1.
Jack Daniel's
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Jack Daniels is a brand of Tennessee whiskey and the top selling American whiskey in the world. It is produced in Lynchburg, Tennessee, by the Jack Daniel Distillery, as defined in the North American Free Trade Agreement, Tennessee Whiskey is classified as a straight bourbon authorized to be produced in the state of Tennessee. Packaged in square bottles, a total of 11 million cases of the flagship Black Label product were sold in the companys 2012 fiscal year, which ended April 30,2013. The Jack Daniels brands official website suggests that its founder, Jasper Newton Jack Daniel, was born in 1850, the company website says it is customary to celebrate his birthday in September. The Tennessee state library website said in 2013 that records list his date as September 5,1846. In the 2004 biography Blood & Whiskey, The Life and Times of Jack Daniel, Jack was one of 13 children fathered by Calaway Daniel and was the youngest of his mothers 10 children. After Daniels mother, Lucinda Cook Daniel, died, his father remarried and had more children. Jack Daniels grandfather, Joseph Job Daniel, emigrated from Wales along with his Scottish wife, Elizabeth Calaway and he was of Welsh, Scottish, English, and Scots-Irish descent. Daniels father died in the Civil War, and he despised his step-mother, in 1875, on receiving an inheritance from his fathers estate, Daniel founded a legally registered distilling business with Call. He took over the distillery shortly afterward when Call quit for religious reasons, the brand label on the product says Est. & Reg. in 1866, but his biographer has cited official registration documents to assert that the business was not established until 1875, after taking over the distillery, in 1884 Daniel purchased the hollow and land where the distillery is now located. By the 1880s, Jack Daniels was one of 15 distilleries operating in Moore County, and he began using square-shaped bottles in 1897, with the square shape of the bottle intended to convey a sense of fairness and integrity. According to Daniels biographer, the origin of the Old No.7 brand name was the assigned to Daniels distillery for government registration. He was forced to change the number when the federal government redrew the district. However, he continued to use his original number as a brand name, Jack Daniel never married and did not have any children. However, he took his nephews under his wing – one of whom was Lemuel Lem Motlow, Lem, a son of Daniels sister, Finetta, was skilled with numbers and was soon doing all of the distillerys bookkeeping. In 1907, due to failing health, Jack Daniel gave the distillery to two of his nephews, Motlow soon bought out the other nephew and went on to operate the distillery for about 40 years. Tennessee passed a prohibition law in 1910, effectively barring the legal distillation of Jack Daniels within the state
2.
Tennessee
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Tennessee is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States. Tennessee is the 36th largest and the 17th most populous of the 50 United States, Tennessee is bordered by Kentucky and Virginia to the north, North Carolina to the east, Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi to the south, and Arkansas and Missouri to the west. The Appalachian Mountains dominate the eastern part of the state, Tennessees capital and second largest city is Nashville, which has a population of 654,610. Memphis is the states largest city, with a population of 655,770, the state of Tennessee is rooted in the Watauga Association, a 1772 frontier pact generally regarded as the first constitutional government west of the Appalachians. What is now Tennessee was initially part of North Carolina, Tennessee was admitted to the Union as the 16th state on June 1,1796. Tennessee was the last state to leave the Union and join the Confederacy at the outbreak of the American Civil War in 1861, occupied by Union forces from 1862, it was the first state to be readmitted to the Union at the end of the war. Tennessee furnished more soldiers for the Confederate Army than any other state besides Virginia and this sharply reduced competition in politics in the state until after passage of civil rights legislation in the mid-20th century. This city was established to house the Manhattan Projects uranium enrichment facilities, helping to build the worlds first atomic bomb, Tennessees major industries include agriculture, manufacturing, and tourism. Poultry, soybeans, and cattle are the primary agricultural products, and major manufacturing exports include chemicals, transportation equipment. In the early 18th century, British traders encountered a Cherokee town named Tanasi in present-day Monroe County, the town was located on a river of the same name, and appears on maps as early as 1725. The meaning and origin of the word are uncertain, some accounts suggest it is a Cherokee modification of an earlier Yuchi word. It has been said to mean meeting place, winding river, according to ethnographer James Mooney, the name can not be analyzed and its meaning is lost. The modern spelling, Tennessee, is attributed to James Glen, the governor of South Carolina, the spelling was popularized by the publication of Henry Timberlakes Draught of the Cherokee Country in 1765. In 1788, North Carolina created Tennessee County, the county to be established in what is now Middle Tennessee. When a constitutional convention met in 1796 to organize a new out of the Southwest Territory. Other sources differ on the origin of the nickname, according to the Columbia Encyclopedia. Tennessee ties Missouri as the state bordering the most other states, the state is trisected by the Tennessee River. The highest point in the state is Clingmans Dome at 6,643 feet, Clingmans Dome, which lies on Tennessees eastern border, is the highest point on the Appalachian Trail, and is the third highest peak in the United States east of the Mississippi River
3.
Bourbon whiskey
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Bourbon whiskey /bɜːrbən/ is a type of American whiskey, a barrel-aged distilled spirit made primarily from corn. The name is derived from the French Bourbon dynasty, although it is disputed whether Bourbon County in Kentucky or Bourbon Street in New Orleans inspired the whiskeys name. Bourbon has been distilled since the 18th century, the use of the term bourbon for the whiskey has been traced to the 1820s, and the term began to be used consistently in Kentucky in the 1870s. While bourbon may be anywhere in the United States, it is strongly associated with the American South. The origin of bourbon is not well documented, there are many conflicting legends and claims, some more credible than others. Across the county line in Bourbon County, an early distiller named Jacob Spears is credited with being the first to label his product as Bourbon whiskey, Spears home, Stone Castle, warehouse and spring house survive, one can drive by the Spears home on Clay-Kiser Road. Although still popular and often repeated, the Craig legend is apocryphal, similarly, the Spears story is a local favorite, rarely repeated outside the county. There likely was no single inventor of bourbon, which developed into its present form only in the late 19th century. Essentially any type of grain can be used to make whiskey, the late date of the Bourbon County etymology has led Louisville historian Michael Veach to dispute its authenticity. He proposes that the whiskey was named after Bourbon Street in New Orleans, distilling probably was brought to present-day Kentucky in the late 18th century by Scots, Scots-Irish, and other settlers who began to farm the area in earnest. The spirit they made evolved, and became known as bourbon in the early 19th century due to its association with the geographic area known as Old Bourbon. This area included the current Bourbon County of Kentucky, which became a county of Kentucky when Kentucky was separated from Virginia as a new state in 1792, when American pioneers pushed west of the Allegheny Mountains following the American Revolution, the first counties they founded covered vast regions. One of these original, huge counties was Bourbon, established in 1785, while this vast county was being carved into many smaller ones, early in the 19th century, many people continued to call the region Old Bourbon. Located within Old Bourbon was the port on the Ohio River, Maysville, Kentucky, from which whiskey. Old Bourbon was stencilled on the barrels to indicate their port of origin, Old Bourbon whiskey was different because it was the first corn whiskey most people had ever tasted. In time, bourbon became the name for any corn-based whiskey, a refinement often dubiously credited to James C. Crow was the sour mash process, by each new fermentation is conditioned with some amount of spent mash. Spent mash is also known as spent beer, distillers spent grain, stillage, the acid introduced by using the sour mash controls the growth of bacteria that could taint the whiskey and creates a proper pH balance for the yeast to work
4.
Benjamin Prichard's Tennessee Whiskey
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Benjamin Prichards Tennessee Whiskey is a Tennessee whiskey produced in the community of Kelso, Tennessee. The distillery was opened in 1997, making it the first new distillery to open in the state since Prohibition was repealed. Prichards second distillery opened May 2014 in Nashville, Tennessee on Whites Creek Pike, the brand markets several varieties of whiskey, though Prichards markets one label as their flagship Tennessee Whiskey. Their rye whiskey is also marked as a Tennessee Rye Whiskey on the label, while being the only operating distillery in Lincoln County, Prichards is not produced via the Lincoln County Process. As of 2012, Prichards was the only Tennessee whiskey on the market distilled in pot stills, all products are sold in glass 750ml bottles
5.
Lincoln County Process
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The Lincoln County Process is a step used in producing some Tennessee whiskeys. The whiskey is filtered through, or steeped in, charcoal chips before going into the casks for aging, the charcoal used by Jack Daniels is created on site, from stacks of two by two inch sugar maple timbers called ricks. They are primed with 140 proof Jack Daniels, and then ignited under massive hoods that help prevent sparks, once they have reached the char state, the ricks are sprayed with water to prevent complete combustion. The resulting charcoal is then run through a grinder to reduce it to consistent bean-size pellets and these are then packed into 10-foot vats, where they are used to filter impurities from the 140 proof whiskey, after which the whiskey is reduced with water to 125 proof for aging. The George Dickel distillery uses deeper vats and distills only to 135 proof, Dickel also chills its whisky to 40 degrees F before it enters the vats, and allows the whiskey to fill the vats instead of just trickling it through. The distillery claims that these differences yield a better filtering process as Dickel found he made more pleasing whisky during the winter months. Collier and McKeel, made in Nashville, claims to drip whiskey through several feet of sugar maple charcoal made from trees cut by local sawmills. To be labeled as a whiskey, flavoring or coloring compounds are prohibited from being added to the spirit after the fermenting of the grain. However, not all producers of products labelled as Tennessee Whiskey use the process, the term Tennessee Whiskey does not actually have a legal definition in the U. S. Federal regulations that define the Standards of Identity for Distilled Spirits. The only legal definition of the term Tennessee Whiskey in U. S and this definition is also recognized in the law of Canada, which states that Tennessee whiskey must be a straight Bourbon whisky produced in the State of Tennessee. None of these regulations requires the use of the Lincoln County filtering process, as federal law requires statements of origin on labels to be accurate, the Tennessee law effectively gives a firm definition to Tennessee whiskey
6.
Distilled Spirits Council of the United States
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The Distilled Spirits Council of the United States is a national trade association representing producers and marketers of distilled spirits sold in the United States. DISCUS was formed in 1973 by the merger of three organizations that had been in existence for decades, members of DISCUS represent approximately 70 percent of all distilled spirits brands sold in the United States. Members are, Bacardi USA, Beam Inc, in addition to full membership, DISCUS offers a Craft Distiller Affiliate Member program with 63 members as of March 2013. In May 2016 the council said it has dropped its DISCUS acronym and will use Distilled Spirits Council for the form of its name. The Council developed a set of guidelines that they suggest for the spirits industry. The code provides for a board that reviews complaints about advertising and marketing materials in the marketplace. In 2003, DISCUS began issuing semiannual public reports describing the review board complaints, DISCUS lobbies on behalf of the distilled spirits industry on policy and legislative issues. DISCUS also works to protect the distilled beverage industry from increased taxes and to reduce tariffs. The spirits industry has initiated and supported responsibility programs to promote responsible, DISCUS developed an educational tool kit and distributed it to more than 3,000 health professionals. Since 2000, DISCUS member companies and wholesalers have contributed over $2.1 million to rebuild the distillery, washingtons Mount Vernon distillery marks the beginning of the organizations American Whiskey Trail, a DISCUS program promoting the cultural heritage and history of spirits in America. Launched in 2004, the trail also features operating distilleries and historic sites in five states
7.
Brown-Forman
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The Brown-Forman Corporation is one of the largest American-owned companies in the spirits and wine business. Brown-Forman formerly owned Southern Comfort and Tuaca before selling them off in 2016, as of fiscal 2016 the company had sales of $3.08 billion. The roughly 40 members of the Brown family, cousins that are descendants of founder George Garvin Brown, the company was founded in 1870 by George Garvin Brown, a young pharmaceuticals salesman in Louisville, who had the then-novel idea of selling top-grade whiskey in sealed glass bottles. In 2005, the company sold its Lenox division, which had acquired in 1983. The income generated by the sale was distributed to the shareholders in the form of a one time special dividend, in 2006, the company acquired the Chambord liqueur brand for $US255 million. One year later, it sold the Bolla and Fontana Candida Italian wine brands to Gruppo Italiano Vini, the terms of neither sale were disclosed. In 2011, the company sold Fetzer Vineyards and associated brands to the Chilean wine producer Viña Concha y Toro S. A. for $US238 million, in 2013, the company joined leading alcohol producers as part of a producers commitments to reducing harmful drinking. In 2016, the Southern Comfort and Tuaca brands were sold to Sazerac Company for $543 Million, in 2016, Brown-Forman also reached an agreement to purchase The BenRiach Distillery Company Limited for approximately £285 million. The purchase brought GlenDronach, BenRiach, and Glenglassaugh to Brown-Formans portfolio, Brown Forman has two classes of common stock, both of which are traded publicly on the New York Stock Exchange. The Class A shares carry voting privileges and are thinly traded due to control by the Brown family while the Class B shares are Non-voting stock, in 2011, Brown-Forman was accused of illegally subsidizing its distributors in China, and subsequently delaying payment to them as agreed under contract. The Shanghai Administration for Industry and Commerce fined Brown-Forman 2 million renminbi for illegal subsidization, in 2009, Newsweek magazine ranked Brown-Forman in their Green Rankings which examines 500 of the largest corporations on their environmental track record. Brown-Forman was ranked 63rd out of 500 overall, and was ranked 3rd in their industry, list of major employers in Louisville, Kentucky Official website
8.
George Dickel
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George Dickel is a brand of Tennessee whiskey that is distilled, mellowed, and aged in Cascade Hollow, Tennessee, near Tullahoma. The brand name is used for a rye whiskey. The brand is now owned by Diageo PLC and its distillery is part of the American Whiskey Trail and offers tours to the public. The brands labels use the traditional Scottish spelling of whisky, as opposed to whiskey, according to the company, this is because Dickel believed his product to be as smooth and high in quality as the best Scotch whiskies. He founded a business in Nashville, Tennessee, in the 1850s. After the Civil War, he operated a store on South College Street in Nashville. In the late 1860s, he founded George A. Dickel and Company, in 1871, Meier Saltzkotter, who had worked as a superintendent for Dickel, became a partner in the company. Victor Emmanuel Shwab, a brother-in-law of Dickel who had worked for the company as a bookkeeper. Whiskey was being produced in Cascade Hollow, near Tullahoma, Tennessee, by the 1870s, in 1879, Matthew Sims, a local businessman, bought Browns share of the operation. In 1883, another businessman, McLin Davis, joined the partnership. Davis became the operations distiller, and is credited with the whiskeys recipe, by the early 1890s, Cascade Whisky was one of the more popular brands in the region. The Cascade label included the phrase, Mellow as Moonlight, which was rooted in Daviss method of cooling mash at night, following an accident in 1886, Dickels health declined, and Shwab gradually took control of the wholesaling firms daily operations. In 1888, Shwab purchased Simss share of the Cascade Distillery, whose whiskey Dickel, the terms of the purchase made Dickel and Company the sole distributor of Cascade. Shwab also purchased the popular Climax Saloon in Nashville, and afterward advertised the saloon as the headquarters of Cascade Whisky. After Daviss death in 1898, his son, Norman Davis, briefly ran the distillery, following Dickels death in 1894, his share of Dickel and Company was willed to his wife, Augusta. Though he had advised her to out, she retained her share of the company. Upon her death in 1916, she willed her share to Shwab, in spite of his efforts, Tennessee enacted prohibition in 1910, forcing the Cascade operation to relocate to the Stitzel Distillery in Louisville, Kentucky. It was produced here until Kentucky enacted statewide prohibition in 1917, the operation shut down altogether with the onset of nationwide prohibition in 1920
9.
Diageo
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Diageo plc is a British multinational alcoholic beverages company, with its headquarters in London, United Kingdom. It is the worlds largest producer of spirits and a producer of beer. Diageos brands include Smirnoff, Johnnie Walker, Baileys, and Guinness and it also owns 34% of Moët Hennessy, which owns brands including Moët & Chandon, Veuve Clicquot and Hennessy. It sells its products in over 180 countries and has offices in around 80 countries, Diageo has a primary listing on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE100 Index. It has a listing on the New York Stock Exchange. Diageo is a name that was created by the branding consultancy Wolff Olins in 1997. The name is composed of the Latin word dia, meaning day, and the Greek root geo, meaning world, Diageo was formed in 1997 from the merger of Guinness and Grand Metropolitan. The creation was driven by the executives Anthony Greener and Philip Yea at Guinness plus George Bull, Anthony Greener was the first executive chairman. Shares in Diageo began trading on the London Stock Exchange on 17 December 1997, Diageo owned Pillsbury until 2000 when it was sold to General Mills. In 2002, Diageo sold the Burger King fast food restaurant chain to a consortium led by US firm Texas Pacific for $1.5 billion, in February 2011 Diageo agreed to acquire the Turkish liquor company Mey Icki for US$2.1 billion. In May 2012, Diageo agreed to acquire Ypioca, the brand of premium cachaça in Brazil. This did not, however, involve retaining the original Johnnie Walker plant, in Kilmarnock, in November 2012 Diageo agreed to acquire a 53. 4% stake in the Indian spirits company United Spirits for £1.28 billion. In 2013 Diageo joined leading alcohol producers as part of a producers commitments to reducing harmful drinking, in November 2014 Diageo agreed to sell Bushmills Irish whiskey in exchange for $408 million and full ownership of tequila brand Don Julio. In October 2015, Diageo announced the sale of most of its business to Treasury Wine Estates. Other brands, such as Navarro Correas and Chalone Vineyard, were sold separately, in March 2016 the company sold Grand Marnier, a cognac and bitter orange-based liqueur, to Italian aperitif maker Campari Group. In February 2017, Diageo announced plans to open a Guinness brewery and tourist attraction Baltimore County, the brewery could potentially create 70 new jobs and host as many as 300,000 visitors per year. It also has a large distillery at Roseisle in Speyside. Furthermore, Diageo owns a 34% stake in the Moet Hennessy drinks division of French luxury goods company LVMH, Diageos head office is in Park Royal, London Borough of Brent, on a former Guinness brewery property
10.
Nelson's Green Brier Distillery
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Descendants of the founder have opened a new distillery bearing the name in Nashville. The distillery was established on Rocky Fork Creek in 1867 and was acquired in 1870 by Charles Nelson of Nashville, the whiskey it produced was sold in other parts of the United States under the label Nelsons Best. The Green Brier distillery operated until 1909, when Tennessee enacted prohibition of alcoholic beverages, at that time, the annual production capacity of Jack Daniels distillery in Lynchburg was only 23,000 US gallons. Nelsons Green Brier Distillery was a contributor to the economy. It employed about 25 people directly and provided a market for corn, locally made barrels. Its presence resulted in the construction of a line and station in Greenbrier. Although Robertson County whiskey had enjoyed a reputation for superior quality, the listed property is a 5-acre area, although the distillery occupied a much larger area. Most of the buildings are no longer present. The only historic buildings that remain are an early 20th-century warehouse, a house that supplied fresh water to the distillery. The site includes a dam across Rocky Fork Creek, one old mash tub and remnants of building foundations are found on the grounds. In 2011, two of the great-great-great-grandsons of Charles Nelson announced an initiative to revive the Nelsons brand and produce whiskey using Charles Nelsons recipes, on November 23,2014, their new Nelsons Green Brier Distillery opened in Nashville. It offers tours that feature the Nelsons Green Brier brand and its history, the tours include tastings and a visit to the production floor
11.
North American Free Trade Agreement
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The North American Free Trade Agreement is an agreement signed by Canada, Mexico, and the United States, creating a trilateral trade bloc in North America. The agreement came into force on January 1,1994 and it superseded the Canada–United States Free Trade Agreement between the U. S. and Canada. NAFTA has two supplements, the North American Agreement on Environmental Cooperation and the North American Agreement on Labor Cooperation, most economic analyses indicate that NAFTA has been a small net positive for the United States, large net positive for Mexico and had an insignificant impact on Canada. The signed agreement was ratified by each nations legislative or parliamentary branch. The earlier Canada–United States Free Trade Agreement had been controversial and divisive in Canada, in that election, more Canadians voted for anti-free trade parties but the split caused more seats in parliament to be won by the pro-free trade Progressive Conservatives. Mulroney and the PCs had a majority and were easily able to pass the 1987 Canada-U. S. FTA and NAFTA bills. However, he was replaced as Conservative leader and prime minister by Kim Campbell. S and it also required U. S. partners to adhere to environmental practices and regulations similar to its own. After much consideration and emotional discussion, the House of Representatives passed the North American Free Trade Agreement Implementation Act on November 17,1993, the agreements supporters included 132 Republicans and 102 Democrats. The bill passed the Senate on November 20,1993, 61–38, Senate supporters were 34 Republicans and 27 Democrats. Clinton signed it into law on December 8,1993, the agreement went into effect on January 1,1994, Clinton, while signing the NAFTA bill, stated that NAFTA means jobs. American jobs, and good-paying American jobs, if I didnt believe that, I wouldnt support this agreement. The goal of NAFTA was to eliminate barriers to trade and investment between the U. S. The implementation of NAFTA on January 1,1994 brought the elimination of tariffs on more than one-half of Mexicos exports to the U. S. Within 10 years of the implementation of the agreement, all U. S. -Mexico tariffs would be eliminated except for some U. S. agricultural exports to Mexico that were to be phased out within 15 years, most U. S. -Canada trade was already duty-free. NAFTA also sought to eliminate trade barriers and to protect the intellectual property rights on traded products. Chapter 52 provides a procedure for the resolution of disputes over the application and interpretation of NAFTA. It was modelled after Chapter 69 of the Canada-United States Free Trade Agreement, the roster of NAFTA adjudicators includes many retired judges, such as Alice Desjardins, John Maxwell Evans, Constance Hunt, John Richard, Arlin M. Adams, Susan Getzendanner, George C. Pratt, Charles B. Renfrew and Sandra Day OConnor, securing U. S. congressional approval for NAFTA would have been impossible without addressing public concerns about NAFTA’s environmental impact
12.
Canada
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Canada is a country in the northern half of North America. Canadas border with the United States is the worlds longest binational land border, the majority of the country has a cold or severely cold winter climate, but southerly areas are warm in summer. Canada is sparsely populated, the majority of its territory being dominated by forest and tundra. It is highly urbanized with 82 per cent of the 35.15 million people concentrated in large and medium-sized cities, One third of the population lives in the three largest cities, Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver. Its capital is Ottawa, and other urban areas include Calgary, Edmonton, Quebec City, Winnipeg. Various aboriginal peoples had inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years prior to European colonization. Pursuant to the British North America Act, on July 1,1867, the colonies of Canada, New Brunswick and this began an accretion of provinces and territories to the mostly self-governing Dominion to the present ten provinces and three territories forming modern Canada. With the Constitution Act 1982, Canada took over authority, removing the last remaining ties of legal dependence on the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Canada is a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy, with Queen Elizabeth II being the head of state. The country is officially bilingual at the federal level and it is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many other countries. Its advanced economy is the eleventh largest in the world, relying chiefly upon its abundant natural resources, Canadas long and complex relationship with the United States has had a significant impact on its economy and culture. Canada is a country and has the tenth highest nominal per capita income globally as well as the ninth highest ranking in the Human Development Index. It ranks among the highest in international measurements of government transparency, civil liberties, quality of life, economic freedom, Canada is an influential nation in the world, primarily due to its inclusive values, years of prosperity and stability, stable economy, and efficient military. While a variety of theories have been postulated for the origins of Canada. In 1535, indigenous inhabitants of the present-day Quebec City region used the word to direct French explorer Jacques Cartier to the village of Stadacona, from the 16th to the early 18th century Canada referred to the part of New France that lay along the St. Lawrence River. In 1791, the area became two British colonies called Upper Canada and Lower Canada collectively named The Canadas, until their union as the British Province of Canada in 1841. Upon Confederation in 1867, Canada was adopted as the name for the new country at the London Conference. The transition away from the use of Dominion was formally reflected in 1982 with the passage of the Canada Act, later that year, the name of national holiday was changed from Dominion Day to Canada Day
13.
Bill Haslam
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William Edward Bill Haslam /ˈhæzləm/ is an American politician and businessman who is the 49th and current Governor of Tennessee. A member of the Republican Party, Haslam was elected Governor in 2010 and was sworn in on January 15,2011, born in Knoxville, Tennessee, Haslam is a graduate of Emory University. He began his career in business, joining his father, Jim Haslam, Haslam rose to president of Pilot Corp in the 1990s, after his brother Jimmy became the companys CEO. Haslam then left Pilot and from 1999 to 2001 was the CEO of the e-commerce and he then became a consultant at Saks, served on the board of directors at Harolds Stores, Inc. and still remains a co-owner of the minor league baseball team the Tennessee Smokies. Entering a career in politics, Haslam was elected mayor of Knoxville and he was reelected in 2007, winning 87% of the vote, and served until 2011. After incumbent Governor Phil Bredesen was term-limited Haslam declared his candidacy for Governor in January 2009, a 2015 Forbes article estimated Haslams net worth at $2 billion, making him the nations richest elected official at that time. Jim Haslam has been a Republican Party fundraiser and University of Tennessee donor, Haslam was educated at the Webb School of Knoxville, where he became active in the Christian group Young Life. He later attended Emory University, graduating with a degree in history in 1980. He is a member of the Beta Chi chapter of the Sigma Chi International Fraternity, as a teenager, Haslam began working part-time in his fathers corporation. He had made plans to teach history and eventually become a minister and he was elevated to president of the company in 1995. In 1999, Haslam joined Saks Fifth Avenue as the executive officer of the e-commerce. He left Saks in 2001, and joined the board of the Dallas-based clothing chain, Haslam is one of the owners of the Tennessee Smokies, a minor league baseball team in East Tennessee. His brother, current Pilot Flying J CEO Jimmy Haslam, became majority owner of the Cleveland Browns in 2012, in 2002, Haslam announced he was running for Mayor of Knoxville, inspired in part by a conversation he had had with then-Chattanooga mayor Bob Corker. Knoxvilles mayoral elections are nominally non-partisan, but Haslam was known to be a member of the Republican Party when he ran for the office, on September 30,2003, he defeated Rogero by a 52% to 46% margin. He was reelected in 2007, winning 87% of the vote against challengers Isa Infante, in 2008, he was appointed to a four-year term on the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation by U. S. President George W. Bush. Along with historical preservation efforts, Haslam helped spur residential and retail growth in the downtown area and he helped implement a master plan for the development of the South Knoxville riverfront, which was given an Outstanding Planning Award by the Tennessee Chapter of the American Planning Association. The Haslam administration operated under a balanced budget policy, which helped to double the citys savings during his first term, on January 6,2009, Haslam declared his intention to run for Tennessee governor in 2010. His campaign received contributions of $3.9 million between January and July 1 in 2009, substantially more than his Republican primary rivals, lieutenant Governor Ron Ramsey received $1.3 million and U. S
14.
Alcohol by volume
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Alcohol by volume is a standard measure of how much alcohol is contained in a given volume of an alcoholic beverage. It is defined as the number of millilitres of pure ethanol present in 100 millilitres of solution at 20 °C, the number of millilitres of pure ethanol is the mass of the ethanol divided by its density at 20 °C, which is 0.78924 g/ml. The ABV standard is used worldwide, the International Organization of Legal Metrology has tables of density of water–ethanol mixtures at different concentrations and temperatures. In some countries, such as the U. K and France, alcohol by volume is referred to as degrees Gay-Lussac and this results in the slight difference in marked % noted later in this article. Mixing two solutions of alcohol of different strengths usually causes a change in volume, mixing pure water with a solution less than 24% by mass causes a slight increase in total volume, whereas the mixing of two solutions above 24% causes a decrease in volume. The phenomenon of volume due to mixing dissimilar solutions is called partial molar volume. Details about typical amounts of alcohol contained in various beverages can be found in the articles about them. Another way of specifying the amount of alcohol is alcohol proof, for example, 40% abv is 80 proof in the US and 70 proof in the UK. However, since 1980, alcohol proof in the UK has been replaced by abv as a measure of alcohol content, in the United States, a few states regulate and tax alcoholic beverages according to alcohol by weight, expressed as a percentage of total mass. Some brewers print the ABW on beer containers, particularly on low-point versions of domestic beer brands. However, because of the miscibility of alcohol and water, the factor is not constant. 100% ABW, of course, is equivalent to 100% ABV, during the production of wine and beer, yeast is added to a sugary solution. During fermentation, the yeasts consume the sugars and produce alcohol, the density of sugar in water is greater than the density of alcohol in water. A hydrometer is used to measure the change in gravity of the solution before. The volume of alcohol in the solution can then be estimated, there are a number of empirical formulae which brewers and winemakers use to estimate the alcohol content of the liquor made. The simplest method for wine has been described by English author C. J. J, the number 0.7936 is the specific gravity of a 100% ethanol solution. The difference between the starting SG and the final SG measures the specific gravity lost to CO2 release
15.
Prohibition
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The earliest records of prohibition of alcohol date to the Xia Dynasty in China. Yu the Great, the first ruler of the Xia Dynasty and it was legalized again after his death, during the reign of his son Qi. Another record was in the Code of Hammurabi specifically banning the selling of beer for money, in the early twentieth century, much of the impetus for the prohibition movement in the Nordic countries and North America came from moralistic convictions of pietistic Protestants. Rum-running became widespread and organized crime control of the distribution of alcohol. Distilleries and breweries in Canada, Mexico and the Caribbean flourished as their products were consumed by visiting Americans or illegally exported to the United States. Chicago became notorious as a haven for prohibition dodgers during the known as the Roaring Twenties. Prohibition generally came to an end in the late 1920s or early 1930s in most of North America and Europe, in some countries where the dominant religion forbids the use of alcohol, the production, sale, and consumption of alcoholic beverages is prohibited or restricted today. For example, in Saudi Arabia and Libya alcohol is banned, Sale of alcohol is banned in Afghanistan. In Bangladesh, alcohol is prohibited due to its proscription in the Islamic faith. However, the purchase and consumption is allowed in the country, the Garo tribe consume a type of rice beer, and Christians in this country drink and purchase wine for their holy communion. In Brunei, alcohol consumption and sale is banned in public, in India alcohol is a state subject and individual states can legislate prohibition, but currently most states do not have prohibition. Prohibition is in force in the states of Gujarat, Bihar and Nagaland, parts of Manipur, the state of Kerala has placed some limitations on sale of alcohol. All other States and union territories of India permit the sale of alcohol, election days and certain national holidays such as Gandhi Jayanti are meant to be dry days when liquor sale is not permitted. The state of Andhra Pradesh had imposed Prohibition under the Chief Ministership of N. T. Rama Rao, Prohibition was also observed from 1996 to 1998 in Haryana. Some Indian states observe dry days on major religious festivals/occasions depending on the popularity of the festival in that region, since the 1979 Islamic Revolution, the sale and consumption of alcohol is banned in Iran. Alcohol is banned for people who use small shops and convenience stores, the consumption, importation and brewing of, and trafficking in liquor is strictly against the law. Alcohol is banned for Muslims in Malaysia due to its Islamic faith, the Maldives ban the import of alcohol, x-raying all baggage on arrival. Alcoholic beverages are available only to tourists on resort islands
16.
Prohibition in the United States
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Prohibition in the United States was a nationwide constitutional ban on the production, importation, transportation and sale of alcoholic beverages that remained in place from 1920 to 1933. One result was that many communities in the late 19th and early 20th centuries introduced alcohol prohibition, Prohibition supporters, called drys, presented it as a victory for public morals and health. Promoted by the dry crusaders, a movement was led by rural Protestants and social Progressives in the Prohibition, Democratic and it gained a national grass roots base through the Womans Christian Temperance Union. After 1900 it was coordinated by the Anti-Saloon League, Prohibition was mandated in state after state, then finally nationwide under the Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution in 1920. Enabling legislation, known as the Volstead Act, set down the rules for enforcing the ban, for example, religious uses of wine were allowed. Private ownership and consumption of alcohol were not made illegal under federal law, in the 1920s the laws were widely disregarded, and tax revenues were lost. Opposition mobilized nationwide, and Prohibition ended with the ratification of the Twenty-first Amendment, some states continued statewide prohibition, marking one of the last stages of the Progressive Era. Anti-prohibitionists, known as wets, criticized the ban as an intrusion of mainly rural Protestant ideals on a central aspect of urban, immigrant. Some researchers contend that its failure is attributable more to a changing historical context than to characteristics of the law itself. Criticism remains that Prohibition led to unintended consequences such as the growth of urban crime organizations, as an experiment it lost supporters every year, and lost tax revenue that governments needed when the Great Depression began in 1929. The U. S. Senate proposed the Eighteenth Amendment on December 18,1917, upon being approved by a 36th state on January 16,1919, the amendment was ratified as a part of the Constitution. The Wartime Prohibition Act took effect June 30,1919, with July 1,1919, on October 28,1919, Congress passed the Volstead Act, the popular name for the National Prohibition Act, over President Woodrow Wilsons veto. The act established the definition of intoxicating liquors as well as penalties for producing them. Although the Volstead Act prohibited the sale of alcohol, the government lacked resources to enforce it. By the terms of the amendment, the country went dry one year later, by 1925, in New York City alone, there were anywhere from 30,000 to 100,000 speakeasy clubs. While Prohibition was successful in reducing the amount of liquor consumed, it stimulated the proliferation of rampant underground, organized, many were astonished and disenchanted with the rise of spectacular gangland crimes, when prohibition was supposed to reduce crime. Prohibition lost its advocates one by one, while the wet opposition talked of personal liberty, new tax revenues from legal beer and liquor, and the scourge of organized crime. On March 22,1933, President Franklin Roosevelt signed into law the Cullen–Harrison Act, legalizing beer with a content of 3. 2%
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Tennessee General Assembly
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The Tennessee General Assembly is the state legislature of the U. S. state of Tennessee. It is a bicameral legislature consisting of a Senate and a House of Representatives. The Speaker of the Senate carries the title and office of Lieutenant Governor of Tennessee. In addition to passing a budget for state government plus other legislation and it is also the initiating body in any process to amend the states constitution. To keep the legislature a part-time body, it is limited to ninety legislative days per two-year term, a legislative day is considered any day that the House or Senate formally meets in the chambers of each house. Legislators are paid a salary of $19,009 along with a per diem expense of $171 per legislative day. If the legislature remains in session longer than ninety legislative days, legislators also receive an office allowance of $1,000 per month, ostensibly for the maintenance of an office area devoted to their legislative work in their homes or elsewhere within their district. Traditionally, it has been easier, politically speaking, to raise the per diem, the speaker of each house is entitled to a salary triple that of other members. Under a law enacted in 2004, legislators will receive an equal to that given to state employees the previous year. The governor may also call extraordinary sessions, limited to the topic or topics outlined in the call, two-thirds of each house may also initiate such a call by petitioning for it. See Tennessee Senate and Tennessee House of Representatives for current member lists, legislative days are scheduled no more than three days a week during the session. Legislative sessions in both the House and Senate occur on Mondays, Wednesdays, and Thursdays, tuesdays and the majority of Wednesdays are used primarily for committee meetings and hearings rather than actual sessions. Sessions begin each year in January and usually end by May, membership in the legislature is best regarded as being a full-time job during the session and a part-time job the rest of the year due to committee meetings and hearings. In keeping with Tennessees agricultural roots, some senators and representatives are farmers, members are also forbidden from holding campaign fundraising events for themselves during the time they are actually in session. Each house sets its own rules and elects its own speaker, for over three decades, both speakers were from West Tennessee, this caused considerable resentment in the eastern two-thirds of the state. From 1971 until January 2007, Tennessee had the same Lieutenant Governor, John S. Wilder, Wilder was re-elected to the position even after Tennessee Republicans re-took the State Senate in the 2004 election. However, in January 2007, after Republicans gained additional seats in the 2006 General Assembly elections, the General Assembly districts of both houses are supposed to be reapportioned based on population as determined by the U. S. federal census on a decennial basis. This was not done between 1902 and 1962, resulting in the United States Supreme Court decision in Baker v. Carr, which required this action to be taken
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Distilled beverage
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This process purifies it and removes diluting components like water, for the purpose of increasing its proportion of alcohol content. As distilled beverages contain more alcohol, they are considered harder – in North America, as examples, this term does not include beverages such as beer, wine, sake, and cider, as they are fermented but not distilled. These all have relatively low alcohol content, typically less than 15%, brandy is a spirit produced by the distillation of wine, and has an ABV of over 35%. Other examples of distilled beverages include bourbon, vodka, gin, rum, tequila, mezcal, whisky, scotch, the term spirit refers to a distilled beverage that contains no added sugar and has at least 20% alcohol by volume. Distilled beverages bottled with added sugar and added flavorings, such as Grand Marnier, Frangelico, Distilled beverages generally have an alcohol concentration higher than 30%. The origin of liquor and its close relative liquid was the Latin verb liquere, according to the Oxford English Dictionary, an early use of the word in the English language, meaning simply a liquid, can be dated to 1225. The first use the OED mentions of its meaning a liquid for drinking occurred in the 14th century and its use as a term for an intoxicating alcoholic drink appeared in the 16th century. The term spirit in reference to alcohol stems from Middle Eastern alchemy and these alchemists were more concerned with medical elixirs than with transmuting lead into gold. The vapor given off and collected during a process was called a spirit of the original material. Distilled water was described in the 2nd century AD by Alexander of Aphrodisias, the Alexandrians were using a distillation alembic or still device in the 3rd century AD. The medieval Arabs learned the process from the Alexandrians and used it extensively. Freeze distillation involves freezing the alcoholic beverage and then removing the ice, the freezing technique had limitations in geography and implementation limiting how widely this method was put to use. The earliest evidence of distillation of alcohol comes from the School of Salerno in southern Italy during the 12th century. Again, the Chinese may not have been far behind, with evidence indicating the practice of distillation began during the 12th century Jin or Southern Song dynasties. A still has been found at a site in Qinglong, Hebei. Fractional distillation was developed by Taddeo Alderotti in the 13th century, the production method was written in code, suggesting that it was being kept secret. In 1437, burned water was mentioned in the records of the County of Katzenelnbogen in Germany and it was served in a tall, narrow glass called a Goderulffe. Claims upon the origin of specific beverages are controversial, often invoking national pride, but they are plausible after the 12th century AD and these spirits would have had a much lower alcohol content than the alchemists pure distillations, and they were likely first thought of as medicinal elixirs
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Coffee County, Tennessee
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Coffee County is a county located in the south central part of the U. S. state of Tennessee. As of the 2010 census, the population was 52,796. Coffee County is part of the Tullahoma-Manchester, TN Micropolitan Statistical Area, Coffee County was formed in 1836 from parts of Bedford, Warren, and Franklin counties. It was named for John Coffee, an early European-American settler, Coffee County has twelve Century Farms, the classification for farms that have been operating for more than 100 years. The oldest Century Farm is Shamrock Acres, founded in 1818. S, census Bureau, the county has a total area of 435 square miles, of which 429 square miles is land and 5.6 square miles is water. Cannon County Warren County Grundy County Franklin County Moore County Bedford County Rutherford County Interstate 24 U. S. Route 41 U. S, the population density was 112 people per square mile. There were 20,746 housing units at a density of 48 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 93. 43% White,3. 59% Black or African American,0. 30% Native American,0. 74% Asian,0. 03% Pacific Islander,0. 91% from other races, and 1. 00% from two or more races. 2. 19% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,24. 30% of all households were made up of individuals and 10. 30% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.50 and the family size was 2.96. In the county, the population was out with 25. 10% under the age of 18,8. 30% from 18 to 24,28. 40% from 25 to 44,23. 60% from 45 to 64. The median age was 38 years, for every 100 females there were 95.10 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.30 males, the median income for a household in the county was $34,898, and the median income for a family was $40,228. Males had an income of $32,732 versus $21,014 for females. The per capita income for the county was $18,137, about 10. 90% of families and 14. 30% of the population were below the poverty line, including 17. 80% of those under age 18 and 15. 20% of those age 65 or over. The Bonnaroo Music Festival has been annually in the county since 2002. S
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Barrel
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A barrel, cask, or tun is a hollow cylindrical container, traditionally made of wooden staves bound by wooden or metal hoops. Traditionally, the barrel was a size of measure referring to a set capacity or weight of a given commodity. For example, in the UK a barrel of beer refers to a quantity of 36 imperial gallons, wine was shipped in barrels of 119 litres. Modern barrels and casks can also be made of aluminum, stainless steel, someone who makes barrels is called a barrel maker or cooper. Barrels are only one type of cooperage, other types include, but are not limited to, buckets, tubs, butter churns, hogsheads, firkins, kegs, kilderkins, tierces, rundlets, puncheons, pipes, tuns, butts, pins, and breakers. An aging barrel is used to age wine, distilled spirits such as whiskey, brandy, or rum, beer, tabasco sauce, when a wine or spirit ages in a barrel, small amounts of oxygen are introduced as the barrel lets some air in. Oxygen enters a barrel when water or alcohol is lost due to evaporation, in an environment with 100% relative humidity, very little water evaporates and so most of the loss is alcohol, a useful trick if one has a wine with very high proof. Most beverages are topped up from other barrels to prevent significant oxidation, although others such as vin jaune, beverages aged in wooden barrels take on some of the compounds in the barrel, such as vanillin and wood tannins. The presence of these depends on many factors, including the place of origin, how the staves were cut and dried. After roughly three years, most of a barrels flavor compounds have been leached out and it is well on its way to becoming neutral, barrels used for aging are typically made of French or American oak, but chestnut and redwood are also used. Some Asian beverages use Japanese cedar, which imparts an unusual, in Peru and Chile, a grape distillate named pisco is either aged in oak or in earthenware. Some wines are fermented on barrel, as opposed to in a container like steel or wine-grade HDPE tanks. Wine can also be fermented in large tanks, which—when open to the atmosphere—are called open-tops. Other wooden cooperage for storing wine or spirits range from smaller barriques to huge casks, the tastes yielded by French and American species of oak are slightly different, with French oak being subtler, while American oak gives stronger aromas. To retain the desired measure of oak influence, a winery will replace a certain percentage of its barrels every year, some winemakers use 200% new oak, where the wine is put into new oak barrels twice during the aging process. Bulk wines are more cheaply flavored by soaking oak chips in them instead of being aged in a barrel. Sherry is stored in 600-litre casks made of North American oak, the casks, or butts, are filled five-sixths full, leaving the space of two fists empty at the top to allow flor to develop on top of the wine. NOTE, This section uses both the U. S. –Irish typical spelling whiskey and the British–Canadian typical spelling whisky, laws in several jurisdictions require that whiskey be aged in wooden barrels
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Lynchburg, Tennessee
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Lynchburg is a city in the south-central region of the U. S. state of Tennessee. It is governed by a consolidated city-county government unit whose boundaries coincide with those of Moore County, Lynchburg is best known as the location of Jack Daniels, whose famous Tennessee whiskey is marketed worldwide as the product of a city with only one traffic light. Despite the operational distillery, which is a major tourist attraction, the population was 6,362 at the 2010 census. Lynchburg is part of the Tullahoma, Tennessee Micropolitan Statistical Area, the downtown area is listed on the National Register of Historic Places as the Lynchburg Historic District. Settlers first arrived in the Lynchburg area around 1801, Main Street was originally the main road, and roughly followed the route of East Fork Mulberry Creek. Residences were generally located in the half of Lynchburg, while industries were situated along the creek in the eastern half. One early settler, Thomas Roundtree, established a mill along the creek in the vicinity of the modern Jack Daniels Distillery. By the 1830s, another settler, William P. Long, was operating a gristmill, early Lynchburg was also home to a large tannery. The origin of the name is unclear. An article in an 1876 issue of the Lynchburg Sentinel suggests an early settler named the city after his native Lynchburg, the WPA Guide to Tennessee states the city was named after an early resident named Tom Lynch. During the Civil War, residents of Lynchburg generally supported the Confederacy, company E of the Confederate Armys 1st Tennessee Cavalry consisted primarily of Lynchburg residents. A monument to the areas Confederate soldiers stands on the lawn of the Moore County Courthouse, in 1871, Moore County was created from parts of Lincoln, Bedford, Coffee, and Franklin counties. In June 1873, Lynchburg was chosen as the county seat of Moore, the county commissioners established a courthouse square along Main Street, the pattern of which was influenced by the square in nearby Shelbyville. Two schools, the Lynchburg Male and Female Institute and the Lynchburg Normal School, were established during this period, and several church congregations built elaborate new churches. During the 1870s, Lynchburg was situated at the center of an agrarian economic triangle consisting of Tullahoma to the northeast, Shelbyville to the northwest, as such, the city developed into an important mule trading center. The city was home to a rising number of distilleries. By the 1880s, fifteen registered distilleries were operating in Moore County, with the most productive being Tom Eatons Distillery, the distilleries provided a convenient market for local corn growers, and the leftover corn slop was used as feed for hogs and cattle. On December 4,1883, a fire destroyed half of Lynchburg, including the courthouse
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Tullahoma, Tennessee
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Tullahoma is a city in Coffee and Franklin counties in the south-central part of the U. S. state of Tennessee. The population was 18,655 at the 2010 census, in 2014 the population was estimated to be 18,899. It is the city of the Tullahoma micropolitan area, which consists of Coffee, Franklin. Tullahoma was founded in 1852 as a camp along the new Nashville. 12 years after its founding, it left the Union to become its own free state and its name is derived from the Choctaw language, and means red rock. An alternative explanation of the name is that Peter Decherd, who donated the land for the railroad right-of-way, named one station Decherd, Tulkahoma was the name of Decherds favorite horse, which was itself named for an Indian chief his grandfather had captured. Tullahoma shared its name with Tullahoma, Mississippi which was changed to Grenada. Prior to Tullahoma or the railroad, the area was settled by farmers and these farmers came mostly from Virginia and North Carolina. Early settlers were Moore, Deckerd, Anderson, Ragon, Montgomery, Ferrell, Stephenson, a spring known to the first settlers as Bottle Spring, and later as John Gunns Spring, is today Big Springs. This spring provided water for the steam locomotives, in April 1861, Company B, 1st Regiment of Tennessee Volunteers, formed Peter Turneys division in Tullahoma. The division joined Robert E. Lees Army of Northern Virginia, the division fought in the battles of Bull Run, Fredricksburg, Chancellorsville, Gettysburg, Petersburg, and surrendered to U. S. Grant at Appomattox. The town became highly significant during the Civil War and served as the headquarters for the Confederate Army of Tennessee in 1863. The campaign of that year, which ultimately delivered control of Middle Tennessee to the Union, Tullahoma was then still little more than a rough outpost, with no paved streets. 1863 was a wet year, and the became known to the bedraggled troops of both sides as a place of endless mud. The selection and use of Tullahoma as a headquarters by Confederate General Braxton Bragg has since been criticized by military historians. Although the location was strategic with regard to the road and rail network, it had no natural defenses. Eventually the town was evacuated without a battle, after the war, Tullahoma recovered slowly, but began to prosper from its vital railroad link. During this period, Tullahoma became renowned for its educational facilities, at the turn of the 20th century, Tullahoma became a popular health destination, with many spas across town
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Nashville, Tennessee
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Nashville is the capital of the U. S. state of Tennessee and the county seat of Davidson County. It is located on the Cumberland River in the central part of the state. The city is a center for the music, healthcare, publishing, banking and transportation industries and it is known as a center of the country music industry, earning it the nickname Music City, U. S. A. Since 1963, Nashville has had a consolidated city-county government which includes six municipalities in a two-tier system. Nashville is governed by a mayor, vice-mayor, and 40-member Metropolitan Council, thirty-five of the members are elected from single-member districts, five are elected at-large. Reflecting the citys position in government, Nashville is home to the Tennessee Supreme Courts courthouse for Middle Tennessee. According to 2015 estimates from the U. S. Census Bureau, the balance population, which excludes semi-independent municipalities within Nashville, was 654,610. The 2015 population of the entire 13-county Nashville metropolitan area was 1,830,345, the 2015 population of the Nashville-Davidson–Murfreesboro–Columbia combined statistical area, a larger trade area, was 1,951,644. The town of Nashville was founded by James Robertson, John Donelson, and it was named for Francis Nash, the American Revolutionary War hero. Nashville quickly grew because of its location, accessibility as a port on the Cumberland River, a tributary of the Ohio River. By 1800, the city had 345 residents, including 136 African American slaves and 14 free blacks, in 1806, Nashville was incorporated as a city and became the county seat of Davidson County, Tennessee. In 1843, the city was named the permanent capital of the state of Tennessee, by 1860, when the first rumblings of secession began to be heard across the South, antebellum Nashville was a prosperous city. The citys significance as a port made it a desirable prize as a means of controlling important river. In February 1862, Nashville became the first state capital to fall to Union troops, the state was occupied by Union troops for the duration of the war. Within a few years after the Civil War, the Nashville chapter of the Ku Klux Klan was founded by Confederate veteran John W. Morton, meanwhile, the city had reclaimed its important shipping and trading position and developed a solid manufacturing base. The post–Civil War years of the late 19th century brought new prosperity to Nashville and these healthy economic times left the city with a legacy of grand classical-style buildings, which can still be seen around the downtown area. Circa 1950 the state approved a new city charter that provided for the election of city council members from single-member districts. This change was supported because at-large voting diluted the minority populations political power in the city and they could seldom gain a majority of the population to support a candidate of their choice
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Lynnville, Tennessee
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Lynnville is a town in Giles County, Tennessee. The population was 287 at the 2010 census, the name is from a local creek. Lynnville is located at 35°22′38″N 87°0′19″W, according to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 0.3 square miles, all land. Lynnville is in the part of Tennessee. It is located on State Route 129, east of U. S. Route 31, as of the census of 2000, there were 345 people,150 households, and 96 families residing in the town. The population density was 1,060.2 people per square mile, there were 161 housing units at an average density of 494.7 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 87. 83% White,9. 57% African American,1. 16% Native American,0. 29% Asian,0. 29% Pacific Islander, and 0. 87% from two or more races. 35. 3% of all households were made up of individuals and 20. 7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.30 and the average family size was 2.98. In the town the population was out with 23. 5% under the age of 18,7. 5% from 18 to 24,23. 2% from 25 to 44,26. 7% from 45 to 64. The median age was 41 years, for every 100 females there were 98.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.9 males, the median income for a household in the town was $36,875, and the median income for a family was $45,000. Males had an income of $31,875 versus $18,854 for females. The per capita income for the town was $15,147, about 9. 8% of families and 14. 2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 11. 3% of those under age 18 and 22. 0% of those age 65 or over. As of the 2010 census, there were 287 people residing in the town, the racial makeup of the town was 91. 64% White,8. 01% African American, and 0. 35% from two or more races. In the town, the population was 5. 57% under 5 years,13. 94% from 5 to 17,61. 32% from 18-64,50. 17% were male and 49. 83% were female. Emma Grigsby Meharg, Texas Secretary of State and educator, was born in Lynnville
25.
Chattanooga, Tennessee
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Chattanooga is a city in the U. S. state of Tennessee, with a population of 176,588 in 2015. The fourth-largest Tennessee city, it is the seat of Hamilton County, located in southeastern Tennessee in East Tennessee, on the Tennessee River, served by multiple railroads and Interstate highways, Chattanooga is a transit hub. The city, with elevation of approximately 680 feet, lies at the transition between the ridge-and-valley portion of the Appalachian Mountains and the Cumberland Plateau. Surrounded by mountains and ridges, the nickname for Chattanooga is the Scenic City. Unofficial nicknames include River City, Chatt, Nooga, Chattown, Chattanooga is internationally known for the 1941 song Chattanooga Choo Choo by Glenn Miller and his orchestra. Chattanooga is home to the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga and Chattanooga State Community College, the city has its own typeface, Chatype, which was launched in August 2012. The first inhabitants of the Chattanooga area were Native Americans, sites dating back to the Upper Paleolithic period showed continuous occupation through the Archaic, Woodland, Mississippian/Muskogean/Yuchi, and Cherokee. The Chickamauga Mound near the mouth of the Chickamauga Creek is the oldest remaining visible art in Chattanooga, the Citico town and mound site was the most significant Mississippian/Muscogee landmark in Chattanooga up to 1915. The first part of the name Chattanooga derives from the Muskogean word cvto /chắtȯ/ – rock, the latter may be derived from a regional suffix -nuga meaning dwelling or dwelling place. In 1816 John Ross, who later became Principal Chief, established Rosss Landing, located along what is now Broad Street, it became one of the centers of Cherokee Nation settlement, which also extended into Georgia and Alabama. Their journey west became known as the Trail of Tears for their exile, the US Army used Rosss Landing as the site of one of three large internment camps, or emigration depots, where Native Americans were held prior to the journey on the Trail of Tears. One of the internment camps was located in Fort Payne, Alabama, in 1839, the community of Rosss Landing incorporated as the city of Chattanooga. The city grew quickly, initially benefiting from a location well-suited for river commerce, with the arrival of the railroad in 1850, Chattanooga became a boom town. During the American Civil War, Chattanooga was a center of battle, during the Chickamauga Campaign, Union artillery bombarded Chattanooga as a diversion and occupied it on September 9,1863. Following the Battle of Chickamauga, the defeated Union Army retreated to safety in Chattanooga, the next day, the Battle of Lookout Mountain was fought, driving the Confederates off the mountain. On November 25, Grants army routed the Confederates in the Battle of Missionary Ridge and these battles were followed the next spring by the Atlanta Campaign, beginning just over the nearby state line in Georgia and moving southeastward. After the war ended, the city became a railroad hub and industrial. The largest flood in Chattanoogas history occurred in 1867, before the Tennessee Valley Authority system was created in 1933 by Congress, the flood crested at 58 feet and completely inundated the city
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Corn whiskey
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Corn whiskey is an American liquor made from a mash of at least 80 percent corn and distilled to a maximum strength of 160 proof. Distinct from the stereotypical American moonshine, corn whiskey uses a traditional process and is subject to the tax. Several commercial distillers such as Heaven Hill produce unaged corn whiskeys for retail sale, unlike other American whiskey styles, corn whiskey needs no wood aging at all. Aging usually is brief, six months or less, during which time the whiskey absorbs color and flavor from the barrel while the off-flavors and fusel alcohols are reduced. A variant called straight corn whiskey is produced, in which the whiskey is stored in used or uncharred new oak containers for two years or more. Whiskeys produced in this manner and aged for at least four years can be designated bottled in bond if they meet further requirements, the 1954 rhythm and blues song Fat Back and Corn Liquor was written by Louisiana songwriter Rudy Toombs and sung by Louis Jordan. It was released by Aladdin Records as the A-side of a ten-inch 78rpm record, bourbon whiskey List of whiskey brands List of maize dishes Liquor portal
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Moonshine
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Moonshine, white liquor, white lightning, mountain dew, hooch, homebrew, white whiskey, and corn liquor are terms used to describe high-proof distilled spirits that are usually produced illicitly. Moonshine is typically made with corn mash, as its main ingredient and they are enforced by the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives of the US Department of Justice, such enforcers of these laws are known by the often derisive nickname of revenooers. The distillation was done at night to avoid discovery, Moonshine was especially important to the Appalachian area. This white whiskey most likely entered the Appalachian region in the late 18th century to early 1800s, scots-Irish immigrants from the province of Ulster in the north of Ireland brought their recipe for their uisce beatha, Gaelic for water of life. The settlers made their whiskey without aging it, and this is the recipe that became traditional in the Appalachian area. As a study of farmers in Cocke County, Tennessee, observes, One horse could haul ten times more value on its back in whiskey than in corn. Moonshiners in Harlan County, Kentucky, like Maggie Bailey, made the whiskey to sell in order to provide for their families, others, like Amos Owens, from Rutherford County, North Carolina and Popcorn Sutton from Maggie Valley, North Carolina sold moonshine to nearby areas. Marvin Popcorn Suttons life was covered in a documentary on the Discovery Channel called Moonshiners, the legendary bootlegger once said that the malt is what makes the basic moonshine recipe work. Poorly produced moonshine can be contaminated, mainly from materials used in the construction of the still, stills employing automotive radiators as condensers are particularly dangerous, in some cases, glycol, products from antifreeze, can appear as well. Radiators used as condensers also may lead at the connections to the plumbing. These methods often resulted in blindness or lead poisoning for those consuming tainted liquor and this was an issue during Prohibition when many died from ingesting unhealthy substances. Moonshine can be both more palatable and less damaging by discarding the foreshot—the first few ounces of alcohol that drip from the condenser. The foreshot contains most of the methanol, if any, from the mash because methanol vaporizes at a lower temperature than ethanol, the foreshot also typically contains small amounts of other undesirable compounds such as acetone and various aldehydes. Alcohol concentrations above about 50% alcohol by volume are flammable and therefore dangerous to handle and this is especially true during the distilling process when vaporized alcohol may accumulate in the air to dangerous concentrations if adequate ventilation has not been provided. A quick estimate of the strength, or proof, of the distillate is often achieved by shaking a clear container of the distillate. Large bubbles with a short duration indicate a higher alcohol content, a common folk test for the quality of moonshine was to pour a small quantity of it into a spoon and set it on fire. The theory was that a safe distillate burns with a blue flame, practitioners of this simple test also held that if a radiator coil had been used as a condenser, then there would be lead in the distillate, which would give a reddish flame. This led to the mnemonic, Lead burns red and makes you dead, although the flame test will show the presence of lead and fusel oils, it will not reveal the presence of methanol, which burns with an invisible flame
28.
Plainfield, Illinois
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Plainfield is a village in Will County, Illinois, United States. The US Census Bureau estimates the population at 41,734 as of 2013, the village includes land in Plainfield and Wheatland townships. Part of Plainfield is located in Kendall County, with the growth in the Chicago suburbs in the 1990s and 2000s, the village has seen a population increase, from 4,500 in 1990 to 28,000 in 2000 to over 37,000 in 2007. The village has established a community Preservation Commission and historic preservation ordinance and it is the home of the Lake Renwick Preserve, a county forest preserve used for birdwatching and other activities. The area was called Walkers Grove until it was platted as Plainfield in 1841. It was originally settled by a community of Potawatomi. Indian Boundary Road aligns with the border of the tract of land originally ceded. The earliest Europeans in the area were French fur traders, James Walker, Jesse Walkers son-in-law, traveled with him and became the first European to claim land in the area in 1828. In 1828, James Walker, in the company of several men, Plainfield is identified as the oldest community in Will County because the earliest settlement of Walkers Grove was established on the banks of the DuPage River by 1828. However, the actual Village of Plainfield was platted immediately north of Walkers Grove in 1834 by Chester Ingersoll, the separate community of East Plainfield was platted in June 1836 by James Mathers who began selling lots in July 1836. In addition he also constructed a gristmill and a mill race west of Water Street, Water Street would later become Plainfield-Naperville Road. Walkers Grove flourished because of the DuPage River and established routes to Fort Dearborn in Chicago, reuben Flagg hauled lumber from Walkers mill to Chicago in order to erect the first two frame structures in the city. Chicago also depended upon the settlement for mail and supplies, the communitys early prosperity was stunted when the Illinois & Michigan Canal opened in 1848, because the Village was not located along the canal. Located within the Village are numerous Greek Revival, upright-and-wing cottages, a built in 1847. Plainfield currently has three buildings listed on the National Register of Historic Places, Plainfield House, Flanders House, Plainfield abolitionists offered food and shelter to runaway slaves following the Underground Railroad. North Central College was first founded in the village in 1861 as Plainfield College, Plainfield Public Library District was first founded in the village in 1925 as the Nimmons Village of Plainfield Free Public Library. Plainfield is also the birthplace of Eddie Gardner, one of the credited with establishing the transcontinental air mail routes for the United States Postal Service. The earliest architects associated with buildings in Plainfield are J. E. Minott of Aurora, G. Julian & John Barnes of Joliet, and Herbert Cowell of Joliet and Plainfield
29.
Maple
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Acer /ˈeɪsər/ is a genus of trees or shrubs commonly known as maple. There are approximately 128 species, most of which are native to Asia, with a number appearing in Europe, northern Africa. Only one species, Acer laurinum, extends to the Southern Hemisphere, the type species of the genus is the sycamore maple, Acer pseudoplatanus, the most common maple species in Europe. Most maples are trees growing to 10–45 m height, others are shrubs less than 10 meters tall with a number of small trunks originating at ground level. Most species are deciduous, and many are renowned for their autumn colour, but a few in southern Asia. Most are shade-tolerant when young and are often riparian, understory, many of the root systems are typically dense and fibrous, inhibiting the growth of other vegetation underneath them. A few species, notably Acer cappadocicum, frequently produce root sprouts, maples are distinguished by opposite leaf arrangement. The leaves in most species are palmate veined and lobed, with 3 to 9 veins each leading to a lobe, a small number of species differ in having palmate compound, pinnate compound, pinnate veined or unlobed leaves. Several species, including Acer griseum, Acer mandshuricum, Acer maximowiczianum, one species, Acer negundo, has pinnately compound leaves that may be simply trifoliate or may have five, seven, or rarely nine leaflets. A few, such as Acer laevigatum and Acer carpinifolium, have pinnately veined simple leaves, the flowers are regular, pentamerous, and borne in racemes, corymbs, or umbels. They have four or five sepals, four or five petals about 1 –6 mm long, four to ten stamens about 6 –10 mm long, and two pistils or a pistil with two styles. The ovary is superior and has two carpels, whose wings elongate the flowers, making it easy to tell which flowers are female. Maples flower in winter or early spring, in most species with or just after the appearance of the leaves. Maple flowers are green, yellow, orange or red, though individually small, the effect of an entire tree in flower can be striking in several species. Some maples are a spring source of pollen and nectar for bees. The distinctive fruits are called samaras, maple keys, helicopters and these seeds occur in distinctive pairs each containing one seed enclosed in a nutlet attached to a flattened wing of fibrous, papery tissue. They are shaped to spin as they fall and to carry the seeds a considerable distance on the wind, people often call them helicopters due to the way that they spin as they fall. During World War II, the US Army developed an air drop supply carrier that could carry up to 65 pounds of supplies and was based on the Maple seed
30.
Charcoal
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Charcoal is a lightweight, black residue, consisting of carbon and any remaining ash, obtained by removing water and other volatile constituents from animal and vegetation substances. Charcoal is usually produced by slow pyrolysis- the heating of wood or other substances in the absence of oxygen, the whole pile is covered with turf or moistened clay. The firing is begun at the bottom of the flue, the success of the operation depends upon the rate of the combustion. The operation is so delicate that it was left to colliers. They often lived alone in small huts in order to tend their wood piles, for example, in the Harz Mountains of Germany, charcoal burners lived in conical huts called Köten which are still much in evidence today. The massive production of charcoal was a cause of deforestation. The increasing scarcity of easily harvested wood was a factor behind the switch to fossil fuel equivalents, mainly coal. Charcoal made at 300 °C is brown, soft and friable, and readily inflames at 380 °C, made at higher temperatures it is hard and brittle, in Finland and Scandinavia, the charcoal was considered the by-product of wood tar production. The best tar came from pine, thus pinewoods were cut down for tar pyrolysis, the residual charcoal was widely used as substitute for metallurgical coke in blast furnaces for smelting. Tar production led to deforestation, it has been estimated all Finnish forests are younger than 300 years. The end of tar production at the end of the 19th century resulted in rapid re-forestation, the charcoal briquette was first invented and patented by Ellsworth B. A. Zwoyer of Pennsylvania in 1897 and was produced by the Zwoyer Fuel Company. The process was popularized by Henry Ford, who used wood. Ford Charcoal went on to become the Kingsford Company, Charcoal has been made by various methods. The traditional method in Britain used a clamp and this is essentially a pile of wooden logs leaning against a chimney. The chimney consists of 4 wooden stakes held up by some rope, the logs are completely covered with soil and straw allowing no air to enter. It must be lit by introducing some burning fuel into the chimney, if the soil covering gets torn by the fire, additional soil is placed on the cracks. Once the burn is complete, the chimney is plugged to prevent air from entering, the true art of this production method is in managing the sufficient generation of heat, and its transfer to wood parts in the process of being carbonised. A strong disadvantage of this method is the huge amount of emissions that are harmful to human health
31.
Oak
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An oak is a tree or shrub in the genus Quercus of the beech family, Fagaceae. There are approximately 600 extant species of oaks, the common name oak also appears in the names of species in related genera, notably Lithocarpus, as well as in those of unrelated species such as Grevillea robusta and the Casuarinaceae. North America contains the largest number of oak species, with approximately 90 occurring in the United States, the second greatest center of oak diversity is China, which contains approximately 100 species. Oaks have spirally arranged leaves, with lobate margins in many species, also, the acorns contain tannic acid, as do the leaves, which helps to guard from fungi and insects. Many deciduous species are marcescent, not dropping dead leaves until spring, in spring, a single oak tree produces both male flowers and small female flowers. The fruit is a nut called an acorn, borne in a structure known as a cupule, each acorn contains one seed and takes 6–18 months to mature. The live oaks are distinguished for being evergreen, but are not actually a distinct group, the oak tree is a flowering plant. Oaks may be divided into two genera and a number of sections, The genus Quercus is divided into the following sections, Quercus, the white oaks of Europe, Asia and North America. Styles are short, acorns mature in 6 months and taste sweet or slightly bitter, the leaves mostly lack a bristle on their lobe tips, which are usually rounded. The type species is Quercus robur, Mesobalanus, Hungarian oak and its relatives of Europe and Asia. Styles long, acorns mature in about 6 months and taste bitter, the section Mesobalanus is closely related to section Quercus and sometimes included in it. Cerris, the Turkey oak and its relatives of Europe and Asia, styles long, acorn mature in 18 months and taste very bitter. The inside of the shell is hairless. Its leaves typically have sharp tips, with bristles at the lobe tip. Protobalanus, the live oak and its relatives, in southwest United States. Styles short, acorns mature in 18 months and taste very bitter, the inside of the acorn shell appears woolly. Leaves typically have sharp tips, with bristles at the lobe tip. Lobatae, the red oaks of North America, Central America, styles long, acorns mature in 18 months and taste very bitter
32.
Lincoln County, Tennessee
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Lincoln County is a county located in the U. S. state of Tennessee. As of the 2010 census, the population was 33,361 and its county seat and largest city is Fayetteville. The county is named for Major General Benjamin Lincoln, an officer in the American Revolutionary War, Lincoln County was created in 1809 from parts of Bedford County. The land occupied by the county was part of a land session obtained from the Cherokee, the Lincoln County Process, used in the distillation of Tennessee whiskey, is named for this county, as Jack Daniels distillery was originally located there. However, a subsequent redrawing of county lines resulted in the establishment of adjacent Moore County, where it is now located, so no current Lincoln County business uses its namesake process. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 571 square miles. The population density was 55 people per square mile, there were 13,999 housing units at an average density of 24 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 89. 45% White,6. 80% Black or African American,0. 45% Native American,0. 36% Asian,0. 06% Pacific Islander,1. 10% from other races, and 1. 78% from two or more races. 2. 65% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race, 25% of all households were made up of individuals and 12% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.45 and the family size was 2.93. In the county, the population was out with 24% under the age of 18, 8% from 18 to 24, 28% from 25 to 44, 25% from 45 to 64. The median age was 39 years, for every 100 females there were 93.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.8 males, the median income for a household in the county was $33,434, and the median income for a family was $41,454. Males had an income of $30,917 versus $21,722 for females. The per capita income for the county was $18,837, about 10% of families and 14% of the population were below the poverty line, including 17% of those under age 18 and 20% of those age 65 or over. The governing body of Lincoln County is the Lincoln County Commission, the body is chaired by the County Mayor. The government center of Lincoln County is the Lincoln County Courthouse in Fayetteville
33.
Moore County, Tennessee
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Moore County is a county located in the U. S. state of Tennessee. As of the 2010 census, the population was 6,362 and it forms a consolidated city-county government with its county seat of Lynchburg. With 130 square miles, it is the second-smallest county in Tennessee, the county was created in 1871. Moore County is part of the Tullahoma-Manchester, TN Micropolitan Statistical Area, Moore County was established in 1871 from parts of Lincoln, Bedford and Franklin counties, and named in honor of General William Moore, an early settler and long-time member of the state legislature. The new county originally contained about 300 square miles, but Lincoln County sued and successfully reclaimed a portion of its land, Moore County has been home to whiskey distilleries since the 1820s. By 1875, fifteen distilleries were operating in the county, at the end of the 20th century, the Jack Daniel Distillery in Lynchburg was the countys primary source of revenue. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 130 square miles. It is the second-smallest county in Tennessee by area, the county is located partially on the rugged Highland Rim, and partially in the flatter Nashville Basin. Coffee County Franklin County Lincoln County Bedford County Tims Ford Lake As of the census of 2010, there were 6,362 people,2,492 households, there were 2,492 occupied housing units. The racial makeup of the county was 95. 4% White,2. 3% Black or African American,0. 3% Native American,0. 4% Asian,0. 5% from other races,1. 1% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 22. 6% of all households were made up of individuals and 11. 0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.51 and the average family size was 2.93. In the county, the population was out with 24. 2% under the age of 20,14. 8% from 20 to 34,20. 5% from 35 to 49,22. 1% from 50 to 64. The median age was 43.3 years, per 2000 Census data, the median income for a household in the county was $36,591, and the median income for a family was $41,484. Males had an income of $31,559 versus $20,987 for females. The per capita income for the county was $19,040,9. 6% of the population and 7. 8% of families were below the poverty line. 11. 7% are under the age of 18 and 12. 1% are 65 or older, Moore County is the location of the Jack Daniel Distillery, whose famous brand of Tennessee whiskey is marketed world-wide. Ironically, despite the operational distillery, Moore is a dry county and this status dates to the passage of state prohibition laws in the early 20th century. While federal prohibition ended in 1933 with the repeal of the Eighteenth Amendment, all Tennessee counties are dry by default, though any county can become wet by passing a county-wide local option referendum
34.
Country music
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Country music is a genre of United States popular music that originated in the southern United States in the 1920s. It takes its roots from the genre of United States, such as folk music. Blues modes have been used throughout its recorded history. The term country music is used today to many styles and subgenres. In 2009 country music was the most listened to rush hour radio genre during the evening commute, immigrants to the Southern Appalachian Mountains of North America brought the music and instruments of Europe and Africa along with them for nearly 300 years. Country music was introduced to the world as a Southern phenomenon, Bristol, Tennessee, has been formally recognized by the U. S. Congress as the Birthplace of Country Music, based on the historic Bristol recording sessions of 1927. Since 2014, the city has been home to the Birthplace of Country Music Museum, historians have also noted the influence of the less-known Johnson City sessions of 1928 and 1929, and the Knoxville sessions of 1929 and 1930. Prior to these, pioneer settlers, in the Great Smoky Mountains region, had developed a musical heritage. The first generation emerged in the early 1920s, with Atlantas music scene playing a role in launching countrys earliest recording artists. Okeh Records began issuing hillbilly music records by Fiddlin John Carson as early as 1923, followed by Columbia Records in 1924, many hillbilly musicians, such as Cliff Carlisle, recorded blues songs throughout the 1920s. The most important was the Grand Ole Opry, aired starting in 1925 by WSM in Nashville, during the 1930s and 1940s, cowboy songs, or Western music, which had been recorded since the 1920s, were popularized by films made in Hollywood. Bob Wills was another musician from the Lower Great Plains who had become very popular as the leader of a hot string band. His mix of country and jazz, which started out as dance hall music, Wills was one of the first country musicians known to have added an electric guitar to his band, in 1938. Country musicians began recording boogie in 1939, shortly after it had played at Carnegie Hall. Gospel music remained a component of country music. It became known as honky tonk, and had its roots in Western swing and the music of Mexico. By the early 1950s a blend of Western swing, country boogie, rockabilly was most popular with country fans in the 1950s, and 1956 could be called the year of rockabilly in country music. Beginning in the mid-1950s, and reaching its peak during the early 1960s, the late 1960s in American music produced a unique blend as a result of traditionalist backlash within separate genres
35.
George Jones
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George Glenn Jones was an American musician, singer and songwriter. He achieved international fame for his long list of hit records, including his best known song He Stopped Loving Her Today, as well as his distinctive voice, for the last 20 years of his life, Jones was frequently referred to as the greatest living country singer. Waylon Jennings expressed an opinion in his song Its Alright, If we all could sound like we wanted to. The shape of his nose and facial features earned Jones the nickname The Possum, born in Texas, Jones first heard country music when he was seven and was given a guitar at the age of nine. He married his first wife, Dorothy Bonvillion, in 1950 and he served in the United States Marine Corps and was discharged in 1953. He married Shirley Ann Corley in 1954, in 1959, Jones released a cover version of White Lightning by J. P. Richardson, which launched his career as a singer. His second marriage ended in divorce in 1968, he married country music singer Tammy Wynette a year later. Many years of alcoholism caused his health to deteriorate severely and led to his many performances. After his divorce from Wynette in 1975, Jones married his wife, Nancy Sepulvado, in 1983. Jones died in 2013, aged 81, from respiratory failure. During his career, Jones had more than 150 hits, both as a solo artist and in duets with other artists. George Glenn Jones was born on September 12,1931 in Saratoga, Texas and his father, George Washington Jones, worked in a shipyard and played harmonica and guitar while his mother, Clara, played piano in the Pentecostal Church on Sundays. During his delivery, one of the doctors dropped Jones and broke his arm, when he was seven, his parents bought a radio and he heard country music for the first time. But the opposite happened, he became a chronic singer and he became someone who had to sing. Daddy was an unusual drinker. He drank to excess but never while working, and he probably was the hardest working man Ive ever known. His father bought him his first guitar at age nine and he learned his first chords and songs at church and he left home at 16 and went to Jasper, Texas, where he sang and played on the KTXJ radio station with fellow musician Dalton Henderson. From there, he worked at the KRIC radio station, during one such afternoon show, Jones met his idol, Hank Williams. In the 1989 video documentary Same Ole Me, Jones admitted, I couldnt think or eat nothin unless it was Hank Williams and he had to be, really, the greatest
36.
Distillation
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Distillation is a process of separating the component or substances from a liquid mixture by selective evaporation and condensation. Distillation may result in complete separation, or it may be a partial separation that increases the concentration of selected components of the mixture. In either case the process exploits differences in the volatility of the mixtures components, in industrial chemistry, distillation is a unit operation of practically universal importance, but it is a physical separation process and not a chemical reaction. For example, In the fossil fuel industry distillation is a class of operation in obtaining materials from crude oil for fuels. Distillation permits separation of air into its components — notably oxygen, nitrogen, Distillation of fermented products produces distilled beverages with a high alcohol content, or separates out other fermentation products of commercial value. An installation for distillation, especially of alcohol, is a distillery, the distillation equipment is a still. Distillation is an old method of artificial desalination. Aristotle wrote about the process in his Meteorologica and even that ordinary wine possesses a kind of exhalation, later evidence of distillation comes from Greek alchemists working in Alexandria in the 1st century AD. Distilled water has been known since at least c,200, when Alexander of Aphrodisias described the process. Work on distilling other liquids continued in early Byzantine Egypt under the Greek-Egyptian Zosimus of Panopolis, Distillation in China could have begun during the Eastern Han Dynasty, but archaeological evidence indicates that actual distillation of beverages began in the Jin and Southern Song dynasties. A still was found in a site in Qinglong, Hebei province dating to the 12th century. Distilled beverages were more common during the Yuan dynasty, arabs learned the process from the Alexandrians and used it extensively in their chemical experiments. Clear evidence of the distillation of alcohol comes from the School of Salerno in the 12th century, fractional distillation was developed by Tadeo Alderotti in the 13th century. In 1500, German alchemist Hieronymus Braunschweig published Liber de arte destillandi the first book dedicated to the subject of distillation. In 1651, John French published The Art of Distillation the first major English compendium of practice and this includes diagrams with people in them showing the industrial rather than bench scale of the operation. As alchemy evolved into the science of chemistry, vessels called retorts became used for distillations, riveted joints were often kept tight by using various mixtures, for instance a dough made of rye flour. These alembics often featured a system around the beak, using cold water for instance. Today, the retorts and pot stills have largely supplanted by more efficient distillation methods in most industrial processes
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