1.
Cleveland Stadium
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Cleveland Stadium, commonly known as Municipal Stadium or Lakefront Stadium, was a multi-purpose stadium located in Cleveland, Ohio. It was one of the early multi-purpose stadiums, built to accommodate baseball and football. Through most of its tenure as a facility, the stadium was the largest in Major League Baseball by seating capacity, seating over 78,000 initially. For football, the stadium seated approximately 80,000 people, former Browns owner Art Modell took over control of the stadium from the city in the 1970s and while his organization made improvements to the facility, it continued to decline. The Indians played their game at the stadium in October 1993. The Browns played their game at the stadium in December 1995. Cleveland Stadium was demolished in 1996 to make way for FirstEnergy Stadium, much of the debris from the demolition was placed in Lake Erie to create an artificial reef. The impetus for Cleveland Municipal Stadium came from city manager William R, another common misconception is that Cleveland Municipal Stadium was a Works Progress Administration project, in fact, the WPA was not created until 1935, four years after the stadium was built. In November 1928, Cleveland voters passed by 112,448 to 76,975, a 59% passage rate, with 55% needed to pass, actual construction costs overran that amount by $500,000. Built during the administrations of city managers William R. Hopkins and Daniel E. Morgan, it was designed by the firms of Walker and Weeks. It featured an early use of structural aluminum, the stadium was dedicated on July 1,1931. On July 3,1931, it hosted a match for the National Boxing Association World Heavyweight Championship between Max Schmeling and Young Stribling, with 37,000 fans in attendance. Schmeling retained his title by a technical knockout -victory in the 15th round, the Donald Gray Gardens were installed on the stadiums north side in 1936 as part of the Great Lakes Exposition. They remained until the construction of Cleveland Browns Stadium, the Indians played all of their games at the stadium from the middle of the 1932 season through 1933. However, the players and fans complained about the huge outfield, moreover, as the Great Depression worsened, attendance plummeted. The Indians returned to their previous home, League Park. In 1937, the Indians began playing Sunday and holiday games at Cleveland Stadium during the summer, adding selected important games there in 1938. League Park lacked field lighting, so the emergence of baseball in the 1930s led to the addition of night games to the schedule after lights were installed at the stadium in 1939
2.
Cleveland
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Cleveland is a city in the U. S. state of Ohio and the county seat of Cuyahoga County, the states second most populous county. The city proper has a population of 388,072, making Cleveland the 51st largest city in the United States, Greater Cleveland ranked as the 32nd largest metropolitan area in the United States, with 2,055,612 people in 2016. The city is the center of the Cleveland–Akron–Canton Combined Statistical Area, the city is located on the southern shore of Lake Erie, approximately 60 miles west of the Pennsylvania border. Clevelands economy has diversified sectors that include manufacturing, financial services, healthcare, Cleveland is also home to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Residents of Cleveland are called Clevelanders, Cleveland has many nicknames, the oldest of which in contemporary use being The Forest City. Cleaveland oversaw the plan for what would become the downtown area, centered on Public Square, before returning home. The first settler in Cleaveland was Lorenzo Carter, who built a cabin on the banks of the Cuyahoga River, the Village of Cleaveland was incorporated on December 23,1814. In spite of the swampy lowlands and harsh winters, its waterfront location proved to be an advantage. The area began rapid growth after the 1832 completion of the Ohio, growth continued with added railroad links. Cleveland incorporated as a city in 1836, in 1836, the city, then located only on the eastern banks of the Cuyahoga River, nearly erupted into open warfare with neighboring Ohio City over a bridge connecting the two. Ohio City remained an independent municipality until its annexation by Cleveland in 1854, the citys prime geographic location as a transportation hub on the Great Lakes has played an important role in its development as a commercial center. Cleveland serves as a point for iron ore shipped from Minnesota. In 1870, John D. Rockefeller founded Standard Oil in Cleveland, other manufacturers located in Cleveland produced steam-powered cars, which included White and Gaeth, as well as the electric car company Baker. Because of the significant growth, Cleveland was known as the Sixth City during this period, by 1920, due in large part to the citys economic prosperity, Cleveland became the nations fifth largest city. The city counted Progressive Era politicians such as the populist Mayor Tom L. Johnson among its leaders, many prominent Clevelanders from this era are buried in the historic Lake View Cemetery, including President James A. Garfield, and John D. Rockefeller. In commemoration of the centennial of Clevelands incorporation as a city, conceived as a way to energize a city after the Great Depression, it drew four million visitors in its first season, and seven million by the end of its second and final season in September 1937. The exposition was housed on grounds that are now used by the Great Lakes Science Center, following World War II, the city experienced a prosperous economy. In sports, the Indians won the 1948 World Series, the hockey Barons became champions of the American Hockey League, as a result, along with track and boxing champions produced, Cleveland was dubbed City of Champions in sports at this time
3.
Low-alcohol beer
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Low-alcohol beer is beer with low alcohol content or no alcohol, which aims to reproduce the taste of beer without the inebriating effects of standard alcoholic brews. Most low-alcohol beers are lagers, but there are some low-alcohol ales, in the United States, beverages containing less than 0. 5% alcohol by volume were legally called non-alcoholic, according to the now-defunct Volstead Act. Because of its low alcohol content, non-alcoholic beer may be legally sold to minors in many American states. In Australia, the light beer refers to any beer with less than 3% alcohol. Spain is the consumer and producer of low-alcohol beer in the European Union. More recently, the movements and the need to avoid alcohol while driving, operating machinery etc led to the development of non-intoxicating beers. In the United States, non-alcoholic brews were promoted during Prohibition, in 1917, President Wilson proposed limiting the alcohol content of malt beverages to 2. 75% to try to appease avid prohibitionists. In 1919, Congress approved the Volstead Act, which limited the content of all beverages to 0. 5%. These very low alcohol beverages became known as tonics, and many breweries began brewing them in order to stay in business during Prohibition, since removing the alcohol from the beer requires just one simple extra step, many breweries saw it as an easy change. In 1933, when Prohibition was repealed, breweries easily removed this extra step, by the 1980s and 1990s, growing concerns about alcoholism led to the growing popularity of light beers, with Anheuser-Buschs Bud Light eventually becoming the most popular beverage in the U. S. A. In the 2010s, breweries have focused on marketing low-alcohol beers to counter the popularity of homebrew, declining consumption has also led to the introduction of mass-market non-alcoholic beverages, dubbed as near beer. At the start of the 21st century, alcohol-free beer has seen a rise in popularity in the Middle East, one reason for this is that Islamic scholars issued fatwas which permitted the consumption of beer as long as large quantities could be consumed without getting drunk. Positive features of non-alcoholic brews include the ability to drive after consuming several drinks, the reduction in alcohol-related illness, some common complaints about non-alcoholic brews include a loss of flavor, addition of one step in the brewing process, sugary taste, and a shorter shelf life. Some state governments, e. g. Pennsylvania, prohibit the sale of non-alcoholic brews to persons under the age of 21, Light beer is beer with reduced alcohol content and/or calories compared to regular beer. The spelling lite beer is commonly used. Light beers may be chosen by drinkers who wish to manage their consumption or their calorie intake. In Australia, regular beers have approximately 5% ABV, reduced-alcohol beers have 2. 2%–3. 2%, in Canada, a reduced-alcohol beer contains 2. 6%–4. 0% ABV, and an “extra-light” beer contains less than 2. 5%. In the United States, most reduced-alcohol beers, including Bud Light, Coors Light, and Miller Lite, have 4. 2% ABV, which is 16% less than beer with 5% ABV
4.
Cleveland Indians
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The Cleveland Indians are an American professional baseball team based in Cleveland, Ohio. The Indians compete in Major League Baseball as a club of the American League Central division. Since 1994, they have played at Progressive Field, the teams spring training facility is at Goodyear Ballpark in Goodyear, Arizona. The Indians current World Series championship drought is the longest active drought, the name Indians originated from a request by club owner Charles Somers to baseball writers to choose a new name to replace Cleveland Naps following the departure of Nap Lajoie after the 1914 season. The name referenced the nickname Indians that was applied to the Cleveland Spiders baseball club during the time when Louis Sockalexis, common nicknames for the Indians include the Tribe and the Wahoos, the latter being a reference to their logo, Chief Wahoo, a controversial Native American caricature. The teams mascot is named Slider, the franchise originated in Grand Rapids, Michigan, in 1894 as the Grand Rapids Rustlers, a minor league team in the Western League. The team moved to Cleveland in 1900 and changed its name to the Cleveland Lake Shores, one of the American Leagues eight charter franchises, the major league incarnation of the club was founded in Cleveland in 1901. Originally called the Cleveland Bluebirds, the played in League Park until moving permanently to Cleveland Stadium in 1946. At the end of the 2016 season, they had a regular season record of 9. In 1857 baseball games were a spectacle in Clevelands Public Squares. City authorities tried to find an ordinance forbidding it, to the joy of the crowd, – Harold Seymour 1865–1868 Forest Citys of Cleveland 1869–1872 Forest Citys of Cleveland From 1865 to 1868 Forest Citys was an amateur ball club. During the 1869 season, Cleveland was among several cities which established professional baseball teams following the success of the 1869 Cincinnati Red Stockings, the first fully professional team. In the newspapers before and after 1870, the team was called the Forest Citys. In 1871 the Forest Citys joined the new National Association of Professional Base Ball Players, ultimately, two of the leagues western clubs went out of business during the first season and the Chicago Fire left that citys White Stockings impoverished, unable to field a team again until 1874. Cleveland was thus the NAs westernmost outpost in 1872, the year the club folded, Cleveland played their full schedule to July 19 followed by two games versus Boston in mid-August and disbanded at the end of the season. 1879–1881 Cleveland Forest Citys 1882–1884 Cleveland Blues In 1876, the National League supplanted the NA as the professional league. Cleveland were not among its members, but by 1879 the league was looking for new entries. The Cleveland Forest Citys baseball team was then re-created, the National League required distinct colors for the 1882 season, so the Cleveland Forest Citys became the Cleveland Blues
5.
Texas Rangers (baseball)
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The Texas Rangers are an American professional baseball team based in Arlington, Texas, located in the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex. The Rangers franchise is currently a member of the West division of the American League in Major League Baseball, since 1994, the Rangers have played in Globe Life Park in Arlington in Arlington, Texas. The teams name is borrowed from the law enforcement agency of the same name. After the 1971 season, the new Senators moved to Arlington, Texas, in 2010, the Rangers advanced past the Division Series for the first time, defeating the Tampa Bay Rays. Texas then brought home their first American League pennant after beating the New York Yankees in six games, in the 2010 World Series, the franchises first, the Rangers fell to the San Francisco Giants in five games. They repeated as American League champions the year, then lost the 2011 World Series to the St. Louis Cardinals in seven games. At the winter meetings that year, it awarded a new team to Los Angeles as well as a new team in the nations capital and this new team adopted the old Senators name, but was considered an expansion team since the Twins retained the old Senators records and history. The Senators and Angels began to fill their rosters with American League players in an expansion draft, the team played the 1961 season at old Griffith Stadium before moving to District of Columbia Stadium. For most of their existence, the new Senators were the definition of futility, the teams struggles led to a twist on a joke about the old Senators--Washington, first in war, first in peace and still last in the American League. Frank Howard, known for his home runs, was the teams most accomplished player. Ownership changed hands several times during the stay in Washington and was often plagued by poor decision-making and planning. Owner Elwood Richard Quesada once wondered why he should have to pay his players because he believed they didnt belong in the majors and he later agreed to a 10-year lease at D. C. Stadium — a move that would back to haunt the Senators. In 1963, Quesada sold his stake in the club and resigned, Washington stockbrokers James Johnston and James Lemon owned the team briefly, suffering massive financial losses. Johnson died in 1967 and Lemon sold the team a year later to hotel and trucking executive Bob Short, Short named himself general manager and hired Hall of Famer Ted Williams as manager. Although Williams had never coached or managed at any level of baseball, Williams kept them in contention for most of the season, their 86–76 record would be their only winning season in Washington. The success though was brief, as Short borrowed most of the $9.4 million he had used to pay for the team, as the Senators general manager, Short was forced to make many questionable trades to lower the debt and acquire amounts of the much-needed revenue. As a result, the team fell back into the American Leagues cellar position
6.
Major League Baseball
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Major League Baseball is a professional baseball organization, the oldest of the four major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada. A total of 30 teams now play in the National League and American League, the NL and AL operated as separate legal entities from 1876 and 1901 respectively. After cooperating but remaining legally separate entities since 1903, the merged into a single organization led by the Commissioner of Baseball in 2000. The organization also oversees Minor League Baseball, which comprises about 240 teams affiliated with the Major League clubs, with the World Baseball Softball Confederation, MLB manages the international World Baseball Classic tournament. Baseballs first professional team was founded in Cincinnati in 1869,30 years after Abner Doubleday supposedly invented the game of baseball, the first few decades of professional baseball were characterized by rivalries between leagues and by players who often jumped from one team or league to another. The period before 1920 in baseball was known as the dead-ball era, Baseball survived a conspiracy to fix the 1919 World Series, which came to be known as the Black Sox Scandal. The sport rose in popularity in the 1920s, and survived potential downturns during the Great Depression, shortly after the war, baseballs color barrier was broken by Jackie Robinson. The 1950s and 1960s were a time of expansion for the AL and NL, then new stadiums, Home runs dominated the game during the 1990s, and media reports began to discuss the use of anabolic steroids among Major League players in the mid-2000s. In 2006, an investigation produced the Mitchell Report, which implicated many players in the use of performance-enhancing substances, today, MLB is composed of thirty teams, twenty-nine in the United States and one in Canada. Baseball broadcasts are aired on television, radio, and the Internet throughout North America, MLB has the highest season attendance of any sports league in the world with more than 73 million spectators in 2015. MLB is governed by the Major League Baseball Constitution and this document has undergone several incarnations since 1875, with the most recent revisions being made in 2012. Under the direction of the Commissioner of Baseball, MLB hires and maintains the sports umpiring crews, and negotiates marketing, labor, MLB maintains a unique, controlling relationship over the sport, including most aspects of Minor League Baseball. This ruling has been weakened only slightly in subsequent years, the weakened ruling granted more stability to the owners of teams and has resulted in values increasing at double-digit rates. There were several challenges to MLBs primacy in the sport between the 1870s and the Federal League in 1916, the last attempt at a new league was the aborted Continental League in 1960. The chief executive of MLB is the commissioner, Rob Manfred, the chief operating officer is Tony Petitti. There are five other executives, president, chief officer, chief legal officer, chief financial officer. The multimedia branch of MLB, which is based in Manhattan, is MLB Advanced Media and this branch oversees MLB. com and each of the 30 teams websites. Its charter states that MLB Advanced Media holds editorial independence from the league, MLB Productions is a similarly structured wing of the league, focusing on video and traditional broadcast media
7.
Bench-clearing brawl
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They are also known to occur when a batter charges the mound. However, few bench-clearing brawls result in injury, as in most cases, no punches are thrown. In at least one case, one team left its dugout to defend the other from Clevelands own fans, depending on the severity of the unsportsmanlike conduct, an umpire may or may not eject a brawls participants. Fines and suspensions generally result and are issued at a later date, escalations beyond isolated fights, such as line brawls between groups of players on the ice, are prohibited, meaning bench-clearing brawls will result in serious consequences. General brawls can result in players being assessed game misconduct penalties and this is especially the case if a player leaves the bench or penalty box to join a fight. In addition to penalties for leaving the bench, all players engaging in a fight may be penalized. One of the more notable incidents was the Punch-up in Piestany, the officials ordered that the arena lights be turned out, but to no avail, and the IIHF eventually declared the game void. The only notable KHL bench clearing brawl saw all the players of Avangard Omsk and Vityaz Chekhov, except for the goaltenders, fighting at 3 minutes and 34 seconds. The referees penalized all the players who were involved in the brawl, and called the game due to lack of players, bench-clearing brawls do not occur very often in gridiron football. At least two bench-clearing brawls have taken place in the Lingerie Football League, since renamed the Legends Football League, the first came in 2009 between the Miami Caliente and the New York Majesty, that brawl eventually led to the Majesty suspending operations. Another occurred during the December 9,2011 LFL game between the Toronto Triumph and the Philadelphia Passion and it was unclear what punishment either team would face as Toronto was already using replacement players due to a mass walkout of the original team earlier in the year. Red Wings–Avalanche brawl Pacers–Pistons brawl Knicks–Nuggets brawl 2011 Crosstown Shootout brawl Violence in sports
8.
Arlington Stadium
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Arlington Stadium was a baseball stadium located in Arlington, Texas, United States, located between Dallas and Fort Worth, Texas. It served as the home for the Texas Rangers from 1972 until 1993, when the team moved into The Ballpark in Arlington, the stadium was built in 1965 as Turnpike Stadium, a minor league ballpark seating 10,000 people named for the nearby Dallas-Fort Worth Turnpike. However, the real purpose was to attract a major league team to the Metroplex. It had been built to major league specifications, and was designed to be expandable to up to 50,000 seats, due to its location in a natural bowl, only minimal renovations would be necessary to ready it for a big-league team. Although it was primarily for baseball, its general shape was very similar to the major league multi-purpose stadiums that were beginning to emerge in the mid-1960s. In 1971, the struggling Washington Senators announced their intentions to move to the Metroplex as the Texas Rangers, the stadium was expanded to seat over 35,700 people, and was renamed Arlington Stadium. It was the former minor league park converted for use by a major-league team, after Baltimores Memorial Stadium, Kansas Citys Municipal Stadium. The park had a skeletal, jerry-built feel, and it was obvious that it had once been minor-league, an upper deck wasnt added until 1978, until then, fans entered at the very top of the stadium and walked down to their seats. It had the largest bleacher section in baseball, stretching from foul pole to foul pole, unlike most stadiums built during this time, there were very few bad seats, due to its natural-bowl location and the field being 40 feet below street level. Early in the existence, the stadium could be converted for football by swiveling the third-base grandstands into the outfield. In the process, people sitting in the bleachers had their view cut off. When a football game was played at the stadium, a press box. The 1978 renovations, however, permanently fixed the seats in the configuration for the remainder of the stadiums existence. Although it had built for baseball, Arlington Stadium had a number of drawbacks. There was no roof, and thus virtually no protection from the oppressive Texas heat, for nearly all of its existence, it was the hottest stadium in the majors. It was not unheard of for game-time temperatures to be well above 100 degrees, combined with the Rangers mediocre performance, this held down attendance considerably during the 1970s. Due in part to the heat, the Rangers scheduled nearly all of their games from May through September at night, other than nearby amusement park Six Flags Over Texas, there was no neighborhood around the park. In his book Storied Stadiums, Curt Smith described it as small, the scoreboard in the Rangers early days was a long, horizontal rectangle with a panel shaped like the state of Texas
9.
Tom Grieve
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Thomas Alan Grieve is a former Major League Baseball player. He played from 1970–79 for the Washington Senators, Texas Rangers, New York Mets, nicknamed TAG, which are his initials, Grieves best season was 1976 with the Rangers when he hit.255, belted 20 home runs and had 81 runs batted in. On December 8,1977, he was involved in a rare four-team trade that involved the New York Mets, Atlanta Braves, Pittsburgh Pirates, Grieve and a player to be named later were sent to the Mets, who also received Willie Montañez from the Braves. Texas sent Adrian Devine, Tommy Boggs and Eddie Miller to Atlanta, the Pirates sent Al Oliver and Nelson Norman to the Rangers, who also got Jon Matlack from the Mets. Finally, the Mets sent John Milner to the Pirates, primarily an outfielder and a designated hitter, the right-handed batter finished his career with a.249 average,65 homers and 254 RBIs in 670 games. In between, Grieve posted five solid seasons in the Venezuelan Winter League while playing for the Águilas del Zulia, Leones del Caracas, according to his own words, he says that any player who skips winter ball does themselves a disservice because they’re too lazy. In 1984 Grieve became general manager of the Rangers, and served in capacity until 1994. In December 1988 Grieve made one of the best trades in history, acquiring Rafael Palmeiro. That same winter he acquired future batting champion Julio Franco, however, he also traded away several future stars, including Sammy Sosa in 1989 and Robb Nen in 1993. Grieve currently is a broadcaster for the Rangers televised games, since 1995, Grieve has served consistently as the color commentator for the Texas Rangers, which is the longest tenure of any TV broadcaster in Texas Rangers club history. He sits in the booth alongside play-by-play announcer Dave Raymond, the Grieves were the first father-and-son combo to be selected in the first round of the MLB draft. Tom was chosen sixth overall by the Senators in 1966 while Ben was the second overall selection by Oakland in 1994, Ben Grieve played 976 games for the Oakland As, Tampa Bay Devil Rays, Milwaukee Brewers and the Chicago Cubs. Tom Grieve was inducted into the Texas Rangers Hall of Fame in a ceremony held on July 24,2010
10.
Dave Duncan (baseball)
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David Edwin Duncan is an American pitching consultant for the Arizona Diamondbacks of Major League Baseball. He is also a professional baseball catcher and pitching coach. He began his MLB playing career in 1964 and played consecutively from 1967 to 1976 for the Kansas City/Oakland Athletics, Cleveland Indians. After retiring as a player, Duncan served as the coach for the Indians, Seattle Mariners, Chicago White Sox, Athletics. Four pitchers he coached won the Cy Young Award in 1983,1990,1992 and he was also a member of four World Series champion teams in 1972,1989,2006, and 2011. Each year from 1983 to 2011, Duncan worked with former manager Tony La Russa on the White Sox, Athletics, following the 2013 season, he became a pitching consultant for the Diamondbacks. Duncan was signed as a free agent by the Kansas City Athletics in 1963. In his first at-bat as a baseball player, he hit a home run for the Daytona Beach Islanders of the Florida State League. Duncan made his league debut on May 6,1964 at the age of 18. He was kept in the majors to protect him from being drafted by another team under baseball rules, Duncan returned to the minor leagues for the next two seasons, first with the Lewiston Broncs in the Single-A Northwest League in Lewiston, Idaho. Midway through the 1965 season, Rick Monday joined the team, after the season, Duncan and Monday entered boot camp with the U. S. Marine Corps in San Diego in September. The following year in 1966, Duncan led the California League with 46 home runs in 121 games for the Modesto Reds, the second pick in the 1966 MLB draft was another Arizona State center fielder, 20-year-old Reggie Jackson. He played two weeks in Lewiston then joined Duncan in Modesto in early July, and kept pace with 21 homers in 56 games, Duncan began the 1967 season with the Birmingham As but, was brought back up to the major leagues in early June. When his batting average dropped to a.194 in early July, when his hitting showed signs of improvement, Duncan returned to the major leagues in September, along with Jackson and Joe Rudi. Athletics team owner Charlie Finley moved the franchise west to Oakland for the 1968 season and he was called up to the majors in June when catcher Jim Pagliaroni suffered a broken arm and went on the disabled list. Duncan went on to catch the majority of the games in 1968. While he possessed good skills, he only managed to hit for a.191 batting average. His batting average fell further to.126 in 1969 and Phil Roof took over as the Athletics main catcher and he also missed time due to his commitment to the military reserves
11.
Billy Martin
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Alfred Manuel Billy Martin was an American Major League Baseball second baseman and manager. He is best known as the manager of the New York Yankees and he also had notable managerial tenures with several other AL squads, leading four of them to division championships. Martin had a playing career in the 1950s, highlighted by his years with the Yankees during which he performed at a high level in appearances in the World Series. He was also selected for the American League All Star team in 1956, in these years his infamous propensity for fisticuffs became established, both on and off the baseball field. As a manager, Martin was known for turning losing teams into winners, however, he was criticized for not getting along with veteran players and owners, burning out young pitchers, and for having an addiction to alcohol. During the 1969 through 1988 period as a manager, Martin totaled 1,253 victories with a.553 winning percentage, Martin was born Alfred Manuel Pesano, Jr. to Alfred Manuel Pesano, Sr. and Joan Salvini Jenny Pesano in Berkeley, California. He was of Portuguese and Italian descent, as his father was a native of the Azores, Alfred, Sr. abandoned the family eight months later, for this reason, Jenny always referred to Alfred, her second husband, as the jackass. Eventually, Jenny changed the name to Martin. He began being called Billy after his grandmother started calling him Bello, as Martin grew up in West Berkeley his mother took careful notice not to let her son know his actual name, not wanting him to know he shared the same name with Alfred Pesano. While attending Berkeley High School, Martin tried out for and began playing for the Oakland Junior Oaks, affiliated with the Pacific Coast Leagues Oakland Oaks club. After graduation in 1946, he was signed by Eddie Leishman, also a Berkeley native, to play for him for Idaho Falls the Class D Pioneer League, hitting.254 in 32 games. Late in the 1947 season, he was signed to the Oaks, where his manager was Casey Stengel, Martin played for the Oaks in 1948 and 1949. When Stengel became the manager of the New York Yankees in 1949 he had the Yankees obtain Martin in 1950 and that year, Martin batted.250 in 34 games. Martin began his league career in 1950 as a second baseman for the Yankees. As a player, he was known for making clutch plays, in the 1952 World Series, he made a game-saving catch on an infield popup in Game 7. In the 1953 season, Martin had career highs in runs, RBIs, doubles, triples. He was the most valuable player of the 1953 World Series, as he batted.500 with a.958 slugging percentage, Martin was an All-Star in 1956. In 1958, Martin led the league in hits, with 13
12.
Joe Tait
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With the exception of two seasons in the early 1980s and illness during his final season, he was the Cavaliers radio announcer from the teams inception in 1970 through the 2010-11 season. He won the Basketball Hall of Fame 2010 Curt Gowdy Media Award, Tait was born in Evanston, Illinois. He attended Monmouth College in western Illinois, where he began his radio career and he did various jobs, including play-by-play on a local radio station in Monmouth, sports reports, and operations manager. After college, Tait spent three years in the United States Army Security Agency, after the Army, Tait bounced around, spending time in Decatur, Illinois. From 1966 to 1968 he was the voice of the Ohio Bobcats, served as sports director for WOUB. He next served as the voice of Indiana University football. In 1970, Tait began his association with the Cleveland Cavaliers. The games were broadcast on WERE for the first two years, after then-owner Nick Mileti, who also owned the Cleveland Indians, bought Clevelands most powerful radio station, WWWE in 1972, he moved both teams radio broadcasts to WWWE. Tait was the announcer for the Indians from 1973 through 1979 along with Herb Score. However, prior to the 1980-1981 season, new controversial Cavs team owner Ted Stepien had a disagreement with WWWE, consequently, the station gave the broadcasting rights back to Stepien. Yet, many Cleveland fans mistakenly believe that Tait was fired by Stepien, in the interim, Tait was the radio announcer for the New Jersey Nets for the 1981-1982 season. The following year he switched to television, calling play-by-play Chicago Bulls games on SportsVision and he also broadcast the CBS Radio College Game-of-the-Week. When new owners Gordon and George Gund III bought the team, Tait returned to the Cavaliers for the 1983-1984 season, in 1987, he was named vice president of broadcast services, a job that he held until his retirement. For fifteen seasons, Tait was also a play by play voice for the Cleveland Indians, in 1992, he was inducted into the Radio/Television Broadcasters Hall of Fame of Ohio. From 1997 to 2003, Tait also served as the radio voice of the Womens National Basketball Association Cleveland Rockers. In 2004, Tait was selected as a member of the Indiana Broadcasters Hall of Fame. Beginning in 2008, Tait has done play by play for the Mount Union College Purple Raiders and he is on the schools board of trustees. He also calls high school games for WEOL-AM930
13.
The Plain Dealer
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The Plain Dealer is the major daily newspaper of Cleveland, Ohio, United States. It has the largest circulation of any Ohio newspaper and was a top 20 newspaper for Sunday circulation in the United States as of March 2013, as of December 2015, The Plain Dealer had more than 250,000 daily readers and 790,000 readers on Sunday. The Plain Dealers media market, the Cleveland-Akron DMA, is one of the Top 20 markets in the United States, with a population of 3.8 million people, it is the fourth-largest market in the Midwest, and Ohios largest media market. In April 2013 The Plain Dealer announced it would reduce home delivery to four days a week and this went into effect on August 5,2013. A daily version of The Plain Dealer is available electronically as well as in print at stores, newsracks and newsstands. The newspaper was established in 1842, less than 50 years after Moses Cleaveland landed on the banks of the Cuyahoga River in The Flats, the Plain Dealer Publishing Company is under the direction of Virginia Wang. The paper employs over 700 people, the newspaper was sold on March 1,1967, to S. I. Newhouses newspaper chain, and has been under the control of the Newhouse family ever since. W. On December 18,2005, The Plain Dealer ceased publication of its weekly Sunday Magazine and it also assured readers that the stories that would formerly have appeared in the Sunday Magazine would be integrated into other areas of the paper. On the morning of Wednesday, July 31,2013, nearly a third of the staff was eliminated through layoffs. Previously, in December 2012, under an agreement with the Newspaper Guild, the July round of layoffs led to accusations by the Guild that management had misled the union by cutting more employees than had been agreed upon. On August 5,2013, the Northeast Ohio Media Group launched, Northeast Ohio Media Group operates cleveland. com and Sun Newspapers and is responsible for all multimedia ad sales and marketing for The Plain Dealer, Sun News and cleveland. com. It also provides content to The Plain Dealer, cleveland. com, the Plain Dealer Publishing Company provides content and publishes in print seven days a week. The company also provides production, distribution, finance, information technology, accounting and other services for the Plain Dealer Publishing Co. 1953 Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Cartooning,2003 Editor & Publisher Editor of the Year Award 12-time Ohio News Photographers Association Award recipient.50 and the Sunday/Thanksgiving Day edition is $2.25 at newsstands/newsracks. The full subscription weekly price is $4.65 and these prices only apply to The Plain Dealers home delivery area, which are the Northeast Ohio counties of Cuyahoga, Lake, Geauga, Portage, Erie, Ottawa, Summit, Ashtabula, Medina and Lorain. The Plain Dealer is available all over the state at select newsstands, including in the capital, Columbus. The newspaper reported daily readership of 543,110 and Sunday readership of 858,376 as of October,2013. Effective August 5,2013, home delivery was reduced to four days a week, an edition on Wednesday, Friday, and Sunday
14.
Chief Wahoo
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Chief Wahoo is a logo of the Cleveland Indians, a Major League Baseball franchise based in Cleveland, Ohio. The logo is a caricature of a stereotypical American Indian face. The team considered replacing the logo in 1994 when it moved to Jacobs Field, in 2013, Wahoo was replaced as the teams primary cap logo with a block C, but still appears on the teams uniforms sleeves and their home baseball caps. Although Chief Wahoo is most properly described as a logo, he is called a mascot. In 1947, Cleveland Indians owner Bill Veeck hired the J. F. Novak Company, designers of the worn by Clevelands police and firefighters. Seventeen-year-old draftsman Walter Goldbach, an employee of the Novak Company, was asked to perform the job, tasked with creating a mascot that would convey a spirit of pure joy and unbridled enthusiasm, he created a smiling face with yellow skin and a prominent nose. Goldbach has said that he had difficulty figuring out how to make an Indian look like a cartoon, sportswriters would eventually take to calling the unnamed character Chief Wahoo. Goldbach has said that the moniker is inaccurate. Quoting a child he met while talking at a school, Goldbach explained in a 2008 interview, Hes not a chief, in 1951, the mascot was redesigned with a smaller nose and red skin instead of yellow skin. This red skin logo also appeared in 1948 and 1949 and this logo has remained in use ever since, with only minor changes to the design. In the 1950s, the logo had black outlines and red skin, today the logo has blue lines, after its introduction, the face of the 1951 logo was incorporated into other, full-body depictions of the character. Wins were illustrated by Chief Wahoo holding a lantern in one hand, losses were illustrated by a battered Chief Wahoo, complete with black eye, missing teeth, and crumpled feathers. By 1973, when Cleveland businessman Nick Mileti bought the baseball team, Mileti hired a designer named Leonard Benner to modify an existing at-bat design for use as a logo. Several changes were made, Wahoos nose was made smaller, his body thinner, overall, however, the design of Chief Wahoo remained largely similar to the previous version. These modifications, however, heralded other changes to the use of Indian-themed imagery. The 1973 logo is no longer used by the team, when the Cleveland Indians installed a new computer-programmed scoreboard in 1977, newspaper articles described how it could display animated depictions of Chief Wahoo yelling Charge. At 137-by-54 feet with an 86-by-29-foot lighted screen, the scoreboard was described as the largest single unit board in the country, animation was provided by Hilda Terry, creator of the comic strip Teena. The complete package of commissioned animations included an arrow skewering two players to signify a double-play, during his tenure as President of the Cleveland Indians baseball team, Peter Bavasi asked players how the teams uniforms should look
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Boxing glove
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Boxing gloves are cushioned gloves that fighters wear on their hands during boxing matches and practices. The use of protection in fighting contests undertaken for sport has been known since Ancient Greece. However, the gloves were very different from those of modern boxing, in Ancient Greece, it was common practice to tie strips of rawhide round the hands for protection. In Roman times, this developed into the gladiatorial cestus, with added to the gloves to inflict greater damage. The brutality of the sport caused the boxing to be banned in 393 AD, Boxing experienced a revival in Britain around the 17th century. However, many boxers still chose to fight with bare knuckles until 1867 when gloves were mandated by the Marquess of Queensberry Rules, modern boxing gloves started showing up towards end of the 1990s. Over ten years of engineering and testing by some of the biggest boxing manufacturers and sport names have helped create safe, modern boxing gloves include mesh palm, velcro, leather-based stitching, suspension cushioning and new padding for the boxer. The International Boxing Association approves new designs of gloves according to rules around weight, Boxing gloves usually come with either lace-ups or velcro. In velcro gloves, the acts as a second handwrap that adds more stability to the wrist. Lace-up gloves provide a snug and secure fit, but unlike velcro gloves, require assistance from another person to lace. Lace-up gloves can be converted to velcro gloves using a hook, three types of padding commonly used in boxing gloves are horsehair padding, foam padding or a mix of both. Foam padding gloves use latex and PVC foam with shock absorber, horsehair gloves last longer than foam padding gloves and are environmentally friendly, but are less protective. In amateur boxing matches, glove color is restricted to red or blue, often with a scoring area at the knuckles to help judges see. Boxing gloves are worn over hand wraps, which stabilize the fist area against injuries such as the eponymous boxers fracture of the fifth metacarpal. The hand wrap is made from cotton and is available in either 120 inches or 170 inches. The impact of gloves on the injuries caused during a fight is a controversial issue, hitting to the head was less common in the bare-knuckle era because of the risk of hurting the boxers hand. Gloves may reduce the amount of eye injuries, especially if they are thumbless, one non-peer-reviewed study has estimated the risk of death from bare-knuckle boxing at 14,000 deaths per million participants. This is 184 times more deaths per million participants than for professional boxing
