1.
Culture of New Zealand
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Polynesian explorers reached the islands between 1250 and 1300 CE. Over the ensuing centuries of Polynesian expansion and settlement, Māori culture developed from its Polynesian roots, Māori established separate tribes, built fortified villages, hunted and fished, traded commodities, developed agriculture, arts and weaponry, and kept a detailed oral history. Regular European contact began from 1800, and British immigration proceeded rapidly, especially from 1855, colonists had a dramatic effect on the Māori, bringing Christianity, advanced technology, the English language, numeracy and literacy. In 1840 Māori chiefs signed the Treaty of Waitangi, intended to enable the tribes to live peacefully with the colonists. However, after incidents, the New Zealand wars broke out from 1845, with Māori suffering a loss of land, partly through confiscation. Māori retained their identity, mostly choosing to live separately from settlers and continuing to speak, with mass migration from Britain, a high Māori death rate and low life expectancy for Māori women, the indigenous population figure dropped between 1850 and 1930, becoming a minority. European New Zealanders, despite their far from Europe, retained strong cultural ties to Mother England. These ties were weakened by the demise of the British Empire and loss of access to British meat. Pākehā began to forge a separate identity influenced by their pioneering history, more recently, New Zealand culture has been broadened by globalisation and immigration from the Pacific Islands, East Asia and South Asia. Non-Māori Polynesian cultures are apparent, with Pasifika, the worlds largest Polynesian festival, New Zealand marks two national days of remembrance, Waitangi Day and ANZAC Day, and also celebrates holidays during or close to the anniversaries of the founding dates of each province. New Zealand has two national anthems of equal status, God Save the Queen and God Defend New Zealand—the latter of which is sung with alternating Māori. Many citizens prefer to minimise ethnic divisions, simply calling themselves New Zealanders or Kiwis, the Māori are the indigenous Polynesian people of New Zealand who first arrived In New Zealand about 1280. They arrived from Eastern Polynesia, most likely the Society Islands, in 2014 demographers believe about 100-200 Polynesians migrants arrived at a similar time. Māori settled the islands and developed a culture over several hundred years. Oral history tells of a voyage from Hawaiki in large ocean-going canoes. Māori mythology is a corpus of gods and heroes, sharing some Polynesian motifs. Some notable figures are Rangi and Papa, Māui, and Kupe, central to many cultural events is the marae, where families and tribes gather for special occasions, such as pōwhiri or tangi. Māori often call themselves tāngata whenua, placing particular importance on a lifestyle connected to land, communal living, sharing, and living off the land are strong traditional values
2.
History of New Zealand
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The history of New Zealand dates back at least 700 years to when it was discovered and settled by Polynesians, who developed a distinct Māori culture centred on kinship links and land. The first European explorer to sight New Zealand was Abel Janszoon Tasman on 13 December 1642, captain James Cook, who reached New Zealand in October 1769 on the first of his three voyages, was the first European explorer to circumnavigate and map New Zealand. From the late 18th century, the country was visited by explorers and other sailors, missionaries. In 1840 the Treaty of Waitangi was signed between the British Crown and various Māori chiefs, bringing New Zealand into the British Empire, there was extensive British settlement throughout the rest of the century. War and the imposition of a European economic and legal system led to most of New Zealands land passing from Māori to Pākehā ownership, from the 1890s the New Zealand parliament enacted a number of progressive initiatives, including womens suffrage and old age pensions. The country remained a member of the British Empire, and 110,000 men fought in World War I. After the war New Zealand signed the Treaty of Versailles, joined the League of Nations, when World War II broke out in 1939, New Zealanders contributed to the defence of the British Empire, the country contributed some 120,000 troops. From the 1930s the economy was highly regulated and a welfare state was developed. Meanwhile, Māori culture underwent a renaissance, and from the 1950s Māori began moving to the cities in large numbers and this led to the development of a Māori protest movement which in turn led to greater recognition of the Treaty of Waitangi in the late 20th century. In the 1980s the economy was deregulated and a number of socially liberal policies. Foreign policy involved support for Britain in the wars, and close relations after 1940 with the United States. Foreign policy after 1980 became more independent especially in pushing for a nuclear-free region, subsequent governments have generally maintained these policies, although tempering the free market ethos somewhat. In 1984, the Fourth Labour government was elected amid a constitutional, the economic reforms were led by finance minister Roger Douglas (finance minister, who enacted fundamental, radically neo-liberal and unexpectedly pro-free market reforms known as Rogernomics. New Zealand was originally settled by Polynesians from Eastern Polynesia, the most current reliable evidence strongly indicates that initial settlement of New Zealand occurred around 1280 CE. The descendants of settlers became known as the Māori, forming a distinct culture of their own. The original settlers quickly exploited the abundant large game in New Zealand, such as moa, as moa and other large game became scarce or extinct, Māori culture underwent major change, with regional differences. In areas where it was possible to grow taro and kūmara and this was not possible in the south of the South Island, but wild plants such as fernroot were often available and cabbage trees were harvested and cultivated for food. Warfare also increased in importance, reflecting increased competition for land, in this period, fortified pā became more common, although there is debate about the actual frequency of warfare
3.
Independence of New Zealand
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The independence of New Zealand is a matter of continued academic and social debate. New Zealand has no fixed date of independence, instead, independence came about as a result of New Zealands evolving constitutional status, New Zealand evolved as one of the British Dominions, colonies within the British Empire which gradually established progressively greater degrees of self-rule. They were always anomalous in terms, and the attempt to define a date of independence in the sense that one can be given for most ex-colonies is not really meaningful. However, a consideration of possible dates can help understanding of the processes of change, the principles behind the independence of New Zealand began before New Zealand even became a British colony in 1840. The principles of government within the Empire were laid down in the Durham Report. Canada, New Zealand, and the Australian colonies very soon followed suit, the British Parliament passed the New Zealand Constitution Act 1852 to grant the colonys settlers the right to self-governance, only 12 years after the founding of the colony. New Zealand was therefore to all intents and purposes independent in domestic matters from its earliest days as a British colony, the first major step towards nationhood on the international stage came in 1919 when New Zealand was given a seat in the newly founded League of Nations. However, Australia, New Zealand, and Newfoundland were hostile towards this development, irrespective of any legal developments, some New Zealanders still perceived themselves as a distinctive outlying branch of the United Kingdom until at least the 1970s. Thus, New Zealand has no date of official independence. The concept of a national Independence Day does not exist in New Zealand, the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi on 6 February 1840 marked the beginning of organised British colonisation of New Zealand. New Zealand was originally a sub-colony of the Colony of New South Wales, Waitangi Day is thus celebrated as New Zealands national day. Others dispute this, pointing to the use of the term kawanatanga in the Treaty deducts from rangatiratanga, New Zealand became a self-governing colony in 1853 following the passage of the New Zealand Constitution Act 1852, which established responsible government in the colony. New Zealand participated in the 1891 National Australian Convention in Sydney to consider the Federation of the Australian, the Convention agreed to four principles including the creation of a Federated army and navy. Interest in the proposed Australian Federation faded and New Zealand did not send a delegation to the 1897 National Australian Convention, in 1901 New Zealand did not ratify the Australian Constitution, and did not partake in the Federation of Australia. Prime Minister Joseph Ward determined that New Zealand should become a dominion, on 26 September 1907 the United Kingdom granted New Zealand Dominion status within the British Empire. New Zealand became known as the Dominion of New Zealand, the date was declared Dominion Day, but never reached any popularity as a day of independence. As a potential national day, Dominion Day never possessed any emotional appeal, the Dominion newspaper began on Dominion Day,1907. To regard it as an independence day is incorrect, the change to dominion status was seen as purely cosmetic
4.
Colony of New Zealand
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The Colony of New Zealand was a British colony that existed in New Zealand from 1841 to 1907. Originally created as a Crown colony, the power of the British government was vested in a governor, the colony was granted self-government in 1852, after the first parliament was elected in 1853, the 1852 Constitution was inaugurated. The first responsible government of New Zealand was formed in 1856, the Colony of New Zealand had three capitals, Old Russell, Auckland and Wellington. In 1907, the became the Dominion of New Zealand. Following the proclamation of sovereignty over New Zealand from Sydney in January 1840, Captain William Hobson came to New Zealand and issued the same proclamation on 1 February 1840. The Treaty of Waitangi was subsequently signed on 6 February 1840, in the first declaration, Hobson declared British sovereignty over the North Island. The basis for the claim over the North Island was the Treaty of Waitangi between the Māori and the British Crown, in the English version of the treaty, Māori ceded sovereignty in return for the rights, privileges and protection of being a British subject. In the second declaration, Hobson declared British sovereignty over the South Island, initially, New Zealand was part of the Colony of New South Wales, and Lieutenant-Governor Hobson, answerable to his superior, was the Governor of New South Wales. By letters patent, the British government issued the Charter for Erecting the Colony of New Zealand on 16 November 1840, the Charter stated that the Colony of New Zealand would be established as a Crown colony separate from New South Wales on 1 July 1841. With the establishment of the Crown colony, Hobson became Governor of New Zealand, the first organs of the New Zealand Government were also established. An Executive Council and a Legislative Council were created to assist the governor, the Executive Council consisted of the attorney-general, colonial secretary, and colonial treasurer. The Legislative Council consisted of the governor, Executive Council, the Legislative Council had the power to issue Ordinances, statutory instruments. The colony was divided into three provinces, New Ulster Province, New Munster Province, and New Leinster Province, as new European settlements were founded in the colony, demands for self-government became louder. The New Zealand Company settlement of Port Nicholson had its own elected council, later, Wellington became the centre of agitation by settlers for representative government led by Samuel Revans, who founded the Wellington Settlers Constitutional Association in 1848. The first New Zealand Constitution Act was passed in 1846, though Governor George Grey was opposed to provisions that would divide the country into European and Māori districts. As a result, almost all of the Act was suspended for six years pending a new Act of 1852, in the meantime, Grey drafted his own Act which established both provincial and central representative assemblies, and allowed for Māori districts and an elected governor. The latter proposal was rejected by the Parliament of the United Kingdom when it adopted Greys constitution, the second New Zealand Constitution Act was passed in 1852 and became the central constitutional document of the colony. It created the General Assembly, which consisted of the Legislative Council, the first general election for the House of Representatives was held on between 14 July and 1 October 1853
5.
Dominion of New Zealand
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The Dominion of New Zealand was the historical successor to the Colony of New Zealand. It was a monarchy with a high level of self-government within the British Empire. New Zealand became a separate British Crown colony in 1841 and received responsible government with the Constitution Act in 1852. New Zealand chose not to part in Australian Federation and became the Dominion of New Zealand on 26 September 1907, Dominion Day. Dominion status was a mark of the political independence that had evolved over half a century through responsible government. Just under one million lived in New Zealand in 1907 and cities such as Auckland. The Dominion of New Zealand allowed the British government to shape its foreign policy, the 1923 and 1926 Imperial Conferences decided that New Zealand should be allowed to negotiate their own political treaties and the first commercial treaty was ratified in 1928 with Japan. When the Second World War broke out in 1939 the New Zealand government made its own decision to enter the war, in the post-war period, the term ‘Dominion’ has fallen into disuse. Full independence was granted with the Statute of Westminster in 1931, after much debate over lexicon, the term ‘Dominion’ was decided upon. Dominion status was anticipated to be a house between colonial status and full independence. The adoption of the designation of ‘Dominion’ would, raise the status of New Zealand stated Prime Minister Sir Joseph Ward, Ward also had regional imperial ambitions. He hoped the new designation would remind the world that New Zealand was not part of Australia and it would dignify New Zealand, a country he thought was the natural centre for the government of the South Pacific. A royal proclamation granting New Zealand the designation of ‘Dominion’ was issued on 9 September 1907, on 26 September the Prime Minister, Sir Joseph Ward, read the proclamation from the steps of Parliament, Edward R. & I. And We hereby give Our Commands to all Public Departments accordingly, given at Our Court at Buckingham Palace, this ninth day of September, in the year of Our Lord one thousand nine hundred and seven, and in the seventh year of Our Reign. God save the King Letters patent were issued to confirm New Zealands change in status, declaring that, there shall be a Governor and Commander-in-Chief in and over Our Dominion of New Zealand. Control over defence, constitutional amendments, and foreign affairs remained with the British government until the Statute of Westminster was adopted in 1947, Ward had thought that New Zealanders would be much gratified with the new title. However, Dominion status was received with limited enthusiasm and indifference from the general public, the shift from colony to Dominion was viewed as a change of name only. The general public were unable to discern any practical difference, Dominion status was symbolic and recognised the countrys shift to self-governance, but this change had been accomplished with the first responsible government in the 1850s
6.
Military history of New Zealand
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The military history of New Zealand is an aspect of the history of New Zealand that spans several hundred years. When first settled by Māori almost a millennium ago, there was land and resources. Initially being fought with close range weapons of wood and stone, colonisation by Britain led to the New Zealand land wars in the 19th century in which settler and imperial troops and their Māori allies fought against other Māori and a handful of Pākehā. In the first half of the 20th century, New Zealanders of all races fought alongside Britain in the Boer War, in the second half of the century and into this century the New Zealand Defence Force has provided token assistance to the United States in several conflicts. New Zealand has also contributed extensively to multilateral peacekeeping operations. The level of intertribal warfare amongst pre-European Māori is unknown, oral histories, legends and whakapapa include many stories of battles and wars but little research has been carried out into how often wars actually happened. Archaeological evidence suggests that population growth and the extinction of the moa, warfare increased as tribes. At some point, perhaps before this change, one group migrated to the Chatham Islands. Their pacifism left the Moriori unable to defend themselves when the islands were invaded by mainland Māori in the 1830s. In the classic Māori culture of 1550 CE onward, warriors were held in high esteem, Māori were unusual in having no distance weapons such as bows or slings, so all fighting took place at close range. Defence was based on hill forts, the remains of which can be all over New Zealand. The largest battle recorded was that of Hingakaka with several thousand combatants, the Musket Wars were a series of battles in the early 19th century, fought between various Māori tribal groups, mainly on the North Island. In time, all the tribes traded to obtain muskets and the conflict reached an uneasy stalemate. The wars gave Māori experience in fighting with and defending against guns – experience which would be vital in the New Zealand Wars. The expedition was sent by Governor Bourke from Sydney, but was criticised for use of excessive force by a British House of Commons report in 1835. The New Zealand or Land Wars were a series of wars fought between Māori on one side and a mixture of troops, imperial troops and other Māori on the other. The name Māori Wars has fallen into disuse, a Māori name for the conflict is Te Riri Pākehā. While the fighting began in 1843 and the last shots were fired in the early 20th century
7.
New Zealanders
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New Zealanders, colloquially known as Kiwis, are citizens of New Zealand. New Zealand is a society, and home to people of many national origins. New Zealand had a resident population of around 4.47 million as of June 2013. While most New Zealanders live in New Zealand, there is also a significant diaspora, of these,360,000, over three-quarters of the New Zealand-born population residing outside of New Zealand, live in Australia. This diaspora has reportedly surged as of 2010, with well over 650,000 New Zealanders living abroad, according to the Australian Department of Immigration and Border Protection, an estimated 640,770 New Zealanders lived in Australia on 30 June 2013. The majority of New Zealanders or their ancestors immigrated within the past three centuries, with the exception of the Māori population who settled New Zealand from Eastern Polynesia and it also includes influences of Māori culture. Large-scale immigration in the 20th and 21st centuries from Asia such as Chinese, the Māori people are most likely descended from people who emigrated from Taiwan to Melanesia and then travelled east through to the Society Islands. Some researchers have suggested an earlier wave of arrivals dating to as early as AD 50–150, over the following centuries the Polynesian settlers developed into a distinct culture now known as Māori. The population was divided into iwi and hapū which would cooperate, compete, at some point a group of Māori migrated to the Chatham Islands where they developed their distinct Moriori culture. Due to New Zealands geographic isolation,500 years passed before the phase of settlement. Only then did the inhabitants need to distinguish themselves from the new arrivals. The establishment of British colonies in Australia from 1788 and the boom in whaling and sealing in the Southern Ocean brought many Europeans and Americans to the vicinity of New Zealand, some settled—for economic, religious or personal reasons. People of European descent constitute the majority of the 4.2 million people living in New Zealand, the table above shows the broad ethnic composition of New Zealand population at the 1961 and the most recent 2013 census. Europeans include all persons of European - Maori — quarter castes, the residual others ethnic group consists largely of Asians and Pacific Islanders. Most European New Zealanders are of British and Irish ancestry, with percentages of other European ancestries such as Croatians, Germans, Poles, French, Dutch, Scandinavian. In the 1961 census, over 90% self-identified as people of European descent, the first Europeans known to have reached New Zealand were Dutch explorer Abel Janszoon Tasman and his crew in 1642. Māori killed several of the crew and no more Europeans went to New Zealand until British explorer James Cooks voyage of 1768–71, Cook reached New Zealand in 1769 and mapped almost the entire coastline. Following Cook, New Zealand was visited by numerous European and North American whaling, sealing and trading ships and they traded European food and goods, especially metal tools and weapons, for Māori timber, food, artefacts and water
8.
Kiwi (people)
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Kiwi is the nickname used internationally for people from New Zealand, as well as being a relatively common self-reference. The name derives from the kiwi, a bird, which is native to. Unlike many demographic labels, its usage is not considered offensive, it is viewed as a symbol of pride. In the early 1900s New Zealanders—including soldiers and the All Blacks—were referred to as En Zeds, Fernleaves and this usage was still in place near the end of World War I. However, although New Zealand soldiers were described as Diggers or Pig Islanders. The kiwi had appeared on military badges since the South Canterbury Battalion used it in 1886, Kiwi came to mean first the men of New Zealand regiments and then all New Zealanders. Many troops stayed in Europe for months or years until transport home could be arranged, the Oxford English Dictionary gives the first use of the Kiwi to mean New Zealander in 1918, in the New Zealand Expeditionary Force Chronicles. The nickname Kiwis for New Zealand servicemen eventually became common usage in all war theatres, following World War II the term was gradually attributed to all New Zealanders and today, throughout the world they are referred to as Kiwis, as well as often referring to themselves that way. Spelling of the word Kiwi, when used to describe the people, is often capitalised, the birds name is spelt with a lower-case k and, being a word of Māori origin, normally stays as kiwi when pluralised. Thus, two Kiwis refers to two people, whereas two kiwi refers to two birds and this linguistic nicety is well exemplified by the BNZ Save the Kiwi Conservation Trust, which uses the slogan Kiwis saving kiwi. kiwi, an internet domain name
9.
New Zealand English
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New Zealand English is the variant of the English language spoken by most English-speaking New Zealanders. Its language code in ISO and Internet standards is en-NZ, English is one of New Zealands three official languages and is the first language of the majority of the population. The English language was established in New Zealand by colonists during the 19th century and it is one of the newest native-speaker variet of the English language in existence, a variety which has developed and become distinctive only in the last 150 years. The most distinctive influences on New Zealand English have come from Australian English, English in southern England, Irish English, Scottish English, the prestige Received Pronunciation, New Zealand English is most similar to Australian English in pronunciation, with some key differences. The first comprehensive dictionary dedicated to New Zealand English was probably the Heinemann New Zealand Dictionary, published in 1979. It includes a one-page list of the date of entry into common parlance of the many terms found in New Zealand English but not elsewhere, such as haka, Boohai. A second edition was published in 1989 with the subtitle the first dictionary of New Zealand English. A third edition, edited by Nelson Wattie, was published as The Reed Dictionary of New Zealand English by Reed Publishing in 2001, Orsmans next dictionary achievement was The New Zealand Dictionary, published by New House Publishers in 1994. It was co-edited by Elizabeth Orsman, a second edition was published in 1995, edited by Elizabeth Orsman. This research started with Orsmans 1951 thesis and continued with his editing this dictionary, to assist with and maintain this work, the New Zealand Dictionary Centre was founded in 1997. It has always included an abundance of New Zealand words and phrases additional to the mutually shared words, every edition has retained a New Zealander as advisor for the New Zealand content, the first being Harry Orsman and the most recent being noted New Zealand lexicographer Laurie Bauer. A more light-hearted look at English as spoken in New Zealand and this slim volume lists many of the potentially confusing and/or misleading terms for Americans visiting or emigrating to New Zealand. A second edition was published in 1990, from the 1790s, New Zealand was visited by British, French and American whaling, sealing and trading ships. Their crews traded European goods with the indigenous Māori, the first settlers to New Zealand were mainly from Australia, many of them ex-convicts or escaped convicts. Sailors, explorers and traders from Australia and other parts of Europe also settled, in 1788 the colony of New South Wales of Australia had been founded. The colony included most of New Zealand except for the half of the South Island. Formed two years prior in London, the New Zealand Company announced in 1839 its plans to establish colonies in New Zealand, some 400,000 settlers came from Britain, of whom 300,000 stayed permanently. Most were young people and 250,000 babies were born, New Zealand ceased to be part of New South Wales and became a British colony on 1 July 1841
10.
New Zealand Sign Language
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New Zealand Sign Language or NZSL is the main language of the Deaf community in New Zealand. It became a language of New Zealand in April 2006, alongside English. New Zealand Sign Language has its roots in British Sign Language, there are 62. 5% similarities found in British Sign Language and NZSL, compared with 33% of NZSL signs found in American Sign Language. Like other natural languages, it was devised by and for deaf people. It uses the same two-handed manual alphabet as BSL and Auslan and it uses more lip-patterns in conjunction with hand and facial movement to cue signs than BSL, reflecting New Zealands history of oralist education of deaf people. Its vocabulary includes Māori concepts such as marae and tangi, the first non-Polynesian immigrants to New Zealand were from Britain, and those who were deaf brought British Sign Language with them. The first known teacher of language was Dorcas Mitchell, who taught the children of one family in Charteris Bay, Lyttelton Harbour. By 1877 she had taught 42 pupils, when the first school for the deaf was opened at Sumner, south east of Christchurch in 1878, Mitchell applied unsuccessfully for the position of principal. Instead it went to Gerrit Van Asch, who agreed with the Milan congress of deaf educators of 1880 that teaching should be oral only, and this was the policy of the school until 1979. A documentary film about the school made in the 1950s makes no mention of sign language, similar policies were maintained at the schools at Titirangi and Kelston that opened in 1940 and 1958. Unsurprisingly, the children used sign language secretly and after leaving school, the main haven for NZSL was the Deaf Clubs in the main centres. In 1979, Total Communication was adopted at the Sumner School, as a result, younger signers use a number of Australasian signs in their NZSL, to such an extent that some call traditional NZSL Old Sign. NZSL was adopted for teaching in 1994, in 1985, Marianne Ahlgren proved in her PhD thesis at Victoria University of Wellington that NZSL is a fully-fledged language, with a large vocabulary of signs and a consistent grammar of space. The New Zealand Sign Language Teachers Association was set up in 1992, over the next few years adult education classes in NZSL began in several centres. Also in 1992 an interpreter training programme was established at the Auckland Institute of Technology and they had as early as 1984 sought support for more research to determine the need for sign language interpreters. Other than a one-off course run in 1985, this was the first time a professional training programme with a qualification was offered in New Zealand. Many of those who have gone on to work as professional NZSL interpreters began their journey in NZSL community classes taught by members of the NZSLTA. An important step toward the recognition of NZSL was the publication in 1998 of a comprehensive NZSL dictionary by Victoria University of Wellington and the Deaf Association of NZ
11.
New Zealand cuisine
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New Zealand cuisine is largely driven by local ingredients and seasonal variations. An island nation with an agricultural economy, New Zealand yields produce from land. Similar to the cuisine of Australia, the cuisine of New Zealand is a diverse British-based cuisine, with Mediterranean, historical influences came from Māori culture. New American cuisine, Southeast Asian, East Asian, and South Asian culinary traditions have become popular since the 1970s, in New Zealand households, dinner is the main meal of the day, when families gather and share their evening together. Restaurants and takeaways provide a proportion of the diet. When the indigenous Māori arrived in New Zealand from tropical Polynesia they had a number of plants, including kūmara, taro. The plants grew well only in the north of the North Island, native New Zealand plants such as fernroot became a more important part of the diet, along with insects such as the huhu grub. Problems with horticulture were made up for by an abundance of bird, the large flightless moa were soon hunted to extinction. Rāhui included forbidding the hunting of species in particular places or at certain times of year. Like other Polynesian people, Māori cooked food in earth ovens, known in New Zealand as hāngi, stones are heated by fire and food packed in leaves are placed on top. The packs are further covered with foliage and cloth, or, wet sacks, other cooking methods included roasting and, in geothermal areas, boiling or steaming using natural hot springs and pools. Occasionally food would be boiled in non-geothermal areas by putting hot stones into a bowl with water and the food, some foods were preserved using smoke, air-drying, or layers of fat—particularly muttonbirds. Māori were one of the few people to have no form of alcoholic beverage, in traditional Māori religion food was noa, or non-sacred. This meant care had to be taken to prevent it coming into contact with places or objects. If it did, the tapu of the place or object, high chiefs, and people engaged in tapu work such as tattooing, were tapu and were restricted in how they could deal with food, the most tapu needing to be fed by others. One story tells of a war party which had to be postponed as no people were available to load the food supplies into the partys waka. When Europeans first arrived in New Zealand from the eighteenth century. Some of these, especially pork and potatoes, were adopted by Māori
12.
Alcohol in New Zealand
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Alcohol has been consumed in New Zealand since the arrival of European settlers. The most popular alcoholic beverages are beer and wine, New Zealand has no minimum consumption age for alcohol, however the minimum purchase age is 18. There is no tradition or archaeological evidence of Māori brewing beer before the arrival of Europeans. Major ingredients of beer were not introduced to New Zealand until Europeans arrived in the late-18th century, captain James Cook brewed a beer flavoured with local spruce tree needles while visiting New Zealand in 1773 in order to combat scurvy aboard ship. He brewed the beer while anchored in Ship Cove in the reaches of Queen Charlotte Sound in January 1770. Here he experimented with the use of young rimu branches as a treatment against scurvy and it was brewed on Saturday 27 March 1773 on Resolution Island, in Dusky Sound, Fiordland. The beer was brewed using wort with addition of molasses and rimu bark, James Cook wrote, We also began to brew beer from the branches or leaves of a tree, which much resembles the American black-spruce. Wine making and vine growing go back to times in New Zealand. British Resident and keen oenologist James Busby was, as early as 1836, in 1851 New Zealands oldest existing vineyard was established by French Roman Catholic missionaries at Mission Estate in Hawkes Bay. Due to economic, legislative and cultural factors, wine was for years a marginal activity in terms of economic importance. Typically, their vineyards produced sherry and port for the palates of New Zealanders of the time, the three factors that held back the development of the industry simultaneously underwent subtle but historic changes in the late 1960s and early 1970s. In 1973, Britain entered the European Economic Community, which required the ending of historic trade terms for New Zealand meat and this led ultimately to a dramatic restructuring of the agricultural economy. Before this restructuring was implemented, diversification away from traditional protein products to products with potentially higher economic returns was explored. Vines, which produce best in low moisture and low soil fertility environments, were seen as suitable for areas that had previously been marginal pasture. The end of the 1960s saw the end of the New Zealand institution of the six oclock swill, the same legislative reform saw the introduction of BYO licences for restaurants. Finally the late 1960s and early 1970s noted the rise of the overseas experience, between 1836 and 1919, the New Zealand temperance movement became a powerful and popular lobby group, as similar movements did in the UK and the USA. In 1919 at a national poll, prohibition gained 49% of the vote and was only defeated when the votes of returned servicemen were counted. Well known temperance activists in New Zealand include William Fox, Frank Isitt, Leonard Isitt, Elizabeth McCombs, James McCombs, Kate Sheppard, Robert Stout, the first laws prohibiting Māori people from consuming alcohol in New Zealand were established between 1847 and 1878
13.
New Zealand music festivals
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Music festivals have a long and chequered history in New Zealand. The first large rock music festival was The Great Ngaruawahia Music Festival in 1973. The largest was the 1979 Nambassa festival, one of several Nambassa festivals held around that time, in Golden Valley, there are regular jazz, folk, ethnic and country music awards and festivals, some of which have been in existence for decades. Large music festivals, for example Sweetwaters Music Festivals, Nambassa and The Big Day Out have been staged periodically since the 1970s, says Te Ara, Parachute Music Festival is a Christian music festival held in New Zealand. It was one of New Zealands largest music festivals and it is the Southern Hemispheres largest Christian music festival, on March 27,2014 Parachute Music released a statement on its Facebook and its website announcing that Parachute Music Festival would no longer be running. Nambassa 1979 was the largest music event in New Zealand, nearly 60,000 came, making it, per capita, the world’s largest festival of its type. Nambassa will be remembered for many things and it was the largest campsite, the biggest and brightest party, and the best attended and most successful musical and cultural event ever in New Zealand. Festival One -2005 - Present - Christian Music Festival A Low Hum - 2006-2014 - Small music festival in Wellington each year over Waitangi Weekend,50 bands over 3 or 4 days. Queenstown Winter Festival - Queenstown Rhythm & Alps - unknown-present - in Cardrona Valley near Wanaka, Rhythm & Vines - 2003–present - vineyard near Gisborne. Soundscape - 2010–present - Hamilton CBD, soundSplash - Whaingaroa/ Raglan, New Zealand reggae festival. St Jeromes Laneway Festival - 2010–present - Auckland Swampfest - 2004–present - Palmerston Norths Globe Theatre, alpine Unity - 2001-2002, Southern Alps. Big Day Out - 1994-1997, 1999-2012,2014 - Mt Smart Stadium, Big Gay Out - Pt Chevalier, Auckland. Brown Trout Festival -1980,1983 - on a farm east of Dannevirke BW Summer Festival - 2004–2015- Lead-up to Rhythm & Vines in Gisborne, destination - 2001-2004, Cave Stream, Southern Alps. The Gathering - 1996-2002 - Canaan Downs, Takaka Hill, near Nelson and Cobb Valley, Golden Bay, g-TARanaki Guitar Festival - 2008-2010 - International guitar festival in New Plymouth, Taranaki. La De Da - 2010-2013 -held at Daisybank Farm, in Martinborough, mountain Rock Music Festival - 1992-1996 - Farm near Pahiatua. Nambassa -1978,1979,1981 - Music and alternatives festivals in Golden Valley, north of Waihi, Parachute Music Festival - 1995-2014 - contemporary Christian music attracting around 30,000 people each year to Mystery Creek, Waikato. Parihaka International Peace Festival - Parihaka - Taranaki, the farmland close to the three marae at Parihaka was turned into a festival site with camping for four days. Phat - Maitai Valley, near Nelson, and Inangahua, the 2007 event was called Phat07 Bass Camp Redwood music festivals - unknown - Farm/orchard at Redwood Park, West Auckland
14.
Religion in New Zealand
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In New Zealand, Christianity is the most common religion with almost half of the population at the 2013 New Zealand Census declaring an affiliation. The majority of 19th century European migrants came from the British Isles, while 47.5 percent of New Zealanders affiliate with Christianity, regular church attendance is probably closer to 15%. The number of people affiliated with Christianity has declined since the 1990s, with increased immigration to New Zealand, especially from Asia, the number of people affiliating with non-Christian religions has also increased. New Zealands religious history after the arrival of Europeans saw substantial missionary activity, the Church Missionary Society sent missionaries to settle in New Zealand. Samuel Marsden of the Church Missionary Society, officiated at its first service on Christmas Day in 1814, the CMS founded its first mission at Rangihoua in the Bay of Islands in 1814 and over the next decade established farms and schools in the area. In June 1823 Wesleydale, the first Wesleyan mission in New Zealand, was established at Whangaroa, jean Baptiste Pompallier was the first Roman Catholic bishop in New Zealand and, with a number of Marist Brothers, he organised the Roman Catholic Church throughout the country. In 1892 the New Zealand Church Mission Society formed in a Nelson church hall, the religious climate of early New Zealand was influenced by voluntarism. Waves of new immigrants brought their particular faiths with them, Catholicism meanwhile was the dominant religion on the West Coast with its many mining concerns, and in Central Otago. Immigration since 1991 has resulted in religions like Hinduism, Buddhism and Sikhism growing rapidly, however, a large portion of the growth of these religions has occurred in Auckland. New Zealand censuses have collected data on religious affiliation since 1851, one complication in interpreting religious affiliation data in New Zealand is the large proportion who object to answering the question, roughly 173,000 respondents in 2013. Most reporting of percentages is based on the number of responses. In the early 20th century New Zealand census data indicates that the vast majority of New Zealanders affiliated with Christianity. The total percentages in the 1921 non-Māori census were, 45% Anglicans,19. 9% Presbyterians,13. 6% Catholics,9. 5% Methodists and 11. 2% Others, the population increased 7. 8% between the 2006 and 2001 census. The most notable trend in religion over that time is the 26. 2% increase in the number of people indicating no religion, the table below is based on religious affiliation data recorded at the last three censuses for usually resident people. Note that figures and percentages may not add to 100 percent as it is possible for people to more than one religion. Hinduism emerged as the second largest religious group in New Zealand after Christianity in the 2006 census, mainstream Christian denominations, while still representing the largest categories of census religious affiliation, are not keeping pace with population increase. Anglicans fell by 95,154 to 459,771 and Presbyterians decreased by 69,936 to 330,903, Roman Catholic numbers decreased by 16,053 to 492,384. The only other religious groups above 100,000 members are Christian, compare this with numbers in 1901, where 42% of people identified with the Anglican denomination, 23% with Presbyterian, and 14% with Catholicism
15.
Christianity in New Zealand
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Christianity in New Zealand dates to the arrival of missionaries in the early 19th century and is the countrys primary religion. Slightly less than half the population identify as Christian, Christian organisations are the leading non-government providers of social services in New Zealand. A number of denominations are present, with none having a dominant position, the first Christian missionaries came to New Zealand at the start of the 19th century. The Church Mission Society, an Anglican organisation, established a presence in New Zealand in 1814 and this expedition was led by Samuel Marsden. Later missionaries brought other religious denominations — Jean Baptiste Pompallier played an important role in establishing Roman Catholicism, Presbyterianism was brought to New Zealand largely by Scottish settlers. The Maori people also created their own forms of Christianity, with Ratana, the Sisters of Mercy arrived in Auckland in 1850 and were the first order of religious sisters to come to New Zealand and began work in health care and education. At the direction of Mary MacKillop, the Sisters of St Joseph of the Sacred Heart arrived in New Zealand, in 1892, Suzanne Aubert established the Sisters of Compassion - the first Catholic order established in New Zealand for women. Although there was hostility between Catholic and Protestants in the 19th and early 20th centuries, this declined after the 1920s. Sectarian groups such as the Orange Order continue to exist in New Zealand but are now virtually invisible, New Zealands first Catholic Prime Minister, Joseph Ward, took office in 1906. The founding of the National Council of Churches in 1941 marked the positive relationships between New Zealand Christians, the NCC was an important voice of the churches in national affairs. The NCC was replaced in 1988 by a new body which included Roman Catholics -the Conference of Churches in Aotearoa New Zealand. In the 2006 census, around 55. 6% of those who answered the question on religion identified themselves as Christian and this gives a total of slightly more than two million Christians in the country. The largest denominations were Anglicans, Catholics, Presbyterians, and Methodists, around 5% of the population identified themselves as Christian without associating themselves with any particular denomination. The proportion of New Zealanders who identify as Christian is declining, different denominations are experiencing different trends. Anglicanism and Presbyterianism are both losing adherents, while the Catholic Church is gaining, the average proportion of Christians in the sixteen cities is 50. 2%. The three largest denominations are found in all parts of the country — the maps below show their distribution across the territorial authorities, no territorial authority has more than a third of its population belonging to a single denomination, although some parts of the lower South Island come close. Anglicanism, associated mostly with New Zealanders of English descent, is common in most parts of the country and it is the largest denomination in most parts of rural New Zealand, the main exception being the lower South Island. The territorial authorities with the highest proportion of Anglicans are Gisborne, Wairoa, the territorial authorities with the lowest proportion of Anglicans are Invercargill, Manukau, and Clutha
16.
New Zealand art
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New Zealand art consists of the visual and plastic arts originating from the geographical location of New Zealand. It come from different traditions, indigenous Māori art, that of the early European settlers, because New Zealand is so isolated, in the past many artists had to go overseas to make a living. The visual arts flourished in the decades of the 20th century. Charcoal drawings can be found on rock shelters in the centre of the South Island. The drawings are estimated to be between 500 and 800 years old, and portray animals, people and fantastic creatures, possibly stylised reptiles, some of the birds pictured are long extinct, including moa and Haasts eagles. They were drawn by early Māori, but by the time Europeans arrived, Māori visual art consists primarily of four forms, carving, tattooing, weaving and painting. The creation of art was governed by the rules of tapu, most traditional Māori art was highly stylised and featured motifs such as the spiral, the chevron and the koru. The colours black, white and red dominated, carving was done in three media, wood, bone, and stone. Arguably ta moko was another form of carving, wood carvings were used to decorate houses, fencepoles, containers, taiaha and other objects. The most popular type of stone used in carving was pounamu, a form of jade, but other kinds were also used, especially in the North Island, both stone and bone were used to create jewellery such as the hei-tiki. Large scale stone face carvings were sometimes created. The introduction of tools by Europeans allowed more intricacy and delicacy. Carving is traditionally a tapu activity performed by men only, ta moko is the art of traditional Māori tattooing, done with a chisel. Men were tattooed on many parts of their bodies, including faces, buttocks, women were usually tattooed only on the lips and chin. The art declined in the 19th century following the introduction of Christianity, although modern moko are in traditional styles, most are carried out using modern equipment. Body parts such as the arms, legs and back are popular locations for modern moko, weaving was used to create numerous things, including wall panels in meeting houses and other important buildings, as well as clothing and bags. While many of these were functional, others were true works of art taking hundreds of hours to complete. Cloaks in particular could be decorated with feathers and were the mark of an important chief, in pre-European times the main medium for weaving was flax, but following the arrival of Europeans cotton, wool and other textiles were also used, especially in clothing
17.
Architecture of New Zealand
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The architecture of New Zealand is influenced by various cultures but it is predominantly of a European style. Polynesian influence is seen in some areas. Many of the imposing structures in and around Dunedin and Christchurch were built in the latter part of the 19th century as a result of the economic boom following the Central Otago Gold Rush. A common style for these landmarks is the use of basalt blocks and facings of cream-coloured Oamaru stone. Several more recent buildings have mimicked this style by using brick in place of basalt, notable among these buildings are Otago Girls High School and the Timaru Basilica. This region was able to call upon the talents of many fine architects during this period, among them Robert Lawson, Francis Petre, Benjamin Mountfort, and George Troup. Oamaru stone, despite its susceptibility to the elements, is used as a construction material on several fine buildings. The historic sector of town contains numerous fine buildings built in this creamy stone, among them the Forrester Gallery. Waitaki Boys High School is also an example of the use of Oamaru stone architecture. Napier and Christchurch have suffered damage to heritage buildings as a result of earthquakes. Napier was rebuilt after a 1931 earthquake in an art deco style, the 2010 Canterbury earthquake and the 2011 Christchurch earthquake damaged many buildings in Christchurch as well as in the Canterbury region. New Zealand Registered Architects Board is a board that assesses. New Zealand Institute of Architects is an organisation that promotes Architects. Not all New Zealand Architects are members of the NZIA, list of New Zealand architects Culture of New Zealand New Zealand Registered Architects Board Register of New Zealand Architects New Zealand Institute of Architects
18.
Music of New Zealand
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The music of New Zealand has been influenced by blues, jazz, country, rock and roll and hip hop, with many of these genres given a unique New Zealand interpretation. In the nineteenth century, European settlers brought musical forms to New Zealand including brass bands and choral music, pipe bands became widespread during the early 20th century. New Zealand has an orchestra, the New Zealand Symphony Orchestra. A number of New Zealand composers have developed international reputations, the most well-known include Douglas Lilburn, John Psathas, Jack Body, Gillian Whitehead, Jenny McLeod, Gareth Farr, and Ross Harris. Pre-Colonial Māori music was microtonal, with a melodic line that did not move far from a central pitch. Group singing was in unison or doubled in octaves, pre-Colonial instrumental music was played on taonga pūoro, a variety of blown, struck and twirled instruments made out of hollowed-out wood, stone, whale ivory, albatross bone, and human bone. The pūkāea, hue, and pūtātara fulfilled many functions within pre-colonial Māori society, including a call to arms, dawning of the new day, communications with the gods and the planting of crops. Taonga pūoro have been revived over the past thirty years by Dr Richard Nunns, Hirini Melbourne, European settlers brought new harmonies and instruments which were gradually adopted by Māori composers. The action song was developed in the early 20th century. Some artists have released Māori language songs, and the Māori traditional art of kapa haka has had a resurgence, Māori show bands formed in New Zealand and Australia from the 1950s. The groups performed in a variety of musical genres, dance styles. Some Māori show bands would begin their performances in traditional Māori costume before changing into suits, billy T. James spent many years overseas in show bands, beginning in the Maori Volcanics. The New Zealand recording industry began to develop from 1940 onwards, the Recording Industry Association of New Zealand publishes New Zealands official weekly record charts. The Association also holds the annual New Zealand Music Awards which were first held in 1965 as the Loxene Golden Disc awards, in 1997 a government Kiwi Music Action Group was formed to compel radio stations to broadcast New Zealand music. The group initiated New Zealand Music Week and in 2000 this grew into New Zealand Music Month, by 2005 New Zealand content averaged between 19 and 20 percent. New Zealands first pop song was Blue Smoke, written in the 1940s by Ruru Karaitiana. Pixie Williams recorded the song in 1949 and, although it went triple platinum in New Zealand, the advent of music television shows in the 1960s led to the rise of Sandy Edmonds, one of New Zealands first pop stars. The music videos for some of the bands 1980s songs were among the first played on MTV, in 1985, Neil Finn formed pop rock band Crowded House in Melbourne, Australia
19.
Media of New Zealand
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The media of New Zealand include television stations, radio stations, newspapers, magazines, and websites. Most outlets are foreign-owned, with media conglomerates like New Zealand Media and Entertainment, Fairfax New Zealand, MediaWorks New Zealand, the media of New Zealand predominantly use New Zealand English, but Community Access and several local other outlets provide news and entertainment for linguistic minorities. NZ On Air funds public service programming on the publicly owned Television New Zealand and Radio New Zealand, there is limited censorship in New Zealand of political expression, violence or sexual content. Reporters Without Borders ranks New Zealand highly on press freedom, ranking it seventh-best worldwide in 2008, in the same 2010 study, for comparison, the UK placed 19th, and the US 20th). The country has strict laws that follow the English model. Internet censorship in Australia is more extensive, and New Zealand has refused to follow suit, Television in New Zealand was introduced in 1960. Provision was first made for the licensing of private radio and television stations in New Zealand by the Broadcasting Act 1976, there are currently 11 national free-to-air channels,22 regional free-to-air stations and several pay TV networks. Programming and scheduling is done in Auckland where all the networks are now headquartered. The Freeview terrestrial service, named Freeview|HD is a high definition digital television service launched on 14 April 2008. The service currently serves areas surrounding Auckland, Hamilton, Tauranga, Napier-Hastings, Palmerston North, Wellington, Christchurch, digital cable television currently operates in Wellington and Christchurch on TelstraClears cable TV system. High Definition programming is available from Freeview on terrestrial broadcast only, only a limited range of channels are available in High Definition. New Zealand radio is dominated by twenty-seven networks and station-groups, but also several local. Two companies have a rivalry in the commercial radio market. The Iwi Radio Network is funded by Te Māngai Pāho and the Pacific Media Network is predominantly funded by NZ On Air. The number of newspapers in New Zealand has dramatically reduced since the early 20th century as a consequence of radio, television and new media being introduced to the country. Aucklands New Zealand Herald serves the upper North Island, Wellingtons The Dominion Post serves the lower North Island and Canterburys The Press, provincial and community newspapers, such as the Waikato Times daily, serve particular regions, cities and suburbs. Ownership of New Zealand newspapers is dominated by Fairfax New Zealand, local and overseas tabloids and magazines cover food, current affairs, personal affairs, gardening and home decor, and business or appeal to gay, lesbian, ethnic and rural communities. The literature of New Zealand includes many works written in English and Maori by New Zealanders and migrants during the 20th, novelists include Patricia Grace, Albert Wendt and Maurice Gee, childrens authors include Margaret Mahy
20.
Radio in New Zealand
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Radio in New Zealand began in 1922, and is now dominated by almost 30 radio networks and station groups. The Government has dominated broadcasting since 1925, but through privatisation and deregulation have allowed commercial talk, New Zealand also has several radio stations serving Māori tribes, Pacific Island communities, ethnic minorities, evangelical Christians and special interests. State-owned broadcaster Radio New Zealand reaches the broadest range of listeners with bilingual flagship broadcaster Radio New Zealand National, several previously state-owned radio brands like top-rating talk station Newstalk ZB are now owned by NZME Radio, which operates eight networks on terrestrial radio and iHeartRadio. Ten radio networks are operated by MediaWorks New Zealand, including top-rating music stations The Edge, independent stations like Ski FM Network, Port FM, 1XX and Coast FM continue to serve local communities, alongside low-powered and internet stations. New Zealand was also one of the first countries to introduce Christian radio, the Student Radio Network began with the start of bFM in 1969 and the first of the countrys community access broadcasters was founded in 1981. Te Māngai Pāho funds Māori iwi radio stations, and the Pacific Media Network continues to receive Government support, professor Robert Jack made the first broadcast in New Zealand from the University of Otago physics department on 17 November 1921. The first radio station, Radio Dunedin, began broadcasting on 4 October 1922, in 1932, its assets were acquired by the government, which established the New Zealand Broadcasting Board. This would later be replaced by the New Zealand National Broadcasting Service, in the 1950s, these merged to become the New Zealand Broadcasting Service, a government department. In 1962, this way to the New Zealand Broadcasting Corporation. Until the 1980s, stations used a series of New Zealand call signs, consisting of a single digit, in addition to YA National programme stations, YC Concert programme stations and a limited number of privately owned X stations, several stations were operated commercially by the government. In each region, the largest city was assigned a ZB station, the Newstalk ZB and ZM brands continue to be used by The Radio Network. The second largest city was assigned a ZA station, 1ZA in Taupo, 2ZA in Palmerston North, 3ZA in Greymouth, in other towns and cities the final letter was assigned from the town or city name such as 4ZG in Gore and 1ZH in Hamilton. These ZA and other stations, also now owned by The Radio Network, have been rebranded as Classic Hits. 1YA, 2YK, 3AQ, 4YA were the first stations operating in the four main cities. The United Kingdom and New Zealand until recently shared an FM broadcasting allocation of 88.0 –105.0 MHz and this smaller allocation can be traced to the 405 line systems VHF allocation block. The UK adopted the 405 line system but NZ did not, nZs allocation for FM remained smaller as if NZ had adopted the 405 line system. New Zealand considered adopting the 405 line system in the late 1950s to early 1960s and this impacted the frequency allocation block for FM broadcasting making it smaller. New Zealands FM frequency allocation issue was not fixed until the late 1990s, both New Zealand and the United Kingdom have the standard global allocation of 88.0 –108.0 for FM now
21.
Cinema of New Zealand
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New Zealand cinema, can refer to films made by New Zealand-based production companies in New Zealand. However, it may refer to films made about New Zealand by filmmakers from other countries. In addition, due to the small size of its film industry. Film has a history in New Zealand. The first public screening of a picture was in 1896, a 1900 documentary is the oldest surviving New Zealand film -. However, although there was a small-scale industry during the 1920s-1960s, in October 1978 the New Zealand Film Commission was formalised by Parliament under the Third National Government. Section 18 of the Act, entitled Content of Films, would serve to define which aspects a film had to have in order for it to be labelled as a New Zealand Film. The impact of the New Zealand Film Commission on the industry was in getting films made, coming to a definition of NZ Film, most New Zealand films are made by independent filmmakers, often on a low budget and with sponsorship from public funds. Relatively few New Zealand-made films have been commissioned for the international market by international film distributors. Private funding for New Zealand films has often been in short supply, although for a period in the early eighties resulted in a rush of money. The first public screening of a picture was on 13 October 1896 at the Opera House. The first screening of a film was on Christmas Eve in 1911. It was a showing at the Globe Picture Theatre, Queen Street. The first filmmaker in New Zealand was Alfred Whitehouse, who made ten films between 1898 and mid-1900, the oldest surviving New Zealand film is Whitehouses The Departure of the Second Contingent for the Boer War. The first feature made in New Zealand is arguably Hinemoa. It premiered on 17 August 1914 at the Lyric Theatre, Auckland, New Zealands oldest surviving cinema is the Roxburgh cinema, located in Central Otago. It was opened on 11 December 1897 and is still open, New Zealand film was a small-scale industry during the 1920s-1960s. During the 1920s and 1930s, director Rudall Hayward made a number of films on New Zealand themes
22.
Sport in New Zealand
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Other popular sports include netball, basketball, golf, tennis, rowing, and a variety of water sports, particularly sailing and surf sports. Winter sports such as skiing and snowboarding are popular as are indoor and outdoor bowls. Sport New Zealand is the government agency responsible for governing sport. It was established in 2003 by the Sport and Recreation New Zealand Act 2002, Sport New Zealand is accountable to the government through the Minister of Sport and Recreation. A subsidiary of Sport New Zealand, High Performance Sport New Zealand, is responsible for managing the high performance programme. Rugby union is the sport in New Zealand, and is popular across all sections of New Zealand society. It has the largest spectator following of all sports in New Zealand, New Zealands national rugby team, the All Blacks, has the best winning record of any national team in the world, and is currently ranked first in the world. The All Blacks won the first Rugby World Cup in 1987. and they won their third World Cup in 2015 in England, becoming the first holders to successfully defend their title. The All Blacks traditionally perform a haka, a Māori challenge and this practice has been mimicked by several other national teams, notably the national rugby league team, and the basketball teams. Outside Test matches, there are three widely followed competitions, Super Rugby, the club competition in the southern hemisphere. It has involved teams from New Zealand, Australia and South Africa since its formation and it is played from summer right through until winter, with a 3-week break in June for international tests to take place. They have also won the Rugby World Cup Sevens twice, in 2001 and the most recent editiom in 2013, the country also hosts one round of the World Series each season at Westpac Stadium in Wellington. Sevens will make its first appearance in the Olympics in 2016 with both mens and womens tournaments, and womens sevens will make its Commonwealth Games debut in 2018, Cricket is the national summer sport in New Zealand, which is one of ten countries competing in Test match cricket. The provincial competition is not nearly as widely followed as the case with rugby and this parallels the global situation in cricket, whereby the international game is more widely followed than the domestic game in all major cricketing countries. Historically, the cricket team has not been as successful as the national rugby team. New Zealand played its first test in 1930 but had to wait until 1956 to win its first test, the national team began to have more success in the 1970s and 1980s. New Zealands most famous cricketer, the fast bowler Richard Hadlee who was the first bowler to take 400 wickets in test cricket, the semi-finals of the Commonwealth Games and the semi-finals of the 2007 ICC World Twenty20 until 2015. In ICC Cricket World Cup 2015, New Zealand reached final for the first time, beating South Africa in semi-finals, however New Zealands Womens Team, the White Ferns have reached the Final of their World Cup four times, winning the 2000 edition of the tournament
23.
Cricket in New Zealand
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Cricket is the national and most popular summer sport in New Zealand, second only in total sporting popularity to rugby. New Zealand is one of the ten countries that take part in Test match cricket, darwin in The Voyage of the Beagle wrote, several young men redeemed by the missionaires from slavery were employed on the farm. In the evening I saw a party of them at cricket, the first recorded game of cricket in New Zealand took place in Wellington in December 1842. The Wellington Spectator reports a game on 28 December 1842 played by a Red team, the first fully recorded match was reported by the Examiner in Nelson between the Surveyors and Nelson in March 1844. The first team to tour New Zealand was Parrs all England XI in 1863–64, between 1864 and 1914,22 foreign teams toured NZ. England sent 6 teams, Australia 15 and Fiji 1, on 15–17 February 1894 the first team representing New Zealand played New South Wales at Lancaster Park in Christchurch. New South Wales returned again in 1895–96 and NZ won the game by 142 runs. The New Zealand Cricket Council was formed towards the end of 1894, New Zealand played its first two internationals in 1904–05 against a star-studded Australia team containing such players as Victor Trumper, Warwick Armstrong and Clem Hill. Rain saved NZ from a thrashing in the first match but not the second which NZ lost by an innings and 358 runs – currently the second largest defeat in NZ first-class cricket and they played 26 first class matches, mostly against county sides. They managed to beat Worcestershire, Glamorgan, Somerset, and Derbyshire, on the strength of the performances on this tour NZ was granted Test status. In 1929/30 the M. C. C toured NZ and played 4 Tests all of 3 days in duration, NZ lost its first Test match but drew the next 3. In the second Test Stewie Dempster and Jackie Mills put on 276 for the first wicket and this is still the highest partnership for New Zealand against England. NZ first played South Africa in 1931–32 but were unable to secure Test matches against any other than England before World War II ended all Test cricket for 7 years. NZs first Test after the war was against Australia in 1945/46 and this game was not considered a Test at the time but it was granted Test status retrospectively by the International Cricket Council in March 1948. The NZ players who appeared in this probably did not appreciate this move by the ICC as NZ were dismissed for 42 and 54. The New Zealand Cricket Councils unwillingness to pay Australian players a decent allowance to tour NZ ensured that this was the only Test Australia played against NZ between 1929 and 1972, in 1949 NZ sent one of its best ever sides to England. It contained Bert Sutcliffe, Martin Donnelly, John R. Reid, however, 3-day Test matches ensured that all 4 Tests were drawn. NZ played its first matches against the West Indies in 1951–52, in 1954/55 NZ recorded the lowest ever innings total,26 against England
24.
Cycling in New Zealand
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Cycling in New Zealand, while relatively popular as a sport, bicycle use is a very marginal commuting mode, with the share hovering around 1-3% in most major cities. This is due to a number of factors, principally safety fears, the bicycle reached New Zealand in the 1860s in the form of the velocipede, also known as the boneshaker. As bicycle design improved, and production became mass-market, cycling became a mode of transport in many parts of New Zealand for half a century. New Zealand soon had, and still has, one of the highest rates of car dependence in the world. The oil shocks of the 1970s triggered the first of several bicycle resurgences, by 1990, a survey showed cycling to be the second most popular participation sport in New Zealand. Since then, cycle sales have remained high, averaging over 150,000 per annum, however, their everyday uses, such as for commuting or shopping, is still rare. In 1994, New Zealand introduced mandatory bicycle helmet wearing, a change some parts of academia and cycling advocacy credit with further reducing the incidence. Since the 1990s, a number of local Councils have developed cycling strategies to plan for the provision of cycle-friendly environments, however the current National-led Government has set aside this strategy and restricted funding for cycling facilities, citing the need for motorway investment instead. Cycling is increasingly becoming a touristic and economic factor in the 2010s, in the mid 2000s, Auckland Regional Transport Authority reported that “over half of Aucklanders believe it is usually unsafe, or always unsafe, to cycle”. This high perceived risk to users in New Zealands largest city is due to a number of factors. Motorists tend to exhibit hostile attitudes towards bicycle riders, bicycle infrastructure and the standards underpinning bicycle infrastructure planning are poor and bicycles receive relatively very low levels of funding by both central and local government. In recent decades a number of cycleways have been established through New Zealand, the Otago Central Rail Trail is a 150 kilometre walking, cycling or horse riding track in the South Island. It runs in an arc between Middlemarch and Clyde, along the route of the former Otago Central Railway, the Little River Rail Trail is a cycling and walking track established near Little River on Banks Peninsula in the Canterbury region of the South Island. The first section opened in May 2006, the route of the defunct Dun Mountain Railway is regularly used for cycling. The Rimutaka Incline, replaced by the Rimutaka Tunnel in 1955, has now established as a cycling route. In Auckland, there are a number of urban cycleways through the city. The 2017 Kapiti Expressway SH1 has a new cycle path along 18km of the new highway. The cycle paths also crosslink the existing urban area to improve walking, cycle, the event raises money for the Lake Taupo community
25.
Association football in New Zealand
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Association football, also known as football or soccer, is a popular recreation sport in New Zealand. The sport is administered in New Zealand by the governing body New Zealand Football and it is the third-most popular men’s team sport after rugby union and cricket. Football is one of the most popular sport for young people in New Zealand. Among New Zealand adults, it is the 12th most participated in sport, in 1982 the qualification was notable in that New Zealand played more matches and traveled further than any other team to qualify. Grouped with Brazil, Scotland and the USSR, New Zealand did not win any of their matches and they also qualified for the 2010 World Cup in South Africa. New Zealand drew all their matches and did not progress beyond the initial round and they were the only team to remain undefeated in the competition. New Zealand also participated in the 2009 Confederations Cup, also in South Africa and they were placed in Group A with Iraq, South Africa, and Spain. New Zealand lost their opening match 0-5 against Spain before losing 0-2 to South Africa, however the team earned New Zealands first competition point at a senior mens FIFA tournament after drawing 0-0 with Iraq. In the 2010 World Cup, they exited in the first round. The All Whites drew 1–1 with Slovakia and defending champion Italy, New Zealand hosted the 1999 FIFA U-17 World Championship, with matches played in North Shore City, Napier, Christchurch and Dunedin. New Zealand also hosted the inaugural FIFA U-17 Womens World Cup in 2008, with matches hosted in North Shore City, Hamilton, Wellington, New Zealands under-23 team, the Oly-Whites, qualified for their first Olympic Games appearance in 2008 for the Beijing Summer Olympics. The Oly-Whites drew against China and lost against Belgium and Brazil, the New Zealands womens team also qualified for their first Olympic appearance, where they drew against Japan and lost to Norway and USA. In addition to this, the Football Ferns have participated in the 1991 and, more recently, New Zealand won the 1975 AFC Womens Championship, defeating Thailand 3-1 in Hong Kong. Fully professional football began in 1999 with the induction of the Auckland-based Football Kingz F. C. into Australias National Soccer League, despite having a record of poor attendances, Auckland was included in the A-League competition when the NSL was scrapped in favour of an eight-franchise A-League. The Kingz were re-branded as New Zealand Knights FC but still managed to draw small crowds. In their final season, the attendance for the Knights was 3,014. After the resignation of the NZK board, the FFA transferred the licence to New Zealand Soccer for them to administrate the rest of the season before its subsequent dissolution. After these events, the FFA granted a provisional licence for New Zealand Soccer to sub-let to a suitable
26.
Netball in New Zealand
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Netball is the most popular womens sport in New Zealand, in terms of player participation and public interest. With the national team, the Silver Ferns, currently ranked second in the world, as in other netball-playing countries, netball is considered primarily a womens sport, mens and mixed teams exist at different levels, but are ancillary to womens competition. In 2008,138,000 players were registered with Netball New Zealand, Netball was introduced to New Zealand as womens basketball in 1906 or 1907 by Rev. J. C. The game spread across New Zealand through primary and secondary schools, by 1923, the first representative match was played between the regions of Canterbury and Wellington. The New Zealand Basketball Association was formed the year, representing the first national governing body for netball. The first New Zealand National Tournament was held two years later in 1926, a New Zealand national team was named in 1938 to tour Australia, games were played with the Australian seven-a-side rules. Prior to this, New Zealand and Australia had worked out their own unified rules, New Zealand national teams played seven-a-side, while domestic teams continued to play nine-a-side. However, the new rules of netball were agreed upon in 1958. The first Netball World Championships took place in 1963 in England, in 1970, New Zealand became the last country to adopt the name netball, which until that time was still referred to as womens basketball. Eventually, the New Zealand Netball Association was formed from the New Zealand Basketball Association, the 1970s saw an increase in regular tours by the New Zealand national team to other countries, as well as other national teams touring New Zealand. Domestically, mid-week netball became popular amongst housewives, who brought their children with them to netball games, by 1977,6,058 senior teams and 2,816 primary school teams were registered with the New Zealand Netball Association. New Zealand hosted the fourth Netball World Championships in 1975, coming third behind England, in 1991, the New Zealand Netball Association changed its name to the current Netball New Zealand. In 1998, the Silver Ferns won a medal when netball became a medal sport at the Commonwealth Games for the first time in Kuala Lumpur. The success of the team, combined with a long-standing rivalry with Australia, has helped the sport to maintain a high profile in New Zealand. Netball has recently developed into a sport with the start of the ANZ Championship. Netball New Zealand is the body that oversees organised netball competition at school, club. It was founded from the New Zealand Basketball Association, which was established in 1924, in recent years, Netball New Zealand secured the 2007 Netball World Championships, after hosting rights were withdrawn from Fiji following the 2006 Fijian coup détat. Netball New Zealand recently helped to organise the ANZ Championship in conjunction with Netball Australia, Netball New Zealand oversees 12 regional netball associations in regional and regional-representative netball
27.
Rugby union in New Zealand
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Rugby union is the unofficial national sport of New Zealand. The national team, the All Blacks, ranks as the top team in the world. The sport has been known in New Zealand from 1870, the top domestic competitions are the semi-professional ITM Cup and amateur Heartland Championship, and above them Super Rugby, in which New Zealand has five franchises. The country co-hosted and won the first ever Rugby World Cup in 1987 and they are the current world champions for men. Before Europeans arrived in New Zealand, the Māori were playing a game called ki-o-rahi which greatly resembled Australian Rules Football. It has been suggested that this may have influenced New Zealand playing styles, various codes of football were played in New Zealand in the years following white settlement. Christchurch Football Club, which is now the oldest rugby club in the country, was founded in 1863 and it played by its own rules for many years. Rugby football was first introduced to New Zealand in 1870 by Charles John Monro, son of the then-Speaker of the House of Representatives, a visit to Wellington by Munro later that same year resulted in an organised match between Nelson and Wellington. By the following year, the game had been formalised in Wellington, in 1875 the first representative team was formed, being a combined-clubs Auckland team which toured the South. It is thought that by the mid-1870s, the game had taken up by the majority of the colony. The latter stages of the 1870s saw the emergence of a formal structure. In 1882, the first international rugby side toured New Zealand, Two years later, a New Zealand team visited New South Wales, wearing blue jerseys with a golden fern. The team won all their games, in 1888, the first ever British Isles rugby team tour took place, visiting New Zealand and Australia. The visitors won all their New Zealand games except for one, during 1888-89, the New Zealand Native team became the first from a colony to visit Britain. In 1892 the New Zealand Rugby Football Union, now known as the New Zealand Rugby Union, was established, following the establishment of the national governing body, the first NZRFU national sanctioned tour was undertaken in 1893, when a ten-game tour of Australia was played. The team was captained by Thomas Ellison, in 1902, the governor of New Zealand, the fifth Earl of Ranfurly presented a trophy shield to the Auckland side, who were undefeated in provincial competition that year. The shield became known as the Ranfurly Shield, Three years later, a 1905 New Zealand team, who became known as the Originals, toured the British Isles and France winning all of their games apart from controversially losing the test against Wales. As the team swept through Britain, some of the players took note of how rugby was being played in the North of England
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Flag of New Zealand
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The flag of New Zealand is a defaced Blue Ensign with the Union Flag in the canton, and four red stars with white borders to the right. The stars pattern represents the asterism within the constellation of Crux, chosen by an assembly of Māori chiefs at Waitangi in 1834, the flag was of a St Georges Cross with another cross in the canton containing four stars on a blue field. After the formation of the colony in 1840, British ensigns began to be used, the current flag was designed and adopted for use on Colonial ships in 1869, was quickly adopted as New Zealands national flag, and given statutory recognition in 1902. For several decades there has been debate about changing the flag, in 2016, a two-stage binding referendum on a flag change took place with voting on the second final stage closing on 24 March. In this referendum, the country voted to keep the flag by 57% to 43%. The need for a flag of New Zealand first became clear when the trading ship Sir George Murray, the ship had been sailing without a flag, a violation of British navigation laws. New Zealand was not a colony at the time and had no flag, among the passengers on the ship were two high-ranking Māori chiefs, believed to be Patuone and Taonui. The ships detention was reported as arousing indignation among the Māori population, unless a flag was selected, ships could continue to be seized. The first flag of New Zealand was adopted 9 March 1834 by a made by the United Tribes of New Zealand. The United Tribes later made the Declaration of Independence of New Zealand at Waitangi in 1835, three flags were proposed, all designed by the missionary Henry Williams, who was to play a major role in the translation of the Treaty of Waitangi in 1840. The flag is flown on the flag pole at Waitangi. After the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi, the British Union Flag was used, although the former United Tribes flag was used by a number of ships from New Zealand. The New Zealand Company settlement at Wellington, for example, continued to use the United Tribes flag until ordered to replace it by Governor William Hobson in May 1840. New Zealand did not have a badge, or indeed a coat of arms of its own at this stage. In 1869 the First Lieutenant of the Royal Navy vessel Blanche, Albert Hastings Markham, submitted a design to Sir George Bowen and his proposal, incorporating the Southern Cross, was approved. It was initially used only on government ships, but was adopted as the de facto national flag, one of the first recorded accounts of the New Zealand national Blue Ensign flag being flown in battle was at Quinns Post, Gallipoli, in 1915. It was not, however, flown officially, the flag was brought back to New Zealand by Private John Taylor, Canterbury Battalion. The first time the Flag of New Zealand was flown in a naval battle, the national flag is defined in legislation as the symbol of the Realm, Government, and people of New Zealand and like most other laws, can be changed by a simple majority in Parliament
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Coat of arms of New Zealand
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The coat of arms of New Zealand is a national symbol of New Zealand. The initial coat of arms was granted by royal warrant of King George V on 26 August 1911, until 1911, New Zealand used the same royal coat of arms as the United Kingdom. When New Zealand became a Dominion in 1907, it was decided that a new coat of arms was required, the winning entry was a design by James McDonald, a draughtsman in the Department of Tourist and Health Resorts. Some adjustments were made to the design and the arms were granted by Royal Warrant of King George V on 26 August 1911, the warrant was published in the New Zealand Gazette of 11 January 1912. Since being granted its own arms in 1911, New Zealands arms have remained similar to the current design, over all this is a pale, a broad vertical strip, with three ships representing the importance of sea trade, and the immigrant nature of all New Zealanders. Before 1956, the shield was identical, but the features were different. The crest was a holding the British Union Flag. Early renditions of the coat of arms are featured with more stylised scrolling rather than fern leaves. The original supporters were also slightly different, the woman had reddish-brown hair, and both figures faced forward rather than towards the shield. Though there is no documentary evidence, it is likely that the original model for the woman was Wellington socialite Alice Spragg. The model for the Māori warrior is unknown, the woman is identified as Zealandia, the national personification of New Zealand. Crest, the Crown of Saint Edward proper, the Compartment which is what the Supporters stand on is not always part of the Blazon but in this case it is two New Zealand Ferns in their natural colour. Quarterly means that the shield is divided into quarters by a vertical and horizontal line, azure and Gules which is blue and red respectively is the colour of the quarters. The top left quarter is the first quarter and of the first colour, the colouring proceeds chequer-board fashion for the lower left and lower right quarters. A pale is a vertical stripe placed over the part of the shield. Argent means silver or white and is the colour of the pale, then the objects on the pale are described. A Lymphad is a ship and there are three of them and sable is black. In the First is in the first quarter and the objects thereon are described, a Mullet is a five pointed star and in cross means that the four stars are placed as in a Christian cross
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National anthems of New Zealand
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New Zealand has two official national anthems, God Defend New Zealand and God Save the Queen. Legally they have equal status, but God Defend New Zealand is more commonly used, some other Commonwealth realms such as Canada and Australia use God Save the Queen, but unlike New Zealand, it does not have co-official status as national anthem in those countries. It is regarded solely as an anthem, and is used only on monarchy-related occasions. However, its use in those countries are similar to that of New Zealand as New Zealand nowadays uses God Save the Queen almost exclusively on occasions associated with the monarchy and it was used at the British Empire Games from 1950 onward, and at the Olympics from 1972. Following the performance at the Munich games, a campaign began to have the song adopted as the national anthem, in 1976 a petition was presented to Parliament asking God Defend New Zealand to be made the national anthem. With the permission of Queen Elizabeth II, it was gazetted as the second national anthem on 21 November 1977. Cook Islands, Niue, Tokelau and the Ross Dependency form the Realm of New Zealand along with New Zealand proper, te Atua Mou E and Ko e Iki he Lagi are anthems of Cook Islands and Niue, respectively. Tokelau uses God Save the Queen as its national anthem. The Ross Dependency uses the national anthems of New Zealand
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Television New Zealand
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Television New Zealand, Limited, more commonly referred to as TVNZ, is a government-owned national broadcaster broadcasting in New Zealand and parts of the Pacific region. Although the network identifies as a national, part-public broadcaster, it is fully commercially funded and this began the battle for ratings with the only real rival MediaWorks New Zealand, which currently operates channels TV3, Bravo, and The Edge TV. However, the company maintains a number of transmission advantages due to their long standing relationship with the state-owned sister company Kordia. Its former channels include TVNZ Kidzone, TVNZ Heartland, TVNZ U, TVNZ7, TVNZ6, the TVNZ board is appointed by Minister of Broadcasting Amy Adams. Members are, the chairman Sir John Anderson KBE, Anne Blackburn, Bryan Gould CNZM, Sir John Goulter, KNZM, JP, June McCabe, approximately 90% of TVNZs revenue is from commercial activity. The remainder of its funding comes from government funding agencies, TVNZ was created in 1980, through the merger of Television One and South Pacific Television. Until 1988, it was paired with Radio New Zealand as the Broadcasting Corporation of New Zealand, in 1989, TVNZ moved to a new television centre in central Auckland. Broadcasting in New Zealand was deregulated in 1989, the Labour-led government under Helen Clark from 1999 to 2008 pursued a programme of public broadcasting reforms. New Zealands wide-ranging adoption of policies in the mid-1980s and 1990s had large sections of the state sector privatised. As a state owned enterprise, TVNZ enjoyed enormous commercial success, the Clark governments highest profile broadcasting reform to date was the restructuring of TVNZ as a Crown Entity in 2003. This introduced a dual remit whereby the broadcaster had to maintain its performance while simultaneously implementing a new public service Charter. The TVNZ Charter would require the negotiation and reconciliation of potentially contradictory commercial, the final version of the TVNZ Charter included a range of public service objectives and expectations. TVNZ continues to pay dividends to the Crown, however, from 2006 until 2009 TVNZ received $15.11 million each year from Government to assist it with fulfilling Charter obligations. There was much debate about the secrecy surrounding funding allocations. The allocation of $5 million toward coverage of the 2008 Olympics, in 2009 the Government gave control of that funding to funding agency NZ On Air. NZ On Air announced the creation of the contestable Platinum Fund in April 2009, setting aside the $15.11 million for high quality drama, documentary and other programme types. Following the election of a National Party-led government under John Key in 2008, there is much debate on the future of TVNZ, which focuses on the nature of public service broadcasting and its commercial role. An example was in a memo called A More Public Broadcaster written by outgoing Chief Executive Ian Fraser to the board of TVNZ in October 2005, was obtained and released by Green MP Sue Kedgley
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DVB-T
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This system transmits compressed digital audio, digital video and other data in an MPEG transport stream, using coded orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing modulation. It is also the format widely used worldwide for Electronic News Gathering for transmission of video, in the case of DVB-T, there are two choices for the number of carriers known as 2K-mode or 8K-mode. These are actually 1,705 or 6,817 sub-carriers that are approximately 4 kHz or 1 kHz apart, DVB-T offers three different modulation schemes. The DVB-T Standard is published as EN300744, Framing structure, channel coding, many countries that have adopted DVB-T have published standards for their implementation. These include the D-book in the UK, the Italian DGTVi, DVB-T has been further developed into newer standards such as DVB-H, which was a commercial failure and is no longer in operation, and DVB-T2, which was initially finalised in August 2011. DVB-T as a digital transmission delivers data in a series of blocks at the symbol rate. DVB-T is a COFDM transmission technique which includes the use of a Guard Interval and it allows the receiver to cope with strong multipath situations. Within a geographical area, DVB-T also allows single-frequency network operation, in such cases the signals from each transmitter in the SFN needs to be accurately time-aligned, which is done by sync information in the stream and timing at each transmitter referenced to GPS. The length of the Guard Interval can be chosen and it is a trade-off between data rate and SFN capability. The longer the interval the larger is the potential SFN area without creating intersymbol interference. It is possible to operate SFNs which do not fulfill the guard interval condition if the self-interference is properly planned and monitored, with reference to the figure, a short description of the signal processing blocks follows. Source coding and MPEG-2 multiplexing Compressed video, compressed audio, one or more MPEG-PSs are joined together into an MPEG transport stream, this is the basic digital stream which is being transmitted and received by TV sets or home Set Top Boxes. Allowed bitrates for the transported data depend on a number of coding and modulation parameters, splitter Two different MPEG-TSs can be transmitted at the same time, using a technique called Hierarchical Transmission. It may be used to transmit, for example a standard definition SDTV signal, generally, the SDTV signal is more robust than the HDTV one. At the receiver, depending on the quality of the received signal, MUX adaptation and energy dispersal The MPEG-TS is identified as a sequence of data packets, of fixed length. With a technique called energy dispersal, the sequence is decorrelated. External interleaver Convolutional interleaving is used to rearrange the transmitted data sequence, Internal encoder A second level of error correction is given by a punctured convolutional code, which is often denoted in STBs menus as FEC. There are five valid coding rates, 1/2, 2/3, 3/4, 5/6, Internal interleaver Data sequence is rearranged again, aiming to reduce the influence of burst errors
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Freeview (New Zealand)
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Freeview is a non-profit organisation providing free-to-air digital television and digital radio to New Zealand. Freeview uses the DVB-S and DVB-T standards on government provided spectrum, in 2014 it was estimated that Freeview makes up approximately 61. 7% of the digital television share in New Zealand. Freeview-certified set-top boxes and IDTVs, as well as PVRs, are available at most major New Zealand retailers, uncertified equipment can also be used to receive the service, which may have advantages and disadvantages over certified equipment. It was announced on 15 June 2006 that Freeviews free-to-air digital TV service would broadcast via satellite from mid-2007, since 2012, Māori comedian Pio Terei has been the advertising face of Freeview. Freeviews satellite service began on 2 May 2007 with five channels, TV One, TV2, TV3, C4. Freeviews first digital-only channel, TVNZ Sport Extra temporary channel from TVNZ, began on 18 May 2007, the channel has since ceased broadcasting. The Freeview terrestrial service, named Freeview|HD, officially launched on 14 April 2008, the service initially operated only from Kordia sites for areas surrounding Auckland, Hamilton, Tauranga, Napier-Hastings, Palmerston North, Wellington, Christchurch, and Dunedin. JDA sites were upgraded later with DVB-T QAM modulating multiplexers for non-metro areas, the Freeview ordering groups broadcasters by how much they pay for government owned Kordia transmission services. MHEG-IC channels are from LCN200 to 299, from 2011 it is mandatory for all TVs over 32inch and PVRs to include IP based MHEG Interaction Channel. Its optional on receivers to ensure that a lower cost option is available as New Zealand heads towards DSO. In October 2014, Worldnet TV launched the first commercial MHEG-IC channel in New Zealand and was added to JDA regional sites as an MHEG-IC application on LCN250 which includes seven live streams. As of 29 October 2014, live channels include NHK World, Arirang TV, MBC, Yonhap, MBN, HiTV+, Freeview has its own eight-day electronic programme guide, named Freeview EPG, TVNZs Teletext service was also available until it was discontinued in April 2013. This is more common on terrestrial than on satellite due to the differences in launch dates, receivers that do this make the traditional EIT function useless, which is why independent local broadcasters have to pay Freeview to include their scheduling details within the Freeview guide. The Huffman tables are being used to compress the EIT text used for terrestrial schedule event names, from March 2015, TVNZ began compressing the EIT schedule again. Compressing the EIT text in the schedule would not achieve the same receiver use given the terrestrial EIT only has limited programme details, receivers that dont use the BBC huffman tables will either display no details or display garbage characters. The assigned identifiers managed by TVNZ and Kordia on behalf of Freeview are as follows, DVB Transmission and Original Network ID for the satellite service is 47 and registered to TVNZ. DVB Transmission and Original Network ID for the Igloo terrestrial service is 11008, as of 2013 the Freeview platform has 30 television channels and 4 radio stations. For the satellite service, up to 18 channels will be available, with six each assigned to TVNZ and MediaWorks frequencies, given that TVNZs and MediaWorkss current free-to-air channels will be available on Freeview, there will be eight extra channels in total, between the two
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Satellite television
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A direct-broadcast satellite is a type of artificial satellite which usually broadcasts satellite television signals for home reception. The type of satellite television which uses direct-broadcast satellites is known as direct-broadcast satellite television or direct-to-home television and these services were to use the D-Mac and D2-Mac format and BSS frequencies with circular polarization from orbital positions allocated to each country. Before these DBS satellites, home satellite television in Europe was limited to a few channels, really intended for cable distribution, in 1977, the ITU adopted an international BSS Plan under which each country was allocated specific frequencies at specific orbital locations for domestic service. Over the years, this plan has been modified to, for example, accommodate new countries, increase coverage areas, at present, numerous countries have brought into use their BSS Plan allocations. By contrast, the term DTH can apply to similar services transmitted over a range of frequencies transmitted from satellites that are not part of any internationally planned band. The term DBS is often used interchangeably with DTH to cover both analog and digital video and audio services received by relatively small dishes, a DBS service usually refers to either a commercial service, or a group of free channels available from one orbital position targeting one country. In certain regions of the world, especially in North America, DBS is used to refer to providers of subscription satellite packages, the second commercial DBS service, Sky Television plc, was launched in 1989. Sky TV started as a four-channel free-to-air analogue service on the Astra 1A satellite, by 1991, Sky had changed to a conditional access pay model, and it launched a digital service, Sky Digital, in 1998, with analogue transmission ceasing in 2001. Since the DBS nomenclature is used in the UK or Ireland. News Corporation has a 32% stake in BSkyB, PrimeStar began transmitting an analog service to North America in 1991, and was joined by DirecTV, in 1994. At the time, DirecTVs introduction was the most successful consumer electronics debut in American history, although PrimeStar transitioned to a digital system in 1994, it was ultimately unable to compete with DirecTV, which required a smaller satellite dish and could deliver more programming. DirecTV purchased PrimeStar in 1999 and moved all of that subscribers to DirecTV equipment. In 2008, Liberty Media Corporation purchased News Corporations controlling interest in DirecTV, in 1996, EchoStars Dish Network went online in the United States and, as DirecTVs primary competitor, achieved similar success. AlphaStar also started but soon went under, astro was also started, using a direct broadcast satellite system. Dominion Video Satellite Inc. s Sky Angel launched on a platform in the United States in 1996, with its DBS service geared toward the faith. It grew from six to 36 television and radio channels of entertainment, Christian-inspirational programming. Dominion, under its corporate name Video Satellite Systems Inc. Sky Angel, although a separate and independent DBS service, used the satellites, transmission facilities
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Sky Television (New Zealand)
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Sky Network Television Limited is a New Zealand pay television satellite TV provider. It is also a wholesale channel provider to New Zealand cable television provider Vodafone and terrestrial pay television service Igloo, on 31 December 2015, Sky had 860,445 subscribers, making it the largest pay television platform in New Zealand. Despite the similarity of name and services, such as Sky Go and My Sky+ shared with its British equivalent, Sky, the company was founded by Craig Heatley in 1987 as Sky Media Limited. The first Sky subscriber was former Speaker of the New Zealand House of Representatives Jonathan Hunt, according to Helen Clark, the concept of a pay television service was new to New Zealand and Sky had early problems. These included viewer acceptance of subscriber television and it faced difficulty in educating retailers and customers on the use of the original decoders. However, this problem was eased with the introduction of easier-to-use decoders that allowed greater viewer flexibility, Sky originally launched in early 1990 as an analogue UHF service. Subscribers required UHF set top box and UHF aerial both of which were supplied by when joining Sky, the signal was sent with the picture scrambled, the decoder was used to unscramble the picture. The Sky Movies channel was the channel broadcast in NICAM stereo. The original channel lineup consisted of just three channels, Sky Movies, Sky Sport and Sky News, Sky rapidly won long term rights from US sports network ESPN as well as CNN and HBO providing it with a supply of sports, news and movies for the three channels. Sky News screened a mixture of CNN International and BBC news bulletins, the Sky News channel was later discontinued and became branded as a CNN channel. In 1994, Sky launched two channels, Discovery Channel and Orange, Orange later became known as Sky 1. Discovery Channel broadcast on an already used by Trackside. Orange broadcast from 4 pm onwards each day with Juice TV screening outside of Oranges broadcast hours, Cartoon Network shared the same channel as Orange from 1997 to 2000 screening between 6 am and 4 pm with Orange screening after 4 pm. In 2000, Cartoon Network was replaced with Nickelodeon, later, funding allowed Sky to extend its coverage throughout most of New Zealand, In 1991, the company expanded to Rotorua, Wellington and Christchurch. Then in 1994, the company expanded to Hawkes Bay, Manawatu, Southland and Otago, followed by the Wairarapa, Taupo and its final UHF expansion, in 1996, was to Taranaki, Whangarei, and eastern Bay of Plenty. Following the launch of the satellite service in 1998, Sky began reducing services on the UHF platform. NICAM stereo was eventually removed from Sky Movies, the CNN channel was discontinued in 2004 with the UHF frequencies issued to Māori Television, Sky switched off its analogue UHF TV service on 11 March 2010 at midnight. Sky used a portion of the freed up UHF and radio spectrum to launch its joint venture, Igloo, the remaining unused spectrum was relinquished back to the Government and will be recycled to support new broadcasting ventures
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IPTV
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Unlike downloaded media, IPTV offers the ability to stream the source media continuously. As a result, a client media player can begin playing the data almost immediately and this is known as streaming media. Although IPTV uses the Internet protocol it is not limited to television media streamed from the Internet, IPTV in the telecommunications arena is notable for its ongoing standardisation process. Historically, many different definitions of IPTV have appeared, including elementary streams over IP networks, transport streams over IP networks and these services may include, for example, Live TV, Video On Demand and Interactive TV. These services are delivered across an access agnostic, packet switched network that employs the IP protocol to transport the audio, video, the term IPTV first appeared in 1995 with the founding of Precept Software by Judith Estrin and Bill Carrico. Precept developed an Internet video product named IP/TV, the software was written primarily by Steve Casner, Karl Auerbach, and Cha Chee Kuan. Precept was acquired by Cisco Systems in 1998, Internet radio company AudioNet started the first continuous live webcasts with content from WFAA-TV in January 1998 and KCTU-LP on January 10,1998. The operator added additional VoD service in October 2001 with Yes TV, kingston was one of the first companies in the world to introduce IPTV and IP VoD over ADSL as a commercial service. The service became the reference for various changes to UK Government regulations, in 2006, the KIT service was discontinued, subscribers having declined from a peak of 10,000 to 4,000. In 1999, NBTel was the first to commercially deploy Internet protocol television over DSL in Canada using the Alcatel 7350 DSLAM, the service was marketed under the brand VibeVision in New Brunswick, and later expanded into Nova Scotia in early 2000 after the formation of Aliant. IMagic TV was later sold to Alcatel, in 2002, Sasktel was the second in Canada to commercially deploy Internet Protocol video over DSL, using the Lucent Stinger DSL platform. In 2005, SureWest Communications was the first North American company to offer high-definition television channels over an IPTV service, in 2005, Bredbandsbolaget launched its IPTV service as the first service provider in Sweden. As of January 2009, they are not the biggest supplier any longer, TeliaSonera, in 2007, TPG became the first internet service provider in Australia to launch IPTV. Complementary to its ADSL2+ package this was, and still is, free of charge to customers on eligible plans and now offers over 45 local free to air channels, by 2010, iiNet and Telstra launched IPTV services in conjunction to internet plans but with extra fees. In 2008, PTCL launched IPTV under the name of PTCL Smart TV in Pakistan. S. Markets with an IPTV service called Prism and this was after successful test marketing in Florida. During the 2014 Winter Olympics Shortest path bridging was used to deliver 36 IPTV HD Olympic channels, in 2016, KCTV introduced the Set-top box called Manbang, claiming to provide video-on-demand services in North Korea via quasi-internet protocol television. According to KCTV, viewers can use the service not only in Pyongyang, stating that the demands for the equipment are particularly high in Sinuiju, with several hundred users in the region
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