1.
Telephone number (mathematics)
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Involution numbers were first studied in 1800 by Heinrich August Rothe, who gave a recurrence equation by which they may be calculated, giving the values 1,1,2,4,10,26,76,232,764,2620,9496. John Riordan provides the explanation for these numbers, suppose that a telephone service has n subscribers. How many different patterns of connection are possible, for instance, with three subscribers, there are three ways of forming a single telephone call, and one additional pattern in which no calls are being made, for a total of four patterns. For this reason, the numbers counting how many patterns are possible are sometimes called the telephone numbers, conversely, every possible involution has the form of a set of pairwise swaps of this type. Therefore, the numbers also count involutions. The problem of counting involutions was the original combinatorial enumeration problem studied by Rothe in 1800, in graph theory, a subset of the edges of a graph that touches each vertex at most once is called a matching. The number of different matchings of a graph is important in chemical graph theory, where the graphs model molecules. A standard Young tableau is formed by placing the numbers from 1 to n into these squares in such a way that the increase from left to right. According to the Robinson–Schensted correspondence, permutations correspond one-for-one with ordered pairs of standard Young tableaux, inverting a permutation corresponds to swapping the two tableaux, and so the self-inverse permutations correspond to single tableaux, paired with themselves. Thus, the numbers also count the number of Young tableaux with n squares. Therefore, the numbers give the sum of the degrees of the irreducible representations. The telephone numbers satisfy the recurrence relation T = T + T, first published in 1800 by Heinrich August Rothe, there are T connection patterns in which the first subscriber is disconnected, explaining the first term of the recurrence. The telephone numbers may be expressed exactly as a summation T = ∑ k =0 ⌊ n /2 ⌋, = ∑ k =0 ⌊ n /2 ⌋ n.2 k. k. In each term of this sum, k gives the number of matched pairs, the binomial coefficient counts the number of ways of choosing the 2k elements to be matched, and the double factorial. =. / is the product of the odd integers up to its argument and it follows from the summation formula and Stirlings approximation that, asymptotically, T ∼ n /2 e n 1 /4. The exponential generating function of the numbers is ∑ n =0 ∞ T x n n. = exp . In other words, the numbers may be read off as the coefficients of the Taylor series of exp. This function is related to the exponential generating function of the Hermite polynomials
2.
Telephone line
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A telephone line or telephone circuit is a single-user circuit on a telephone communication system. Telephone lines are used to deliver landline telephone service and Digital subscriber line phone service to the premises. Telephone overhead lines are connected to the switched telephone network. Modern lines may run underground, and may carry analog or digital signals to the exchange, often the customer end of that wire pair is connected to a data access arrangement, the telephone company end of that wire pair is connected to a telephone hybrid. In most cases, two wires for each telephone line run from a home or other small building to a local telephone exchange. The wires between the box and the exchange are known as the local loop, and the network of wires going to an exchange. The vast majority of houses in the U. S. are wired with 6-position modular jacks with four conductors wired to the junction box with copper wires. Those wires may be connected back to two telephone lines at the local telephone exchange, thus making those jacks RJ14 jacks. More often, only two of the wires are connected to the exchange as one line, and the others are unconnected. In that case, the jacks in the house are RJ11, inside the walls of the house—between the houses outside junction box and the interior wall jacks—the most common telephone cable in new houses is Category 5 cable—4 pairs of 24 AWG solid copper. Inside large buildings, and in the cables that run to the telephone company POP
3.
Telephone call
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A telephone call is a connection over a telephone network between the called party and the calling party. The first telephone call was made on March 10,1876 by Alexander Graham Bell, Bell demonstrated his ability to talk with electricity by transmitting a call to his assistant, Thomas Watson. The first words transmitted were Mr Watson, come here and this event has been called Bells greatest success, as it demonstrated the first successful use of the telephone. Although it was his greatest success, he refused to have one in his own home because it was something he invented by mistake, the call may use land line, mobile phone, satellite phone or any combination thereof. When a telephone call has more than one called party it is referred to as a conference call, when two or more users of the network are sharing the same physical line, it is called a party line or Rural phone line. If the callers wireline phone is connected directly to the party, when the caller takes their telephone off-hook. This is called a hot line or ringdown, otherwise, the calling party is usually given a tone to indicate they should begin dialing the desired number. In some cases, if the party cannot dial calls directly. Calls may be placed through a public network provided by a telephone company or a private network called a PBX. In most cases a private network is connected to the network in order to allow PBX users to dial the outside world. Most telephone calls through the PSTN are set up using ISUP signalling messages or one of its variants between telephone exchanges to establish the end to end connection, calls through PBX networks are set up using QSIG, DPNSS or variants. Some types of calls are not charged, such as local calls dialed directly by a subscriber in Canada. In most other areas, all calls are charged a fee for the connection. Fees depend on the provider of the service, the type of service being used, in most circumstances, the calling party pays this fee. However, in circumstances such as a reverse charge or collect call. In some circumstances, the caller pays a flat charge for the telephone connection. The caller then rotary dials or presses buttons for the number needed to complete the call. The second phone makes a noise to alert its owner
4.
Telephone exchange
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A telephone exchange is a telecommunications system used in the public switched telephone network or in large enterprises. In historical perspective, telecommunication terms have been used with different semantics over time, the term telephone exchange is often used synonymously with central office, a Bell System term. Often, an office is defined as a building used to house the inside plant equipment of potentially several telephone exchanges. Such an area has also referred to as the exchange. Central office locations may also be identified in North America as wire centers, All central offices within a larger region, typically aggregated by state, were assigned a common numbering plan area code. For corporate or enterprise use, a telephone exchange is often referred to as a private branch exchange. Smaller installations might deploy a PBX or key telephone system in the office of a receptionist and this made it possible for subscribers to call each other at homes, businesses, or public spaces. These made telephony an available and comfortable communication tool for everyday use, one of the first to propose a telephone exchange was Hungarian Tivadar Puskás in 1877 while he was working for Thomas Edison. The first experimental telephone exchange was based on the ideas of Puskás, the worlds first commercial telephone exchange opened on November 12,1877 in Friedrichsberg close to Berlin. George W. Coy designed and built the first commercial US telephone exchange opened in New Haven. The switchboard was built from carriage bolts, handles from teapot lids and bustle wire, Charles Glidden is also credited with establishing an exchange in Lowell, MA. with 50 subscribers in 1878. In Europe other early telephone exchanges were based in London and Manchester, Belgium had its first International Bell exchange a year later. In 1887 Puskás introduced the multiplex switchboard, later exchanges consisted of one to several hundred plug boards staffed by switchboard operators. Each operator sat in front of a panel containing banks of ¼-inch tip-ring-sleeve jacks. In front of the jack panel lay a horizontal panel containing two rows of patch cords, each connected to a cord circuit. When a calling party lifted the receiver, the loop current lit a signal lamp near the jack. The operator responded by inserting the rear cord into the jack and switched her headset into the circuit to ask, Number. For a local call, the operator inserted the front cord of the pair into the partys local jack
5.
Telecommunication
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Telecommunication is the transmission of signs, signals, messages, writings, images and sounds or intelligence of any nature by wire, radio, optical or other electromagnetic systems. Telecommunication occurs when the exchange of information between communication participants includes the use of technology and it is transmitted either electrically over physical media, such as cables, or via electromagnetic radiation. Such transmission paths are divided into communication channels which afford the advantages of multiplexing. The term is used in its plural form, telecommunications. Early means of communicating over a distance included visual signals, such as beacons, smoke signals, semaphore telegraphs, signal flags, other examples of pre-modern long-distance communication included audio messages such as coded drumbeats, lung-blown horns, and loud whistles. Zworykin, John Logie Baird and Philo Farnsworth, the word telecommunication is a compound of the Greek prefix tele, meaning distant, far off, or afar, and the Latin communicare, meaning to share. Its modern use is adapted from the French, because its use was recorded in 1904 by the French engineer. Communication was first used as an English word in the late 14th century, in the Middle Ages, chains of beacons were commonly used on hilltops as a means of relaying a signal. Beacon chains suffered the drawback that they could pass a single bit of information. One notable instance of their use was during the Spanish Armada, in 1792, Claude Chappe, a French engineer, built the first fixed visual telegraphy system between Lille and Paris. However semaphore suffered from the need for skilled operators and expensive towers at intervals of ten to thirty kilometres, as a result of competition from the electrical telegraph, the last commercial line was abandoned in 1880. Homing pigeons have occasionally used throughout history by different cultures. Pigeon post is thought to have Persians roots and was used by the Romans to aid their military, frontinus said that Julius Caesar used pigeons as messengers in his conquest of Gaul. The Greeks also conveyed the names of the victors at the Olympic Games to various cities using homing pigeons, in the early 19th century, the Dutch government used the system in Java and Sumatra. And in 1849, Paul Julius Reuter started a service to fly stock prices between Aachen and Brussels, a service that operated for a year until the gap in the telegraph link was closed. Sir Charles Wheatstone and Sir William Fothergill Cooke invented the telegraph in 1837. Also, the first commercial electrical telegraph is purported to have constructed by Wheatstone and Cooke. Both inventors viewed their device as an improvement to the electromagnetic telegraph not as a new device, samuel Morse independently developed a version of the electrical telegraph that he unsuccessfully demonstrated on 2 September 1837
6.
Lowell, Massachusetts
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Lowell is a city in the US Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Located in Middlesex County, Lowell served as a county seat until Massachusetts disbanded county government in 1999, with an estimated population of 109,945 in 2014, it is the fourth-largest city in Massachusetts, and the second-largest in the Boston metropolitan statistical area. The city is part of a smaller Massachusetts statistical area called Greater Lowell. Incorporated in 1826 to serve as a town, Lowell was named after Francis Cabot Lowell. The city became known as the cradle of the American Industrial Revolution, due to a series of textile mills. Many of the Lowells historic manufacturing sites were later preserved by the National Park Service to create Lowell National Historical Park, during the Cambodian genocide, the city took in an influx of refugees, leading to a Cambodia Town and Americas second-largest Cambodian-American population. Lowell is home to two higher schools, the University of Massachusetts Lowell and Middlesex Community College. As Lowells population grew, it acquired land from neighboring towns, many of the men who composed the labor force for constructing the canals and factories had immigrated from Ireland, escaping the poverty and Potato Famines of the 1830s and 1840s. The mill workers, young women called Mill Girls, generally came from the farm families of New England. By the 1850s, Lowell had the largest industrial complex in the United States, the textile industry wove cotton produced in the South. In 1860, there were more spindles in Lowell than in all eleven states combined that would form the Confederacy. Yet the city did not simply finish raw materials produced in the American South, the city continued to thrive as a major industrial center during the 19th century, attracting more migrant workers and immigrants to its mills. Next were the Catholic Germans, followed by an influx of French Canadians during the 1870s and 1880s. Later waves of immigrants included Portuguese, Polish, Lithuanians, Swedes, Greeks and they came to work in Lowell and settled in ethnic neighborhoods, with the citys population reaching almost 50% foreign-born by 1900. By the time World War I broke out in Europe, the city had reached its economic, in 1885 was founded the Lowell Co-operative Bank, today Sage Bank, one of the oldest still functioning banks in Massachusetts. The Mill Cities manufacturing base declined as companies began to relocate to the South in the 1920s, the city fell into hard times, and was even referred to as a depressed industrial desert by Harpers Magazine in 1931, as the Great Depression worsened. At this time, more than one-third of its population was on relief, several years later, the mills were reactivated, making parachutes and other military necessities for the World War II effort. However, this economic boost was short-lived and the years saw the last textile plants close
7.
Switchboard operator
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Each pair of plugs was part of a cord circuit with a switch associated that let the operator participate in the call. Each jack had a light above it that lit when the receiver was lifted. Lines from the office were usually arranged along the bottom row. Switchboard operators are required to have very strong communication skills. Before the advent of automatic exchanges, an operators assistance was required for anything other than calling telephones across a party line. Callers spoke to an operator at a Central Office who then connected a cord to the circuit in order to complete the call. Being in complete control of the call, the operator was in a position to listen to private conversations, automatic, or Dial systems were developed in the 1920s to reduce labor costs as usage increased, and to ensure privacy to the customer. As phone systems became more sophisticated, less direct intervention by the operator was necessary to complete calls. As well as the people that were employed by the networks, operators were required at private branch exchanges to answer incoming telephone calls. Today, most large organizations have direct-dial extensions, smaller workplaces may have an automated system which allows callers to enter the extension of the called party, or a receptionist who answers calls and performs operator duties. Operators employed in healthcare settings have other duties, such as entry, greeting patients and visitors, taking messages, triaging. Experienced, well trained operators generally command a higher salary, in January 1878 George Willard Croy became the worlds first telephone operator when he started working for the Boston Telephone Dispatch company. Emma was hired by Alexander Graham Bell, and reportedly, could remember every number in the directory of the New England Telephone Company. Emma Nutt became the first female telephone operator on 1 September 1878 when she started working for the Boston Telephone Dispatch company, more women began to replace men within this sector of the workforce for several reasons. The companies observed that women were generally more courteous to callers, however, a contributing factor to women entering this workforce was because womens labour was cheap in comparison to mens. Specifically, women were paid from one half to one quarter of a mans salary, attendant console Operator assistance Private branch exchange Telephone operator Telephone switchboard Media related to Telephone operators at Wikimedia Commons
8.
History of the telephone
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This history of the telephone chronicles the development of the electrical telephone, and includes a brief review of its predecessors. Before the invention of electromagnetic telephones, mechanical acoustic devices existed for transmitting speech, the earliest mechanical telephones were based on sound transmission through pipes or other physical media. The acoustic tin can telephone, or lovers phone, has known for centuries. It connects two diaphragms with a string or wire, which transmits sound by mechanical vibrations from one to the other along the wire. The classic example is the toy made by connecting the bottoms of two paper cups, metal cans, or plastic bottles with tautly held string. Among the earliest known experiments were conducted by the British physicist. An acoustic string phone made in 1667 is attributed to him, for a short period of time, acoustic telephones were marketed commercially as a niche competitor to the electrical telephone. When Alexander Graham Bells telephone patent expired and many new telephone manufacturers began competing and their maximum range was very limited. An example of one company was the Pulsion Telephone Supply Company created by Lemuel Mellett in Massachusetts. Additionally, speaking tubes have long been common, especially within buildings and aboard ships, the telephone emerged from the making and successive improvements of the electrical telegraph. In 1804, Spanish polymath and scientist Francisco Salva Campillo constructed an electrochemical telegraph, the first working telegraph was built by the English inventor Francis Ronalds in 1816 and used static electricity. An electromagnetic telegraph was created by Baron Schilling in 1832, carl Friedrich Gauss and Wilhelm Weber built another electromagnetic telegraph in 1833 in Göttingen. The electrical telegraph was first commercialised by Sir William Fothergill Cooke and it ran for 13 mi from Paddington station to West Drayton and came into operation on April 9,1839. Another electrical telegraph was developed and patented in the United States in 1837 by Samuel Morse. His assistant, Alfred Vail, developed the Morse code signaling alphabet with Morse, americas first telegram was sent by Morse on January 6,1838, across 2 miles of wiring. Credit for the invention of the telephone is frequently disputed. Charles Bourseul, Innocenzo Manzetti, Antonio Meucci, Johann Philipp Reis, Alexander Graham Bell, the Bell and Edison patents, however, were commercially decisive, because they dominated telephone technology and were upheld by court decisions in the United States. The modern telephone is the result of work of many people, Alexander Graham Bell was, however, the first to patent the telephone, as an apparatus for transmitting vocal or other sounds telegraphically
9.
Telephone
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A telephone, or phone, is a telecommunications device that permits two or more users to conduct a conversation when they are too far apart to be heard directly. In 1876, Scottish emigrant Alexander Graham Bell was the first to be granted a United States patent for a device that produced clearly intelligible replication of the human voice and this instrument was further developed by many others. The telephone was the first device in history that people to talk directly with each other across large distances. Telephones rapidly became indispensable to businesses, government, and households, the essential elements of a telephone are a microphone to speak into and an earphone which reproduces the voice in a distant location. Until approximately the 1970s most telephones used a dial, which was superseded by the modern DTMF push-button dial. The receiver and transmitter are usually built into a handset which is held up to the ear, the dial may be located either on the handset, or on a base unit to which the handset is connected. The transmitter converts the sound waves to electrical signals which are sent through the network to the receiving phone. The receiving telephone converts the signals into audible sound in the receiver, telephones permit duplex communication, meaning they allow the people on both ends to talk simultaneously. The first telephones were connected to each other from one customers office or residence to another customers location. Being impractical beyond just a few customers, these systems were replaced by manually operated centrally located switchboards. For greater mobility, various systems were developed for transmission between mobile stations on ships and automobiles in the middle 20th century. Hand-held mobile phone]s was introduced for personal service starting in 1973, by the late 1970s several mobile telephone networks operated around the world. In 1983, the Advanced Mobile Phone System was launched, offering a standardized technology providing portability for users far beyond the residence or office. These analog cellular system evolved into digital networks with better security, greater capacity, better regional coverage, the public switched telephone network, with its hierarchical system of many switching centers, interconnects telephones around the world for communication with each other. With the standardized international numbering system, E.164, each line has an identifying telephone number. Although originally designed for voice communications, convergence has enabled most modern cell phones to have many additional capabilities. Since 1999, the trend for mobile phones is smartphones that integrate all mobile communication, a traditional landline telephone system, also known as plain old telephone service, commonly carries both control and audio signals on the same twisted pair of insulated wires, the telephone line. The control and signaling equipment consists of three components, the ringer, the hookswitch, and a dial, the ringer, or beeper, light or other device, alerts the user to incoming calls
10.
Computer
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A computer is a device that can be instructed to carry out an arbitrary set of arithmetic or logical operations automatically. The ability of computers to follow a sequence of operations, called a program, such computers are used as control systems for a very wide variety of industrial and consumer devices. The Internet is run on computers and it millions of other computers. Since ancient times, simple manual devices like the abacus aided people in doing calculations, early in the Industrial Revolution, some mechanical devices were built to automate long tedious tasks, such as guiding patterns for looms. More sophisticated electrical machines did specialized analog calculations in the early 20th century, the first digital electronic calculating machines were developed during World War II. The speed, power, and versatility of computers has increased continuously and dramatically since then, conventionally, a modern computer consists of at least one processing element, typically a central processing unit, and some form of memory. The processing element carries out arithmetic and logical operations, and a sequencing, peripheral devices include input devices, output devices, and input/output devices that perform both functions. Peripheral devices allow information to be retrieved from an external source and this usage of the term referred to a person who carried out calculations or computations. The word continued with the same meaning until the middle of the 20th century, from the end of the 19th century the word began to take on its more familiar meaning, a machine that carries out computations. The Online Etymology Dictionary gives the first attested use of computer in the 1640s, one who calculates, the Online Etymology Dictionary states that the use of the term to mean calculating machine is from 1897. The Online Etymology Dictionary indicates that the use of the term. 1945 under this name, theoretical from 1937, as Turing machine, devices have been used to aid computation for thousands of years, mostly using one-to-one correspondence with fingers. The earliest counting device was probably a form of tally stick, later record keeping aids throughout the Fertile Crescent included calculi which represented counts of items, probably livestock or grains, sealed in hollow unbaked clay containers. The use of counting rods is one example, the abacus was initially used for arithmetic tasks. The Roman abacus was developed from used in Babylonia as early as 2400 BC. Since then, many forms of reckoning boards or tables have been invented. In a medieval European counting house, a checkered cloth would be placed on a table, the Antikythera mechanism is believed to be the earliest mechanical analog computer, according to Derek J. de Solla Price. It was designed to calculate astronomical positions and it was discovered in 1901 in the Antikythera wreck off the Greek island of Antikythera, between Kythera and Crete, and has been dated to circa 100 BC
11.
Modem
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A modem is a network hardware device that modulates one or more carrier wave signals to encode digital information for transmission and demodulates signals to decode the transmitted information. The goal is attempting to produce a signal that can be transmitted easily, modems can be used with any means of transmitting analog signals, from light emitting diodes to radio. Modems are generally classified by the amount of data they can send in a given unit of time, usually expressed in bits per second. Modems can also be classified by their rate, measured in baud. The baud unit denotes symbols per second, or the number of times per second the modem sends a new signal. For example, the ITU V.21 standard used audio frequency shift keying with two frequencies, corresponding to two distinct symbols, to carry 300 bits per second using 300 baud. By contrast, the original ITU V.22 standard, which could transmit and receive four distinct symbols, news wire services in the 1920s used multiplex devices that satisfied the definition of a modem. However, the function was incidental to the multiplexing function, so they are not commonly included in the history of modems. S. SAGE modems were described by AT&Ts Bell Labs as conforming to their newly published Bell 101 dataset standard, while they ran on dedicated telephone lines, the devices at each end were no different from commercial acoustically coupled Bell 101,110 baud modems. The 201A and 201B Data-Phones were synchronous modems using two-bit-per-baud phase-shift keying, the famous Bell 103A dataset standard was also introduced by AT&T in 1962. It provided full-duplex service at 300 bit/s over normal phone lines, frequency-shift keying was used, with the call originator transmitting at 1,070 or 1,270 Hz and the answering modem transmitting at 2,025 or 2,225 Hz. The readily available 103A2 gave an important boost to the use of remote low-speed terminals such as the Teletype Model 33 ASR and KSR, AT&T reduced modem costs by introducing the originate-only 113D and the answer-only 113B/C modems. For many years, the Bell System maintained a monopoly on the use of its phone lines, however, the seminal Hush-a-Phone v. FCC case of 1956 concluded it was within the FCCs jurisdiction to regulate the operation of the Bell System. The FCC found that as long as a device was not electronically attached to the system and this led to a number of devices that mechanically connected to the phone through a standard handset. Since most handsets were supplied by Western Electric and thus of a standard design and this type of connection was used for many devices, such as answering machines. Acoustically coupled Bell 103A-compatible 300 bit/s modems were common during the 1970s, well-known models included the Novation CAT and the Anderson-Jacobson, the latter spun off from an in-house project at Stanford Research Institute. An even lower-cost option was the Pennywhistle modem, designed to be built using parts from electronics scrap, in December 1972, Vadic introduced the VA3400, notable for full-duplex operation at 1,200 bit/s over the phone network. Like the 103A, it used different frequency bands for transmit, in November 1976, AT&T introduced the 212A modem to compete with Vadic
12.
Pager
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A pager is a wireless telecommunications device that receives and displays alphanumeric messages and/or receives and announces voice messages. One-way pagers can only receive messages, while response pagers and two-way pagers can also acknowledge, reply to, Pagers operate as part of a paging system which includes one or more fixed transmitters, as well as a number of pagers carried by mobile users. These systems can range from a restaurant system with a single low-power transmitter, in the 2000s, the widespread availability of cellphones and smartphones has greatly diminished the pager industry. This resilience has led public safety agencies to adopt pagers over cellular, the first telephone pager system was patented in 1949 by Alfred J. Gross. One of the first practical paging services was launched in 1950 for physicians in the New York City area, physicians paid $12 per month for the service and carried a 200-gram pager that would receive phone messages within 40 kilometres of a single transmitter tower. The system was manufactured by the Reevesound Company and operated by Telanswerphone, in 1962 the Bell System—the U. S. telephone monopoly colloquially known as Ma Bell—presented its Bellboy radio paging system at the Seattle Worlds Fair. Bellboy was the first commercial system for personal paging and it also marked one of the first consumer applications of the transistor, for which three Bell Labs inventors received a Nobel Prize in Physics in 1956. Solid-state circuitry enabled the Bellboy pager, about the size of a small TV remote device, to fit into a pocket or purse. The Bellboy was a terminal that notified the user when someone was trying to call them, when the person received an audible signal on the pager, he found a telephone and called the service centre, which informed him of the callers message. The ReFLEX protocol was developed in the mid 1990s, another is a facility handling classified information, where various radio transmitter or data storage devices are excluded to ensure security. First responders in rural areas with inadequate cellular coverage are often issued pagers, volunteer firefighters, EMS paramedics, and rescue squad members usually carry pagers to alert them of emergency call outs for their department. These pagers receive a tone from a fire department radio frequency. Restaurant pagers are in use in the 2000s. Customers are given a portable receiver that usually vibrates, flashes, Pagers have been popular with birdwatchers in Britain and Ireland since 1991, with companies Rare Bird Alert and Birdnet Information offering news of rare birds sent to pagers that they sell. The U. S. paging industry generated $2.1 billion in revenue in 2008, in Canada,161,500 Canadians paid $18.5 million for pager service in 2013. Telus, one of the three major carriers, announced the end to its Canadian pager service as of March 31,2015. Many paging network operators now allow numeric and textual pages to be submitted to the paging networks via email and this can result in pager messages being delayed or lost. Older forms of message submission using the Telelocator Alphanumeric Protocol involve modem connections directly to a paging network, for this reason, older forms of message submission retain their usefulness for disseminating highly-important alerts to users such as emergency services personnel
13.
Fax
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Fax, sometimes called telecopying or telefax, is the telephonic transmission of scanned printed material, normally to a telephone number connected to a printer or other output device. The receiving fax machine interprets the tones and reconstructs the image, early systems used direct conversions of image darkness to audio tone in a continuous or analog manner. Since the 1980s, most machines modulate the audio frequencies using a digital representation of the page which is compressed to quickly transmit areas which are all-white or all-black. Scottish inventor Alexander Bain worked on chemical mechanical fax type devices and he received British patent 9745 on May 27,1843 for his Electric Printing Telegraph. Frederick Bakewell made several improvements on Bains design and demonstrated a telefax machine, the Pantelegraph was invented by the Italian physicist Giovanni Caselli. He introduced the first commercial service between Paris and Lyon in 1865, some 11 years before the invention of the telephone. In 1880, English inventor Shelford Bidwell constructed the scanning phototelegraph that was the first telefax machine to scan any two-dimensional original, previously, photographs had been sent over the radio using this process. The Western Union Deskfax fax machine, announced in 1948, was a machine that fit comfortably on a desktop. As a designer for the Radio Corporation of America, in 1924, Richard H. Ranger invented the wireless photoradiogram, or transoceanic radio facsimile, the forerunner of today’s fax machines. A photograph of President Calvin Coolidge sent from New York to London on November 29,1924 became the first photo picture reproduced by transoceanic radio facsimile, commercial use of Ranger’s product began two years later. Also in 1924, Herbert E. Ives of AT&T Corporation transmitted and reconstructed the first color facsimile, around 1952 or so, Finch Facsimile, a highly developed machine, was described in detail in a book, it was never manufactured in quantity. By the late 1940s, radiofax receivers were sufficiently miniaturized to be fitted beneath the dashboard of Western Unions Telecar telegram delivery vehicles, in the 1960s, the United States Army transmitted the first photograph via satellite facsimile to Puerto Rico from the Deal Test Site using the Courier satellite. Radio fax is still in limited use today for transmitting weather charts, in 1964, Xerox Corporation introduced what many consider to be the first commercialized version of the modern fax machine, under the name or Long Distance Xerography. This model was superseded two years later with a unit that would set the standard for fax machines for years to come. Up until this point facsimile machines were expensive and hard to operate. In 1966, Xerox released the Magnafax Telecopiers, a smaller and this unit was far easier to operate and could be connected to any standard telephone line. This machine was capable of transmitting a letter-sized document in about six minutes, the first sub-minute, digital fax machine was developed by Dacom, which built on digital data compression technology originally developed at Lockheed for satellite communication. By the late 1970s, many companies around the world, entered the fax market, very shortly after a new wave of more compact, faster and efficient fax machines would hit the market
14.
Landline
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A landline telephone refers to a phone that uses a metal wire or fibre optic telephone line for transmission as distinguished from a mobile cellular line, which uses radio waves for transmission. In 2003, the CIA reported approximately 1.263 billion main telephone lines worldwide, china had more than any other country at 350 million and the United States was second with 268 million. The United Kingdom has 23.7 million residential fixed homephones, the 2013 statistics show that the total number of fixed-telephone subscribers in the world was about 1.16 billion. The number of landline subscribers continuously decreases due to upgrades in digital technology, a fixed phone line can be hard-wired or cordless and typically refers to the operation of wireless devices or systems in fixed locations such as homes. Fixed wireless devices usually derive their power from the utility mains electricity, unlike mobile wireless or portable wireless. Although mobile and portable systems can be used in fixed locations, efficiency, mobile or portable, battery-powered wireless systems can be used as emergency backups for fixed systems in case of a power blackout or natural disaster. So-called leased lines are invariably of the type, the implications of a land line in this context are security and survivability. For example, a military headquarters might be linked to units by landline to ensure that communication remains possible even if the conventional telephone network is damaged or destroyed. Another example of this is in airports, all air traffic control towers have dedicated lines connected to the police, fire department, hospitals, army, etc. Deployed as a precaution in case of emergency, these can be used at any time, in many countries the landline has not been readily available to most people. In some countries in Africa, the rise in cell phones has outpaced any rise in landline telephones, between 1998 and 2008, Africa added only 2.4 million landlines. However, during this time the number of mobile phone lines that have been subscribed to has skyrocketed. Between 2000 and 2008, cell phone use has risen from less than 2 in 100 people to 33 out of 100. In developing countries it is difficult to install landline copper that is accessible to everyone than it is to install mobile wireless towers that people can connect to from anywhere. In the early 21st century, the telephone has declined due to the advancement of mobile network technology. Some see this happening as soon as the year 2025, in 2004, only about 45% of people in the United States between the ages of 12 and 17 owned cell phones. At that time, they had to rely on landline telephones, in just 4 years time, that percentage climbed to about 71%. That same year,2008, about 77% of adults owned a mobile phone, in the year 2013, 91% of adults in the United States owned a mobile phone
15.
Internet access
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Internet access is the process that enables individuals and organisations to connect to the Internet using computer terminals, computers, mobile devices, sometimes via computer networks. Once connected to the Internet, users can access Internet services, such as email, Internet service providers offer Internet access through various technologies that offer a wide range of data signaling rates. Consumer use of the Internet first became popular through dial-up Internet access in the 1990s, by the first decade of the 21st century, many consumers in developed nations used faster, broadband Internet access technologies. By 2014 this was almost ubiquitous worldwide, with an average connection speed exceeding 4 Mbit/s. Use by a wider audience came in 1995 when restrictions on the use of the Internet to carry commercial traffic were lifted. LANs typically operated at 10 Mbit/s, while modem data-rates grew from 1200 bit/s in the early 1980s, initially, dial-up connections were made from terminals or computers running terminal emulation software to terminal servers on LANs. These dial-up connections did not support use of the Internet protocols. Broadband connections are made using a computers built in Ethernet networking capabilities. Most broadband services provide a continuous always on connection, there is no dial-in process required, made broadband Internet access a public policy issue. In 2000, most Internet access to homes was provided using dial-up, while many businesses, in 2000 there were just under 150 million dial-up subscriptions in the 34 OECD countries and fewer than 20 million broadband subscriptions. By 2004, broadband had grown and dial-up had declined so that the number of subscriptions were roughly equal at 130 million each, the broadband technologies in widest use are ADSL and cable Internet access. Newer technologies include VDSL and optical fibre extended closer to the subscriber in telephone and cable plants. In areas not served by ADSL or cable, some community organizations, Wireless and satellite Internet are often used in rural, undeveloped, or other hard to serve areas where wired Internet is not readily available. Newer technologies being deployed for fixed and mobile broadband access include WiMAX, LTE, starting in roughly 2006, mobile broadband access is increasingly available at the consumer level using 3G and 4G technologies such as HSPA, EV-DO, HSPA+, and LTE. Some libraries provide stations for physically connecting users laptops to local area networks, Wireless Internet access points are available in public places such as airport halls, in some cases just for brief use while standing. Some access points may also provide coin-operated computers, various terms are used, such as public Internet kiosk, public access terminal, and Web payphone. Many hotels also have public terminals, usually fee based and these services may be free to all, free to customers only, or fee-based. A Wi-Fi hotspot need not be limited to a location since multiple ones combined can cover a whole campus or park
16.
Mobile phone
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A mobile phone is a portable telephone that can make and receive calls over a radio frequency link while the user is moving within a telephone service area. The radio frequency link establishes a connection to the systems of a mobile phone operator. Most modern mobile telephone services use a network architecture, and, therefore. Mobile phones which offer these and more general computing capabilities are referred to as smartphones, the first handheld mobile phone was demonstrated by John F. Mitchell and Martin Cooper of Motorola in 1973, using a handset weighing c.4.4 lbs. In 1983, the DynaTAC 8000x was the first commercially available mobile phone. From 1983 to 2014, worldwide mobile phone subscriptions grew to seven billion, penetrating 100% of the global population. In first quarter of 2016, the top smartphone manufacturers were Samsung, Apple, a handheld mobile radio telephone service was envisioned in the early stages of radio engineering. In 1917, Finnish inventor Eric Tigerstedt filed a patent for a pocket-size folding telephone with a thin carbon microphone. Early predecessors of cellular phones included analog radio communications from ships, the race to create truly portable telephone devices began after World War II, with developments taking place in many countries. These 0G systems were not cellular, supported few simultaneous calls, the first handheld mobile phone was demonstrated by John F. Mitchell and Martin Cooper of Motorola in 1973, using a handset weighing c.4.4 lbs. The first commercial automated cellular network was launched in Japan by Nippon Telegraph and this was followed in 1981 by the simultaneous launch of the Nordic Mobile Telephone system in Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden. Several other countries followed in the early to mid-1980s. These first-generation systems could support far more simultaneous calls but still used analog cellular technology, in 1983, the DynaTAC 8000x was the first commercially available handheld mobile phone. In 1991, the digital cellular technology was launched in Finland by Radiolinja on the GSM standard. This sparked competition in the sector as the new operators challenged the incumbent 1G network operators, ten years later, in 2001, the third generation was launched in Japan by NTT DoCoMo on the WCDMA standard. This was followed by 3. 5G, 3G+ or turbo 3G enhancements based on the high-speed packet access family, allowing UMTS networks to have data transfer speeds. By 2009, it had become clear that, at point, 3G networks would be overwhelmed by the growth of bandwidth-intensive applications. Consequently, the industry began looking to data-optimized fourth-generation technologies, with the promise of speed improvements up to ten-fold over existing 3G technologies
17.
Cellular network
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A cellular network or mobile network is a communication network where the last link is wireless. The network is distributed over land areas called cells, each served by at least one fixed-location transceiver and this base station provides the cell with the network coverage which can be used for transmission of voice, data and others. A cell might use a different set of frequencies from neighboring cells, to avoid interference, when joined together these cells provide radio coverage over a wide geographic area. This allows mobile phones and mobile computing devices to be connected to the switched telephone network. Private cellular networks can be used for research or for large organizations and fleets, each of these cells is assigned with multiple frequencies which have corresponding radio base stations. The group of frequencies can be reused in other cells, provided that the frequencies are not reused in adjacent neighboring cells as that would cause co-channel interference. If there is a single transmitter, only one transmission can be used on any given frequency. Unfortunately, there is some level of interference from the signal from the other cells which use the same frequency. This means that, in a standard FDMA system, there must be at least a one cell gap between cells which reuse the same frequency, in the simple case of the taxi company, each radio had a manually operated channel selector knob to tune to different frequencies. As the drivers moved around, they would change from channel to channel, the drivers knew which frequency covered approximately what area. When they did not receive a signal from the transmitter, they would try other channels until they found one that worked, the taxi drivers would only speak one at a time, when invited by the base station operator. With TDMA, the transmitting and receiving time slots used by different users in each cell are different from each other, with FDMA, the transmitting and receiving frequencies used by different users in each cell are different from each other. In a simple system, the taxi driver manually tuned to a frequency of a chosen cell to obtain a strong signal. The principle of CDMA is more complex, but achieves the same result, time division multiple access is used in combination with either FDMA or CDMA in a number of systems to give multiple channels within the coverage area of a single cell. The key characteristic of a network is the ability to re-use frequencies to increase both coverage and capacity. The elements that determine frequency reuse are the distance and the reuse factor. The reuse distance, D is calculated as D = R3 N, cells may vary in radius from 1 to 30 kilometres. The boundaries of the cells can also overlap between adjacent cells and large cells can be divided into smaller cells, the frequency reuse factor is the rate at which the same frequency can be used in the network
18.
Tablet computer
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Tablets often come equipped with sensors, including digital cameras, a microphone, and an accelerometer so images on screens are always displayed upright. The touchscreen display uses the recognition of finger or stylus gestures to replace the mouse, trackpad, tablets are typically larger than smartphones or personal digital assistants with screens 7 inches or larger, measured diagonally. However much of a tablets functionality resembles that of a modern smartphone, tablets can be classified according to the presence and physical appearance of keyboards. Slates and booklets do not have a keyboard, and usually accept text. Hybrids, convertibles, and 2-in-1s do have physical keyboards, yet they also make use of virtual keyboards. Some 2-in-1s have processors and operating systems like a full laptop, most tablets can use separate keyboards connected using Bluetooth. The format was conceptualized in the century and prototyped and developed in the last two decades of that century. In April 2010, Apple released the iPad, the first mass-market tablet to achieve widespread popularity, thereafter in the 2010s, tablets rapidly rose in ubiquity and became a large product category used for both personal and workplace applications. The tablet computer and its operating system began with the development of pen computing. Throughout the 20th century devices with these characteristics have been imagined and created whether as blueprints, prototypes, a device more powerful than todays tablets appeared briefly in Jerry Pournelle and Larry Nivens The Mote in Gods Eye. Adults could also use a Dynabook, but the audience was children. In 1992, Atari showed developers the Stylus, later renamed ST-Pad, the ST-Pad was based on the TOS/GEM Atari ST Platform and prototyped early handwriting recognition. Shiraz Shivjis company Momentus demonstrated in the time a failed x86 MS-DOS based Pen Computer with its own GUI. In 1994, the European Union initiated the NewsPad project, inspired by Clarke, Acorn Computers developed and delivered an ARM-based touch screen tablet computer for this program, branding it the NewsPad, the project ended in 1997. During the November 2000 COMDEX, Microsoft used the term Tablet PC to describe a prototype handheld device they were demonstrating, all three products were based on extended versions of the MS-DOS operating system. In 1992, IBM announced and shipped to developers the 2521 ThinkPad, also based on PenPoint was AT&Ts EO Personal Communicator from 1993, which ran on AT&Ts own hardware, including their own AT&T Hobbit CPU. Apple Computer launched the Apple Newton personal digital assistant in 1993 and it utilised Apples own new Newton OS, initially running on hardware manufactured by Motorola and incorporating an ARM CPU, that Apple had specifically co-developed with Acorn Computers. The operating system and platform design were later licensed to Sharp and Digital Ocean, in 1996, Palm, Inc. released the first of the Palm OS based PalmPilot touch and stylus based PDA, the touch based devices initially incorporating a Motorola Dragonball CPU
19.
Digital television
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Digital television is the transmission of audio and video by digitally processed and multiplexed signal, in contrast to the totally analog and channel separated signals used by analog television. Digital TV can support more than one program in the channel bandwidth. It is a service that represents the first significant evolution in television technology since color television in the 1950s. Several regions of the world are in different stages of adaptation and are implementing different broadcasting standards and this standard has been adopted in Europe, Singapore, Australia and New Zealand. Advanced Television System Committee uses eight-level vestigial sideband for terrestrial broadcasting and this standard has been adopted by six countries, United States, Canada, Mexico, South Korea, Dominican Republic and Honduras. Integrated Services Digital Broadcasting is a designed to provide good reception to fixed receivers. It utilizes OFDM and two-dimensional interleaving and it supports hierarchical transmission of up to three layers and uses MPEG-2 video and Advanced Audio Coding. This standard has adopted in Japan and the Philippines. ISDB-T International is an adaptation of this standard using H. 264/MPEG-4 AVC that been adopted in most of South America and is also being embraced by Portuguese-speaking African countries. Digital Terrestrial Multimedia Broadcasting adopts time-domain synchronous OFDM technology with a signal frame to serve as the guard interval of the OFDM block. The DTMB standard has adopted in the Peoples Republic of China, including Hong Kong. Digital TVs roots have been tied very closely to the availability of inexpensive and it wasnt until the 1990s that digital TV became a real possibility. S. Until June 1990, the Japanese MUSE standard—based on an analog system—was the front-runner among the more than 23 different technical concepts under consideration, then, an American company, General Instrument, demonstrated the feasibility of a digital television signal. This breakthrough was of significance that the FCC was persuaded to delay its decision on an ATV standard until a digitally based standard could be developed. In March 1990, when it became clear that a standard was feasible. The new ATV standard also allowed the new DTV signal to be based on new design principles. Although incompatible with the existing NTSC standard, the new DTV standard would be able to incorporate many improvements, the final standard adopted by the FCC did not require a single standard for scanning formats, aspect ratios, or lines of resolution. This outcome resulted from a dispute between the electronics industry and the computer industry over which of the two scanning processes—interlaced or progressive—is superior
20.
Game controller
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A game controller is a device used with games or entertainment systems to provide input to a video game, typically to control an object or character in the game. A controller is connected to a game console or computer by means of a wire or cord, although, since the mid-2000s. Input devices that have been classified as game controllers include keyboards, mouses, gamepads, joysticks, special purpose devices, such as steering wheels for driving games and light guns for shooting games, are also game controllers. Game controllers have been designed and improved over the years to be as user friendly as possible, the Microsoft Xbox controller, with its shoulder triggers that mimic actual triggers such as those found on guns, has become popular for shooting games. Some controllers are designed to be deliberately best for one type of game, such as steering wheels for driving games, One of the first video game controllers was a simple dial and single button, used to control the game Tennis for Two. Controllers have since evolved to include directional pads, multiple buttons, analog sticks, joysticks, motion detection, touch screens, a gamepad, also known as a joypad, is held in both hands with thumbs and fingers used to provide input. Gamepads can have a number of action buttons combined with one or more omnidirectional control sticks or buttons, action buttons are generally handled with the digits on the right hand, and the directional input handled with the left. Gamepads are the means of input on most modern video game consoles. Most modern game controllers are a variation of a standard gamepad, common additions include shoulder buttons placed along the edges of the pad, centrally placed buttons labeled start, select, and mode, and an internal motor to provide haptic feedback. As modern game controllers advance, so to does their user ability qualities, typically, the controllers become smaller and more compact as to more easily, and comfortably, fit within the users hand. Modern examples can be drawn from such as Xbox, whose controller has transformed subtly, yet dramatically. A paddle is a controller that features a wheel and one or more fire buttons. The wheel is used to control movement of the player or of an object along one axis of the video screen. Paddle controllers were the first analog controllers and they lost popularity when paddle, a variation, the Atari driving controller, appeared on the Atari 2600. Designed specifically for the game Indy 500, it functioned almost identically in operation, the exceptions were that its wheel can be continuously rotated in either direction, and it was missing the extra paddle included on the previous model. Unlike a spinner, friction prevented the wheel from gaining momentum, a joystick is a peripheral that consists of a handheld stick that can be tilted around either of two axes and twisted around a third. The joystick is used for flight simulators. HOTAS controllers, composed of a joystick and throttle quadrant are a combination for flight simulation among its most fanatic devotees
21.
Tethering
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Tethering, or phone-as-modem, is the sharing of a mobile devices internet connection with other wirelessly connected computers. Connection of a phone or tablet computer with other devices can be done over wireless LAN, over Bluetooth or by physical connection using a cable. If tethering is done over WLAN, the feature may be branded as a mobile hotspot, Mobile hotspots may be protected by a PIN or password. The Internet-connected mobile device can act as a wireless access point. Many mobile phones are equipped with software to offer tethered Internet access, Windows Mobile 6.5, Windows Phone 7, Android, and iOS3.0 offer tethering over a Bluetooth PAN or a USB connection. On some networks, this feature is only available by paying to add a tethering package to a data plan or choosing a data plan that includes tethering. Some operators have asked Google or any mobile producer using Android to completely remove tethering support from the system on certain handsets. Handsets purchased SIM-free, without a network provider subsidy, are often unhindered with regards to tethering, tethering is also available as a downloadable third-party application on most Symbian mobile phones as well as on the MeeGo platform and on WebOS mobiles phones. Depending on the carrier, a users phone may have restricted functionality. While tethering may be allowed at no extra cost, some carriers impose a charge to enable tethering. Contracts that advertise unlimited data usage often have limits detailed in a Fair usage policy, in New Zealand, tethering is permitted on all carriers since 2011 after the disaster in Christchurch. In the UK, two tethering-permitted mobile plans offered unlimited data, The Full Monty on T-Mobile, and The One Plan on Three, Three offered tethering as a standard feature until early 2012, retaining it on selected plans. T-Mobile dropped tethering on its unlimited data plans in late 2012, as cited in Sprint Nextels Terms of Service, Except with Phone-as-Modem plans, you may not use a phone as a modem in connection with a computer, PDA, or similar device. We reserve the right to deny or terminate service without notice for any misuse or any use that adversely affects network performance, t-Mobiles Simple Family or Simple Business plans offer Hotspot from devices that offer that function to up to 5 devices. Since 2014-03-27,1000 MB/month is free in the USA with cellular service, the host device has unlimited slow internet for the rest of the month, and all month while roaming in 100 countries, but with no tethering. For $10 or $20/month more per host device, the amount of available for tethering can be increased markedly. As of 2013 Verizon Wireless and AT&T Mobility offer wired tethering to their plans for a fee, however, actions by the FCC and a small claims court in California may make it easier for consumers to tether. The announcement also stated that recently revised its service offerings such that consumers on usage-based pricing plans may tether, using any application, without paying an additional fee
22.
9-1-1
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9-1-1 is an emergency telephone number for the North American Numbering Plan, one of eight N11 codes. Like other emergency numbers around the world, this number is intended for use in emergency circumstances only, in approximately 96 percent of the U. S. the Enhanced 9-1-1 system automatically pairs caller numbers with a physical address. In the Philippines, the 9-1-1 emergency hotline has been available to the public since August 1,2016 and it is the first of its kind in Asia-Pacific region. It replaces the previous emergency number 117 used outside Davao City,999 is used in the United Kingdom and many British territories. 112 is the equivalent emergency number used in the European Union, in the US, some carriers, including AT&T, map the number 112 to the emergency number 9-1-1. In the earliest days of telephone technology, prior to the development of the rotary dial telephone, to place a call, the caller was required to pick up the telephone receiver, sometimes turn a magneto crank, and wait for the telephone operator to answer. The caller would then ask to be connected to the number they wished to call, in an emergency, the caller might simply say Get me the police, I want to report a fire, or I need an ambulance or doctor. Until dial service came into use, one could not place calls without operator assistance. The first known experiment with an emergency telephone number occurred in the United Kingdom in 1937. Winnipeg initially used 999 as the number, but switched numbers when 9-1-1 was proposed by the United States. In 1967, the Presidents Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice recommended the creation of a number that could be used nationwide for reporting emergencies. The Federal Communications Commission then met with AT&T in November 1967 in order to choose the number, in 1968, the number was agreed upon. AT&T chose the number 9-1-1, which was simple, easy to remember, dialed easily, Bevill reportedly answered the phone with Hello. At the City Hall with Fite was Haleyville mayor James Whitt, at the station with Bevill were Gallagher. The phone used to answer the first 9-1-1 call, a red model, is now in a museum in Haleyville, while a duplicate phone is still in use at the police station. In 1968, 9-1-1 became the emergency number for the United States. Calling this single provided a caller access to police, fire. The number itself, however, did not become known until the 1970s
23.
100 emergency
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In many countries the public switched telephone network has a single emergency telephone number that allows a caller to contact local emergency services for assistance. The emergency number differs from country to country, it is typically a number so that it can be easily remembered and dialed quickly. Some countries have a different emergency number for each of the different emergency services, see List of emergency telephone numbers. The emergency telephone number is a case in the countrys telephone number plan. In the past, calls to the telephone number were often routed over special dedicated circuits. Though with the advent of electronic exchanges these calls are now mixed with ordinary telephone traffic. Often the system is set up so that once a call is made to a telephone number. Should the caller abandon the call, the line may still be held until the emergency service answers, an emergency telephone number call may be answered by either a telephone operator or an emergency service dispatcher. The nature of the emergency is then determined, if the call has been answered by a telephone operator, they then connect the call to the appropriate emergency service, who then dispatches the appropriate help. In the case of services being needed on a call. Emergency dispatchers are trained to control the call in order to help in an appropriate manner. The emergency dispatcher may find it necessary to give urgent advice in life-threatening situations, some dispatchers have special training in telling people how to perform first aid or CPR. In many parts of the world, a service can identify the telephone number that a call has been placed from. This is normally done using the system that the company uses to bill calls. For an individual fixed landline telephone, the number can often be associated with the callers address. However, with phones and business telephones, the address may be a mailing address rather than the callers location. The latest enhanced systems, such as Enhanced 911, are able to provide the location of mobile telephones. This is often specifically mandated in a countrys legislation, when an emergency happened in the pre-dial telephone era, the user simply picked up the telephone receiver and waited for the operator to answer number, please
24.
000 (emergency telephone number)
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Triple Zero is the primary national emergency number in Australia. The Emergency Call Service is operated by Telstra as a condition of its telecommunications licence, other emergency numbers in Australia are 112 for GSM mobile and satellite phones, which is answered by a Triple Zero operator and 106 for TDD textphones. Those numbers changed in 1994 to 110,112 and 113 respectively, for calls to the State Emergency Service the Australia wide number 132500 can be used. This number should only be used for non–life-threatening situations, prior to 1969, Australia did not have a national number for emergency services, the police, fire and ambulance services possessed many phone numbers, one for each local unit. In 1961, the office of the Postmaster General introduced the Triple Zero number in major population centres, the number Triple Zero was chosen for several reasons, technically, it suited the dialling system for the most remote automatic exchanges, particularly outback Queensland. These communities used the digit 0 to select an automatic trunk line to a centre, in the most remote communities, two 0s had to be used to reach a main centre, thus dialling 0+0, plus another 0 would call an operator. Zero is closest to the stall on Australian rotary dial phones. 911 was previously considered as an emergency number, though existing numbering arrangements make this unfeasible due to homes and businesses being assigned numbers beginning with 911. Calling Triple Zero connects the caller to a Telstra operator who will then connect the caller to the emergency service organisation calltaker, Telstra operators will ask the caller if they require the Police, Fire, Ambulance. and their location if calling from a mobile phone or nomadic service. The caller is then connected to the relevant emergency service answer point as requested by the caller, the callers address is usually available to Telstra operators for fixed services in Australia even if the number is private. When calling from a telephone, callers should always attempt to provide accurate location details. This will assist emergency calltakers, and will expedite emergency service dispatch, within Australia, Triple Zero is a free call from any telephone. Simcards are not required to connect mobile phones to Emergency Services, interpreter services may also be available once connected to Emergency Services. Due to special configuration in their firmware, some 3G or GSM mobile phones sold in Australia will redirect other emergency numbers, such as 9-1-1 and 9-9-9, to Triple Zero. These calls are sent out by the handset as a flag to the network. ESTA operates three State Emergency Communications Centres, located in the Melbourne CBD, East Burwood, and Ballarat, using this information, a dispatcher will identify and dispatch the appropriate emergency services or resources. Calls for SES should be made to 132500, however if you have already called police or another service they will have notified SES if appropriate, many ESTA practices and protocols are standardised across all emergency services agencies, and all agencies use the same computer network. The result is complete and instantaneous information sharing between emergency services, on 7 February 2009, catastrophic bushfires occurred in Victoria, otherwise known as Black Saturday bushfires
25.
999 (emergency telephone number)
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999 is an official emergency telephone number in a number of countries which allows the caller to contact emergency services for urgent assistance. 999 is the emergency number for the United Kingdom. All calls are answered by 999 operators, the system was introduced following a fire on 10 November 1935 in a house on Wimpole Street in which five women were killed. The first arrest – for burglary – took place a week later,9 or 99, reaching at least an operator. This enables all users including the visually impaired to easily dial the emergency number, hoax calls and improper use are an issue. For these reasons, there are frequent public information campaigns in the UK on the use of the 999 system. Alternative three-digit numbers for non-emergency calls have also introduced in recent years. 101 was introduced for non-urgent calls in England and Wales The scheme was extended to Scotland, trials of 111 as a number to access health services in the UK for urgent but not life-threatening cases began in England in 2010. The main roll-out occurred from 2011 to 2013, with a number of delays, in Scotland, the NHS24 service moved from 08454242424 to 111 on 29 April 2014. NHS Direct Wales continues to use 08454647 and those registered on the database are issued with a personal identification number that can be used in two ways. By phone – either 999 or the forces non-emergency 101 number can be used – once a person is put through to the room, they only need to say Pegasus. Their details can then be retrieved from the database and the caller can quickly get on with explaining why they have called, in person – the Pegasus PIN can be told or shown to a police officer. Pegasus is also used by the City of London Police, Dyfed Powys Police, the pan-European 112 code was introduced in the UK in April 1995 with little publicity. It connects to existing 999 circuits, the GSM standard mandates that the user of a GSM phone can dial 112 without unlocking the keypad, a feature that can save time in emergencies but that also causes some accidental calls. All mobile telephones will make emergency calls with the keypad locked, originally a valid SIM card was not required to make a 999/112 emergency call in the UK. However, as a result of numbers of untraceable hoax calls being made. Most UK mobile telephone handsets will dial 999/112 without a SIM inserted, following the blocking of SIM-less calls, in 2009 the UK networks introduced emergency call roaming. This allows a user with a valid SIM of a UK network to make calls on any network for which they have coverage
26.
112 (emergency telephone number)
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112 is the common emergency telephone number that can be dialed free of charge from most mobile telephones and, in some countries, fixed telephones in order to reach emergency services. 112 is a part of the GSM standard and all GSM-compatible telephone handsets are able to dial 112 even when locked or, in some countries, with no SIM card present. It is also the emergency number in all member states of the European Union as well as several other countries of Europe. 112 is often alongside other numbers traditionally used in the given country to access emergency services. In some countries, calls to 112 are not connected directly,112 is not always supported by VoIP operators or on non-GSM networks. Accidental calls to emergency centres from mobile phones, which can dial emergency numbers even with locked keypad, are a problem with same-digit numbers. The same choice also maximised dialling speed, for this reason, Germanys police emergency number was changed from 111 to 110. With numeric keypads, pressing only the first and second button on the keypad is marginally easier in a situation than other keys. Dominican Republic East Timor Egypt Estonia Finland France Germany Gibraltar Georgia Single emergency number in Georgia 112 Greece Hong Kong Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Iran Ireland Israel. g,061 and 112 in Spain,999 and 112 both function in Ireland and the UK. In the United States, only some carriers, including AT&T will map the number 112 to its emergency number 9-1-1,112 is managed and financed in the European Union by each member state which also decide on the organization of the emergency call centres. The number is also adopted in the candidates for EU accession, the International Telecommunications Union recommends that member states that are selecting a primary or secondary emergency number choose either 911,112 or both. 112 is one of two numbers that can be dialed on most GSM phones even if the phone is locked, E112 is a location-enhanced version of 112. The telecom operator transmits the information to the emergency centre. The EU Directive E112 requires mobile phone networks to provide emergency services with whatever information they have about the location a mobile call was made and this directive is based on the FCCs Enhanced 911 ruling in 2001. The new eCall project for automated emergency calls from cars is based on E1000, since 2009 and a tripartite convention signed by the European Commission, the European Parliament and the Council of the EU,11 February is the European 112 Day. At this occasion, events take place to promote the existence, the European Emergency Number Association has published some of the actions that were taken in European countries on their website. Getting 112 to work across the EU is a complex task and it requires in particular coordination between civil protection administrations and electronic communications administrations. That is why the Commission decided to act at European level, the objective of the group is to deal with practical issues Member States are facing to provide an efficient and effective 112 service to citizens
27.
Emergency telephone number
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In many countries the public switched telephone network has a single emergency telephone number that allows a caller to contact local emergency services for assistance. The emergency number differs from country to country, it is typically a number so that it can be easily remembered and dialed quickly. Some countries have a different emergency number for each of the different emergency services, see List of emergency telephone numbers. The emergency telephone number is a case in the countrys telephone number plan. In the past, calls to the telephone number were often routed over special dedicated circuits. Though with the advent of electronic exchanges these calls are now mixed with ordinary telephone traffic. Often the system is set up so that once a call is made to a telephone number. Should the caller abandon the call, the line may still be held until the emergency service answers, an emergency telephone number call may be answered by either a telephone operator or an emergency service dispatcher. The nature of the emergency is then determined, if the call has been answered by a telephone operator, they then connect the call to the appropriate emergency service, who then dispatches the appropriate help. In the case of services being needed on a call. Emergency dispatchers are trained to control the call in order to help in an appropriate manner. The emergency dispatcher may find it necessary to give urgent advice in life-threatening situations, some dispatchers have special training in telling people how to perform first aid or CPR. In many parts of the world, a service can identify the telephone number that a call has been placed from. This is normally done using the system that the company uses to bill calls. For an individual fixed landline telephone, the number can often be associated with the callers address. However, with phones and business telephones, the address may be a mailing address rather than the callers location. The latest enhanced systems, such as Enhanced 911, are able to provide the location of mobile telephones. This is often specifically mandated in a countrys legislation, when an emergency happened in the pre-dial telephone era, the user simply picked up the telephone receiver and waited for the operator to answer number, please
28.
Radio station
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A radio station is a set of equipment necessary to carry on communication via radio waves. Generally, it is a receiver or transmitter, an antenna, Radio stations play a vital role in communication technology as they are heavily relied on to transfer data and information across the world. More broadly, the definition of a radio station includes the aforementioned equipment, such a station may include several radio stations defined above. This definition of a station is more often referred to as a transmitter site. Each station shall be classified by the service in which it operates permanently or temporarily», transmitter - Takes the electrical output of a microphone and then modulates a higher-frequency carrier signal and transmits it as radio waves. Receiver - The broadcast message is received by the receiver and decodes the radio sine waves, antenna - An antenna is required for transmission, it is also required to receive radio waves. The main use of an antenna is to radio signals. Aerial feeder - system of feeding HF-Energy in the antenna Transmission lines - Transmission lines are used to transfer the radio signals from one location to another. For example, a line was used in Luftwaffe, Germany during WW II to send information from camps back to their base. Connectors Interface panel remote control – This is used to various different types of the equipment used in a radio station. To input broadcast data into a transmitter an interface panel will need to be used, cable – A cable can be used to connect the various devices. Equipment Rack – To hold all equipment in a secure and logical manner, power protection equipment – For holding equipments in a stable, secure and logical manner. UPS – For uninterrupted power supply and these are the most used/important devices and items for most radio stations. A microphone is used to capture the input of sound created by people speaking into the device. The sounds are turned into electrical energy, this energy then flows along a metal antenna. As the electrons in the current move back and forth up the antenna. The waves travel at the speed of light, taking the program with them. A compound of both a transmitter and a receiver is called a transceiver, they are combined and share common circuitry or a single housing, when no circuitry is common between the transmit and receive functions, the device becomes a transmitter-receiver
29.
Metropolitan area
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As social, economic and political institutions have changed, metropolitan areas have become key economic and political regions. The Greater São Paulo is a term for one of the multiple definitions the large metropolitan area located in the São Paulo state in Brazil. A metropolitan area combines an urban agglomeration with zones not necessarily urban in character and these outlying zones are sometimes known as a commuter belt, and may extend well beyond the urban zone, to other political entities. For example, El Monte, California is considered part of the Los Angeles metro area in the United States, in practice, the parameters of metropolitan areas, in both official and unofficial usage, are not consistent. Population figures given for one area can vary by millions. A polycentric metropolitan area is one not connected by continuous development or conurbation, in defining a metropolitan area, it is sufficient that a city or cities form a nucleus that other areas have a high degree of integration with. The Australian Bureau of Statistics defines statistical divisions as areas under the influence of one or more major towns or a major city. However, this definition has become obsolete with the conurbation of several statistical divisions into a larger metropolitan areas. In Brazil, metropolitan areas are called metropolitan regions, each State defines its own legislation for the creation, definition and organization of a metropolitan region. The creation of a region is not intended for any statistical purpose, although the Brazilian Institute of Geography. Their main purpose is to allow for a management of public policies of common interest to all cities involved. They dont have political, electoral or jurisdictional power whatsoever, so living in a metropolitan region do not elect representatives for them. Statistics Canada defines a metropolitan area as an area consisting of one or more adjacent municipalities situated around a major urban core. To form a CMA, the area must have a population of at least 100,000. To be included in the CMA, adjacent municipalities must have a degree of integration with the core. As of the Canada 2011 Census, there were 33 CMAs in Canada, including six with a population over one million—Toronto, Montreal, Vancouver, Ottawa, Calgary and Edmonton. In Denmark the only area is Greater Copenhagen, consisting of the Capital Region of Denmark along with the neighboring regions Region Zealand. Greater Copenhagen has an population of 1.25 million people
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Area codes 305 and 786
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Area code 305 is the area code for all of Miami, Florida, Miami-Dade County, and the part of Monroe County in the Florida Keys in the United States. The mainland portion of Monroe County is served by area code 239, the numbering plan area 305 was overlaid by area code 786 in 1998. Area code 305 was one of the area codes created in 1947. The western part of the peninsula from the Tampa Bay area south, in 1988, the east coast of Florida from Palm Beach County north through Brevard County, as well as the Orlando metropolitan area was assigned area code 407. In 1995, Broward County was split from 305 and assigned area code 954. Available numbers were limited by the fact that Monroe County was split between two area codes, as well as the fact all of South Florida from the Treasure Coast to the Keys is a single LATA. To solve this problem, area code 786 was installed as an overlay in 1998, the overlay originally only covered Miami-Dade County, the Keys were added in 2008. American professional wrestler Montel Vontavious Porter uses a modified facebuster finishing move known as The 305, Area 305 was a Fort Lauderdale restaurant in the 1970s where each table had an extension for other interested patrons to dial. Drake titled a song 305 to My City on his 2013 album, enrique Iglesias uses @enrique305 as his account name on Twitter. A magazine in Miami called 305 Magazine, kitchen 305 is a Sunny Isles Beach restaurant inside the Newport Beachside Resort. )5. Pitbulls record label is called Mr.305 Inc, pitbull himself is known as Mr.305. QuESt mentions the area code 305 in the song titled Hunger off of his mixtape Searching Sylvan, List of Florida area codes List of NANP area codes North American Numbering Plan NANPA Area Code Map of Florida History of Area Code Changes in Florida. Archived from the original on Feb 2,2009, List of exchanges Area Code 786. Archived from the original on Feb 8,2009
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Miami
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Miami is a seaport city at the southeastern corner of the U. S. state of Florida and its Atlantic coast. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, Miamis metro area is the eighth-most populous, Miami is a major center, and a leader in finance, commerce, culture, media, entertainment, the arts, and international trade. In 2012, Miami was classified as an Alpha−World City in the World Cities Study Groups inventory, in 2010, Miami ranked seventh in the United States in terms of finance, commerce, culture, entertainment, fashion, education, and other sectors. It ranked 33rd among global cities, in 2008, Forbes magazine ranked Miami Americas Cleanest City, for its year-round good air quality, vast green spaces, clean drinking water, clean streets, and citywide recycling programs. According to a 2009 UBS study of 73 world cities, Miami was ranked as the richest city in the United States, Miami is nicknamed the Capital of Latin America and is the largest city with a Cuban-American plurality. Miami has the third tallest skyline in the U. S. with over 300 high-rises, Downtown Miami is home to the largest concentration of international banks in the United States, and many large national and international companies. The Civic Center is a center for hospitals, research institutes, medical centers. For more than two decades, the Port of Miami, known as the Cruise Capital of the World, has been the number one cruise port in the world. It accommodates some of the worlds largest cruise ships and operations, Metropolitan Miami is the major tourism hub in the American South, number two in the U. S. after New York City and number 13 in the world, including the popular destination of Miami Beach. The Miami area was inhabited for thousands of years by indigenous Native American tribes, the Tequestas occupied the area for a thousand years before encountering Europeans. An Indian village of hundreds of people dating to 500–600 B. C. was located at the mouth of the Miami River, in 1566 the explorer, Pedro Menéndez de Avilés, claimed it for Spain. A Spanish mission was constructed one year later in 1567, Spain and Great Britain successively controlled Florida, and Spain ceded it to the United States in 1821. In 1836, the US built Fort Dallas as part of its development of the Florida Territory and attempt to suppress, the Miami area subsequently became a site of fighting during the Second Seminole War. Miami is noted as the major city in the United States conceived by a woman, Julia Tuttle, a local citrus grower. The Miami area was known as Biscayne Bay Country in the early years of its growth. In the late 19th century, reports described the area as a promising wilderness, the area was also characterized as one of the finest building sites in Florida. The Great Freeze of 1894–95 hastened Miamis growth, as the crops of the Miami area were the ones in Florida that survived. Julia Tuttle subsequently convinced Henry Flagler, a tycoon, to expand his Florida East Coast Railway to the region
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Call sign
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In broadcasting and radio communications, a call sign is a unique designation for a transmitter station. In North America, they are used for all FCC licensed transmitters, a call sign can be formally assigned by a government agency, informally adopted by individuals or organizations, or even cryptographically encoded to disguise a stations identity. The use of signs as unique identifiers dates to the landline railroad telegraph system. Because there was only one line linking all railroad stations. In order to time, two-letter identifiers were adopted for this purpose. This pattern continued in operation, radio companies initially assigned two-letter identifiers to coastal stations and stations aboard ships at sea. These were not globally unique, so a company identifier was later added. Merchant and naval vessels are assigned call signs by their national licensing authorities, in the case of states such as Liberia or Panama, which are flags of convenience for ship registration, call signs for larger vessels consist of the national prefix plus three letters. United States merchant vessels are given call signs beginning with the letters W or K while US naval ships are assigned callsigns beginning with N, leisure craft with VHF radios may not be assigned call signs, in which case the name of the vessel is used instead. Ships in the US wishing to have a radio licence anyway are under F. C. C, class SA, Ship recreational or voluntarily equipped. Those calls follow the land mobile format of the initial letter K or W followed by 1 or 2 letters followed by 3 or 4 numbers. U. S. Coast Guard small boats have a number that is shown on both bows in which the first two digits indicate the length of the boat in feet. For example, Coast Guard 47021 refers to the 21st in the series of 47 foot motor lifeboats, the call sign might be abbreviated to the final two or three numbers during operations, for example, Coast Guard zero two one. Call signs in aviation are derived from several different policies, depending upon the type of flight operation, in most countries, unscheduled general aviation flights identify themselves using the call sign corresponding to the aircrafts registration number. In this case, the sign is spoken using the International Civil Aviation Organization phonetic alphabet. Aircraft registration numbers internationally follow the pattern of a country prefix, for example, an aircraft registered as N978CP conducting a general aviation flight would use the call sign November-niner-seven-eight-Charlie-Papa. However, in the United States a pilot of an aircraft would normally omit saying November, at times, general aviation pilots might omit additional preceding numbers and use only the last three numbers and letters. This is especially true at uncontrolled fields when reporting traffic pattern positions, for example, Skyhawk eight-Charlie-Papa, left base
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Nickname
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A nickname is a substitute for the proper name of a familiar person, place, or thing, for affection or ridicule. The term hypocoristic is used to refer to a nickname of affection between those in love or with an emotional bond, compared with a term of endearment. The term diminutive name refers to nicknames that convey smallness, hence something regarded with affection or familiarity, the distinction between the two is often blurred. It is a form of endearment and amusement, as a concept, it is distinct from both pseudonym and stage name, and also from a title, although there may be overlap in these concepts. A moniker also means a nickname or personal name, the word often distinguishes personal names from nicknames that became proper names out of former nicknames. English examples are Bob and Rob, nickname variants for Robert, a nickname is often considered desirable, symbolising a form of acceptance, but can sometimes be a form of ridicule. The compound word ekename, literally meaning additional name, was attested as early as 1303 and this word was derived from the Old English phrase eaca an increase, related to eacian to increase. By the fifteenth century, the misdivision of the syllables of the phrase an ekename led to its reanalysis as a nekename, though the spelling has changed, the pronunciation and meaning of the word have remained relatively stable ever since. However, it is common for the nickname to be identified after a comma following the full real name or later in the body of the text. The middle name is generally eliminated, especially in speech, like English, German uses quotation marks between the first and last names. The latter may cause confusion because it resembles an English convention sometimes used for married, in Viking societies, many people had heiti, viðrnefni, or kenningarnöfn which were used in addition to, or instead of the first name. Slaves have often used nicknames, so that the master who heard about someone doing something could not identify the slave, in capoeira, a Brazilian martial art, the slaves had nicknames to protect them from being caught, as practising capoeira was illegal for decades. In Anglo-American culture, a nickname is based on a shortening of a persons proper name. However, in societies, this may not necessarily be the case. For example, my nickname is farmer Phil In Indian society, for example, generally people have at least one nickname, Indian nicknames very often are a trivial word or a diminutive. In Australian society, Australian men will often give ironic nicknames, for example, a man with red hair will be given the nickname Blue or Bluey. A tall man will be called Shorty, an obese person Slim, in England, some nicknames are traditionally associated with a persons surname. A man with the surname Clark will be nicknamed Nobby, the surname Miller will have the nickname Dusty, there are several other nicknames linked traditionally with a persons surname, including Chalky White, Bunny Warren, Tug Wilson, and Spud Baker
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Country calling codes
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Country calling codes or country dial in codes are telephone dialing prefixes for the member countries of the International Telecommunication Union. They are defined by the ITU-T in standards E.123, the prefixes enable international direct dialing, and are also referred to as international subscriber dialing codes. Country codes are a component of the telephone numbering plan. Country codes are dialed before the telephone number. For example, the call prefix in all countries belonging to the North American Numbering Plan is 011. On GSM networks, the prefix may automatically be inserted when the user prefixes a dialed number with the plus sign, Country calling codes are prefix codes, hence, they can be organized as a tree. In each row of the table below, the country codes given in the left-most column share the same first digit, while there is a general geographic grouping to the zones, some exceptions exist for political and historical reasons. Thus, the geographical indicators below are approximations only, countries within NANP administered areas are assigned area codes as if they were all within one country. The codes below in format +1 XXX represent area code XXX within the +1 NANP zone – not a country code. Small countries, such as Iceland, were assigned three-digit codes, since the 1980s, all new assignments have been three-digit regardless of countries’ populations.164 assigned country codes as of 15 November 2016. List of ITU-T Recommendation E.164 Dialling Procedures as of 15 December 2011, complement to Recommendation ITU-T E.164 - List of Recommendation ITU-T E.164 Assigned Country Codes. Telephone and Internet Country Codes in 10 Languages
