Temporal power of the Holy See
The Holy See exercised political and secular influence, as distinguished from its spiritual and pastoral activity, while the pope ruled the Papal States in central Italy.
Papal tiara of Pope Pius IX, the last pope to have reigned over the Papal States.
Pope Innocent III (1198–1216) in his papal tiara, which he claimed as signifying both his spiritual and (indirect) temporal power.
Papal coronation of Pope Celestine V
The Holy See, also called the See of Rome, Petrine See or Apostolic See, is the jurisdiction of the pope in his role as the Bishop of Rome. It includes the apostolic episcopal see of the Diocese of Rome, which has ecclesiastical jurisdiction over the worldwide Catholic Church and sovereignty over the city-state known as the Vatican City. As the supreme body of government of the Catholic Church, the Holy See enjoys the status of a sovereign juridical entity under international law.
The papal throne (cathedra), in the apse of Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran, symbolises the Holy See.
The Roman States
Roman States army
The Swiss Guard on patrol