1.
International Union for Conservation of Nature
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The International Union for Conservation of Nature is an international organization working in the field of nature conservation and sustainable use of natural resources. It is involved in gathering and analysis, research, field projects, advocacy, lobbying. IUCNs mission is to influence, encourage and assist societies throughout the world to conserve nature and to ensure that any use of resources is equitable. Over the past decades, IUCN has widened its focus beyond conservation ecology and now incorporates issues related to equality, poverty alleviation. Unlike other international NGOs, IUCN does not itself aim to mobilize the public in support of nature conservation and it tries to influence the actions of governments, business and other stakeholders by providing information and advice, and through lobbying and partnerships. The organization is best known to the public for compiling and publishing the IUCN Red List. IUCN has a membership of over 1200 governmental and non-governmental organizations, some 11,000 scientists and experts participate in the work of IUCN commissions on a voluntary basis. It employs approximately 1000 full-time staff in more than 60 countries and its headquarters are in Gland, Switzerland. IUCN has observer and consultative status at the United Nations, and plays a role in the implementation of several conventions on nature conservation. It was involved in establishing the World Wide Fund for Nature, in the past, IUCN has been criticized for placing the interests of nature over those of indigenous peoples. In recent years, its relations with the business sector have caused controversy. It was previously called the International Union for Protection of Nature, establishment In 1947, the Swiss League for the Protection of Nature organised an international conference on the protection of nature in Brunnen. It is considered to be the first government-organized non-governmental organization, the initiative to set up the new organisation came from UNESCO and especially from its first Director General, the British biologist Julian Huxley. At the time of its founding IUPN was the international organisation focusing on the entire spectrum of nature conservation Early years. Its secretariat was located in Brussels and its first work program focused on saving species and habitats, increasing and applying knowledge, advancing education, promoting international agreements and promoting conservation. Providing a solid base for conservation action was the heart of all activities. IUPN and UNESCO were closely associated and they jointly organized the 1949 Conference on Protection of Nature. In preparation for this conference a list of endangered species was drawn up for the first time
2.
Collier County, Florida
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Collier County is a county located in the U. S. state of Florida. As of the 2010 census, the population was 321,520 and its county seat is East Naples, where the county offices were moved from Everglades in 1962. Collier County comprises the Naples-Immokalee-Marco Island, FL Metropolitan Statistical Area, Collier County was created in 1923 from Lee County. It was named for Barron Collier, a New York City advertising mogul and real estate developer who had moved to southwest Florida and established himself as a prominent land owner. He agreed to build the Tamiami Trail for what was then Lee County in exchange for consideration with the state legislature to have a county named for him. But I really didnt expect to have a county named after me. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 2,305 square miles. It is the largest county in Florida by land area and fourth-largest by total area, virtually the entire southeastern portion of the county lies within the Big Cypress National Preserve. The northernmost portion of Everglades National Park extends into the coastal part of the county. S. Route 41 State Road 29 State Road 84 State Road 951 As of the census of 2000, there were 251,377 people,102,973 households, the population density was 124 people per square mile. There were 144,536 housing units at a density of 71 per square mile. Hispanic or Latino individuals accounted for 19. 61%, languages spoken,75. 3% spoke English,17. 8% Spanish,2. 3% French Creole and 1. 2% German as their first language. 24. 50% of all households were made up of individuals and 11. 90% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.39 and the average family size was 2.79. The median age was 44.1 years, for every 100 females there were 100.30 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 99.20 males, the median income for a household in the county was $48,289, and the median income for a family was $54,816. Males had an income of $32,639 versus $26,371 for females. The per capita income for the county was $31,195, about 6. 60% of families and 10. 30% of the population were below the poverty line, including 16. 20% of those under age 18 and 4. 30% of those age 65 or over. The county continues to experience significant growth and is becoming increasingly diverse, as of the 2010 census, the countys population had increased to 321,520, an increase of 27. 9% over the 2000 census
3.
Monroe County, Florida
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Monroe County is a county located in the state of Florida. As of the 2010 census, the population was 73,090 and its county seat is Key West. Monroe County includes the islands of the Florida Keys, only 24 people live on the mainland. Monroe County comprises the Key West, FL Micropolitan Statistical Area, although 87% of the countys land area is on the mainland, that region is part of the Everglades and is virtually uninhabited. Over 99% of the population lives on the Florida Keys. Monroe County was created in 1823 and it was named for James Monroe, the fifth President of the United States, who served from 1817 to 1825. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 3,738 square miles. It is the largest county in Florida by total area, more than 99 percent of the Monroe County population lives in the island chain known as the Florida Keys. The area, officially named Cape Sable Census County Division, is virtually uninhabited, as of the Census of 2000, this area had 86.9 percent of the countys land area, but only 0.075 percent of its population. The Census Bureau defines this area as Census Tract 9701 of Monroe County, the only three populated places appearing on detailed maps and in the USGS geographic name database are Flamingo, Pinecrest, and Trail City. Flamingo, located on the south coast and at the end of State Road 9336, is the location of the Flamingo Lodge,11 km northeast on the highway is the West Lake Trail. Pinecrest, located in the interior of the county on Loop Road. Trail City is 6 km west of Pinecrest on Loop Road, Loop Road can be found on most maps as CR94, although the roadway no longer has a numbered designation and is now managed by the National Park Service. Between the south coast of Floridas mainland and the Florida Keys is Florida Bay, which is encompassed by the Everglades National Park and contains numerous islets or keys. Collier County – north Miami-Dade County – east and north As of the census of 2000, there were 79,589 people,35,086 households, the population density was 80 people per square mile. There were 51,617 housing units at a density of 52 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 90. 65% White,4. 77% Black or African American,0. 38% Native American,0. 83% Asian,0. 04% Pacific Islander,1. 55% from other races, and 1. 78% from two or more races. 15. 77% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race, in 2005 Monroe County had a population that was 75. 1% non-Hispanic white,17. 7% Latino,5. 4% African-American and 1. 1% Asian
4.
Florida
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Florida /ˈflɒrᵻdə/ is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States. It is bordered to the west by the Gulf of Mexico, to the north by Alabama and Georgia, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, Florida is the 22nd-most extensive, the 3rd-most populous, and the 8th-most densely populated of the U. S. states. Jacksonville is the most populous municipality in the state and is the largest city by area in the contiguous United States, the Miami metropolitan area is Floridas most populous urban area. The city of Tallahassee is the state capital, much of the state is at or near sea level and is characterized by sedimentary soil. The climate varies from subtropical in the north to tropical in the south, the American alligator, American crocodile, Florida panther, and manatee can be found in the Everglades National Park. It was a location of the Seminole Wars against the Native Americans. Today, Florida is distinctive for its large Cuban expatriate community and high population growth, the states economy relies mainly on tourism, agriculture, and transportation, which developed in the late 19th century. Florida is also renowned for amusement parks, orange crops, the Kennedy Space Center, Florida has attracted many writers such as Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings, Ernest Hemingway and Tennessee Williams, and continues to attract celebrities and athletes. It is internationally known for golf, tennis, auto racing, by the 16th century, the earliest time for which there is a historical record, major Native American groups included the Apalachee, the Timucua, the Ais, the Tocobaga, the Calusa and the Tequesta. Florida was the first part of the continental United States to be visited and settled by Europeans, the earliest known European explorers came with the Spanish conquistador Juan Ponce de León. Ponce de León spotted and landed on the peninsula on April 2,1513 and he named the region La Florida. The story that he was searching for the Fountain of Youth is a myth, in May 1539, Conquistador Hernando de Soto skirted the coast of Florida, searching for a deep harbor to land. He described seeing a wall of red mangroves spread mile after mile, some reaching as high as 70 feet. Very soon, many smokes appeared along the whole coast, billowing against the sky, the Spanish introduced Christianity, cattle, horses, sheep, the Spanish language, and more to Florida. Both the Spanish and French established settlements in Florida, with varying degrees of success, in 1559, Don Tristán de Luna y Arellano established a settlement at present-day Pensacola, making it the first attempted settlement in Florida, but it was abandoned by 1561. Spain maintained tenuous control over the region by converting the tribes to Christianity. The area of Spanish Florida diminished with the establishment of English settlements to the north, the English attacked St. Augustine, burning the city and its cathedral to the ground several times. Florida attracted numerous Africans and African-Americans from adjacent British colonies who sought freedom from slavery, in 1738, Governor Manuel de Montiano established Fort Gracia Real de Santa Teresa de Mose near St
5.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
6.
Goodland, Florida
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Goodland is a census-designated place in Collier County, Florida, United States. The population was 267 at the 2010 census and it is part of the Naples–Marco Island Metropolitan Statistical Area. Located on a portion of Marco Island, it is the closest community to Cape Romano. Goodland is located in southwestern Collier County at 25°55′28″N 81°38′49″W, the beachfront city of Marco Island is 6 miles to the west. Goodland is nearly surrounded by water, with Goodland Bay to the north, Coon Key Pass to the east, to the west, an artificial inlet of Blue Hill Creek separates Goodland from forested wetland within the city limits of Marco Island. According to the United States Census Bureau, the Goodland CDP has an area of 0.35 square miles, of which 0.15 square miles is land and 0.19 square miles. Goodland has a savanna climate that consists of warm dry winters. Wet season is from April 1 to September 30 and Dry season is from October 1 to March 31, as of the census of 2000, there were 320 people,186 households, and 88 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 1,512.0 people per square mile, there were 317 housing units at an average density of 1,497. 8/sq mi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 98. 75% White,0. 31% African American,0. 31% Native American,0. 31% Asian, hispanic or Latino of any race were 1. 56% of the population. Of all households 41. 4% were made up of individuals and 19. 4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 1.72 and the average family size was 2.25. In the CDP, the population was out with 7. 2% under the age of 18,2. 2% from 18 to 24,25. 0% from 25 to 44,33. 1% from 45 to 64. The median age was 53 years, for every 100 females there were 107.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 110.6 males, the median income for a household in the CDP was $26,739, and the median income for a family was $27,279. Males had an income of $22,083 versus $27,059 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $22,893, about 13. 0% of families and 14. 0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 28. 1% of those under age 18 and 15. 3% of those age 65 or over
7.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
8.
United States Fish and Wildlife Service
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The United States Fish and Wildlife Service is an agency of the federal government within the U. S. Department of the Interior dedicated to the management of fish, wildlife, and natural habitats. The mission of the agency is working with others to conserve, protect, and enhance fish, wildlife, plants and their habitats for the continuing benefit of the American people. The leader of the FWS is the director of the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service Daniel M. Ashe, of Maryland, bavin National Fish and Wildlife Forensic Laboratory Landscape Conservation Cooperatives The vast majority of fish and wildlife habitat is on non-federal lands. The FWS employs approximately 9,000 people and is organized into an administrative office, eight regional offices. Spencer Fullerton Baird was appointed its first commissioner, in 1903, the Fish Commission was reorganized as the United States Bureau of Fisheries. In 1885–1886, the Division of Economic Ornithology and Mammalogy was established within the United States Department of Agriculture, in 1896 it became the Division of Biological Survey. Its early work focused on the effect of birds in controlling pests and mapping the geographical distribution of plants. Clinton Hart Merriam headed the Bureau for 25 years and became a figure for improving the scientific understanding of birds. Under Darlings guidance, the Bureau began a legacy of protecting vital natural habitat throughout the country. The USFWS was finally created in 1940, when the Bureaus of Fisheries, however, these exceptions often only apply to Native Americans that are registered with the federal government and are enrolled with a federally recognized tribe. Therefore, many people that wish to practice their religion continue to face persecution. This has become a source of conflict between many tribes and the US Fish and Wildlife Service. In the late 1990s and early 2000s, the USFWS began to incorporate the research of scientists into conservation decisions. Additionally, other natural resource agencies within the United States government, such as the USDA, have taken steps to be inclusive of tribes, native people. This has marked a transition to a relationship of more cooperation rather than the tension between tribes and government agencies seen historically, today, these agencies work closely with tribal governments to ensure the best conservation decisions are made and that tribes retain their sovereignty
9.
Gulf Coast of the United States
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The Gulf Coast of the United States is the coastline along which the Southern United States meets the Gulf of Mexico. The coastal states that have a shoreline on the Gulf of Mexico are Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, and Florida, the economy of the Gulf Coast area is dominated by industries related to energy, petrochemicals, fishing, aerospace, agriculture, and tourism. The Gulf Coast is made of many inlets, bays, the coast is also intersected by numerous rivers, the largest of which is the Mississippi River. Much of the land along the Gulf Coast is, or was and these landforms protect numerous bays and inlets providing as a barrier to oncoming waves. The central part of the Gulf Coast, from eastern Texas through Louisiana, the eastern part of the Gulf Coast, predominantly Florida, is dotted with many bays and inlets. The Gulf Coast climate is humid subtropical for the most part, although the tip of Florida. Much of the year is warm to hot along the Gulf Coast, while the 3 winters months bring periods of cool, the area is vulnerable to hurricanes as well as floods and severe thunderstorms. Tornadoes are infrequent at the coast but do occur, however the frequency at which they occur in inland portions of Gulf Coast states is much greater. Earthquakes are extremely rare to the area, but a surprising 6.0 earthquake in the Gulf of Mexico on September 10,2006, the Gulf Coast is a major center of economic activity. The marshlands along the Louisiana and Texas coasts provide breeding grounds, the Port of South Louisiana and the Port of Houston are two of the ten busiest ports in the world by cargo volume. As of 2004, seven of the top ten busiest ports in the U. S. are on the Gulf Coast. The discovery of oil and gas deposits along the coast and offshore, the coast contains nearly 4,000 oil platforms. S. Before Europeans arrived in the region, the region was home to several kingdoms that had extensive trade networks with empires such as the Aztecs. Shark and alligator teeth and shells from the Gulf have been found as far north as Ohio, the first Europeans to settle the Gulf Coast were primarily the French and the Spanish. The Louisiana Purchase and the Texas Revolution made the Gulf Coast a part of the United States during the first half of the 19th century. As the U. S. population continued to expand its frontiers westward, the development of sugar and cotton production allowed the South to prosper. Two major events were turning points in the history of the Gulf Coast region. The first was the American Civil War, which caused damage to some economic sectors in the South
10.
Everglades
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The Everglades is a natural region of tropical wetlands in the southern portion of the U. S. state of Florida, comprising the southern half of a large drainage basin and part of the neotropic ecozone. The system begins near Orlando with the Kissimmee River, which discharges into the vast but shallow Lake Okeechobee. Water leaving the lake in the wet season forms a slow-moving river 60 miles wide, the Everglades experience a wide range of weather patterns, from frequent flooding in the wet season to drought in the dry season. Human habitation in the portion of the Florida peninsula dates to 15,000 years ago. Before European colonization, the region was dominated by the native Calusa, with Spanish colonization, both tribes declined gradually during the following two centuries. The Seminole formed from mostly Creek people who had been warring to the North, they assimilated other peoples and created a new culture. After being forced from northern Florida into the Everglades during the Seminole Wars of the early 19th century, migrants to the region who wanted to develop plantations first proposed draining the Everglades in 1848, but no work of this type was attempted until 1882. Canals were constructed throughout the first half of the 20th century, in 1947, Congress formed the Central and Southern Florida Flood Control Project, which built 1,400 miles of canals, levees, and water control devices. The Miami metropolitan area grew substantially at this time and Everglades water was diverted to cities, portions of the Everglades were transformed into farmland, where the primary crop was sugarcane. Approximately 50 percent of the original Everglades has been developed as agricultural or urban areas, following this period of rapid development and environmental degradation, the ecosystem began to receive notable attention from conservation groups in the 1970s. Internationally, UNESCO and the Ramsar Convention designated the Everglades a Wetland Area of Global Importance, the construction of a large airport 6 miles north of Everglades National Park was blocked when an environmental study found that it would severely damage the South Florida ecosystem. With heightened awareness and appreciation of the region, restoration began in the 1980s with the removal of a canal that had straightened the Kissimmee River, however, development and sustainability concerns have remained pertinent in the region. The deterioration of the Everglades, including water quality in Lake Okeechobee, was linked to the diminishing quality of life in South Floridas urban areas. In 2000 the Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan was approved by Congress to combat these problems, to date, it is the most expensive and comprehensive environmental restoration attempt in history, but its implementation has faced political complications. The first written record of the Everglades was on Spanish maps made by cartographers who had not seen the land and they named the unknown area between the Gulf and Atlantic coasts of Florida Laguna del Espíritu Santo. The area was featured on maps for decades without having been explored, British surveyor John Gerard de Brahm, who mapped the coast of Florida in 1773, called the area River Glades. Both Marjory Stoneman Douglas and linguist Wallace McMullen suggest that cartographers substituted Ever for River, the name Everglades first appeared on a map in 1823, although it was also spelled as Ever Glades as late as 1851. The Seminole call it Pa-hay-okee, meaning Grassy Water, the region was labeled Pa-hai-okee on an American military map from 1839, although it had earlier been called Ever Glades throughout the Second Seminole War
11.
Mangrove
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A mangrove is a shrub or small tree that grows in coastal saline or brackish water. The term is used for tropical coastal vegetation consisting of such species. Mangroves are salt tolerant trees, also called halophytes, and are adapted to life in coastal conditions. They contain a complex filtration system and complex root system to cope with salt water immersion. They are adapted to the low oxygen conditions of waterlogged mud, the saline conditions tolerated by various mangrove species range from brackish water, through pure seawater, to water concentrated by evaporation to over twice the salinity of ocean seawater. The term mangrove comes to English from Spanish, and is likely to originate from Guarani and it was earlier mangrow, but this word was corrupted via folk etymology influence of the word grove. Mangrove swamps are found in tropical and subtropical tidal areas, areas where mangal occurs include estuaries and marine shorelines. The intertidal existence to which trees are adapted represents the major limitation to the number of species able to thrive in their habitat. High tide brings in water, and when the tide recedes. The return of tide can flush out these soils, bringing back to salinity levels comparable to that of seawater. At low tide, organisms are exposed to increases in temperature and desiccation. About 110 species are considered mangroves, in the sense of being a tree grows in such a saline swamp, though only a few are from the mangrove plant genus. However, a mangrove swamp typically features only a small number of tree species. It is not uncommon for a mangrove forest in the Caribbean to feature three or four tree species. For comparison, the tropical rainforest biome contains thousands of tree species, though the trees themselves are few in species, the ecosystem that these trees create provides a home for a great variety of other organisms. Mangrove plants require a number of adaptations to overcome the problems of anoxia, high salinity. Each species has its own solutions to problems, this may be the primary reason why, on some shorelines. Small environmental variations within a mangal may lead to greatly differing methods for coping with the environment, once established, mangrove roots provide an oyster habitat and slow water flow, thereby enhancing sediment deposition in areas where it is already occurring
12.
Islet
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An islet is a very small island. As suggested by its origin as islette, an Old French diminutive of isle, use of the term implies small size, but little attention is given to drawing an upper limit on its applicability. Cay or Key – an islet formed by the accumulation of sand deposits atop a reef Motu – A reef islet formed by broken coral and sand. River island – A small islet within the current of a river, rock – A rock, in the sense of a type of islet, is an uninhabited landform composed of rock, lying offshore, and having at most minimal vegetation. Sandbar – An exposed sandbar is another type of islet, Sea stack – A thin, vertical landform jutting out of a body of water. Skerry – A small rocky island, usually defined to be too small for habitation, subsidiary islets – A more technical application is to small land features, isolated by water, lying off the shore of a larger island. Likewise, any emergent land in an atoll is called an islet. Tidal island – Often small islands lie off the mainland of an area, being connected to it in low tide. In the Caribbean and West Atlantic, islets are often called cays or keys, rum Cay in the Bahamas and the Florida Keys off Florida are examples of islets. In the Channel Islands, they are identified by the suffix -hou from the Norse -holm. In Scotland and Ireland, they are often called inches, from the Gaelic innis, which originally meant island, in Ireland they are often termed skerries. In and around Polynesia, islets are widely known by the term motu, in and around the River Thames in England, small islands are known as aits or eyots. One long-term dispute over the status of such an islet was that of Snake Island, there are thousands of islets on Earth, approximately 24,000 islands and islets in the Stockholm archipelago alone. The following is a list of example islets from around the world, Islands or Rocks, Is that the Real Question. The Treatment of Islands in the Delimitation of Maritime Boundaries, in Myron H. Nordquist, John Norton Moore, Alfred H. A. The Law of the Sea Convention, US Accession and Globalization
13.
Southwest Florida
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Southwest Florida is the region along the south west gulf coast of the U. S. State of Florida. For some purposes, the counties of DeSoto, Glades, and Hendry. The region includes four areas, the North Port-Bradenton-Sarasota MSA, the Cape Coral-Fort Myers MSA, the Naples-Marco Island MSA. The most populous county in the region is Lee County, inland counties are notably rural, with the primary economic driver being agriculture. Important products grown in area include tomatoes, beef, sugarcane. Agricultural harvesting in Southwest Florida employs approximately 16,000 seasonal workers,90 percent of which are thought to be migrants, each county in the region has its own county government. Within each county, there are also self-governing cities, towns, the remaining majority of land in each county is controlled directly by the county government. It is also common for incorporated municipalities to contract county services in order to save costs. The region is designated as one of Floridas 4 districts for the Committee of Southern Historic Preservation, the district has been represented by Tommy Stolly since 2013. Southwest Florida is served by major highways, including the Tamiami Trail. Long-term cooperative infrastructure planning is coordinated by the Southwest Florida Regional Planning Council, and in heavily populated Lee County, greyhound Lines serves several locations in Southwest Florida, including Bradenton, Fort Myers, Naples, Port Charlotte, Punta Gorda and Sarasota. The areas secondary airport, Sarasota-Bradenton International Airport, served 1.34 million passengers in 2009, Seminole Gulf Railway provides freight services throughout Southwest Florida. Tourism is an economic driver in the area. In addition, many residents live in the area during the winter months. Armands Circle on St. Armands Key Attractions including, Edison and Ford Winter Estates in Fort Myers Lake Okeechobee renowned for fishing, Naples Botanical Garden Naples Zoo at Caribbean Gardens Brighton Seminole Indian Reservation where the Seminole nation operates a sizable casino. The university belongs to the 12-campus State University System of Florida, FGCU competes in the Atlantic Sun Conference in NCAA Division I sports. The following table shows the teams and major NCAA Division 1 teams that play in Southwest Florida. Florida is the home for Major League Baseball spring training
14.
Cape Romano
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Cape Romano is a cape at the southern end of Caxambas Island, just south of Marco Island and northwest of the Ten Thousand Islands in Collier County, Florida. Calusa Indians founded the settlement and called it Manataca, juan Ponce de León briefly stopped at Manataca on his first trip from Puerto Rico to Florida, but the Indians tried to fight him off. Therere two competing theories as to why the island is called Cape Romano, the most prevalent belief is that Cape Romano got its name from the survivors of a Romanian shipwreck that colonized the island in 1834. However the first actual mention of Romano in the oldest surviving documents of the region came in 1878 after the founding of the famous cheese factory Romano Cheese Corporation. Cape Romano is also the location of the countries first Romanian Orthodox Church, completed in 1837, the ruins can still be found on the island just off the beach. It was destroyed in 1897 by a fire after multiple hurricanes forced the inhabitants from the Island, Cape Romano is where Hurricane Wilma made its first U. S. landfall in October 2005. In 2008, Tropical Storm Fay came ashore near the cape, Cape Romano Dome House Cape Romano Pyramid House Cape Romano Stilt Houses
15.
Marco Island, Florida
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Marco Island is a city in Collier County, Florida, United States, located on an island by the same name in the Gulf of Mexico off the coast of Southwest Florida. It is a city of the Naples–Marco Island Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 16,413 at the 2010 census, Marco Island is the largest barrier island within Southwest Floridas Ten Thousand Islands area extending southerly to Cape Sable. Parts of the island have some scenic, high relative to the generally flat south Florida landscape. Like the city of Naples to the north, Marco Island has a climate, specifically a tropical wet. It is known for wet and dry seasons, with most of the rainfall falling between the months of June and October. The history of Marco Island can be traced as far back as 500 A. D. when the Calusa people inhabited the island as well as the rest of southwest Florida. A number of Calusa artifacts were discovered on Marco Island in 1896 by anthropologist Frank Hamilton Cushing as part of the Pepper-Hearst Expedition, the most notable artifact discovered was the carved wooden Key Marco Cat which is now on display at the Smithsonian Institution. When Spanish explorers came to the island in the mid 1500s, early development of the island began in the late 1800s after the arrival of William Thomas Collier and his family. Collier founded the village of Marco on the island in 1870, bill Collier, opened a hotel on the island, known today as the Olde Marco Inn. Clam digging became an industry on Marco Island and throughout the Ten Thousand Islands in the early 1900s. The Burnham Clam Cannery began operation near Caxambas Pass in 1903, the Doxsee Clam Cannery also operated from 1911 to 1947. Ferry service began to the island in 1912, which operated between Marco Island and the Isles of Capri, a road on the mainland linked the ferry landing with East Naples. A small piece of road still exists today and is known as Barefoot Williams Road. Barron G. Collier purchased a large amount of land on Marco Island in 1922, Collier City was abolished in 1957. James Harvey Doxsee Sr. served as Collier Citys only mayor, also in 1927, the Atlantic Coast Line Railroad began service to the island after extending their route from Fort Myers and Naples. The railroad ran to the island along the present route of State Road 951, rail service was discontinued in 1944. The first vehicle bridge to the island was a wooden swing bridge built in 1938 near Goodland on the southeast side of the island
16.
Submergent coastline
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Submergent coastlines are stretches along the coast that have been inundated by the sea by a relative rise in sea levels from either isostacy or eustacy. Submergent coastline are the opposite of emergent coastlines, which have experienced a fall in sea levels. Features of a submergent coastline are drowned river valleys or rias, estuaries are often the drowned mouths of rivers. The Western Coastal Plains of the Indian subcontinent are examples of submergent coastline, an ancient city of Dvārakā, mentioned in the great epic Mahabharata, islands now under water. The coastline also forms the estuaries of the Narmada and the Tapti Rivers
17.
Oyster
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Oyster is the common name for a number of different families of salt-water bivalve molluscs that live in marine or brackish habitats. In some species the valves are highly calcified, and many are somewhat irregular in shape, many, but not all, oysters are in the superfamily Ostreoidea. Some kinds of oysters are consumed by humans, cooked or raw. Some kinds of oysters are harvested for the pearl produced within the mantle. Windowpane oysters are harvested for their translucent shells, which are used to various kinds of decorative objects. True oysters are members of the family Ostreidae and this family includes the edible oysters, which mainly belong to the genera Ostrea, Crassostrea, Ostreola, and Saccostrea. Examples include the Belon oyster, eastern oyster, Olympia oyster, Pacific oyster, almost all shell-bearing mollusks can secrete pearls, yet most are not very valuable. Pearl oysters are not closely related to oysters, being members of a distinct family. Both cultured pearls and natural pearls can be extracted from pearl oysters, though other molluscs, such as the freshwater mussels, the largest pearl-bearing oyster is the marine Pinctada maxima, which is roughly the size of a dinner plate. Not all individual oysters produce pearls naturally, in fact, in a harvest of two and a half tons of oysters, only three to four oysters produce what commercial buyers consider to be absolute perfect pearls. In nature, pearl oysters produce pearls by covering a minute invasive object with nacre, over the years, the irritating object is covered with enough layers of nacre to become a pearl. The many different types, colours and shapes of pearls depend on the pigment of the nacre. Pearl farmers can culture a pearl by placing a nucleus, usually a piece of polished mussel shell, in three to seven years, the oyster can produce a perfect pearl. These pearls are not as valuable as natural pearls, but look exactly the same, in fact, since the beginning of the 20th century, when several researchers discovered how to produce artificial pearls, the cultured pearl market has far outgrown the natural pearl market. A number of molluscs also have common names that include the word oyster, usually because they either taste like or look somewhat like true oysters. Examples include, Thorny oysters in the genus Spondylus Pilgrim oyster, another term for a scallop, because of its good flavor, it commands high prices. Oysters are filter feeders, drawing water in over their gills through the beating of cilia. Suspended plankton and particles are trapped in the mucus of a gill, and from there are transported to the mouth, where they are eaten, digested, Oysters feed most actively at temperatures above 10 °C
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Shoal
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Often it refers to those submerged ridges, banks, or bars that rise near enough to the surface of a body of water as to constitute a danger to navigation. Shoals are also known as sandbanks, sandbars, or gravelbars, two or more shoals that are either separated by shared troughs or interconnected by past and or present sedimentary and hydrographic processes are referred to as a shoal complex. The term shoal is also used in a number of ways that can be similar or quite different from how it is used in the geologic, geomorphic. Shoals are characteristically long and narrow ridges and they can develop where a stream, river, or ocean current promotes deposition of sediment and granular material, resulting in localized shallowing of the water. Marine shoals also develop either by the in place drowning of barrier islands as the result of sea level rise or by the erosion. Shoals can appear as a coastal landform in the sea, where they are classified as a type of bank, or as fluvial landforms in rivers, streams. A shoal–sandbar may seasonally separate a smaller body of water from the sea, such as, Marine lagoons Brackish water estuaries Freshwater seasonal stream and river mouths and deltas. They are typically composed of sand, although they could be of any matter that the moving water has access to and is capable of shifting around. Wave shoaling is the process when surface waves move towards shallow water, such as a beach, they slow down, their wave height increases and this behavior is called shoaling, and the waves are said to shoal. The waves may or may not build to the point where they break, depending on how large they were to begin with, in particular, waves shoal as they pass over submerged sandbanks or reefs. This can be treacherous for boats and ships, shoaling can also diffract waves, so the waves change direction. For example, if waves pass over a bank which is shallower at one end than the other. Thus the wave fronts will refract, changing direction like light passing through a prism, refraction also occurs as waves move towards a beach if the waves come in at an angle to the beach, or if the beach slopes more gradually at one end than the other. Sandbars, also known as a trough bars, form where the waves are breaking, sometimes this occurs seaward of a trough. Sand carried by the moving bottom current is deposited where the current reaches the wave break. Other longshore bars may lie further offshore, representing the point of even larger waves. A harbor or river bar is a sedimentary deposit formed at an entrance or river mouth by. Where beaches are suitably mobile, or the river’s suspended and/or bed loads are large enough, deposition can build up a sandbar that completely blocks a river mouth and damming the river
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Everglades City, Florida
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Everglades City is a city in Collier County, Florida, United States, of which it is the former county seat. As of the 2013 census, the population is 402 and it is part of the Naples–Marco Island Metropolitan Statistical Area. The Gulf Coast Visitor Center for Everglades National Park is in Everglades City, Everglades City is located at 25°51′32″N 81°23′05″W. It is at the mouth of the Barron River, on Chokoloskee Bay, Chokoloskee Bay is approximately ten miles long and 2 miles wide, and runs southeast to northwest along the mainland of Collier County. It is separated from the Gulf of Mexico by the end of the Ten Thousand Islands. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 1.2 square miles. Everglades City has a savanna climate, which consists of warm dry winters. As of the census of 2000, there were 479 people,230 households, the population density was 513.2 inhabitants per square mile. There were 345 housing units at a density of 369.6 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 96. 45% White,0. 84% African American,0. 63% Native American,0. 42% Asian,1. 46% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 3. 97% of the population. Of all households,27. 0% were made up of individuals and 9. 1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.08 and the average family size was 2.50. In the city, the population was out with 11. 9% under the age of 18,4. 2% from 18 to 24,19. 0% from 25 to 44,30. 5% from 45 to 64. The median age is 25 years, for every 100 females there were 104.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 111.0 males, the median income for a household in the city was $36,667, and the median income for a family was $38,929. Males had an income of $32,083 versus $22,222 for females. The per capita income for the city was $20,535, about 6. 1% of families and 6. 0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 9. 5% of those under age 18 and 1. 6% of those age 65 or older. A legend says that Seminoles planted potatoes along what is now the Barron River during the Seminole Wars, in the vicinity of the present Everglades City. American settlement began after the Civil War, when Union sympathizers who had farmed on Cape Sable to supply Key West during the war, the first permanent settler was William Smith Allen, who arrived on the banks of Potato Creek in 1873
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Ten Thousand Islands National Wildlife Refuge
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The Ten Thousand Islands National Wildlife Refuge is located in Southwest Florida in Collier County, between Marco Island and Everglades City, Florida. The refuge was first established in 1996 and covers 35,000 acres of the Ten Thousand Islands, the refuge includes both fresh and saltwater, and protects a large area of mangrove forest. Activities include fishing, hunting, bird watching, kayaking and camping, the refuge is home to a wide variety of plants and animals. There are approximately 200 species of fish,189 species of birds and innumerable plant species
21.
Everglades National Park
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Everglades National Park is a U. S. National Park in Florida that protects the southern 20 percent of the original Everglades. In the United States, it is the largest tropical wilderness, the largest wilderness of any kind east of the Mississippi River and it is the third-largest national park in the lower 48 states after Death Valley and Yellowstone. It has been declared an International Biosphere Reserve, a World Heritage Site, although most U. S. national parks preserve unique geographic features, Everglades National Park was the first created to protect a fragile ecosystem. The Everglades are a network of wetlands and forests fed by a river flowing.25 miles per day out of Lake Okeechobee, the Park is the most significant breeding ground for tropical wading birds in North America and contains the largest mangrove ecosystem in the western hemisphere. The majority of South Floridas fresh water, which is stored in the Biscayne Aquifer, is recharged in the park. Humans have lived for thousands of years in or around the Everglades until plans arose in 1882, to drain the wetlands, as the 20th century progressed, water flow from Lake Okeechobee was increasingly controlled and diverted to enable explosive growth of the South Florida metropolitan area. The park was established in 1934, to protect the quickly vanishing Everglades, the ecosystems in Everglades National Park have suffered significantly from human activity, and restoration of the Everglades is a politically charged issue in South Florida. Everglades National Park covers 1,509,000 acres, throughout Dade, Monroe, the elevation typically ranges from 0 to 8 feet above sea level, but a Calusa-built shell mound on the Gulf Coast rises 20 feet above sea level. The terrain of South Florida is relatively and consistently flat, although rock formations are not a central draw to Everglades National Park, the limestone that underlies the Everglades is integral to the formation of the diverse ecosystems within the park. Florida was once part of the African portion of the supercontinent Gondwana, after it separated, conditions allowed a shallow marine environment to deposit calcium carbonate in sand, shells, and coral to be converted into limestone. Tiny bits of shell, sand, and bryozoans compressed over multiple layers forming unique structures in the limestone called ooids, the Florida peninsula appeared above sea level between 100,000 and 150,000 years ago. As sea levels at the end of the Wisconsin ice age rose, Lake Okeechobee began to flood and convection thunderstorms were created. Vast peat deposits south of Lake Okeechobee indicate that regular flooding had occurred about 5,000 years ago, plants began to migrate, subtropical ones from the northern part of Florida, and tropicals carried as seeds by birds from islands in the Caribbean. Although the limestone shelf appears to be flat, there are slight rises—called pinnacles—and depressions caused by the erosion of limestone by the properties of the water. Portions of the Everglades that remain flooded for more than nine out of the year are usually covered by peat. Areas that are flooded six months or less are covered by marl, plant communities are determined by the type of soil and amount of water present. While they are common in the portion of Florida, no underground springs feed water into the Everglades system. An underground reservoir called the Floridan Aquifer lies about 1,000 feet below the surface of South Florida, however, the Everglades has an immense capacity for water storage, owing to the sponge-like permeable limestone beneath the exposed land
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Flamingo, Monroe County, Florida
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It began as a small coastal settlement on the eastern end of Cape Sable on the southern tip of the Florida peninsula, facing Florida Bay. The actual town of Flamingo was located approximately 4 1/2 miles west of the current Flamingo campground area, all that remains of the former town are a few remnants of building foundations, but it is considered a ghost town. Flamingo was first settled circa 1892, although Tequesta Indians had lived in the prior to that. The settlers made a living by providing fish, fresh vegetables, the settlement received its name in 1893 when the settlers had to choose a name for their new post office. They chose the flamingo as the most distinctive bird seen in the area, while the flamingo did not breed in Florida, birds from Cuba and the Bahamas once traveled in large numbers to the area. Flamingos were last seen in numbers in the area in 1902. The post office closed in 1909, life in Flamingo could be very unpleasant. Leverett White Brownell, a naturalist, visited Flamingo in 1893 and he described the village of 38 shacks on stilts as infested with fleas and mosquitoes. He claimed to have seen an oil lamp extinguished by a cloud of mosquitoes and he also stated that flea powder was the staff of life and that the cabins were thickly sooted from the use of smudge pots. He added that tomatoes, asparagus and eggplant were the principal crops, Flamingo had a small boom in the early 20th century when speculators thought that Henry Flagler would choose a route for his Florida East Coast Railway across Florida Bay to Key West. By 1900, about 50 families lived in Flamingo, and it had a Monroe County school, nearby rookeries, such as the famed Cuthbert Rookery, became popular with poachers who sought to kill the nesting birds for their plumage, which was used for fashionable womens hats. Resident and early game warden Guy Bradley was shot and killed in Flamingo after confronting plume hunters, public rage over the murder directly led to federal legislation outlawing the practice. A fish house was built in Flamingo in 1908 and fishing became the occupation of the town. The Ingraham Highway from Homestead reached Flamingo in 1922 but was poorly maintained, during Prohibition, moonshining became a major occupation in Flamingo but was eventually suppressed by government agents. The Snake Bight Trail provides a pedestrian access to the sea to the east of Flamingo but its two-mile length is notorious for the number. The Christian Point Trail is less daunting and leads through open saltwater marl prairie to Christian Point, the area reportedly got its name when it was used as a mass grave after the Labor Day Hurricane of 1935 washed numerous dead bodies from the Keys ashore. The residents of Flamingo were relocated shortly after the creation of Everglades National Park. Through the second half of the 20th century Flamingo consisted of a restaurant and cafe, a gas station, a marina, a store, a shop, a campground
23.
Shell ring
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Shell rings are archaeological sites with curved shell middens completely or partially surrounding a clear space. The rings were sited next to estuaries that supported large populations of shellfish, Shell rings have been reported in several countries, including Colombia, Peru, Japan, and the southeastern United States. Archaeologists continue to debate the origins and use of shell rings, across what is now the southeastern United States, starting around 4000 BCE, people exploited wetland resources, creating large shell middens. Middens developed along rivers, but there is limited evidence of Archaic peoples along coastlines prior to 3000 BCE, Archaic sites on the coast may have been inundated by rising sea levels. Starting around 3000 BCE evidence of exploitation of oysters appears. During the period 3000 BCE to 1000 BCE shell rings, large shell middens more or less surrounding open centers and these shell rings are numerous in South Carolina and Georgia, but are also found scattered around the Florida peninsula. Some sites also have sand or sand-and-shell mounds associated with shell rings, Sites such as Horrs Island, in southwest Florida, supported sizable mound-building communities year-round. Four shell and/or sand mounds on Horrs Island have been dated to between 4870 and 4270 Before Present, groups living along the coast had become mostly sedentary by the Late Archaic period, living in permanent villages while making occasional foraging trips. Archaeologists have debated whether the shell rings resulted from the accumulation of middens in conjunction with circular villages. Sites in Colombia, Peru, and Japan, as well as in the southeastern United States, have identified as shell rings. Residents of and visitors to the Sea Islands of South Carolina, the first written accounts of shell rings in South Carolina and Georgia appeared early in the 19th century. Archaeologists surveyed some shell rings near the end of the 19th century, scientific excavation of shell mounds in Japan began in the 1920s. About 60 shell rings had been identified in the southeastern United States by 2002, most date from the Late Archaic period, but shell rings were also constructed during the Woodland and Mississippian periods. Close to 100 circular and horseshoe-shaped shell mounds have been identified in the Kantō region of Japan, Shell rings in Japan have been dated from late in the Early Jōmon period until early in the Late Jōmon period. While there are reports of a number of shell ring sites in Colombia, archaeologists have continued to identify and investigate additional shell ring sites into the 21st century. Shell rings in the United States may form a ring, or be open, C-shaped. They may form a perfect circle, or an oval. In almost all cases, the area or plaza contains little or no shell or occupational debris
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Horr's Island archaeological site
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The Horrs Island archaeological site is a significant Archaic period archaeological site located on an island in Southwest Florida formerly known as Horrs Island. Horrs Island is on the side of Marco Island in Collier County. The site includes four mounds and a shell ring and it has one of the oldest known mound burials in the eastern United States, dating to about 3400 radiocarbon years Before Present. One of the mounds has been dated to as early as 6700 BP and it was the largest known community in the southeastern United States to have been permanently occupied during the Archaic period. The island is named for Capt, john Foley Horr, who raised pineapples on the island in the late 19th century. John Foley Horr House was listed on the U. S. National Register of Historic Places on October 8,1997, in the late 1980s, a development company planned to build a bridge to Horrs Island and develop it. In response to state law requiring an archaeological assessment of the island before it could be developed, the research team carried out excavations for three months. Four mounds were identified on Horrs Island, but Mounds B and C were found to be simple middens, a flexed burial was found in Mound B. The other two mounds were complex and appeared to be purposely constructed, Mound A, the largest at 20 feet in height, had a large pile of shells at its core. There was no evidence of habitation on the ground surface where the shells had been piled. Several layers of sand had been added over the shells, one layer of sand had charcoal added. The additions of sand by individual baskets could be distinguished by the variations in the amount of charcoal in the sand, the final layer of sand had shells mixed in it, and the mound was topped by another layer of shells. Two burials were found in Mound A, the graves had been dug into the top of the mound after it was completed. Radiocarbon testing for one of the burials yielded a date of about 3,400 years Before Present and this is the oldest known mound burial in the eastern United States. As the center of Mound A was not excavated, it is whether there were other burials in the mound. Various samples from Mound A have been dated to 3620-4760 BP, Mound D, the other purpose-built mound, has been dated to 4450 BP. Mound C has been dated to 4870-4860 BP, samples from Mound B yielded dates between 6730 and 4030 BP. The Horrs Island site includes a ring, in which shell middens surround a central open space
25.
Glades culture
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The Glades culture is an archaeological culture in southernmost Florida that lasted from about 500 BCE until shortly after European contact. Its area included the Everglades, the Florida Keys, the Atlantic coast of Florida north through present-day Martin County and it did not include the area around Lake Okeechobee, which was part of the Belle Glade culture. The inhabitants of the Florida Keys were called Matecumbes by the Spanish, the Glades culture is defined almost entirely on the basis of pottery. Much of the pottery throughout the Glades culture period was undecorated and it is identified as Glades primarily by the character of the sand and grit included in the clay used to form the pottery. Pots decorated with marks and incisions appeared after 500, but were not very common. Decorated pots disappeared from the record in about 1100, pots with a new type of incised decoration appeared about 1200 and lasted for about 200 years. Pottery attributed to the St. Johns culture started appearing in the record after that. On the basis of pottery sequences, the Glades culture period is divided into Glades I,500 BCE to 750 CE, Glades II,900 to 1200, indigenous people of the Everglades region Milanich, Jerald T. Gainesville, Florida, University Press of Florida, Florida Indians and the Invasion from Europe. Gainesville, Florida, The University Press of Florida, state of Florida Office of Cultural and Historical Programs. South and Southeast Florida, The Everglades Region,2500 B. P. -Contact, downloaded from on March 27,2006
26.
Chokoloskee, Florida
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Chokoloskee is an unincorporated community and census-designated place in Collier County, Florida, United States. The population was 359 at the 2010 census and it is part of the Naples–Marco Island Metropolitan Statistical Area. According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has an area of 0.23 square miles. Chokoloskee is located on Chokoloskee Island, which is opposite the mouth of the Turner River near the end of Chokoloskee Bay. The bay is about 10 miles long and 2 miles wide and it is separated from the Gulf of Mexico by the northern end of the Ten Thousand Islands. Chokoloskee Island is connected to Everglades City on the mainland by a causeway, the land around Chokoloskee Bay, both on the mainland and the islands, is very low-lying. Chokoloskee Island is an exception, as it reaches a point of 20 feet above sea level. This height is due to the mounds built on the island during more than 2,000 years of occupation by Native Americans of the Ten Thousand Islands district of the Glades culture. Chokoloskee has a climate which consists of warm dry winters. Wet season is from April to October, as of the census of 2000, there were 404 people,183 households, and 139 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 1,445.0 people per square mile, there were 589 housing units at an average density of 2,106. 7/sq mi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 98. 51% White,0. 25% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 2. 23% of the population. 21. 3% of all households were made up of individuals and 12. 0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.21 and the average family size was 2.53. In the CDP, the population was out with 16. 3% under the age of 18,5. 0% from 18 to 24,21. 8% from 25 to 44,32. 2% from 45 to 64. The median age was 50 years, for every 100 females there were 98.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 101.2 males, the median income for a household in the CDP was $33,750, and the median income for a family was $36,389. Males had an income of $26,333 versus $19,250 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $16,847, about 2. 4% of families and 1. 6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 3. 7% of those under age 18 and none of those age 65 or over
27.
Snorkeling
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Snorkeling is the practice of swimming on or through a body of water while equipped with a diving mask, a shaped breathing tube called a snorkel, and usually swimfins. In cooler waters, a wetsuit may also be worn, use of this equipment allows the snorkeler to observe underwater attractions for extended periods with relatively little effort and to breathe while face-down at the surface. Snorkeling is a recreational activity, particularly at tropical resort locations. The primary appeal is the opportunity to observe life in a natural setting without the complicated equipment. It appeals to all ages because of how little there is. It is the basis of the two disciplines of the underwater sport of finswimming. Snorkeling is mentioned by Aristotle in his Parts of Animals and he refers to divers using instruments for respiration resembling the elephants trunk. The snorkel may be an item or may be integrated with a full-face snorkelling mask. The integrated system is suitable for surface snorkelling, but the separate snorkel may also be used for free-diving. It is used for breathing air from above the surface when the wearers mouth and nose are submerged. The snorkel may have a piece of rubber or a clip that attaches the snorkel to the outside of the strap of the diving mask. An alternative technique is fitting the snorkel between the mask-strap and the head, but this practice may increase the chance that the mask leaks, the optimum design length of the snorkel tube is at most 40 centimeters. A longer tube would not allow breathing when snorkelling deeper, since it would place the lungs in deeper water where the water pressure is higher. The lungs would then be unable to inflate when the snorkeler inhales, the pressure difference across the tissues in the lungs, between the blood capillaries and air spaces would increase the risk of pulmonary edema. The greater the volume of the tube, and the smaller the tidal volume of breathing, a smaller diameter tube reduces the dead volume, but also increases resistance to airflow and so increases the work of breathing. Occasional exhalation through the nose while snorkeling will slightly reduce the buildup of carbon dioxide, the simplest type of snorkel is a plain tube that is allowed to flood when underwater. The displacement method expels water by filling the snorkel with air, it is a technique that takes practice but clears the snorkel with less effort, clearing splash water while at the surface requires blast clearing. Some snorkels have a sump at the lowest point to allow a volume of water to remain in the snorkel without being inhaled when the snorkeler breathes
28.
Rookery Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve
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The Rookery Bay and Ten Thousand Islands ecosystem is a prime example of a nearly pristine subtropical mangrove forested estuary. Rookery Bay Reserve is located in the West Florida subregion of the West Indian Biogeographic Region, a 10-mile loop road through Rookery Bay was proposed in 1963. This acreage eventually became the Rookery Bay National Estuarine Sanctuary, with official designation by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration in 1980, shortly thereafter, the name was changed to Rookery Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve. The Environmental Learning Center is a 16,500 square-foot building with four research laboratories, the Visitor Center has a variety of hands-on experiences, including a large 2, 300-gallon aquarium and interactive displays addressing research and stewardship efforts within the Reserve. A nature store, art gallery and picnic area are other amenities within the Environmental Learning Center, the Coastal Training Program educates working professionals to find environmental-friendly solutions for environmental issues. Fertilizer runoff is an event in Southwest Florida and this programs objective is to deter any activity that will harm the local environment. The Friends of Rookery Bay is a organization that supports Rookery Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve’s fundraising goals. FORB addresses the challenges that the Reserve faces for its coastal land, volunteer events, outreach efforts, and fund-raising programs are a few of the many ways that FORB helps Rookery Bay. FORB also assists the Environmental Learning Center by maintaining store inventory, tour-guiding boat and kayak trips, hundreds of Rookery Bay volunteers play an important role in the preservation, restoration and management of our estuaries in the donation of over 18,000 hours each year. Many of Rookery Bays research and resource management projects are completed by the assistance of many dedicated volunteers, Rookery Bay teaches approximately 3,000 students each year. Many students are educated through field trips where they have the opportunity to have hands-on experience, one of the programs-Estuary Explorers- is organized for fourth-grade students in Collier County. This educational program involves classroom research, hands-on activities, and teacher training workshops, another program, Rookery Bay SURVIVORS, is organized for seventh-grade students. Rookery Bay SURVIVORS engages students and teachers with the regions coastal, the activities in this program allows students to utilize critical thinking skills, in-depth questioning, and scientific processes. The Team OCEAN volunteers frequently visit areas in the Reserve where people make a recurring visit, Team OCEAN ensures that boaters are practicing ethical procedures and are aware of “Leave-No-Trace” guidelines. Additionally, the volunteers also clean the waste that are left by negligent boaters which influence other boaters to pick up after themselves, the efforts from Team OCEAN help Rookery Bay uphold its pristine environment. Rookery Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve offers guided boat and kayak tours, the small boat tours- with a maximum capacity of six passengers per boat- offer a firsthand and personal experience. These tours are led by the Rookery Bay Reserve staff and each have a different theme, the boat tours are offered seasonally, November through April. The kayak tours offer a more independent experience, visitors can paddle as fast or slow as they would like while being led by the tour guide and these tours are offered from November through May
29.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
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Protected areas of the United States
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The protected areas of the United States are managed by an array of different federal, state, tribal and local level authorities and receive widely varying levels of protection. Some areas are managed as wilderness, while others are operated with acceptable commercial exploitation, as of 2015, the 25,800 protected areas covered 1,294,476 km2, or 14 percent of the land area of the United States. This is also one-tenth of the land area of the world. The U. S. also had a total of 787 National Marine Protected Areas, covering an additional 1,271,408 km2, some areas are managed in concert between levels of government. The Father Marquette National Memorial is an example of a park operated by a state park system. As of 2007, according to the United Nations Environment Programme, federal level protected areas are managed by a variety of agencies, most of which are a part of the National Park Service, a bureau of the United States Department of the Interior. They are often considered the jewels of the protected areas. Other areas are managed by the United States Forest Service, the Bureau of Land Management, the United States Army Corps of Engineers is claimed to provide 30 percent of the recreational opportunities on federal lands, mainly through lakes and waterways that they manage. The highest levels of protection, as described by the International Union for Conservation of Nature, are Level I, the United States maintains 12 percent of the Level I and II lands in the world. These lands had an area of 210,000 sq mi. A confusing system for naming protected areas results in some types being used by more than one agency, for instance, both the National Park Service and the U. S. Forest Service operate areas designated National Preserves and National Recreation Areas. The National Park Service, the U. S. Forest Service, National Wilderness Areas are designated within other protected areas, managed by various agencies and sometimes wilderness areas span areas managed by multiple agencies. States and local zoning bodies may or may not choose to protect these, the state of Colorado, for example, is very clear that it does not set any limits on owners of NRHP properties. State parks vary widely from urban parks to large parks that are on a par with national parks. Some state parks, like Adirondack Park, are similar to the National parks of England and Wales, about half the area of the park, some 3,000,000 acres, is state-owned and preserved as forever wild by the Forest Preserve of New York. Wood-Tikchik State Park in Alaska claims to be the largest state park by the amount of protected land, it is larger than many U. S. National Parks. Many states also operate game and recreation areas. S, State and tribal wilderness areas Various counties, cities, metropolitan authorities, regional parks, townships, soil conservation districts and other units manage a variety of local level parks. Some of these are more than picnic areas or playgrounds, however
31.
Federal government of the United States
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The Federal Government of the United States is the national government of the United States, a republic in North America, composed of 50 states, one district, Washington, D. C. and several territories. The federal government is composed of three branches, legislative, executive, and judicial, whose powers are vested by the U. S. Constitution in the Congress, the President, and the courts, including the Supreme Court. The powers and duties of these branches are defined by acts of Congress. The full name of the republic is United States of America, no other name appears in the Constitution, and this is the name that appears on money, in treaties, and in legal cases to which it is a party. The terms Government of the United States of America or United States Government are often used in documents to represent the federal government as distinct from the states collectively. In casual conversation or writing, the term Federal Government is often used, the terms Federal and National in government agency or program names generally indicate affiliation with the federal government. Because the seat of government is in Washington, D. C, Washington is commonly used as a metonym for the federal government. The outline of the government of the United States is laid out in the Constitution, the government was formed in 1789, making the United States one of the worlds first, if not the first, modern national constitutional republics. The United States government is based on the principles of federalism and republicanism, some make the case for expansive federal powers while others argue for a more limited role for the central government in relation to individuals, the states or other recognized entities. For example, while the legislative has the power to create law, the President nominates judges to the nations highest judiciary authority, but those nominees must be approved by Congress. The Supreme Court, in its turn, has the power to invalidate as unconstitutional any law passed by the Congress and these and other examples are examined in more detail in the text below. The United States Congress is the branch of the federal government. It is bicameral, comprising the House of Representatives and the Senate, the House currently consists of 435 voting members, each of whom represents a congressional district. The number of each state has in the House is based on each states population as determined in the most recent United States Census. All 435 representatives serve a two-year term, each state receives a minimum of one representative in the House. There is no limit on the number of terms a representative may serve, in addition to the 435 voting members, there are six non-voting members, consisting of five delegates and one resident commissioner. In contrast, the Senate is made up of two senators from each state, regardless of population, there are currently 100 senators, who each serve six-year terms
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National Park Service
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It was created on August 25,1916, by Congress through the National Park Service Organic Act and is an agency of the United States Department of the Interior. As of 2014, the NPS employs 21,651 employees who oversee 417 units, the National Park Service celebrated its centennial in 2016. National parks and national monuments in the United States were originally individually managed under the auspices of the Department of the Interior, the movement for an independent agency to oversee these federal lands was spearheaded by business magnate and conservationist Stephen Mather, as well as J. Horace McFarland. With the help of journalist Robert Sterling Yard, Mather ran a publicity campaign for the Department of the Interior and they wrote numerous articles that praised the scenic and historic qualities of the parks and their possibilities for educational, inspirational, and recreational benefits. This campaign resulted in the creation of a National Park Service, Mather became the first director of the newly formed NPS. On March 3,1933, President Herbert Hoover signed the Reorganization Act of 1933, the act would allow the President to reorganize the executive branch of the United States government. It wasnt until later that summer when the new President, Franklin D. Roosevelt, President Roosevelt agreed and issued two Executive orders to make it happen. In 1951, Conrad Wirth became director of the National Park Service, the demand for parks after the end of the World War II had left the parks overburdened with demands that could not be met. In 1952, with the support of President Dwight D. Eisenhower, he began Mission 66, New parks were added to preserve unique resources and existing park facilities were upgraded and expanded. In 1966, as the Park Service turned 50 years old, emphasis began to turn from just saving great and wonderful scenery, Director George Hartzog began the process with the creation of the National Lakeshores and then National Recreation Areas. Since its inception in 1916, the National Park Service has managed each of the United States national parks, Yellowstone National Park was the first national park in the United States. In 1872, there was no government to manage it. Yosemite National Park began as a park, the land for the park was donated by the federal government to the state of California in 1864 for perpetual conservation. Yosemite was later returned to federal ownership, at first, each national park was managed independently, with varying degrees of success. In Yellowstone, the staff was replaced by the U. S. Army in 1886. Due to the irregularities in managing these national treasures, Stephen Mather petitioned the government to improve the situation. In response, Secretary of the Interior Franklin K. Lane challenged him to lobby for creating a new agency, Mather was successful with the ratification of the National Park Service Organic Act in 1916. Later, the agency was given authority over other protected areas, the National Park System includes all properties managed by the National Park Service
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Biscayne National Park
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Biscayne National Park is a U. S. National Park located in southern Florida, south of Miami. The park preserves Biscayne Bay and its barrier reefs. Ninety-five percent of the park is water, and the shore of the bay is the location of a mangrove forest. The park covers 172,971 acres and includes Elliott Key, the islands farther north in the park are transitional islands of coral and sand. The offshore portion of the park includes the northernmost region of the Florida Reef, Biscayne National Park protects four distinct ecosystems, the shoreline mangrove swamp, the shallow waters of Biscayne Bay, the coral limestone keys and the offshore Florida Reef. The shoreline swamps of the mainland and island margins provide a nursery for larval and juvenile fish, molluscs, the bay waters harbor immature and adult fish, seagrass beds, sponges, soft corals, and manatees. The keys are covered with tropical vegetation including endangered cacti and palms, Offshore reefs and waters harbor more than 200 species of fish, pelagic birds, whales and hard corals. Sixteen endangered species including Schaus swallowtail butterflies, smalltooth sawfish, manatees, Biscayne also has a small population of threatened American crocodiles and a few American alligators. The people of the Glades culture inhabited the Biscayne Bay region as early as 10,000 years ago before rising sea levels filled the bay. The Tequesta people occupied the islands and shoreline from about 4,000 years before the present to the 16th century, Reefs claimed ships from Spanish times through the 20th century, with more than 40 documented wrecks within the parks boundaries. While the parks islands were farmed during the 19th and early 20th centuries, their rocky soil, in the early 20th century the islands became secluded destinations for wealthy Miamians who built getaway homes and social clubs. Honeywells guesthouse on Boca Chita Key was the areas most elaborate private retreat, following the Cuban Revolution of 1959, Elliott Key was used as a training ground for infiltrators into Fidel Castros Cuba by the Central Intelligence Agency and by Cuban exile groups. Originally proposed for inclusion in Everglades National Park, Biscayne Bay was cut from the park to ensure Everglades establishment. Through the 1960s and 1970s, two fossil-fueled power plants and two power plants were built on the bay shores. A backlash against development led to the 1968 designation of Biscayne National Monument, the preserved area was expanded by its 1980 re-designation as Biscayne National Park. The park is used by boaters, and apart from the parks visitor center on the mainland, its land. Biscayne National Park comprises 172,971 acres in Miami-Dade County in southeast Florida, the parks eastern boundary is the ten-fathom line of water depth in the Atlantic Ocean on the Florida Reef. The parks western boundary is a fringe of property on the mainland, the only direct mainland access to the park is at the Convoy Point Visitor Center, adjacent to the park headquarters
34.
Dry Tortugas National Park
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Dry Tortugas National Park is a national park in the United States about 68 miles west of Key West in the Gulf of Mexico. The park preserves Fort Jefferson and the seven Dry Tortugas islands, the archipelagos coral reefs are the least disturbed of the Florida Keys reefs. The park is noted for abundant sea life, tropical bird breeding grounds, colorful coral reefs, the parks centerpiece is Fort Jefferson, a massive but unfinished coastal fortress. Fort Jefferson is the largest brick structure in the Western Hemisphere. Among United States forts it is exceeded in only by Fort Monroe, Virginia and Fort Adams. Dry Tortugas is unique in its combination of a largely undisturbed tropical ecosystem with significant historic artifacts, the park is accessible only by seaplane or boat and has averaged about 63,000 visitors annually in the period from 2007 to 2016. Activities include snorkeling, picnicking, birdwatching, camping, scuba diving, Dry Tortugas National Park is part of the Everglades & Dry Tortugas Biosphere Reserve, established by UNESCO in 1976 under its Man and the Biosphere Programme. The Dry Tortugas is an archipelago of coral islands about 70 miles west of Key West. They represent the westernmost extent of the Florida Keys, though several reefs and submarine banks continue westward outside the park, the park area is more than 99 percent water. The seven major islands, all within the park, are, roughly from west to east, Loggerhead Key, Garden Key, Bush Key, Long Key, Hospital Key, Middle Key and East Key. The park is bordered on the east, south and west by the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary, the total land area within the park is 104 acres. The park is in a maritime climate, with rainy seasons coinciding with hurricane season from May to October. The area is influenced by frequent hurricanes and tropical storms. Even with exposure to tropical systems the Tortugas are among the driest places in Florida, there is little temperature variation, with high temperatures in summer around 90 °F and low temperatures in winter around 66 °F. Vessels wishing to moor in the natural area must use designated mooring buoys or docks. About 54 percent of the park open for fishing. Visiting the park by boat is difficult because of its distance. Official ferry and transportation services to the Dry Tortugas includes the Yankee Freedom III catamaran, the Dry Tortugas are the western extension of an arcuate chain of Pleistocene reef and oolitic limestone islands, with the eastern limit in the vicinity of Miami
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De Soto National Memorial
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The memorial includes 26 acres, where the Manatee River joins Tampa Bay. It has 3,000 feet of coastline, eighty percent of the area is mangrove swamp In May 1539, Hernando de Soto and an army of over 600 soldiers landed in the Tampa Bay area. They arrived in nine ships laden with supplies, two hundred and twenty horses, a herd of pigs, war dogs, cannon, matchlock muskets, armor, tools, and rations. They were executing the order of King Charles V to sail to La Florida and conquer, populate, the expedition did not yield the gold and treasure these men sought. Instead, they marched from one village to the next, taking food and enslaving the native peoples to use as guides, hundreds of lives were lost on this calamitous four year,4,000 miles journey. The de Soto expedition would change the face of the American Southeast forever, ultimately, it was the first hand accounts of survivors, describing the native cultures and the richness of the land, which became the journeys enduring legacy. The national memorial was authorized on March 11,1948, as with all historic areas administered by the National Park Service, the memorial was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on October 15,1966. The mission of De Soto National Memorial is to preserve the controversial story of this exploration, part of the memorial was designated a U. S. National Historic Landmark on April 6,2001 under the title of the Shaws Point Archeological District. Exhibits at the center include historic armor, 16th-century weapons. A theater displays the movie Hernando de Soto in America, about the DeSoto Expedition, during the cooler months, visitors can observe Camp Uzita, a living history camp which runs from December through April. The season ends with a re-enactment of DeSotos landing on the beaches of Tampa Bay, other park activities include nature trails and guided trail walks, fishing, bird watching, and picnicking. Washington, U. S. Department of the Interior
36.
Fort Caroline
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Fort Caroline was one of the first French colonies in the present-day United States, located on the banks of the St. Johns River in what is now Jacksonville, Florida. It was established under the leadership of René Goulaine de Laudonnière on June 22,1564, as a new territorial claim in French Florida, the Spanish continued to occupy the site as San Mateo until 1569. The exact location where the fort stood is unknown. In 1953 the National Park Service established the Fort Caroline National Memorial along the bank of the St. Johns River near the point that commemorates Laudonnières first landing. This is generally accepted by scholars as being in the vicinity of the original fort, the memorial is now managed as a part of the Timucuan Ecological and Historic Preserve although it remains a distinct National Park Service entity. Ribault then traveled to present-day South Carolina and with twenty-eight men built a settlement known as Charlesfort, without supplies or leadership, and beset by hostility from the native populations, all but one of the colonists sailed back to Europe after only a year. During their voyage in a boat, they were reduced to cannibalism before the survivors were rescued in English waters. Johns Bluff on June 22,1564, the fort was named for King Charles IX of France. For just over a year, this colony was beset by hunger, Indian attacks, and mutiny, the ship and provisions gained from Hawkins enabled the French to survive and prepare to move back to France as soon as possible. As Laudonnière writes, I may saye that wee receaved as manye courtesies of the Generall, wherein doubtlesse hee hath wonne the reputation of a good and charitable man, deserving to be esteemed as much of us all as if hee had saved all our lives. The French introduced Hawkins to tobacco, which all were using. After a brief skirmish between Ribaults ships and Menéndezs ships, the latter retreated 35 miles southward, where they established the settlement of St. Augustine. Ribault pursued the Spanish with several of his ships and most of his troops, meanwhile, Menéndez launched an assault on Fort Caroline by marching his forces overland during the storm, leading a surprise dawn attack on Fort Caroline on September 20. At this time, the garrison contained 200 to 250 people, the only survivors were about 50 women and children who were taken prisoner and a few defenders, including Laudonnière, who managed to escape, the rest were massacred. As for Ribaults fleet, all of the ships sank or ran aground south of St. Augustine during the storm. Ribault and his marooned sailors marched northwards and were located by Menéndez with his troops. Apparently believing that his men would be treated, Ribault capitulated. Menéndez then executed Ribault and several hundred Huguenots as heretics at what is now known as the Matanzas Inlet, the atrocity shocked Europeans even in that bloody era of religious strife
37.
Castillo de San Marcos
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The Castillo de San Marcos is the oldest masonry fort in the continental United States. Located on the shore of Matanzas Bay in the city of St. Augustine, Florida. Construction began in 1672,107 years after the founding by Spanish Admiral and conquistador Pedro Menéndez de Avilés. The forts construction was ordered by Governor Francisco de la Guerra y de la Vega after the raid of the English privateer Robert Searles in 1668. Work proceeded under the administration of Guerras successor, Manuel de Cendoya in 1671, the construction of the core of the current fortress was completed in 1695, though it would undergo many alterations and renovations over the centuries. The fort was declared a National Monument in 1924, and after 251 years of continuous military possession, was deactivated in 1933, the 20. 48-acre site was then turned over to the United States National Park Service. In 1942 the original name Castillo de San Marcos, was restored by an Act of Congress, Castillo de San Marcos was twice besieged, first by English colonial forces led by Carolina Colony Governor James Moore in 1702, and then by Georgia colonial Governor James Oglethorpe in 1740. The Native American art form known as Ledger Art had its origins at the fort during the imprisonment of members of the Plains tribes such as Howling Wolf of the southern Cheyenne. The European city of St. Augustine was founded by the admiral Pedro Menéndez de Avilés for the Spanish Crown in 1565 on the site of a former Native American village called Seloy. Over the next century, the Spanish built nine wooden forts for the defense of the town in various locations, the need for fortifications was recognized after it was attacked by Sir Francis Drake and his fleet of 22 ships in 1586. Following the 1668 attack of the English pirate Robert Searle, Mariana, Queen Regent of Spain, the Castillo is a masonry star fort made of a stone called coquina, made of ancient shells that have bonded together to form a type of stone similar to limestone. Workers were brought in from Havana, Cuba, to construct the fort in addition to Native American laborers. The coquina was quarried from the Kings Quarry on Anastasia Island in what is today Anastasia State Park across Matanzas Bay from the Castillo, construction began on October 2,1672 and lasted twenty-three years, with completion in 1695. The fort has four bastions named San Pedro, San Agustín, San Carlos, multiple embrasures were built into the curtain wall along the top of the fort as well as into the bastions for the deployment of cannon of various calibers. Infantry embrasures were built into the walls below the level of the terreplein for the deployment of muskets by the forts defenders. It was through one of these embrasures that twenty Seminoles held as prisoners would escape in 1837, in 1670, Charles Town was founded by English colonists. As it was just two days sail from St. Augustine, the English settlement and encroachment of English traders into Spanish territory spurred the Spanish in their construction of a fort. In 1702, English colonial forces under the command of Carolina Governor Governor James Moore embarked on an expedition to capture St. Augustine early in Queen Annes War, the English laid siege to St. Augustine in November 1702
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Fort Matanzas National Monument
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Fort Matanzas National Monument was designated a United States National Monument on October 15,1924. The monument consists of a 1740 Spanish fort called Fort Matanzas and it is operated by the National Park Service in conjunction with the Castillo de San Marcos National Monument in the city of St. Augustine. Fort Matanzas was built by the Spanish in 1742 to guard Matanzas Inlet, the mouth of the Matanzas River. Such an approach avoided St. Augustines primary defense system, centered at Castillo de San Marcos, in 1740, Gov. James Oglethorpe of Georgia used the inlet to blockade St. Augustine and launch a thirty-nine-day siege. St. Augustine endured the siege, but the episode convinced the Spanish that protecting the inlet was necessary to the security of the town, under Gov. Manuel de Montianos orders, construction of the fort began that year and was completed in 1742. Engineer Pedro Ruiz de Olano, who had worked on additions to the Castillo de San Marcos, convicts, slaves, and troops from Cuba were used as labor to erect the structure, which was sited on present-day Rattlesnake Island and had a commanding position over Matanzas Inlet. The fort, known to the Spanish as Torre de Matanzas, is a structure made of coquina. The marshy terrain was stabilized by a foundation of pine pilings to accommodate a building 50 feet long on each side with a 30-foot high tower. The standard garrison of the fort was one officer in charge, four infantrymen, all soldiers at Fort Matanzas served on rotation from their regular duty in St. Augustine. Five cannon were placed at the fort—four six-pounders and one eighteen-pounder, all guns could reach the inlet, which at the time was less than half a mile away. In 1742, as the fort was nearing completion, the British under Oglethorpe approached the inlet with twelve ships, cannon fire drove off the scouting boats, and the warships left without engaging the fort. This brief encounter was the only time Fort Matanzas fired on an enemy, Spain lost control of Florida with the 1763 Treaty of Paris, and regained control with the 1783 Treaty of Paris. With the Spanish Empire falling apart, Spain spent little effort maintaining the fort after this time, when the United States took control of Florida in 1821, the fort had deteriorated to the point where soldiers could not live inside. The United States never used the fort and it became a ruin, in 1916, the U. S Department of War began a major restoration of the badly deteriorated fort. By 1924, three vertical fissures in the wall were repaired and the structure was stabilized, in the same year, Fort Matanzas was transferred from the War Department to the National Park Service on August 10,1933. As a historic area under the Park Service, the National Monument was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on October 15,1966, Fort Matanzas National Monument Headquarters and Visitor Center For the etymology of Matanzas see Matanzas River. Hispanic Heritage Site National Park Service, Department of the Interior, Fort Matanzas - Official Map and Guide. Official website Historic American Buildings Survey No, fL-15-5, Fort Matanzas, Saint Augustine, St
39.
Canaveral National Seashore
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The Canaveral National Seashore is a National Seashore located between New Smyrna Beach and Titusville, Florida, in Volusia and Brevard Counties. The park, located on an island, was created on January 3,1975. Canaveral National Seashore celebrated its 25th birthday on January 3,2000, however, during 1955, a National Park Service survey team visited the Turtle Mound area and found the seashore a priceless scenic and scientific resource for which there is no substitute. The committee included several former presidents of the NSB Chamber of Commerce and they were Dr. Cook, John Deal, and Walter Mulbury. Other members were Ed Hughes, mayor of NSB, Bill Owens of the ECFRPC, Volusia County Commissioner Harris Saxon, smith, and Chamber of Commerce Manager Hanford Eckman. The proposed name was Cape Canaveral National Seashore, the entire country today has only 10 national seashores, including Gulf Island National Seashore in the Florida Panhandle and Cape Lookout in North Carolina. No other recreation site in the Region, the State, or perhaps the Nation can compare with it, on April 26,1968, the Volusia County Board of Commissioners passed Resolution No. 68-51 requesting the Department of the Interior to establish the National Seashore on the east coast of Volusia County, Bill Chappell was elected to the U. S. House of Representatives. During his first year in office, Chappell promised the chamber that the project would be one of his top priorities. He kept his word and on April 5 and 6,1974, Congressman Roy Taylor, chairman of the subcommittee on National Parks and Recreation. A second group, including chairman of the Senate National Parks and Recreation Committee, Senator Alan Bible, by this time, the original 9,000 acres had grown to 35,000. Things then began to progress quickly, the House passed the Seashore Act on December 3, as did the Senate on December 17. After 10 years of perseverance, the chamber realized its goal to establish Canaveral National Seashore when President Gerald Ford signed his approval on January 3,1975, local artist and environmentalist Doris Leeper was instrumental in the creation of the park. The Canaveral National Seashore is home to more than 1,000 plant species and 310 bird species, the parks 24-mile-long beach is the longest undeveloped beach on the east coast of the state. The southern part is known as Playalinda Beach, the middle section as Klondike Beach. Mosquito Lagoon borders the side of the cape from the seashore. The Playalinda Beach has 13 parking lots numbered from the south, the space shuttle launch facility is easily visible from the approach to Parking Lot number one
40.
Gulf Islands National Seashore
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Gulf Islands National Seashore offers recreation opportunities and preserves natural and historic resources along the Gulf of Mexico barrier islands of Florida and Mississippi. The protected regions include mainland areas and parts of seven islands, some islands along the Alabama coast were originally considered for inclusion, but as of 2009, none is part of the National Seashore. The Florida District of the seashore features offshore barrier islands with sparkling white sand beaches, historic fortifications. Mainland features near Pensacola, Florida, include the Naval Live Oaks Reservation, beaches, all Florida areas are accessible by automobile. The Mississippi District of the seashore features beaches, historic sites, wildlife sanctuaries, islands accessible only by boat, bayous, nature trails, picnic areas. The Davis Bayou Area is the portion of the National Seashore in Mississippi that is accessible by automobile. Petit Bois, Horn, East Ship, West Ship, the 4,080 acres Gulf Islands Wilderness offers special protection, within the seashore, to parts of Petit Bois Island and Horn Island, Mississippi. Considerable damage to public infrastructure occurred as a result of storms during the 2004 and 2005 Atlantic hurricane seasons, in subsequent years, infrastructure was fully repaired. All roadways, parking areas, campgrounds, and visitor centers have been repaired and are fully operational, a few trails and associated boardwalks and dune crossovers were still under repair as of late 2010, especially near the Fort Pickens campground. The wilderness area was designated on November 10,1978, four visitor centers, staffed by National Park personnel, are located within Gulf Islands National Seashore. Three are located in Florida, and one is located in Mississippi, colmer Visitor Center,3500 Park Road, Ocean Springs, Mississippi Two developed campgrounds are located in the National Seashore. Primitive camping is permitted in designated areas. Campground fees are posted at the Fees and Reservations website, in Florida, the Pickens Campground is a developed one and provides water and electrical hookups for recreational vehicles and tents. Roads are paved throughout the campground, as well as each campsite, the environment is characterized by sand scrub oaks, small brackish ponds, and a remnant pine forest on a barrier island between Pensacola Bay and the Gulf of Mexico. Central restrooms and showers are available, a campground store reopened in late 2010. There are no sewer hookups at the campsites, however, a station is available. Reservations can be made through the ReserveAmerica website from March through October, from November through February, sites are available on a first-come, first-served basis. The campground is located approximately 1.5 miles from Fort Pickens itself, in Mississippi, the Davis Bayou Campground is developed, providing water and electrical hookups for recreational vehicles and tents
41.
United States National Forest
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National Forest is a classification of protected and managed federal lands in the United States. The National Forest System was created by the Land Revision Act of 1891, abbot Kinney and forester Theodore Lukens were key spokesmen for the effort. In the United States there are 155 National Forests containing almost 190 million acres of land and these lands comprise 8.5 percent of the total land area of the United States, an area about the size of Texas. Some 87 percent of National Forest land lies west of the Mississippi River in the ranges of the Western United States. Alaska has 12 percent of all National Forest lands, the U. S. Forest Service also manages all of the United States National Grasslands, and around half of the United States National Recreation Areas. There are two different types of forests within the National Forest system. Those east of the Great Plains in the Midwestern and Eastern United States were primarily acquired by the government since 1891. The land had long been in the domain and sometimes repeatedly logged since colonial times. These are mostly lands that were kept in the domain, with the exception of inholdings. Land management of these areas focuses on conservation, timber harvesting, livestock grazing, watershed protection, wildlife, unlike national parks and other federal lands managed by the National Park Service, extraction of natural resources from national forests is permitted, and in many cases encouraged. National Forests are categorized by the U. S. as IUCN Category VI protected areas, however, the first-designated wilderness areas, and some of the largest, are on National Forest lands. There are management decision conflicts between conservationists and environmentalists, and natural resource extraction companies and lobbies, over the protection and/or use of National Forest lands, many ski resorts and summer resorts operate on leased land in National Forests
42.
Apalachicola National Forest
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The Apalachicola National Forest is the largest U. S. National Forest in the state of Florida. It encompasses 632,890 acres and is the national forest located in the Florida Panhandle. The National Forest provides water and land-based outdoors activities such as biking, hiking, swimming, boating, hunting, fishing, horse-back riding. Apalachicola National Forest contains two Wilderness Areas, Bradwell Bay Wilderness and Mud Swamp/New River Wilderness, in descending order of forest land area it is located in parts of Liberty, Wakulla, Leon, and Franklin counties. The forest is headquartered in Tallahassee, as are all three National Forests in Florida, but there are local Forest ranger district offices located in Bristol, hunting and fishing are monitored and governed by the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission. The national forest itself is a management area. The FWC divides the management area into sections that allow dog hunting, still hunting, modern gun season for large game starts Thanksgiving weekend and ends in January. The Apalachicola National Forest is in the conifer forests ecoregion. Areas of the national forest with dry, sandy soils support Florida longleaf pine sandhills, sandhills are woodlands dominated by longleaf pine. Pine flatwoods are forests and woodlands on broad, sandy flatlands, both of these pine communities are sustained by frequent fires. Near the floodplains of spring-fed rivers grow southern coastal plain hydric hammocks, dense forests of evergreen, blackwater rivers support southern coastal plain blackwater river floodplain forests of baldcypress along their banks. Major rivers support diverse east Gulf coastal plain large river floodplain forests, the National Forest is also home to several wetland plant communities. Southern coastal plain nonriverine basin swamps are large, seasonally flooded depressions of baldcypress, east Gulf coastal plain savannas and wet prairies are low, flat plains covered in grasses and sedges, which are seasonally flooded and maintained by frequent fires. Southern coastal plain cypress domes are small wetlands of pond cypress notable for their dome-shaped appearance. The Forest contains thousands of acres of old growth Pond Cypress swamps, in addition, Bradwell Bay Wilderness contains about 100 acres of old-growth Slash Pine - Swamp Tupelo swamps
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Ocala National Forest
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The Ocala National Forest ls the second largest nationally protected forest in the U. S. State of Florida. It covers 607 square miles of Central Florida and it is located three miles east of Ocala and 16 miles southeast of Gainesville. The Ocala National Forest, established in 1908, is the oldest national forest east of the Mississippi River, the word Ocala is thought to be a derivative of a Timucuan Indian term meaning fair land or big hammock. The forest is headquartered in Tallahassee, as are all three National Forests in Florida, but there are local district offices located in Silver Springs. The Ocala National Forest lies between the Ocklawaha and St. Johns Rivers in Central Florida, in descending order of land area it is located in parts of Marion, Lake, Putnam, and Seminole counties. The Ocala National Forest is in the conifer forests and the Florida sand pine scrub ecoregions. Dry, sandy areas support Florida longleaf pine sandhills and Florida peninsula inland scrub, longleaf pine sandhills are woodlands dominated by longleaf pine. Inland scrub consists of sand pines growing amid shrublands of evergreen oaks, both of these pine communities are sustained by frequent fires. The Ocala National Forest contains a proportion of remaining inland scrub habitat and is noted for its sand pine scrub ecosystem. The forest contains the largest concentration of sand pine in the world as well as some of the best remaining stands of pine in central Florida. Where fire is absent, southern coastal plain oak domes and hammocks can grow and these are small stands of thick evergreen oaks. The forest contains several slow-moving rivers and numerous wet prairies, blackwater rivers support southern coastal plain blackwater river floodplain forests of baldcypress along their banks. The forests spring-fed rivers support southern coastal plain hydric hammocks, hammocks of evergreen and hardwood trees, the prairies are Floridian highlands freshwater marshes. Southern coastal plain nonriverine basin swamps are large, seasonally flooded depressions of baldcypress, the Ocala National Forest receives more visitors than any other national forest in the Sunshine State. Millions annually visit the forest, which is one of Central Floridas last remaining traces of forested land, the forest’s porous sands and largely undeveloped character provide an important recharge for the Floridan Aquifer. The Rodman Reservoir system forms most of the northern and north western border as part of the Ocklawaha River Basin, the Ocala Forest is also known for having over 600 natural lakes and ponds. Between the river boundaries of this Forest lie central highlands, coastal lowlands, swamps, springs and hundreds of lakes, near the Juniper Prairie Wilderness and Juniper Springs is The Yearling Trail, the location where The Yearling was filmed. Ocala has a variety of wildlife
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Osceola National Forest
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Osceola National Forest is a National Forest located in Florida. Osceola National Forest was created by President Herbert Hoovers proclamation, on July 10,1931 and it is named in honor of the Native American Seminole warrior, Osceola. The forest is made up of approximately 200,000 acres of pine flatwoods and it is located in parts of Columbia, Baker, Bradford, and Hamilton counties. The forest is headquartered in Tallahassee, as are all three National Forests in Florida, but there are local district offices located in Olustee. There is one officially designated area in the forest, the 13,660 acres Big Gum Swamp Wilderness. Within the forest is the Osceola Research Natural Area, designated a National Natural Landmark in December 1974, Osceola National Forest is home to many species including the American alligator, the Florida black bear and the red-cockaded woodpecker an endangered species. A 28-mile section of the Florida National Scenic Trail is included in the park grounds, other hiking trails in the park include, Olustee Battlefield Trail, Trampled Track Trail, and Mt. Carrie Trail. There are two horseback riding trails through pine flatwoods and near scenic bays. The park is open to hunters and fishermen with permits. Ocean Pond Campground - Ocean Pond Campground is located on the side of Ocean Pond. Sixty-seven campsites are available for tents, trailers, or motor homes, Ocean Pond provides a variety of recreational experiences such as fishing, boating, water skiing and camping. A beach area, boat ramp, drinking water, hot showers, the Landing Group Area - Available by reservation only, this is a 50-person private group area. Recreational activities include swimming, boating, camping, and picnicking, facilities include a sand beach, boat launch for small boats, picnic shelter, large group grill, and restrooms with showers. Hunt Camps - Hunt camps include Hog Pen Landing, Cobb, Wiggins, West Tower, and East Tower
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National Wildlife Refuge
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National Wildlife Refuge System is a designation for certain protected areas of the United States managed by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service. The National Wildlife Refuge System is the system of lands and waters set aside to conserve Americas fish, wildlife. National Wildlife Refuges manage a range of habitat types, including wetlands, prairies, coastal and marine areas. Among these hundreds of national refuges are home to some 700 species of birds,220 species of mammals,250 reptile and amphibian species and more than 1000 species of fish. Endangered species are a priority of National Wildlife Refuges in that nearly 60 refuges have been established with the purpose of conserving 280 threatened or endangered species. National Wildlife Refuges are also places where visitors can participate in a variety of outdoor recreational activities. The National Wildlife Refuge System welcomes nearly 50 million visitors each year, hunters visit more than 350 hunting programs on refuges and on about 36,000 Waterfowl Production Areas. Opportunities for fresh or saltwater fishing are available at more than 340 refuges, there is at least one wildlife refuge in each of the fifty states. The agency has created Comprehensive Conservation Plans for each refuge, developed through consultation with private and these began a review process by stakeholders beginning in 2013. The CCCPs must be consistent with the Fish and Wildlife Service goals for conservation, the CCPs outline conservation goals for each refuge for fifteen years into the future, with the intent that they will be revised every fifteen years thereafter. Additionally, NEPA requires FWS planners and refuge staff to engage the public in planning process to assist them with identifying the most appropriate alternative. Completed CCPs are available to the public and can be found on the FWS website, equally important is an intimate understanding of the social and economic drivers that impact and are impacted by management decisions and can facilitate or impede implementation success. Consideration of these contributes to the success of the Service’s mission to protect wildlife. The Refuge System works collaboratively internally and externally to leverage resources, according to the Services 2013 Banking on Nature Report, visitors to refuges positively impact the local economies. Prevention and control of fires is also a very active part of refuge management. Completion of controlled burns to reduce fuel loading, and participation in the wildland fire suppression efforts, are vital for management of refuge lands. A considerable infrastructure of physical structures is also essential to management of refuge lands. As of September 30,2015 there were 13,030 roads, bridges and trails,5,284 buildings,8,007 water management structures, the overall facility infrastructure is valued at nearly $30 billion
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Archie Carr National Wildlife Refuge
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The 900 acre refuge was established in 1991, to protect the Loggerhead and Green sea turtles. It is administered as part of the Pelican Island National Wildlife Refuge, through a partnership with the Caribbean Conservation Corporation, the refuge provides nesting habitats for approximately one-fourth of all sea turtles nesting in the United States. About 15, 000-20,000 sea turtles nests are laid annually, mostly loggerheads, green sea turtles, the refuge also provides habitat for several other threatened and endangered species. Three centers within the sanctuary are run by Brevard County under the aegis of the established by the federal government. Archie Carr NWR is threatened by the phenomena of sea level rise. Scientists and researchers are studying the impacts of SLR on this unique ecosystem
This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Fish and Wildlife Service.
