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Differentially tempered steel. The various colors produced indicate the temperature the steel was heated to. Light straw indicates 204 °C (399 °F) and
Differentially tempered steel. The various colors produced indicate the temperature the steel was heated to. Light straw indicates 204 °C (399 °F) and light blue indicates 337 °C (639 °F).
Photomicrograph of martensite, a very hard microstructure formed when steel is quenched. Tempering reduces the hardness in the martensite by transform
Photomicrograph of martensite, a very hard microstructure formed when steel is quenched. Tempering reduces the hardness in the martensite by transforming it into various forms of tempered martensite.
Pieces of through-tempered steel flatbar. The first one, on the left, is normalized steel. The second is quenched, untempered martensite. The remainin
Pieces of through-tempered steel flatbar. The first one, on the left, is normalized steel. The second is quenched, untempered martensite. The remaining pieces have been tempered in an oven to their corresponding temperature, for an hour each. "Tempering standards" like these are sometimes used by blacksmiths for comparison, ensuring that the work is tempered to the proper color.
A differentially tempered sword. The center is tempered to a springy hardness while the edges are tempered slightly harder than a hammer.
A differentially tempered sword. The center is tempered to a springy hardness while the edges are tempered slightly harder than a hammer.
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Heat treating furnace at 1,800 °F (980 °C)
Heat treating furnace at 1,800 °F (980 °C)
Photomicrographs of steel. Top: In annealed (slowly cooled) steel, the carbon precipitates forming layers of ferrite (iron) and cementite (carbide). B
Photomicrographs of steel. Top: In annealed (slowly cooled) steel, the carbon precipitates forming layers of ferrite (iron) and cementite (carbide). Bottom: In quenched (quickly cooled) steel, the carbon remains trapped in the iron, creating great internal stresses in the needle or plate-like grains.
Hypereutectoid steel
Hypereutectoid steel
Steel castings after undergoing 12-hour 1,200 °C (2,190 °F) heat treatment.
Steel castings after undergoing 12-hour 1,200 °C (2,190 °F) heat treatment.