put up for sale the Van Horne Mansion in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. A buyer was not found until 1973, when developer David Azrieli bought the land, Montreal residents woke the following morning to a pile of rubble where once stood the proud home. The Sofitel Montreal now stands on the property which is the building Azrieli built, as a direct result of this action, the group Save Montreal was formed to organise resistance to future demolitions. The donation was specifically to a project to stop the academic boycott of Israel. Haaretz continues saying that in the past two years, hardly a week has gone by without the organization appearing in the headlines − often in controversial contexts, in addition, David Azrieli established the Azrieli Graduate School of Jewish Education and Administration at Yeshiva University in New York City. An endowment from David Azrieli also helped establish the David J. Azrieli Institute of Graduate Studies, in 1957, he married Stephanie Lefcourt. They have four children, Rafael, Sharon, Naomi and Danna, Azrieli and his wife resided in Herzliya, Israel, for 5 months per year, and in Westmount, Quebec for the rest of the year. He died on July 9,2014 in Montreal, aged 92, member of the Order of Canada Knight of the National Order of Quebec Honorary doctorate from Concordia University Azrieli, David J. Rekindling the Torch, Story of Canadian Zionism
15.
Architecture
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Architecture is both the process and the product of planning, designing, and constructing buildings and other physical structures. Architectural works, in the form of buildings, are often perceived as cultural symbols. Historical civilizations are often identified with their surviving architectural achievements, Architecture can mean, A general term to describe buildings and other physical structures. The art and science of designing buildings and nonbuilding structures, the style of design and method of construction of buildings and other physical structures. A unifying or coherent form or structure Knowledge of art, science, technology, the design activity of the architect, from the macro-level to the micro-level. The practice of the architect, where architecture means offering or rendering services in connection with the design and construction of buildings. The earliest surviving work on the subject of architecture is De architectura. According to Vitruvius, a building should satisfy the three principles of firmitas, utilitas, venustas, commonly known by the original translation – firmness, commodity. An equivalent in modern English would be, Durability – a building should stand up robustly, utility – it should be suitable for the purposes for which it is used. Beauty – it should be aesthetically pleasing, according to Vitruvius, the architect should strive to fulfill each of these three attributes as well as possible. Leon Battista Alberti, who elaborates on the ideas of Vitruvius in his treatise, De Re Aedificatoria, saw beauty primarily as a matter of proportion, for Alberti, the rules of proportion were those that governed the idealised human figure, the Golden mean. The most important aspect of beauty was, therefore, an inherent part of an object, rather than something applied superficially, Gothic architecture, Pugin believed, was the only true Christian form of architecture. The 19th-century English art critic, John Ruskin, in his Seven Lamps of Architecture, Architecture was the art which so disposes and adorns the edifices raised by men. That the sight of them contributes to his health, power. For Ruskin, the aesthetic was of overriding significance and his work goes on to state that a building is not truly a work of architecture unless it is in some way adorned. For Ruskin, a well-constructed, well-proportioned, functional building needed string courses or rustication, but suddenly you touch my heart, you do me good. I am happy and I say, This is beautiful, le Corbusiers contemporary Ludwig Mies van der Rohe said Architecture starts when you carefully put two bricks together. The notable 19th-century architect of skyscrapers, Louis Sullivan, promoted an overriding precept to architectural design, function came to be seen as encompassing all criteria of the use, perception and enjoyment of a building, not only practical but also aesthetic, psychological and cultural
16.
Education
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Education is the process of facilitating learning, or the acquisition of knowledge, skills, values, beliefs, and habits. Educational methods include storytelling, discussion, teaching, training, Education frequently takes place under the guidance of educators, but learners may also educate themselves. Education can take place in formal or informal settings and any experience that has an effect on the way one thinks, feels. The methodology of teaching is called pedagogy, in most regions education is compulsory up to a certain age. Etymologically, the education is derived from the Latin ēducātiō from ēducō which is related to the homonym ēdūcō from ē-. Education began in prehistory, as trained the young in the knowledge. In pre-literate societies this was achieved orally and through imitation, story-telling passed knowledge, values, and skills from one generation to the next. As cultures began to extend their knowledge beyond skills that could be learned through imitation. Schools existed in Egypt at the time of the Middle Kingdom, plato founded the Academy in Athens, the first institution of higher learning in Europe. The city of Alexandria in Egypt, established in 330 BCE, there, the great Library of Alexandria was built in the 3rd century BCE. European civilizations suffered a collapse of literacy and organization following the fall of Rome in CE476, after the Fall of Rome, the Catholic Church became the sole preserver of literate scholarship in Western Europe. The church established cathedral schools in the Early Middle Ages as centres of advanced education, some of these establishments ultimately evolved into medieval universities and forebears of many of Europes modern universities. During the High Middle Ages, Chartres Cathedral operated the famous, founded in 1088, the University of Bologne is considered the first, and the oldest continually operating university. The Renaissance in Europe ushered in a new age of scientific and intellectual inquiry and appreciation of ancient Greek, around 1450, Johannes Gutenberg developed a printing press, which allowed works of literature to spread more quickly. The European Age of Empires saw European ideas of education in philosophy, religion, arts, the Enlightenment saw the emergence of a more secular educational outlook in Europe. In most countries today, full-time education, whether at school or otherwise, is compulsory for all children up to a certain age, formal education occurs in a structured environment whose explicit purpose is teaching students. Usually, formal education takes place in a environment with classrooms of multiple students learning together with a trained, certified teacher of the subject. Most school systems are designed around a set of values or ideals that govern all educational choices in that system, such choices include curriculum, organizational models, design of the physical learning spaces, student-teacher interactions, methods of assessment, class size, educational activities, and more
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New York University
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New York University is a private nonprofit research university based in New York City. Founded in 1831, NYU is considered one of the worlds most influential research universities, University rankings compiled by Times Higher Education, U. S. News & World Report, and the Academic Ranking of World Universities all rank NYU amongst the top 32 universities in the world. NYU is a part of the creativity, energy and vibrancy that is Manhattan, located with its core in Greenwich Village. Among its faculty and alumni are 37 Nobel Laureates, over 30 Pulitzer Prize winners, over 30 Academy Award winners, alumni include heads of state, royalty, eminent mathematicians, inventors, media figures, Olympic medalists, CEOs of Fortune 500 companies, and astronauts. NYU alumni are among the wealthiest in the world, according to The Princeton Review, NYU is consistently considered by students and parents as a Top Dream College. Albert Gallatin, Secretary of Treasury under Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, declared his intention to establish in this immense, a system of rational and practical education fitting and graciously opened to all. A three-day-long literary and scientific convention held in City Hall in 1830 and these New Yorkers believed the city needed a university designed for young men who would be admitted based upon merit rather than birthright or social class. On April 18,1831, an institution was established, with the support of a group of prominent New York City residents from the merchants, bankers. Albert Gallatin was elected as the institutions first president, the university has been popularly known as New York University since its inception and was officially renamed New York University in 1896. In 1832, NYU held its first classes in rented rooms of four-story Clinton Hall, in 1835, the School of Law, NYUs first professional school, was established. American Chemical Society was founded in 1876 at NYU and it became one of the nations largest universities, with an enrollment of 9,300 in 1917. NYU had its Washington Square campus since its founding, the university purchased a campus at University Heights in the Bronx because of overcrowding on the old campus. NYU also had a desire to follow New York Citys development further uptown, NYUs move to the Bronx occurred in 1894, spearheaded by the efforts of Chancellor Henry Mitchell MacCracken. The University Heights campus was far more spacious than its predecessor was, as a result, most of the universitys operations along with the undergraduate College of Arts and Science and School of Engineering were housed there. NYUs administrative operations were moved to the new campus, but the schools of the university remained at Washington Square. In 1914, Washington Square College was founded as the undergraduate college of NYU. In 1935, NYU opened the Nassau College-Hofstra Memorial of New York University at Hempstead and this extension would later become a fully independent Hofstra University. In 1950, NYU was elected to the Association of American Universities, in the late 1960s and early 1970s, financial crisis gripped the New York City government and the troubles spread to the citys institutions, including NYU
18.
College and university rankings
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College and university rankings are rankings of institutions in higher education ordered by various combinations of various factors. Rankings have most often conducted by magazines, newspapers, websites, governments. In addition to ranking entire institutions, organizations perform rankings of specific programs, departments, various rankings mostly evaluating on institutional output by research. Some rankings evaluate institutions within a country, while others assess institutions worldwide. The subject has produced much debate about rankings usefulness and accuracy, the expanding diversity in rating methodologies and accompanying criticisms of each indicate the lack of consensus in the field. The variety of academic rankings provide an overview and insightful overlook of different academic institutions on composite capabilities in academia. For rankings of United States universities in particular, see Rankings of universities in the United States, several organizations produce worldwide university rankings, including the following. The ranking is funded by the Chinese government and its purpose was to measure the gap between Chinese and world class universities. In the 2015 Academic Ranking of World Universities there are no Chinese universities in the first 100 of 500 places, ARWU rankings have been cited by The Economist magazine. It has been lauded for being consistent and transparent based on an article, the education ministers of France, Norway and Denmark traveled to China to discuss and find ways to improve their rankings. ARWU does not rely on surveys and school submissions, among other criteria, ARWU includes the number of articles published by Nature or Science and the number of Nobel Prize winners and Fields Medalists. Harvard has topped the ranking for years, one of the primary criticisms of ARWUs methodology is that it is biased towards the natural sciences and English language science journals over other subjects. This Saudi Arabia-based consulting organization has published rankings of world universities since 2012. This university ranking is owned by the French consulting company and rating agency SMBG and it ranks masters and MBA in its 9 geographical regions. G-factor ranks university and college web presence by counting the number of only from other university websites. G-factor is an indicator of the popularity or importance of each universitys website from the perspectives of other institutions. The annual U. S. News Best Global Universities rankings were produced to provide insight into how universities compare globally. The Best Global Universities rankings also provide insight into how U. S. universities – which U. S. News has been ranking separately for more than 30 years – stand globally
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Academic Ranking of World Universities
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Academic Ranking of World Universities, also known as Shanghai Ranking, is an annual publication of university rankings by Shanghai Ranking Consultancy. The publication currently includes worlds overall and subject league tables, alongside independent regional Greater China Ranking, ARWU is regarded as one of the three most influential and widely observed university measures, alongside QS World University Rankings and Times Higher Education World University Rankings. It is praised for its objective methodology but draws some condemnation for narrowly focusing on raw power, undermining humanities. ARWU is praised by media and institutions for its methodology. A survey on higher education published by The Economist in 2005 commented ARWU as the most widely used annual ranking of the research universities. In 2010, The Chronicle of Higher Education called ARWU the best-known, EU Research Headlines reported the ARWUs work on 31 December 2003, The universities were carefully evaluated using several indicators of research performance. Chancellor of University of Oxford, Chris Patten and former Vice-Chancellor of Australian National University, Ian Chubb, said and it looks like a pretty good stab at a fair comparison. And The SJTU rankings were reported quickly and widely around the offer an important comparative view of research performance. Philip G. Altbach named ARWUs consistency, clarity of purpose, whilst ARWU has originated in China, the ranking have been praised for being unbiased towards Asian institutions. Like all other rankings, ARWU has criticism and it is condemned for relying too much on award factors thus undermining the importance of quality of instruction and humanities. A2007 paper published in the journal Scientometrics found that the results from the Shanghai rankings could not be reproduced from raw data using the described by Liu. A2013 paper in the journal finally showed how the Shanghai ranking results could be reproduced. In a report from April 2009, J-C, billaut, D. Bouyssou and Ph. Vincke analyse how the ARWU works, using their insights as specialists of Multiple Criteria Decision Making. The ARWU researchers themselves, N. C Liu and Y Cheng, think that the quality of universities cannot be measured by mere numbers. They suggest that university and college rankings should be used with caution, ARWU has been criticised by the European Commission as well as some EU member states for favour Anglo-Saxon higher education institutions. It is also criticised in France for its use as a motivation for fusing universities into larger ones, indeed, number of publications or award winners will mechanically add as universities are grouped, independently of research quality. The weighting of all the other remains unchanged, thus the grand total of 70%. There are two categories in ARWUs disciplinary rankings, broad subject fields and specific subjects, the methodology is similar to that adopted in the overall table, including award factors, paper citation, and the number of highly cited scholars
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Brazil
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Brazil, officially the Federative Republic of Brazil, is the largest country in both South America and Latin America. As the worlds fifth-largest country by area and population, it is the largest country to have Portuguese as an official language. Its Amazon River basin includes a vast tropical forest, home to wildlife, a variety of ecological systems. This unique environmental heritage makes Brazil one of 17 megadiverse countries, Brazil was inhabited by numerous tribal nations prior to the landing in 1500 of explorer Pedro Álvares Cabral, who claimed the area for the Portuguese Empire. Brazil remained a Portuguese colony until 1808, when the capital of the empire was transferred from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro, in 1815, the colony was elevated to the rank of kingdom upon the formation of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves. Independence was achieved in 1822 with the creation of the Empire of Brazil, a state governed under a constitutional monarchy. The ratification of the first constitution in 1824 led to the formation of a bicameral legislature, the country became a presidential republic in 1889 following a military coup détat. An authoritarian military junta came to power in 1964 and ruled until 1985, Brazils current constitution, formulated in 1988, defines it as a democratic federal republic. The federation is composed of the union of the Federal District, the 26 states, Brazils economy is the worlds ninth-largest by nominal GDP and seventh-largest by GDP as of 2015. A member of the BRICS group, Brazil until 2010 had one of the worlds fastest growing economies, with its economic reforms giving the country new international recognition. Brazils national development bank plays an important role for the economic growth. Brazil is a member of the United Nations, the G20, BRICS, Unasul, Mercosul, Organization of American States, Organization of Ibero-American States, CPLP. Brazil is a power in Latin America and a middle power in international affairs. One of the worlds major breadbaskets, Brazil has been the largest producer of coffee for the last 150 years and it is likely that the word Brazil comes from the Portuguese word for brazilwood, a tree that once grew plentifully along the Brazilian coast. In Portuguese, brazilwood is called pau-brasil, with the word brasil commonly given the etymology red like an ember, formed from Latin brasa and the suffix -il. As brazilwood produces a red dye, it was highly valued by the European cloth industry and was the earliest commercially exploited product from Brazil. The popular appellation eclipsed and eventually supplanted the official Portuguese name, early sailors sometimes also called it the Land of Parrots. In the Guarani language, a language of Paraguay, Brazil is called Pindorama
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Argentina
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Argentina, officially the Argentine Republic, is a federal republic in the southern half of South America. With a mainland area of 2,780,400 km2, Argentina is the eighth-largest country in the world, the second largest in Latin America, and the largest Spanish-speaking one. The country is subdivided into provinces and one autonomous city, Buenos Aires. The provinces and the capital have their own constitutions, but exist under a federal system, Argentina claims sovereignty over part of Antarctica, the Falkland Islands, and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands. The earliest recorded presence in the area of modern-day Argentina dates back to the Paleolithic period. The country has its roots in Spanish colonization of the region during the 16th century, Argentina rose as the successor state of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata, a Spanish overseas viceroyalty founded in 1776. The country thereafter enjoyed relative peace and stability, with waves of European immigration radically reshaping its cultural. The almost-unparalleled increase in prosperity led to Argentina becoming the seventh wealthiest developed nation in the world by the early 20th century, Argentina retains its historic status as a middle power in international affairs, and is a prominent regional power in the Southern Cone and Latin America. Argentina has the second largest economy in South America, the third-largest in Latin America and is a member of the G-15 and it is the country with the second highest Human Development Index in Latin America with a rating of very high. Because of its stability, market size and growing high-tech sector, the description of the country by the word Argentina has to be found on a Venice map in 1536. In English the name Argentina probably comes from the Spanish language, however the naming itself is not Spanish, Argentina means in Italian of silver, silver coloured, probably borrowed from the Old French adjective argentine of silver > silver coloured already mentioned in the 12th century. The French word argentine is the form of argentin and derives of argent silver with the suffix -in. The Italian naming Argentina for the country implies Argentina Terra land of silver or Argentina costa coast of silver, in Italian, the adjective or the proper noun is often used in an autonomous way as a substantive and replaces it and it is said lArgentina. The name Argentina was probably first given by the Venitian and Genoese navigators, in Spanish and Portuguese, the words for silver are respectively plata and prata and of silver is said plateado and prateado. Argentina was first associated with the silver mountains legend, widespread among the first European explorers of the La Plata Basin. The first written use of the name in Spanish can be traced to La Argentina, a 1602 poem by Martín del Barco Centenera describing the region, the 1826 constitution included the first use of the name Argentine Republic in legal documents. The name Argentine Confederation was also used and was formalized in the Argentine Constitution of 1853. In 1860 a presidential decree settled the name as Argentine Republic
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Ruppin Academic Center
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Ruppin Academic Center, also known as Ruppin College, is a college and village in Israel. It was established in 1949, is named after Arthur Ruppin, and is located near the moshav Kfar Monash, in 2015, it had 4,500 students, whilst the village had a population of 480 in 2015. It was originally called Midreshet Ruppin and the Ruppert School, and was established to provide management education in the area of agriculture, the kibbutz, in 2001, it became a public school. In 2013, Ruppin and Tel Aviv University created a joint advanced multi-disciplinary center with the purpose of training students, with a focus on environmental issues in the Mediterranean Sea. In October 2014, it was announced that Noble Energy would establish a center to train technicians in the energy and it has four schools and 15 academic departments, and awards bachelors and masters degrees. Research plays a part in the Ruppin Academic Center. Ruppin researchers not only contribute in professional literature and conferences, Ruppin Academic Center established various novel conferences organized and hosted by researchers from Ruppin Academic Center. Her special approach is the organic paradigm, the Knowledge Engineering and Robotics Lab provides the infrastructure for a multidisciplinary group of researchers and many students interested in specializing in the area of robotics. This lab is first of its kind in Israel, the Organic Knowledge approach to robotics sees robot as different from other computerized systems in the robot being smarter, more involved, and more human-like. The OKbot has human expertise, sensors, actuators, more interactive with environment and especially with humans, one of the more important aspects of the Knowledge Engineering and Robotics Lab is variety of projects and especially comparative research of different robot platforms and hardware. Some are just development over preexisting platforms, some are more improvements and some are totally self designed. The various platforms span a range from Lego Mindstorm to Arduino. It can be used as an experiment by itself - to extrapolate and it is also very useful as a unique test field for different algorithms and technologies, especially nature-inspired ones. The Marine Robotics Lab applies the organic paradigm to marine robotics and it is inspired by two champion swimmers researchers in Ruppin. It is greatly assisted by the School of Marine Sciences of the Ruppin Academic Center, or Sasson, judoka Ruppin Academic Center Ruppin Academic Center Knowledge Engineering and Robotics
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Mediterranean Sea
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The sea is sometimes considered a part of the Atlantic Ocean, although it is usually identified as a separate body of water. The name Mediterranean is derived from the Latin mediterraneus, meaning inland or in the middle of land and it covers an approximate area of 2.5 million km2, but its connection to the Atlantic is only 14 km wide. The Strait of Gibraltar is a strait that connects the Atlantic Ocean to the Mediterranean Sea and separates Gibraltar. In oceanography, it is called the Eurafrican Mediterranean Sea or the European Mediterranean Sea to distinguish it from mediterranean seas elsewhere. The Mediterranean Sea has a depth of 1,500 m. The sea is bordered on the north by Europe, the east by Asia and it is located between latitudes 30° and 46° N and longitudes 6° W and 36° E. Its west-east length, from the Strait of Gibraltar to the Gulf of Iskenderun, the seas average north-south length, from Croatia’s southern shore to Libya, is approximately 800 km. The Mediterranean Sea, including the Sea of Marmara, has an area of approximately 2,510,000 square km. The sea was an important route for merchants and travelers of ancient times that allowed for trade, the history of the Mediterranean region is crucial to understanding the origins and development of many modern societies. In addition, the Gaza Strip and the British Overseas Territories of Gibraltar and Akrotiri, the term Mediterranean derives from the Latin word mediterraneus, meaning amid the earth or between land, as it is between the continents of Africa, Asia and Europe. The Ancient Greek name Mesogeios, is similarly from μέσο, between + γη, land, earth) and it can be compared with the Ancient Greek name Mesopotamia, meaning between rivers. The Mediterranean Sea has historically had several names, for example, the Carthaginians called it the Syrian Sea and latter Romans commonly called it Mare Nostrum, and occasionally Mare Internum. Another name was the Sea of the Philistines, from the people inhabiting a large portion of its shores near the Israelites, the sea is also called the Great Sea in the General Prologue by Geoffrey Chaucer. In Ottoman Turkish, it has also been called Bahr-i Sefid, in Modern Hebrew, it has been called HaYam HaTikhon, the Middle Sea, reflecting the Seas name in ancient Greek, Latin, and modern languages in both Europe and the Middle East. Similarly, in Modern Arabic, it is known as al-Baḥr al-Mutawassiṭ, in Turkish, it is known as Akdeniz, the White Sea since among Turks the white colour represents the west. Several ancient civilisations were located around the Mediterranean shores, and were influenced by their proximity to the sea. It provided routes for trade, colonisation, and war, as well as food for numerous communities throughout the ages, due to the shared climate, geology, and access to the sea, cultures centered on the Mediterranean tended to have some extent of intertwined culture and history. Two of the most notable Mediterranean civilisations in classical antiquity were the Greek city states, later, when Augustus founded the Roman Empire, the Romans referred to the Mediterranean as Mare Nostrum
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Goethe University Frankfurt
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Goethe University is a university located in Frankfurt, Germany. The original name was Universität Frankfurt am Main, in 1932, the universitys name was extended in honour of one of the most famous locals of Frankfurt, the poet and writer Johann Wolfgang von Goethe. It is thus referred to as the Goethe University in both formal and informal settings. The university currently has around 46,000 students, distributed across four campuses within the city. 18 Nobel Prize winners have been affiliated with the university, including Max von Laue, the university is also affiliated with 11 winners of the prestigious Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Prize. The university celebrated its 100th anniversary in 2014, the first female president of the university, Birgitta Wolff, was sworn into office in 2015. The University of Frankfurt has at times been considered liberal, or left-leaning, during the Nazi period, almost one third of its academics and many of its students were dismissed for racial and/or political reasons—more than at any other German university. The university also played a part in the German student movement of 1968. Some of the scholars associated with this school include Theodor Adorno, Max Horkheimer, and Jürgen Habermas, as well as Herbert Marcuse, Erich Fromm. The university also has been influential in the sciences and medicine, with Nobel Prize winners including Max von Laue and Max Born. In recent years, the university has focused in particular on law, history, and economics, creating new institutes, such as the Institute for Law and Finance and the Center for Financial Studies. One of the universitys ambitions is to become Germanys leading university for finance and economics, the Goethe Business School offers a M. B. A. program, in cooperation with Duke University’s Fuqua School of Business. Goethe university has established an award for research in financial economics. The university consists of 16 faculties, ordered by their sorting number, these are, ：01. “Campus Westend” of the University is dominated by the IG Farben Building by architect Hans Poelzig, after the university took over the complex, new buildings were added to the campus. On 30 May 2008, the House of Finance relocated to a new building designed by the architects Kleihues+Kleihues, the upper floors of the House of Finance building have several separate offices as well as shared office space for researchers and students. The ground floor is open to the public and welcomes visitors with a spacious, naturally lit foyer that leads to lecture halls, seminar rooms, and the information center, the ground floor also accommodates computer rooms and a café. The floors, walls and ceiling of the foyer are decorated with a design that is continued throughout the entire building
25.
Yisrael Friedman (Pashkaner Rebbe)
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Yisrael Friedman is known as the Pashkaner Rebbe. He is a lecturer at the Tel Aviv University and the Ben-Gurion University of the Negev. Friedman is a descendant of Rebbe Yisrael of Rizhin. He resides in the southern Jerusalem neighborhood of Gilo and he is married to Rebbetzin Tziporah, a daughter of the Imrei Chaim of Vizhnitz. One of his sons is Hoshea Friedman, a general in the IDF. The Rebbe’s grandsons study in various hesder yeshivos
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Benjamin Isaac
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Benjamin Henri Isaac is the Fred and Helen Lessing Professor of Ancient History at Tel Aviv University. He is a member of the Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities Isaac was born in Geneva, Switzerland and he grew up in Amsterdam and studied classics, ancient history and archaeology at Amsterdam University. In 1972, he moved to Israel and began teaching at Tel Aviv University, in 1980, he received his PhD for a thesis on the Greek settlements in Thrace until the Macedonian conquest. Isaac’s research covers the period from the 6th century BCE until the 7th century CE and it deals with Greek and Roman history and with Jewish history from the 2nd century BCE onward. His work on the imperial Roman army and imperialism traces various functions of the provincial army and it was commonly assumed that the main function of the Roman army was the defence of the frontier provinces against foreign enemies. Isaac argues that it had two different tasks, internal police functions and preparation for further expansion, Rome had an ideology of offence and expansion rather than preservation of the status quo and defence. In this connection Isaac has argued that the concept of a frontier was irrelevant in Roman terms. The Empire was not a concept, but one that expressed rule over peoples and cities. Another topic of this book is the question whether Rome had a “Grand strategy” as had been argued, Isaac has shown that this reflects a modern concept that could not apply to ancient reality. His book on the roots of racism argues that racism must be distinguished from other forms of prejudice. The concept of determinism was developed at this time and has been accepted as valid until very recently. It assumes that geography, climate and other external realities impose definite and unchangeable qualities, as such it preceded social Darwinism as an attempt to rationalize group prejudice. It played a role too in imperialist ideology because it was used to distinguish between superior and inferior peoples and these concepts were taken over by Roman authors and by those who, in later times, used them for similar or related purposes. Thus Isaac argues that the history and development of racism as an ideology has roots going back to Graeco-Roman antiquity, Isaac is the author of numerous articles. He is also member of a team working on the publication of a corpus of all ancient inscriptions from Judaea / Palestine In 2008, Isaac received the Israel Prize, Isaac is married and has three children. List of Israel Prize recipients Archaeology of Israel Upper Zohar Profile on Tel Aviv University Faculty website Israel Prize Official Site - Benjamin Isaacs C. V
27.
Ariel Rubinstein
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Ariel Rubinstein is an Israeli economist who works in Economic Theory, Game Theory and Bounded Rationality. Ariel Rubinstein is a professor of economics at the School of Economics at Tel Aviv University and he studied mathematics and economics at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 1972–1979. In 1982, he published Perfect equilibrium in a bargaining model, the model is known also as a Rubinstein bargaining model. It describes two-person bargaining as a game with perfect information in which the players alternate offers. A key assumption is that the players are impatient, the main result gives conditions under which the game has a unique subgame perfect equilibrium and characterizes this equilibrium. He also co-wrote A Course in Game Theory with Martin J. Osborne, Rubinstein was elected a member of the Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities, a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in and the American Economic Association. In 1985 he was elected a fellow of the Econometric Society, in 2002, he was awarded an honorary doctorate by the Tilburg University. He has received the Bruno Prize, the Israel Prize for economics, the Nemmers Prize in Economics, the EMET Prize. and the Rothschild Prize. Bargaining and Markets, with Martin J. Osborne, Academic Press 1990 A Course in Game Theory, with Martin J. Osborne, modeling Bounded Rationality, MIT Press,1998. Economics and Language, Cambridge University Press,2000, lecture Notes in Microeconomic Theory, The Economic Agent, Princeton University Press,2006. AGADOT HAKALKALA, Kineret, Zmora, Bitan,2009, list of Israel Prize recipients Personal Web site Nash lecture Roberts, Russ. Rubinstein on Game Theory and Behavioral Economics
28.
Anita Shapira
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Anita Shapira is an Israeli historian. She received the Israel Prize for History in 2008, Shapira was born in Warsaw, Poland in 1940, immigrated to Mandate Palestine in 1947 and grew up in Tel Aviv. The family lived on Yavneh Street sharing a kitchen and bathroom with other families, later, they moved to Yad Eliyahu. She studied general and Jewish history at Tel Aviv University, completing her Ph. D in 1974 under Professor Daniel Carpi. Her dissertation, The Struggle for Hebrew Labor, 1929-1939, indicated her interest in the history of the Labor Zionist movement, in 1985 she was appointed full professor at Tel Aviv University, serving in 1990-95 as dean of the Faculty of Humanities. From 1995 until 2009 she held the Ruben Merenfeld Chair for the Study of Zionism, from 2000 to 2012, she was head of the Chaim Weizmann Institute for the Study of Zionism and Israel at Tel Aviv University. From 2008 to 2013 she was a director in the Israel Democracy Institute, in 2002-2008, she was president of the Memorial Foundation for Jewish Culture. She founded the Yitzhak Rabin Center for Israel Studies and was its first director in 1996-99 and she is a member of the Editorial Board of the Jewish Review of Books, academic co-editor with Prof. Steven J. Zipperstein of the biography series Jewish Lives published by Yale University Press, Derek J. Penslar of the Journal of Israeli History. Shapira’s research focuses on the political, cultural, social, intellectual and military history of the Jewish community in Palestine and Israel. Shapira’s last book, Ben-Gurion, Father of Modern Israel, strives to get to the core of the man who would become the face of the new Jewish nation. Shapira tells the Ben-Gurion story anew, focusing especially on the period after 1948 and she provides fascinating and original insights into Ben-Gurion personal qualities and those that defined his political leadership. Focusing on a figure in the Labor Zionist movement, this book portrays the history, society and culture of the Yishuv from the Second Aliyah to the end of World War II. ”This resulted in a book, Herev Hayona, Hatziyonut vehakoah. In her biography of Yigal Allon, Yigal Allon, Native Son, A Biography, Shapira in fact portrays the development of the entire Palmach generation in Palestine and her book Hatanakh vehazehut hayisraelit seeks to explain why the status of the Bible has declined in Israeli identity. Issues of identity, culture and memory are also the focus of two collection of essays, Yehudim Hadashim, Yehudim Yeshanim, and Yehudim, Tziyonim Umah shebeinehem, many of her books have been translated into English, German, Russian, and French. Yosef Haim Brenner, A Life, Stanford University Press,2014, Ben-Gurion, Father of Modern Israel, Yale University Press,2014. Israel, A history, Brandeis University Press,2012, Brenner, Sippur hayim, Am Oved,2008. Yigal Allon, Native Son, A Biography / Anita Shapira, University of Pennsylvania Press,2008, ISBN 978-0-8122-4028-3 Israeli identity in transition / edited by Anita Shapira
29.
Lev Vaidman
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Lev Vaidman is a Russian-Israeli physicist and Professor at Tel Aviv University, Israel. He is noted for his work in the area of quantum teleportation. He was a member of the Editorial Advisory Board of The American Journal of Physics from 2007 to 2009 and his work and the experiments which they have inspired have lent support to the many-worlds interpretation of quantum physics. In 2010, their experiment was chosen as one of the Seven Wonders of the Quantum World by New Scientist Magazine and he was twice among the winners of the All-Soviet high school students Physics Olympiad, and in 1972 scored 4th in the International Physics Olympiad in Bucharest. Vaidman emigrated with his family to Israel at the age of 18, prior to that, he studied for one year at Saint Petersburg University. This thought experiment, subsequently conducted in the lab, is an example of interaction-free measurement, IFM is the detection of the property of an object or its presence without any physical interaction between the observer and the object. Obtaining information from an object in such a manner is paradoxical, the bomb tester works by employing an interferometer. When a photon is fired into the device, it encounters a half-silvered mirror positioned so as reflect the photon at a ninety-degree angle, there is a 50-50 chance it will be reflected or pass through. Due to the properties of the photon, it both passes through the mirror and is reflected off of it. Now, the photon is moving through two different parts of the device. The photon that passed through the mirror is now on the lower path and it may or may not encounter a bomb, which is designed to explode if it encounters a single photon. The photon that was reflected off the mirror is now on the upper path, both photons next encounter a normal mirror. The lower-path photon is reflected ninety-degrees upward, the upper-path photon is reflected back ninety degrees so that it is returned to its original trajectory. If the lower-path photon did not detect a bomb, it will arrive at a second half-silvered mirror at the time as the upper-path photon. This will result in the single photon interfering with itself, if the upper-path detector encounters the photon, then the photon actually took the upper path and no measurement was made of whether or not there was a bomb on the lower path. If, however, the lower-path detector encounters a photon, it can be determined that fifty percent of the time, according to Hugh Everetts Many-worlds interpretation of quantum physics, there is no paradox. The information was obtained from a parallel universe wherein the encounter between the photon and the bomb actually did occur. Vaidman is a pioneer in the area of quantum teleportation and he has demonstrated that non-local measurements can be used to teleport unknown quantum states of systems with continuous variables
30.
Yakir Aharonov
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Yakir Aharonov is an Israeli physicist specializing in quantum physics. He is a Professor of Theoretical Physics and the James J. Farley Professor of Natural Philosophy at Chapman University in California and he is also a distinguished professor in the Perimeter Institute and a professor emeritus at Tel Aviv University in Israel. He is president of the IYAR, The Israeli Institute for Advanced Research, yakir Aharonov was born in Haifa. He received his education at the Technion – Israel Institute of Technology in Haifa. He continued his studies at the Technion and then moved to Bristol University, UK together with his doctoral advisor David Bohm. His research interests are nonlocal and topological effects in quantum mechanics, quantum field theories, in 1959, he and David Bohm proposed the Aharonov–Bohm effect for which he co-received the 1998 Wolf Prize. In 1988 Aharonov et al. published their theory of weak values and this work was motivated by Aharonovs long time quest to experimentally verify his theory that apparently random events in quantum mechanics are caused by events in the future. Verifying a present effect of a future cause requires a measurement and he and his colleagues claim that they were able to use weak measurements and verify the present effect of the future cause. 2008–Present, Professor of Theoretical Physics and the James J.2010, National Medal of Science, awarded and presented by President Barack Obama
31.
Noga Alon
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Noga Alon is an Israeli mathematician noted for his contributions to combinatorics and theoretical computer science, having authored hundreds of papers. Alon is Baumritter Professor of Mathematics and Computer Science in Tel Aviv University and he serves on the editorial boards of more than a dozen international journals, since 2008 he is the editor-in-chief of Random Structures and Algorithms. Alon has published more than five hundred research papers, mostly in combinatorics and in computer science. He has also published under the pseudonym A. Nilli, Alon is the principal founder of the Combinatorial Nullstellensatz which has many applications in combinatorics and number theory. The space complexity of approximating the frequency moments, ACM STOC96. won their Gödel Prize in 2005. The monotone circuit complexity of Boolean functions, combinatorica 1987, Volume 7, Issue 11986. Combinatorica 1986, Volume 6, Issue 2, the Israel Prize, for mathematics, in 2008, and the EMET Prize, for mathematics, in 2011. In addition, Alon has been a member of the Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities since 1997, in 2015 he was elected as a fellow of the American Mathematical Society and gave the Łojasiewicz Lecture at the Jagiellonian University in Kraków. In 2017 he became a Fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery
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Yitzhak Arad
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Yitzhak Arad, is an Israeli historian, retired IDF brigadier general and a former Soviet partisan who has served as director of Yad Vashem from 1972 to 1993. Arad was born Icchak Rudnicki on November 11,1926, in what was then Święciany in the Second Polish Republic, in his youth, he belonged to the Zionist youth movement Ha-Noar ha-Tsiyyoni. During the war – according to Arads 1993 interview with Harry J. Cargas – he was active in the underground movement from 1942 to 1944. In February 1943, he joined the Soviet partisans of the Markov Brigade, the official attitude of the Soviet partisan movement was that there was no place for Jewish units acting independently, said Arad. The Voroshilov brigade partisans were representing Soviet interests in the region, noah Shneidman estimates that there were at least 300 Jewish partisans in it, one-fifth of its numerical strength. Piotr Zychowicz, claims that Arad joined the NKVD at the end of 1944, in his interview Arad insisted that he was not associated with NKVD, thus contradicting claims of Rytas Narvydas from the Genocide and Resistance Research Center of Lithuania. He was allegedly dismissed from the NKVD ranks for his undisciplined behaviour, in December 1945, Yitzhak Arad immigrated without authorization to Mandate Palestine, on the Haapala boat named for Hannah Szenes. In Arads military career in the IDF, he reached the rank of general and was appointed to the post of Chief Education Officer. He retired from the military in 1972 and his current research deals with the Holocaust in the USSR. Dr. Yitzhak Arad served as the director of Yad Vashem, Israels Holocaust Remembrance Authority and he remains associated with Yad Vashem in an advisors capacity. Arad was awarded the Honorary degree of Doctor honoris causa by Polands Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń on 7 June 1993, in the Soviet era Arad was honored in Lithuania as a war hero. For his service fighting the Nazis and their Lithuanian allies he was awarded the Partisan Medal, however in post-Communist Lithuania anti-Nazi partisans, particularly Jewish ones, are portrayed as traitors, and Nazi-aligned nationalists are considered anti-Soviet heroes. In June 2007, Lithuania asked the State of Israel to question Arad on suspicions of war crimes and crimes against humanity, an investigation found that Arad had served in the NKVD. Israel refused the request, and called it nothing short of outrageous, Lithuanian prosecutor Rimvydas Valentukevicius told AFP that the suspicions were based on Arads own memoirs and documents obtained from the Lithuanian Genocide and Resistance Research Center. Arad’s memoir The Partisan refers to a 1944 “mopping-up operation” against “armed Lithuanians” after the Nazi withdrawal from Lithuania, while the Nazi genocide of the Jews and Lithuanian collaboration is minimized, the genocide of Lithuanians by Soviet partisans is described extensively. One plaque at the Genocide Center says that these partisans were “mostly of Jewish nationality native people didn’t support Soviet partisans. ”The head of the Genocide Center at the time, Arvydas Anusauskas, was responsible for the initiation of a criminal investigation against Arad. Arad denied accusations of committing war crimes, calling the investigation a vendetta for his documentation of atrocities committed by Lithuanian Nazi collaborators, Arad has commented, I am proud that I fought the Nazi Germans and their Lithuanian collaborators. That fate made it possible for me to fight against the murderers of my family, the General Prosecutor’s office dropped the criminal investigation regarding possible war crimes of Arad in September 2008, citing failure to collect sufficient data
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Shlomo Ben-Ami
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Shlomo Ben-Ami is a former Israeli diplomat, politician and historian. Ben-Ami was born in Tangiers, Tangier International Zone, on 17 July 1943 and he was educated at Tel Aviv University and St Antonys College, Oxford from which he received a D. Phil. in history. Ben-Ami speaks fluent Hebrew, Spanish, French and English and he was a historian at Tel Aviv University from the mid-1970s, serving as head of the School of History from 1982 to 1986. His initial field of study was Spanish history, and his 1983 biography of the former Spanish Dictator and he later turned his attention to the history of Israel and the Middle East, leaving a legacy of expertise in Spanish inter-war year politics. From 1987 until 1991, before he entered politics, he was the Israeli ambassador to Spain, in 1996 he was elected to the Knesset on Labours list. When the One Israel-led government of Ehud Barak took office in July 1999, Ben-Ami became the Minister of Internal Security, Ben-Ami remained Foreign Minister and Security Minister until March 2001, when, having won elections, Ariel Sharon took over from Barak. Ben-Ami refused to serve in the Sharon government and resigned from the Knesset in August 2002, the report recommended that Ben-Ami be disqualified from serving as Internal Security Minister in the future. His latest book is Scars of War, Wounds of Peace, Ben-Ami backed the Meretz party for the 2009 Knesset elections. He currently serves as president of the Toledo International Centre for Peace of which he is a co-founder. He is now also the co-chair of an Israeli commission for strategic planning and he has lectured extensively in international conferences in Europe, Russia, the U. S. and Latin America. Scars of war, wounds of peace, the Israeli-Arab tragedy, ISBN 0-19-518158-1
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Joseph Bernstein
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Joseph Bernstein is an Israeli mathematician working at Tel Aviv University. He works in geometry, representation theory, and number theory. He was a scholar at the Institute for Advanced Study in 1985-86. Bernstein was elected to the Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities in 2002 and was elected to the United States National Academy of Sciences in 2004, in 2004, Bernstein was awarded the Israel Prize for mathematics. In 2012 he became a fellow of the American Mathematical Society, analysis and topology on singular spaces, I, 5-171, Astérisque,100, Soc. Bernstein–Sato polynomial BGG resolution Bernstein inequality for D modules Bernstein Center Bernsteins home page Joseph Bernstein at the Mathematics Genealogy Project
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Athalya Brenner
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Athalya Brenner-Idan is a Dutch-Israeli biblical scholar. She is currently Professor Emerita of Hebrew Bible/Old Testament at the University of Amsterdam, Brenner studied at Haifa University and the Hebrew University of Jerusalem before doing a PhD at the University of Manchester under the supervision of James Barr. She taught for a time at Oranim Academic College, alice Ogden Bellis noted in 2007 that in recent years, more than any other woman, Brenner has been at the forefront of feminist biblical studies. Bellis goes on to suggest that in her book I Am, Biblical Women Tell Their Own Stories, Brenner is erudite, witty, clever, feisty and she is currently president of the Society of Biblical Literature
