1.
Cairo, Georgia
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Cairo /ˈkeɪ. roʊ/ is a city in Grady County, Georgia, United States. As of the 2010 census, the city had a population of 9,607, the city is the county seat of Grady County. It was incorporated as a town in 1870 and as a city in 1906, in 1905, Cairo was designated seat of the newly formed Grady County. The city was named after Cairo, the capital of Egypt, although Cairo is nicknamed the Syrup City, it has no relationship with the Karo brand of corn syrup, which is pronounced like the citys name. Rather, Cairo earned its nickname by producing cane syrup from the early 1900s through the late 1990s, of the several companies that produced cane syrup, Roddenberys was the best known. Roddenberys later became known for its pickles and the worlds largest outdoor brine yard. However, the company was sold to Dean Foods in 1993, according to local tradition, this began during a rainy football game, when the players wore donated ponchos with Roddenbery Syrup printed on them. The most widely accepted tradition and the one with the most supportive evidence claims that a reporter referred to the Cairo Tigers in print as the syrupmakers from Cairo. The schools female athletic teams are named Syrup Maids, often shortened to Maids, in 1986 ESPN chose Syrupmakers as the No.1 nickname for a high school sports team. In 2009, ESPNs Sports Center selected the Syrupmakers as their number one mascot in the high school heritage category, Cairo is close to great hunting, fishing, and points of historical interest. The local industrial base continues to grow with manufacturing, service, the area is home to several local festivals, including Calvarys Mule Day, Whighams Rattlesnake Roundup, Cairos own Antique Car Rally, and several competitive recreational programs. The Antique Car Rally features a range of cars, and includes many activities, a poker run, a parade. It usually takes place on the weekend of May. Sponsored by Mr. Chick, it is an event that attracts many people to the southwest corner of Georgia. Grady County Schools serves the city, Elementary schools in Grady include Shiver School, Eastside Elementary, Northside Elementary, Southside Elementary, and Whigham School. All residents are zoned to Washington Middle School and Cairo High School, students living further out in the county are sent to Shiver School K-8, or either Whigham School The South West Georgia Tech campus is in Cairo, with the main campus located in Thomasville. Grady General Hospital serves the city, a 60 bed acute care facility, it has been affiliated with John D. Archbold Memorial Hospital in Thomasville since 1985. Cairo is located in central Grady County at 30°53′N 84°13′W, U. S. Route 84 passes through the northern part of the city, leading east 14 miles to Thomasville and west 24 miles to Bainbridge
2.
Cairo High School
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Cairo High School is a public high school in Cairo, Georgia. The schools motto is With Pride, We Give Our Best, Cairo High School was recognized as the SAT Region Winner for Class AAA and Region 1-AAA for 2005 and 2006. CHS students showed three-year average gains in reading and math SAT scores, Cairo is nicknamed the syrup city because Roddenberys syrup plant was formerly located in Cairo. The syrup made in Cairo is cooked from cane juice and is not the corn syrup known as Karo syrup. Reflecting this heritage, the Cairo High School football team was named the Cairo Syrupmakers, in 1986 ESPN named Syrupmaker the number one nickname for a high school sports team. The school mascot is depicted as a syrup pitcher, in 1994, Amy Gerleman created the teams first syrup pitcher mascot costume and began wearing the pitcher to pep rallies and football games. The term is shortened to Maids for the girls or Makers for the boys. The award-winning marching band is currently under the direction of John E. Scanling, a $3 million construction project for a new career academy at Cairo High School is being constructed. The school was one of three centers in the chosen to receive the $3 million grant. Career Technical and Agriculture Education courses will cater to a variety of career paths like nursing, graphics, the academy will also offer a new course called mechatronics. J. Wilcox, professional football player drafted 2013 by Dallas Cowboys, safety Cairo High School website Grady County School System
3.
Georgia Lady Bulldogs basketball
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The Georgia Lady Bulldogs basketball team represents the University of Georgia in basketball. The Lady Bulldogs are a member of the Southeastern Conference, the Lady Dawgs, as they are sometimes called, play in Stegeman Coliseum in Athens, Georgia. The team is coached by Joni Taylor, coach Landers was hired as the teams first full-time coach in 1979. Since the initial NCAA Womens Division I Basketball Tournament in 1982, the Lady Dogs have appeared every year with the exception of 1992,1994, &10 assists. vs. Alabama 1 Mar 1986 Tracy Henderson 14 points,13 rebs. &10 blocks vs. Louisville 19 Mar 1995 Uga Womens College Basketball Championship History Page, archived from the original on 2009-07-30
4.
WNBA draft
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The WNBA draft is an annual draft held by the WNBA through which WNBA teams can select new players from a talent pool of college and professional womens basketball players. The first WNBA draft was held in 1997, the WNBA requires players to be at least 22, to have completed their college eligibility, to have graduated from a four-year college or to be four years removed from high school. The 1997 WNBA draft was divided into three parts, the first part was the initial allocation of 16 players into individual teams. Players such as Cynthia Cooper and Michelle Timms were assigned to different teams, the second part was the WNBA Elite draft, which was composed of professional womens basketball players who had competed in other leagues. The last part would be the 4 rounds of the regular draft, the next three seasons to follow 1998,1999 and 2000 would all have expansion drafts. There would not be another expansion draft until the 2006 season, all seasons before 2002 would carry 4 rounds. Starting with 2003, all drafts would carry 3 rounds, in 2003 and 2004, there would be dispersal drafts due to the folding of the Cleveland Rockers, Miami Sol and Portland Fire. The players were reallocated to existing teams, there are no restrictions on what part of the world the players come from. However, college sports governing bodies, most notably the NCAA, once the player has joined the WNBA, she is eligible to participate in overseas leagues during the WNBA offseason. Dena Head is the oldest #1 draft pick, having graduated from the University of Tennessee in 1992, lauren Jackson is the youngest #1 draft pick, being drafted at the age of 19. As of 2012, six first picks have gone on to win WNBA Championships, in the seventeen seasons that the WNBA has been in existence, eight #1 draft picks have helped lead their teams to a playoff berth in their rookie year. WNBA Rookie of the Year Award WNBA Past Draft Results Raw Data Dena Head oldest #1 Inside Hoop WNBA Collective Bargaining Agreement
5.
Minnesota Lynx
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The Minnesota Lynx are a professional basketball team based in Minneapolis, Minnesota, playing in the Western Conference in the Womens National Basketball Association. The team was founded prior to the 1999 season, the team is owned by Glen Taylor, who also owns the Lynx NBA counterpart, the Minnesota Timberwolves. The Lynx have qualified for the WNBA Playoffs in eight of their eighteen years in Minnesota, the team won the WNBA title in 2011,2013, and 2015. The franchise has been home to many high-quality players such as Katie Smith, explosive small-forward Seimone Augustus, native Minnesotan Lindsay Whalen, on April 22,1998, the WNBA announced they would add two expansion teams for the 1999 season. The team was named the Minnesota Lynx on December 5,1998. The Lynx started their season in 1999 with 12,122 fans in attendance to watch the first regular-season game against the Detroit Shock at Target Center. The Lynx defeated Detroit 68-51 in the franchises first game and they finished their first season 15–17 overall and held the same record in 2000. In 2001, the Lynx took a turn for the worse as they posted a 12–20 record, the Lynx first head coach Brian Agler was released during the 2002 season after compiling a 47–67 record in three-plus seasons. Heidi VanDerveer became the head coach for the remainder of the season. The team finished the 2002 season with a 10–22 record, worst in franchise history, in 2003, the Lynx hired Suzie McConnell Serio as head coach. She led the team to finish with a franchise-best 18–16 record and they matched both of these feats in the 2004 season. The 2005 season was one of transition for the franchise, leading scorer Katie Smith was dealt to Detroit in July and the team stumbled down the stretch, missing the playoffs for the first time in three years. The Lynx began the 2006 season as the youngest team in the WNBA, on May 31, the team set the WNBA single game scoring record, routing the Los Angeles Sparks by a score of 114–71. That victory however, was a bright spot in a frustrating season. With her team floundering to an 8–15 record, head coach Suzie McConnell Serio resigned on July 23 and she was replaced by assistant Carolyn Jenkins, who piloted the squad to a 2–9 finish. The teams 24 losses set a franchise record, following the season, Augustus was named the 2006 WNBA Rookie of the Year. The 22-year-old was the player in team history to win the award. On December 13,2006, the Lynx named veteran NBA assistant Don Zierden their fifth head coach and his staff included Carolyn Jenkins former Lynx player Teresa Edwards
6.
2011 WNBA season
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The 2011 WNBA season is the 15th season of the Womens National Basketball Association. The regular season began on June 3 with the Los Angeles Sparks hosting the Minnesota Lynx, featuring 2011 WNBA Draft top pick Maya Moore, in a game televised on NBA TV. Four games followed the day, with the marquee matchup, televised on ABC, featuring the defending champion Seattle Storm. The Minnesota Lynx finished the season with the best record in the league at 27-7. The Indiana Fever were the top seed in the Eastern Conference, the Lynx ultimately advanced to face the Atlanta Dream in the 2011 WNBA Finals. The new television deal with ESPN continued during the 2011 season, for the first time ever, teams will be paid rights fees as part of this deal. As of the 2009 season, the roster size per team was reduced from 13 to 11. As soon as the player is able to play, the roster hardship player – not any other player on the roster—must be waived. On October 12,2010, the New York Liberty named former Monarchs coach John Whisenant head coach, on October 29,2010, Pokey Chatman was named head coach and general manager of the Chicago Sky. On November 1,2010, the Washington Mystics announced that Julie Plank and Angela Taylor would not be returning to the team, on December 3,2010, Donna Orender, six-year league president, announced her resignation effective December 31. On January 11,2011, The San Antonio Silver Stars announced that Dan Hughes would resume head coaching duties, the Washington Mystics announced a marquee sponsorship with Inova Health System on April 7,2011. This marked the team in the league to allow a sponsor to brand their uniforms. On draft day, Adidas introduced the Revolution 30 technology, to be used on all WNBA team uniforms, the uniforms are 30% lighter than before and also enable moisture management. Unlike their NBA and NBA D-League counterparts, however, all WNBA uniforms underwent complete redesigns, NBA Commissioner David Stern announced on April 21,2011 that Laurel J. Richie would assume role as president of the WNBA on May 16. The New York Liberty will play games for the next three seasons at Prudential Center in Newark, New Jersey, due to summer renovations at Madison Square Garden. On August 22,2011, the WNBA announced a marquee sponsorship with Boost Mobile. The deal would allow the Boost Mobile logo to be placed on ten of the 12 teams jerseys in addition to branding on the courts, a source said the deal is worth roughly $10 million over its four years and is the richest in league history. The WNBA Draft lottery was held on November 2,2010, the lottery teams were the Tulsa Shock, Minnesota Lynx, Chicago Sky and Minnesota Lynx
7.
Tulsa Shock
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The Tulsa Shock were a professional basketball team based in Tulsa, Oklahoma, playing in the Western Conference in the Womens National Basketball Association. The team was founded in Detroit, Michigan before the 1998 WNBA season began, the team was owned by Tulsa Pro Hoops LLC, which is led by Bill Cameron and David Box. On July 20,2015, Cameron announced that the franchise would move to Arlington, the Shock qualified for the WNBA Playoffs in their final year in Tulsa in 2015. In 2003,2006,2007, and 2008, the Shock went to the WNBA Finals, they won in 2003,2006 and 2008, beating Los Angeles, Sacramento and they lost in 2007 to Phoenix. The Shock were one of the first WNBA expansion teams and began play in 1998, the Shock quickly brought in a blend of rookies and veterans. The team only qualified for the once in its first five years of existence. The Shock went through two coaches before hiring former Detroit Pistons legend Bill Laimbeer, there were rumors the Shock would fold after the teams awful 2002 season. Laimbeer convinced the owners to keep the team for another year, after massive changes to the roster, Laimbeer predicted before the 2003 season that the Shock would be league champions, and his prediction would unbelievably come true. The Shock finished with a 25-9 record and winning the one seed by seven games. In the playoffs, the Shock defeated the Cleveland Rockers and the Connecticut Sun to reach the WNBA Finals, despite the achievements, the Shock were viewed as huge underdogs to the two-time defending champion Los Angeles Sparks. The Shock emerged victorious in the series, winning a game three which drew the largest crowd in WNBA history. Detroit became the first team in history to go from last place one season to WNBA champions the very next season. After coming up short in 2004 and 2005, the 2006 Shock finished 23-11 record, the Shock defeated the Indiana Fever and the Connecticut Sun to advance to the Finals again, where they faced the defending champion Sacramento Monarchs. The Shock won the series 3-2, and claimed their second WNBA title, in 2007, the Shock again advanced to the Finals but were defeated by the Phoenix Mercury in five games. The 2008 Shock posted a 22-12 regular season record, the best record in the East yet again, in the Finals, the Shock faced the San Antonio Silver Stars, who had not lost to an Eastern Conference team all season. Surprisingly, Detroit swept San Antonio, capturing their third championship in franchise history, the Shock were named favorites for 2009, but they had a rough road getting there. Bill Laimbeer resigned as coach early in the season. However, interim coach Rick Mahorn and the Shock bounced back in the half of 2009
8.
Atlanta Dream
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The Atlanta Dream is a professional basketball team based in Atlanta, playing in the Eastern Conference in the Womens National Basketball Association. The team was founded before the 2008 WNBA season began, the team is owned by Dream Too LLC, which is composed of two Atlanta businesswomen, Mary Brock, and Kelly Loeffler. Like some other WNBA teams, the Dream is not affiliated with an NBA counterpart, the Dream has qualified for the WNBA Playoffs in seven of its nine years in Atlanta and has reached the WNBA Finals three times. In 2010, the Dream went to the WNBA Finals but fell short to Seattle and they lost to the Minnesota Lynx in the 2011 and 2013 WNBA Finals. They have been in the finals for three of four years, but havent won a game in them, going 0-9. Even before the success of the United States womens basketball team in the 1996 Olympic Games, plans were made to place a womens pro team in Atlanta as early as 1995. Eight of the 12 Olympians would play on ABL teams when the league play in October 1996. The Atlanta Glory played at Forbes Arena and would last two seasons before folding before the start of the 1998–99 season, which would be the ABLs final. Atlanta had been mentioned as a future city for WNBA expansion. An organizing committee with Atlanta businessmen and politicians began the effort to attract an expansion team. The inability of the Atlanta Hawks of the NBA to draw crowds was a concern of the WNBA, Philips Arena, the Gwinnett Arena and Alexander Memorial Coliseum were candidates for venues. By May 2007, the committee had over 1,000 pledges for season tickets, by July the committee had 1,200 commitments. The next step was to find an owner for the team, on October 16,2007 word broke that Ron Terwilliger, an Atlanta businessman and CEO of a national real estate company would be the future owner of an Atlanta franchise. The next day, at a conference at Atlantas Centennial Olympic Park. On November 27,2007 Atlanta named Marynell Meadors the first head coach/general manager in franchise history, for Meadors, a coach with extensive experience at the college level, this was her second role as a coach/general manager in the WNBA. Meadors had been one of the WNBAs first eight coaches as the head manager of the Charlotte Sting when that team began in 1997. Afterwards, Meadors had served as a director for the Miami Sol and had been an assistant coach under Richie Adubato. Former NBA player Dennis Rodman volunteered his name as head coach for the Dream, Terwilliger declined, stating that he wanted someone with more coaching experience and he felt that the head coach should be a woman, as the WNBA was a womens league
9.
Basketball
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Basketball is a non-contact team sport played on a rectangular court by two teams of five players each. The objective is to shoot a ball through a hoop 18 inches in diameter and 10 feet high that is mounted to a backboard at each end of the court. The game was invented in 1891 by Dr. James Naismith, a team can score a field goal by shooting the ball through the basket being defended by the opposition team during regular play. A field goal scores three points for the team if the player shoots from behind the three-point line. A team can also score via free throws, which are worth one point, the team with the most points at the end of the game wins, but additional time is mandated when the score is tied at the end of regulation. The ball can be advanced on the court by passing it to a teammate and it is a violation to lift, or drag, ones pivot foot without dribbling the ball, to carry it, or to hold the ball with both hands then resume dribbling. The game has many techniques for displaying skill—ball-handling, shooting, passing, dribbling, dunking, shot-blocking. The point guard directs the on court action of the team, implementing the coachs game plan, Basketball is one of the worlds most popular and widely viewed sports. Outside North America, the top clubs from national leagues qualify to continental championships such as the Euroleague, the FIBA Basketball World Cup attracts the top national teams from around the world. Each continent hosts regional competitions for teams, like EuroBasket. The FIBA Womens Basketball World Cup features the top womens basketball teams from continental championships. The main North American league is the WNBA, whereas the EuroLeague Women has been dominated by teams from the Russian Womens Basketball Premier League, in early December 1891, Canadian Dr. He sought a vigorous indoor game to keep his students occupied, after rejecting other ideas as either too rough or poorly suited to walled-in gymnasiums, he wrote the basic rules and nailed a peach basket onto a 10-foot elevated track. Basketball was originally played with a soccer ball and these laces could cause bounce passes and dribbling to be unpredictable. Eventually a lace-free ball construction method was invented, and this change to the game was endorsed by Naismith, dribbling was not part of the original game except for the bounce pass to teammates. Passing the ball was the means of ball movement. Dribbling was eventually introduced but limited by the shape of early balls. Dribbling only became a part of the game around the 1950s
10.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
11.
Olympic Games
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The Olympic Games are considered the worlds foremost sports competition with more than 200 nations participating. The Olympic Games are held four years, with the Summer and Winter Games alternating by occurring every four years. Their creation was inspired by the ancient Olympic Games, which were held in Olympia, Greece, Baron Pierre de Coubertin founded the International Olympic Committee in 1894, leading to the first modern Games in Athens in 1896. The IOC is the body of the Olympic Movement, with the Olympic Charter defining its structure. The evolution of the Olympic Movement during the 20th and 21st centuries has resulted in changes to the Olympic Games. The IOC has had to adapt to a variety of economic, political, as a result, the Olympics has shifted away from pure amateurism, as envisioned by Coubertin, to allowing participation of professional athletes. The growing importance of mass media created the issue of corporate sponsorship, World wars led to the cancellation of the 1916,1940, and 1944 Games. Large boycotts during the Cold War limited participation in the 1980 and 1984 Games, the Olympic Movement consists of international sports federations, National Olympic Committees, and organising committees for each specific Olympic Games. As the decision-making body, the IOC is responsible for choosing the host city for each Games, the IOC also determines the Olympic programme, consisting of the sports to be contested at the Games. There are several Olympic rituals and symbols, such as the Olympic flag and torch, over 13,000 athletes compete at the Summer and Winter Olympic Games in 33 different sports and nearly 400 events. The first, second, and third-place finishers in each event receive Olympic medals, gold, silver, the Games have grown so much that nearly every nation is now represented. This growth has created numerous challenges and controversies, including boycotts, doping, bribery, every two years the Olympics and its media exposure provide unknown athletes with the chance to attain national and sometimes international fame. The Games also constitute an opportunity for the host city and country to themselves to the world. The Ancient Olympic Games were religious and athletic festivals held every four years at the sanctuary of Zeus in Olympia, competition was among representatives of several city-states and kingdoms of Ancient Greece. These Games featured mainly athletic but also combat such as wrestling. It has been written that during the Games, all conflicts among the participating city-states were postponed until the Games were finished. This cessation of hostilities was known as the Olympic peace or truce and this idea is a modern myth because the Greeks never suspended their wars. The truce did allow those religious pilgrims who were travelling to Olympia to pass through warring territories unmolested because they were protected by Zeus
12.
1984 Summer Olympics
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The 1984 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XXIII Olympiad, was an international multi-sport event held in Los Angeles, California, United States in 1984. When Tehran, the other interested city on the international level, declined to bid due to the concurrent Iranian political and social changes. This was the second occasion Los Angeles hosted the games, the first being in 1932, for differing reasons, Iran and Libya also boycotted. The USSR announced its intention not to participate on May 8,1984, citing security concerns and chauvinistic sentiments, boycotting countries organized another large event in June–September 1984, called the Friendship Games, however, not even a single competition was held between July 28 and August 12. Representatives of the countries, the Soviets in particular, underlined it was not held to replace the Olympics. Elite athletes from the U. S. and USSR would only compete against each other at the 1986 Goodwill Games in Moscow, organized in response to the boycotts. The Olympic Committee led by Peter Ueberroth used some of the profits to endow the LA84 Foundation to promote sports in Southern California, educate coaches. The 1984 Summer Olympics are often considered the most financially successful modern Olympics, the host state of California was the home state of U. S. President Ronald Reagan, who officially opened the Games. He had served as Governor of California from 1967 to 1975, the official mascot of the Los Angeles Games was Sam the Olympic Eagle. The logo of the games featured five blue, white and red stars arranged horizontally and struck through with alternating streaks and these were the first Summer Olympic Games under the IOC presidency of Juan Antonio Samaranch. On July 18,2009, a 25th anniversary celebration was held in the main stadium and this celebration included a speech by the former president of the Los Angeles Olympic Organizing Committee, Ueberroth, and a re-creation of the lighting of the cauldron. After the murder of Israeli athletes by Palestinian terrorists in Munich and significant financial debts of Montreal, only two cities made serious bids for the 1984 Summer Games. But before a city could be anointed in 1978, Tehran, too. Hence, the process for the 1984 Summer Olympics consisted of a single finalized bid. The bid from Tehran was withdrawn before the selection as a result of Irans policy changes following the Iranian Revolution, Los Angeles had unsuccessfully bid for the two previous Summer Olympics, for 1976 and 1980. The 1984 Olympic Torch Relay began in New York City and ended in Los Angeles, traversing 33 states, unlike later torch relays, the torch was continuously carried by runners on foot. The route covered more than 9,320 mi and involved 3,636 runners, noted athlete O. J. Simpson was among the runners, carrying the torch up the California Incline in Santa Monica. With the torch, he touched off the flame passed through a specially designed flammable Olympic logo
13.
1988 Summer Olympics
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The 1988 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XXIV Olympiad, were an international multi-sport event celebrated from 17 September to 2 October 1988 in Seoul, South Korea. They were the second summer Olympic Games to be held in Asia, in the Seoul Games,159 nations were represented by a total of 8,391 athletes,6,197 men and 2,194 women. 263 events were held and 27,221 volunteers helped to prepare the Olympics,11,331 media showed the Games all over the world. These were the last Olympic Games for two of the worlds dominating sport powers, the Soviet Union and East Germany, as both ceased to exist before the next Olympic Games. North Korea, still officially at war with South Korea, and its allies, Albania, Ethiopia, Cuba, Madagascar, Nicaragua boycotted the games because of the U. S. military support to the Contra rebels. However, the much larger boycotts seen in the previous three Summer Olympics were avoided, resulting in the largest ever number of participating nations during the Cold War era, before the opening of the games, thousands of homeless were captured by the police and sent to work camps. Several died under torture. ′ Seoul was chosen to host the Summer Games through a vote held on 30 September 1981, below was the vote count that occurred at the 84th IOC Session and 11th Olympic Congress in Baden-Baden, West Germany. After the Olympics were awarded, Seoul also received the opportunity to stage the 10th Asian Games in 1986, Soviet Vladimir Artemov won four gold medals in gymnastics. Daniela Silivaş of Romania won three and equalled compatriot Nadia Comănecis record of seven Perfect 10s in one Olympic Games, to these medals, she added a gold in the 4×100 relay and a silver in the 4×400. Just after the Games, she announced her retirement, Canadian Ben Johnson won the 100 m final with a new world record, but was disqualified after he tested positive for stanozolol. Johnson has since claimed that his positive test was the result of sabotage, the US finishes in fourth place after the completion of the optional rounds with a combined score of 390.575, three tenths of a point behind the German Democratic Republic. The USSR won their team gold medals in artistic gymnastics on both the mens and womens sides with scores of 593.350 and 395.475 respectively. The mens team was led by Vladimir Artemov, while Elena Shushunova lead the womens team, lawrence Lemieux, a Canadian sailor in the Finn class, was in second place and poised to win a silver medal when he abandoned the race to save an injured competitor. He arrived in 21st place, but was recognized by the IOC with the Pierre de Coubertin medal honoring his bravery and sacrifice. U. S. diver Greg Louganis won back-to-back titles on both diving events, but only hitting the springboard with his head in the 3 m event final. This became a minor controversy years later when Louganis revealed he knew he was HIV-positive at the time, since HIV cannot survive in open water, no other divers were ever in danger. Christa Luding-Rothenburger of East Germany became the first athlete to win Olympic medals at the Winter Olympics and she added a cycling silver to the speed skating gold she won earlier in the Winter Olympics of that year in Calgary. Swimmer Kristin Otto of East Germany won six gold medals, other multi-medalists in the pool were Matt Biondi and Janet Evans
14.
1996 Summer Olympics
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A record 197 nations, all current IOC member nations, took part in the Games, comprising 10,318 athletes. The 1996 Summer Games were the first to be staged in a different year from the Winter Games, Atlanta became the fifth American city to host the Olympic Games and the third to hold a Summer Olympic Games. Atlanta was selected on September 18,1990, in Tokyo, Japan, over Athens, Belgrade, Manchester, Melbourne, and Toronto at the 96th IOC Session. Atlantas bid to host the Summer Games that began in 1987 was considered a long-shot and this would be Torontos fourth failed attempt since 1960. The Athens bid was based on the fact that 1996 marked 100 years since the first Summer Games in Greece in 1896, though Athens would eventually host the 2004 Summer Olympics. The Oxford Olympics Study 2016 estimates the outturn cost of the Atlanta 1996 Summer Olympics at USD4.1 billion in 2015-dollars and cost overrun at 151% in real terms. This includes sports-related costs only, that is, operational costs incurred by the committee for the purpose of staging the Games. The competition venues, the Olympic village, international broadcast center, and media and press center, which are required to host the Games. The cost and cost overrun for Atlanta 1996 compares with costs of USD4.6 billion, average cost for the Summer Games since 1960 is USD5.2 billion, average cost overrun is 176%. The 1996 Olympics was predicated on the model established by the 1984 Olympic Games in Los Angeles. The cost to stage the Games was US$1.8 billion, to pay for the games, Atlanta relied on commercial sponsorship and ticket sales, resulting in a profit of $10 million. Events of the 1996 Games were held in a variety of areas, a number were held within the Olympic Ring, a 3 mi circle from the center of Atlanta. Others were held at Stone Mountain, about 20 miles outside of the city, to broaden ticket sales, other events, such as soccer, occurred in various cities in the Southeast. The opening ceremony featured Céline Dion singing The Power of the Dream, the mascot for the Olympiad was an abstract, animated character named Izzy. In contrast to the tradition of mascots of national or regional significance in the city hosting the Olympiad, Izzy was an amorphous. The 1996 Olympics were the first to have two separate opening ceremony events, Savannah, because of its geographical separation from Atlanta, had its own opening ceremonies on July 18,1996. The event featured Worldwide Connection, a composed by Savannah native Jeffrey Reed and a concert by Trisha Yearwood. Atlantas Olympic slogan Come Celebrate Our Dream was written by Jack Arogeti, the slogan was selected from more than 5,000 submitted by the public to the Atlanta Convention and Visitors Bureau
15.
Basketball at the 1996 Summer Olympics
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Basketball contests at the 1996 Olympic Games were held from July 20,1996 to August 4,1996. Games took place in the Morehouse College Gymnasium and in the Georgia Dome, for the second straight Olympic games, the American mens team composed almost completely of NBA players won the gold medal. The Summer Olympics have never returned to the United States or to Canada since then and he had played for the Bulls in 1992 and later that year, for the Dream Team at the Barcelona Olympics. An NOC may enter up to one team with 12 players. For the womens tournament, the teams consisted of the runner-up from the Americas, in addition to the second and third places from Asia. Twelve teams are split into two preliminary round groups of six teams each, the top four teams from both groups qualify for the knockout stage. Fifth and sixth places from each form an additional bracket to decide 9th–12th places in the final ranking. In the quarterfinals, the matchups are as follows, A1 vs. B4, A2 vs. B3, A3 vs. B2, the four eliminated from the quarterfinals form an additional bracket to decide 5th–8th places in the final ranking. The winning teams from the meet in the semifinals as follows, A1/B4 vs. A3/B2. The winning teams from the semifinals contest the gold medal, the losing teams contest the bronze. The womens event involved 12 teams split in two groups, the four best teams from each group advanced to the quarterfinal round. 9th–12th Place 5th–8th Place http, //www. basketball-reference. com/olympics/years/1996 The four best teams from each advanced to the quarterfinal round. 9th–12th Place 5th–8th Place 1996 Olympic Games, Tournament for Men,1996 Olympic Games, Tournament for Women, FIBA Archive
16.
2000 Summer Olympics
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It was the second time that the Summer Olympics were held in Australia, and also the Southern Hemisphere, the first being in Melbourne, Victoria, in 1956. Sydney was selected as the host city for the 2000 games in 1993, the United States won the most medals with 93, while Australia came in 4th with 58. The games cost was estimated to be A$6.6 billion, the Games received universal acclaim, with the organisation, volunteers, sportsmanship and Australian public being lauded in the international media. Bill Bryson from The Times called the Sydney Games one of the most successful events on the world stage, admit there can never be a better Olympic Games, and be done with it, as Sydney was both exceptional and the best. These were the final Olympic Games under the IOC presidency of Juan Antonio Samaranch and these were also the second Olympic Games to be held in spring. The final medal tally was led by the United States, followed by Russia, several World and Olympic records were broken during the games. With little or no controversies, the games were deemed successful with the rising standard of competition amongst nations across the world. The Australian city of Melbourne had lost out to Atlanta for the 1996 Summer Olympics four years earlier, the Oxford Olympics Study 2016 estimates the outturn cost of the Sydney 2000 Summer Olympics at USD5 billion in 2015-dollars and cost overrun at 90% in real terms. This includes sports-related costs only, that is, operational costs incurred by the committee for the purpose of staging the Games. The competition venues, the Olympic village, international broadcast center, and media and press center, which are required to host the Games. The cost and cost overrun for Sydney 2000 compares with a cost of USD4.6 billion, average cost for the Summer Games since 1960 is USD5.2 billion, average cost overrun is 176%. In 2000, the Auditor-General of New South Wales reported that the Sydney Games cost A$6.6 billion, many venues were constructed in the Sydney Olympic Park, which failed in the years immediately following the Olympics to meet the expected bookings to meet upkeep expenses. In the years leading up to the games, funds were shifted from education and it has been estimated that the economic impact of the 2000 Olympics was that A$2.1 billion has been shaved from public consumption. Economic growth was not stimulated to a net benefit and in the years after 2000, in the years after the games, infrastructure issues have been of growing concern to citizens, especially those in the western suburbs of Sydney. Proposed rail links to Sydneys west have been estimated to cost in the order of magnitude as the public expenditure on the games. Although the Olympic Games Opening Ceremony was not scheduled until 15 September, among the pre-ceremony fixtures, host nation Australia lost 1–0 to Italy at the Melbourne Cricket Ground, which was the main stadium for the 1956 Melbourne Olympics. The opening ceremony began with a tribute to the Australian pastoral heritage of the Australian stockmen and it was produced and filmed by Sydney Olympic Broadcasting Organisation and the home nation broadcaster, Channel 7. This was introduced by a rider, Steve Jefferys
17.
Basketball at the 2000 Summer Olympics
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Basketball contests at the 2000 Olympic Games were held from 16 September 2000 to 1 October 2000. Games took place at the Sydney SuperDome and the Dome in Sydney, the United States claimed the gold medals in both the Mens and Womens competitions. A National Olympic Committee may enter up to one team with 12 players. Twelve teams are split into two preliminary round groups of six teams each, the top four teams from both groups qualify for the knockout stage. Fifth-placed teams from both groups compete for 9th place in an additional match, sixth-placed teams from both groups compete for 11th place in an additional match. In the quarterfinals, the matchups are as follows, A1 vs. B4, A2 vs. B3, A3 vs. B2 and A4 vs. B1. From the eliminated teams at the quarterfinals, the loser from A1 vs. B4 competes against the loser from A2 vs. B3 for 5th place in an additional match, the remaining two loser teams compete for 6th place in an additional match. The winning teams from the meet in the semifinals as follows, A1/B4 vs. A3/B2. The winning teams from the semifinals contest the gold medal, the losing teams contest the bronze. The four best teams from each advanced to the quarterfinal round
18.
1992 Summer Olympics
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The 1992 Summer Olympic Games, officially known as the Games of the XXV Olympiad, was an international multi-sport event played in Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain in 1992. The games were the first to be unaffected by boycotts since 1972, Barcelona is the second-largest city in Spain, and the birthplace of then-IOC president Juan Antonio Samaranch. The city was also a host for the 1982 FIFA World Cup, on October 17,1986, Barcelona was selected to host the 1992 Summer Games over Amsterdam, Belgrade, Birmingham, Brisbane, and Paris, during the 91st IOC Session in Lausanne, Switzerland. Barcelona had previously bid for the 1936 Summer Olympics, but they ultimately lost to Berlin, at the Opening Ceremony Greek mezzo-soprano Agnes Baltsa sang Romiossini as the Olympic flag was paraded around the stadium. Alfredo Kraus later sang the Olympic Hymn in both Catalan and Spanish as the flag was hoisted, the Olympic flame cauldron was lit by a flaming arrow, shot by Paralympic archer Antonio Rebollo. The arrow had been lit by the flame of the Olympic Torch, Rebollo overshot the cauldron as this was the original design of the lighting scheme. South Africa was allowed to compete in the Olympic Games for the first time since the 1960 Summer Olympics, after a long suspension for its apartheid policy. After a close race in the Womens 10,000 metres event, white South African runner Elana Meyer and black Ethiopian runner Derartu Tulu ran a victory lap together, hand-in-hand. Following its reunification in 1990, Germany sent a single, unified Olympic team for the first time since the 1964 Summer Olympics. As the Soviet Union had been dissolved in 1991, the Baltic nations of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania sent their own teams for the first time since 1936, the other Soviet republics competed under the name Unified Team. These nations consisted of present-day Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, the separation of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia led to the Olympic debuts of Croatia, Slovenia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. Due to United Nations sanctions, athletes from Federal Republic of Yugoslavia were not allowed to participate with their own team, however, some individual athletes competed under the Olympic flag as Independent Olympic Participants. Fermín Cacho won the 1,500 metres in his home country, chinese diver Fu Mingxia, age 13, became the youngest Olympic gold medalist of all time. In mens artistic gymnastics, Vitaly Scherbo from Belarus, won six gold medals, Scherbo tied Eric Heidens record for individual gold medals at a single Olympics, winning five medals in an individual event. In womens artistic gymnastics, Tatiana Gutsu took gold in the All-Around competition edging the United States Shannon Miller, russian swimmers dominated the freestyle events, with Alexander Popov and Yevgeny Sadovyi each winning two events. Sadovyi also won in the relays, evelyn Ashford won her fourth Olympic gold medal in the 4×100-metre relay, making her one of only four female athletes to have achieved this in history. The young Krisztina Egerszegi of Hungary won three individual swimming gold medals, in womens 200 metre breaststroke, Kyoko Iwasaki of Japan won a gold medal at age of 14 years and six days, making her the youngest-ever gold medalist in swimming competitions at the Olympics. After demonstrated in six previous Summer Olympic Games, baseball became an Olympic sport
19.
FIBA Women's Basketball World Cup
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The FIBA Womens Basketball World Cup is a world basketball tournament for womens national teams held quadrennially. Its inaugural game was in 1953 with the four-year cycle established in 1967, the next FIBA Womens World Cup will be held in September/October 2018. Formerly known as the FIBA World Championship for Women, the name changed shortly after its 2014 edition, from 1986 through 2014, the tournament was held in the same year as the mens FIBA Basketball World Cup, though in different countries. After the 2014 editions of both championships, the event was rescheduled on a new four-year cycle to avoid conflict with the mens FIFA World Cup. The Womens World Cup remains on the current four-year cycle, with editions held in the years as the mens FIFA World Cup. The next FIFA Womens World Cup is in June and July 2019, the Women’s World Cup was created by the International Basketball Federation. It began in 1953, held in Chile, three years after the first mens World Championship, for most of its early history, it was not held in the same year as the mens championship, and was not granted a consistent quadrennial cycle until 1967. After the 1983 event, FIBA changed the scheduling so that the tournament would be held in even-numbered non-Olympic years. The number of participating womens FIBA teams has remained at 16, unlike the mens event, only four nations have won titles in the history of the Womens World Cup. The United States has won the title nine times, including six of the last eight, the Soviet Union won six titles, including five in a row from 1959 to 1975. The only other countries to win have been Brazil in 1994, the 2014 World Championship for Women was the last tournament played in the same year as the mens, and also the last to be known as the World Championship for Women. The Womens World Cup will remain on the current four-year cycle, the mens FIBA World Cup will move to the year after the Womens World Cup. Accordingly, only the FIBA Womens World Cup will be held in 2018, note, From 1953 through 1979 the medalists were decided in a league format instead of in a knockout tournament, results of the final round matches are shown. FIBA Basketball World Cup FIBA World Championship for Women 2010 Official Site United States history
20.
1994 FIBA World Championship for Women
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The 1994 FIBA Womens World Championship was hosted by the Sydney Entertainment Centre in Sydney, Australia from 2 June to 12 June,1994. Brazil won the tournament, defeating China 96-87 in the final, teams from 16 nations participated in the championship. These teams were divided into four groups for the Preliminary Round, based on the placement in the Quarterfinal round, the teams were then sorted into groups of four, each of which played a two-round knockout draw to determine the final standings. The Sydney Entertainment Centre hosted some preliminary games and all of the finals. In the Preliminary Round, each team played games against the three teams in its group. The top two teams in each group were placed into Groups A and B for the Quarterfinal Round. Teams placed into Groups A and B for the Quarterfinal Round were eligible for the Championship bracket, in the Quarterfinal Round, each team played games against the other three teams in its group. The top two teams in Groups A and B qualified for the Championship bracket, while the teams from Groups A and B were placed in the bracket to determine places 5 through 9. The top two teams from Groups C and D were placed in the bracket to determine places 9 through 12,1994 FIBA World Championship For Women
21.
Pan American Games
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The Pan-American or Pan American Games is a major sporting event in the Americas featuring summer sports, in which thousands of athletes participate in a variety of competitions. The competition is held among athletes from nations of the Americas, the only Winter Pan American Games were held in 1990. The Pan American Sports Organization is the body of the Pan American Games movement, whose structure. The XVII Pan American Games were held in Toronto from July 10–26,2015, since 2007, host cities are contracted to manage both the Pan American and the Parapan American Games, in which athletes with physical disabilities compete with one another. The Parapan American Games are held following the Pan American Games. The Pan American Games Movement consists of sports federations, National Olympic Committees that are recognized by PASO. As the decision-making body, PASO is responsible for choosing the host city for each Pan American Games, the host city is responsible for organizing and funding a celebration of the Games consistent with the Olympic Charter and rules. The Pan American Games program, consisting of the sports to be contested at the Games, is determined by PASO, the celebration of the Games encompasses many rituals and symbols, such as the flag and torch, and the opening and closing ceremonies. Over 5,000 athletes compete at the Pan American Games in 36 sports, the first, second, and third-place finishers in each event receive gold, silver, and bronze medals, respectively. At the first Pan American Sports Congress, held in Buenos Aires in 1940, the plans had to be postponed because of World War II. A second Pan American Sports Congress held in London during the 1948 Summer Olympics reconfirmed Buenos Aires as the choice of host city for the inaugural games, countries that were part of the Commonwealth of Nations such as Canada did not compete at the first Pan American Games. The second games were held in Mexico City, Mexico, competitions started on March 12 and included 2,583 athletes from 22 countries, competing in 17 sports. The Pan American Games were held every four years in the cities of Chicago, United States in 1959, São Paulo, Brazil in 1963 and Winnipeg. While the inaugural 1951 Games hosted 2,513 participants representing 14 nations, during the games most athletes and officials are housed in the Pan American Games village. This village is intended to be a home for all the participants. It is furnished with cafeterias, health clinics, and locations for religious expression, PASO allows nations to compete that do not meet the strict requirements for political sovereignty that other international organizations demand. As a result, colonies and dependencies are permitted to set up their own National Olympic Committees, examples of this include territories such as Puerto Rico and Bermuda which compete as separate nations despite being legally under the jurisdiction of another power. There have been attempts to hold Winter Pan American Games throughout the history of the games, reliable winter snow in the Americas is limited to two countries, the United States and Canada
22.
1987 Pan American Games
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Over 4,300 athletes from 38 countries in the Americas competed in 30 sports earning 1,015 medals. Events were held at 23 venues in and around Indianapolis, the official mascot for the games was Amigo, a green parrot. Santiago, Chile, was named the host of the 10th Pan American Games. Quito, Ecuador, was named to replace Santiago, but it also withdrew, desperate, PASO held a new election. Indianapolis was planning to bid on the 1991 Games, but, at the request of the United States Olympic Committee, since many sports facilities were already in place, PASO announced on December 18,1984, that Indianapolis would be the host. Havana, Cuba, was interested, but PASO appeased Fidel Castro by agreeing to give Havana the 1991 games provided that Cuba participated at Indianapolis. The city of Indianapolis created a committee called Pan American Ten/Indianapolis. It had eighteen operating divisions,300 paid staff, and 37,000 volunteers, the 1987 Pan Am Games were held at 23 sites total. The athletes village, which provided lodging and dining for the athletes, was located at Fort Benjamin Harrison. About 80,000 spectators watched a performance produced by The Walt Disney Company with 6,500 performers in the largest outdoor live entertainment show held in the United States up to that point and it was also the largest Opening Ceremony of the Pan Am games yet. Dignitaries included IOC President Juan Antonio Samaranch, Indianapolis Mayor William H. Hudnut III, Indiana Governor Robert D. Orr, US Vice President George Bush officially opened the games. The final leg of the relay had the flame passed from Oscar Robertson to Kristie Phillips to Wilma Rudolph who lit the cauldron. The closing ceremony took place in the Hoosier Dome, the headline act was Cuban American singer Gloria Estefan and her band Miami Sound Machine. The logo of the 1987 Pan Am Games consisted of five stylized Xs, designed by Michael Hayes of the JMH Corporation in Indianapolis, the seven colors represent the wildlife and flags of western hemisphere countries. The mascot was Amigo, a parrot, designed by Jerry Reynolds of Perennial Pictures in Indianapolis. The official music of the X Pan American Games was Pan American Fanfare by Lalo Schifrin, the rights for the 1987 games were won by CBS with a bid of $4,000,000, and Brent Musburger hosted. CBS aired 26 hours of coverage, all on weekend afternoons, additionally, CBS provided the world feed. The ratings were boosted by the participation of Cuban athletes on U. S. soil, coinciding with the Pan American Games was the Indianapolis Museum of Art exhibition Art of the Fantastic, Latin America, 1920–1987
23.
1991 Pan American Games
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The 11th Pan American Games were held in Havana, Cuba from August 2 to August 18,1991. There were 4,519 athletes from 39 countries of the PASO community, the main stadium was the Estadio Panamericano, a multi-use stadium in Havana that holds 50,000 people. Havana was awarded the 1991 Pan Am Games as a consolation for losing the 1987 edition to the U. S. city of Indianapolis, london, Ontario had made a bid, but withdrew due to local opposition. Bowling made its debut at the Pan American Games To sort this table by nation, total medal count, or any other column, the 1991 Games mascot named Tocopan, was a combination of the countrys national bird Tocororo and the first three letters of Panamerican
24.
Women's basketball
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Womens basketball is one of the few womens sports that developed in tandem with its mens counterpart. It became popular, spreading from the east coast of the United States to the west coast, from 1895 until 1970, the term womens basketball was also used to refer to netball, which evolved in parallel with modern womens basketball. The FIBA Womens Basketball World Cup features the top teams from continental championships. The main North American league is the WNBA, whereas the EuroLeague Women has been dominated by teams from the Russian Womens Basketball Premier League, the NCAA Womens Division I Basketball Championship is also popular in the United States. Womens basketball began in the winter of 1892 at Smith College, senda Berenson, an instructor at Smith, taught basketball to her students, hoping the activity would improve their physical health. Basketballs early adherents were affiliated with YMCAs and colleges throughout the United States, however, Berenson was taking risks simply in teaching the game to women. She worried a little about the suffering from nervous fatigue if games were too strenuous for them. And, in order to keep it acceptable for women to play at all and these included a court divided into three areas and nine players per team. Three players were assigned to area and could not cross the line into another area. The ball was moved from section to section by passing or dribbling, players were limited to three dribbles and could hold the ball for three seconds. No snatching or batting the ball away from a player was allowed, a center jump was required after each score. Peach baskets and the ball were the equipment. Uniforms consisted of similar to school uniforms, including long baggy shorts. Meanwhile current womens basketball uniforms consist of a jersey and gym shorts, variations of Berenson’s rules spread across the country via YMCAs and colleges. The first intercollegiate womens game was played between teams from Stanford University and the University of California, Berkeley, in 1896. The popularity of womens basketball grew steadily around the world for decades, by the 1970s the sport had attracted the notice the International Olympic Committee, which added womens basketball as an official sport of the Olympic Games in 1976, the men debuted in 1936. The sport was gaining attention at the collegiate level, under the auspices of the Association of Intercollegiate Athletics for Women. A major development in womens basketball occurred in 1982 when the National Collegiate Athletic Association began to sponsor the sport, after several failed attempts at womens professional leagues in the U. S. the NBA founded the WNBA in 1996
25.
Olympic medal
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An Olympic medal is awarded to successful competitors at one of the Olympic Games. There are three classes of medal, gold, awarded to the winner, silver, awarded to the 1st runner-up, the granting of awards is laid out in detail in the Olympic protocols. Medal designs have varied considerably since the first Olympic Games in 1896, particularly in size, the medals of the Winter Olympic Games never had a common design, but regularly feature snowflakes. In addition to supporting their Olympic athletes, some countries provide sums of money and gifts to medal winners, depending on the classes. The olive wreath was the prize for the winner at the Ancient Olympic Games and it was an olive branch, of the wild-olive tree that grew at Olympia, intertwined to form a circle or a horse-shoe. According to Pausanias it was introduced by Heracles as a prize for the winner of the race to honour Zeus. When the modern Olympic Games began in 1896 medals started to be given to successful olympian competitors, however, gold medals were not awarded at the inaugural Olympics in 1896 in Athens, Greece. The winners were given a silver medal and an olive branch, while runners-up received a laurel branch. In 1900, most winners received cups or trophies instead of medals, the custom of the sequence of gold, silver, and bronze for the first three places dates from the 1904 Summer Olympics in St. Louis, Missouri in the United States. The International Olympic Committee has retroactively assigned gold, silver and bronze medals to the three best placed athletes in each event of the 1896 and 1900 Games. If there is a tie for any of the top three places all competitors are entitled to receive the appropriate medal according to IOC rules, medals are not the only awards given to competitors, every athlete placed first to eighth receives an Olympic diploma. Also, at the main host stadium, the names of all winners are written onto a wall. Finally, as noted below, all receive a participation medal. The IOC dictates the physical properties of the medals and has the decision about the finished design.925 grade. Third place, It is mostly copper with tin and zinc. They were made by the Paris Mint, which made the medals for the 1900 Olympic Games. This started the tradition of giving the responsibility of minting the medals to the host city, for the next few Olympiads the host city also chose the medal design. Until 1912 the gold medals were made of solid gold, in 1923 the International Olympic Committee launched a competition for sculptors to design the medals for the Summer Olympic Games
26.
Sports Illustrated
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Sports Illustrated is an American sports media franchise owned by Time Inc. Its self-titled magazine has over 3 million subscribers and is read by 23 million people each week and it was the first magazine with circulation over one million to win the National Magazine Award for General Excellence twice. Its swimsuit issue, which has published since 1964, is now an annual publishing event that generates its own television shows, videos. There were two magazines named Sports Illustrated before the current magazine began on August 16,1954, in 1936, Stuart Scheftel created Sports Illustrated with a target market for the sportsman. He published the magazine from 1936 to 1938 on a monthly basis, the magazine was a life magazine size and focused on golf, tennis, and skiing with articles on the major sports. He then sold the name to Dell Publications, which released Sports Illustrated in 1949, dells version focused on major sports and competed on magazine racks against Sport and other monthly sports magazines. During the 1940s these magazines were monthly and they did not cover the current events because of the production schedules, there was no large-base, general, weekly sports magazine with a national following on actual active events. It was then that Time patriarch Henry Luce began considering whether his company should attempt to fill that gap, at the time, many believed sports was beneath the attention of serious journalism and did not think sports news could fill a weekly magazine, especially during the winter. A number of advisers to Luce, including Life magazines Ernest Havemann, tried to kill the idea, but Luce, the goal of the new magazine was to be basically a magazine, but with sports. Launched on August 16,1954, it was not profitable and not particularly well run at first, but Luces timing was good. The popularity of sports in the United States was about to explode. The early issues of the magazine seemed caught between two opposing views of its audience, after more than a decade of steady losses, the magazines fortunes finally turned around in the 1960s when Andre Laguerre became its managing editor. A European correspondent for Time, Inc, in May 1956, Luce brought Laguerre to New York to become assistant managing editor of the magazine. He was also one of the first to sense the rise of national interest in professional football, Laguerre also instituted the innovative concept of one long story at the end of every issue, which he called the bonus piece. His genius as an editor was that he made you want to please him, Laguerre is also credited with the conception and creation of the annual Swimsuit Issue, which quickly became, and remains, the most popular issue each year. Regular illustration features by artists like Robert Riger, high school football Player of the Month awards. In 2015 Sports Illustrated purchased a group of companies and combined them to create Sports Illustrated Play. The magazines photographers also made their mark with innovations like putting cameras in the goal at a hockey game, by 1967, the magazine was printing 200 pages of fast color a year, in 1983, SI became the first American full-color newsweekly
27.
University of Georgia
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Its primary location is a 762-acre campus adjacent to the college town of Athens, Georgia, approximately an hours drive from the global city of Atlanta. The university has been labeled one of the Public Ivies, a publicly funded university considered to provide a quality of education comparable to those of the Ivy League. The university was founded in 1785 as the United States first state-chartered university and its historic North Campus is on the U. S. National Register of Historic Places as a designated historic district. The contiguous campus areas include rolling hills, gardens, and extensive green space including nature walks, fields, shrubbery, and large and varied arboreta. Close to the campus is the universitys 58-acre Health Sciences Campus that also has an extensive landscaped green space, more than 400 trees. The university offers over 140 degree programs in an array of disciplines. Consisting of thirteen separate libraries, the UGA Libraries rank among the nation’s largest and best research libraries containing 5.7 million volumes, the University of Georgia is one of 126 member institutions that comprise the Association of Research Libraries. The university is organized into seventeen schools and colleges, the university has three primary campuses. The largest one is the campus in Athens that has 460 buildings. The university has two campuses located in Atlanta and Lawrenceville, Georgia. The university operates several service and outreach stations spread across the state, the total acreage of the university in 30 Georgia counties is 41,539 acres. Varsity and intramural student athletics are a part of student life. UGA served as a member of the SEC in 1932. In their 121-year history, the varsity sports teams have won 39 national championships and 130 conference championships. The Georgia Redcoat Marching Band, the marching band of the university, plays at sports. The Senatus Academicus was composed of the Board of Visitors and the Board of Trustees with the Georgia Senate presiding over those two boards, the first meeting of the universitys board of trustees was held in Augusta, Georgia on February 13,1786. The meeting installed its first president, Abraham Baldwin, a native of Connecticut, Baldwin was a delegate to the 1787 Constitutional Convention, and one of two Georgia delegates to sign the final document. Many features on the University of Georgia campus resemble the campus of Yale, on July 2,1799, the Senatus Academicus met again in Louisville, Georgia and decided that the time was right to open the university
28.
2012 Summer Olympics
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It took place in London and to a lesser extent across the United Kingdom from 25 July to 12 August 2012. The first event, the stage in womens football began on 25 July at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff. 10,768 athletes from 204 National Olympic Committees participated, London is the first and only city thus far to host the modern Olympic Games three times, having previously done so in 1908 and in 1948. Construction for the Games involved considerable redevelopment, with an emphasis on sustainability, the main focus was a new 200-hectare Olympic Park, constructed on a former industrial site at Stratford, East London. The Games also made use of venues that already existed before the bid, the Games received widespread acclaim for their organisation, with the volunteers, the British military and public enthusiasm praised particularly highly. During the Games, Michael Phelps became the most decorated Olympic athlete of all time, saudi Arabia, Qatar, and Brunei entered female athletes for the first time, so that every currently eligible country has sent a female competitor to at least one Olympic Games. Womens boxing was included for the first time, thus the Games became the first at which every sport had female competitors and these were the final Olympic Games under the IOC presidency of Jacques Rogge. The final medal tally was led by the United States, followed by China, several world and Olympic records were set at the games. Furthermore, the focus on sporting legacy and post-games venue sustainability was seen as a blueprint for future Olympics. On 18 May 2004, as a result of a technical evaluation. All five submitted their candidate files by 19 November 2004 and were visited by the IOC inspection team during February, throughout the process, Paris was widely seen as the favourite, particularly as this was its third bid in recent years. London was initially seen as lagging behind Paris by a considerable margin and its position began to improve after the appointment of Lord Coe as the new head of London 2012 on 19 May 2004. In late August 2004, reports predicted a tie between London and Paris, on 6 June 2005, the IOC released its evaluation reports for the five candidate cities. They did not contain any scores or rankings, but the report for Paris was considered the most positive, London was close behind, having closed most of the gap observed by the initial evaluation in 2004. New York and Madrid also received positive evaluations. On 1 July 2005, when asked who would win, Jacques Rogge said, but my gut feeling tells me that it will be very close. Perhaps it will come down to a difference of say ten votes, on 6 July 2005, the final selection was announced at the 117th IOC Session in Singapore. Moscow was the first city to be eliminated, followed by New York, the final two contenders were London and Paris
29.
1983 NCAA Division I Women's Basketball Tournament
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The 1983 NCAA Division I Womens Basketball Tournament began on March 18 and concluded on April 3 with USC winning the title. The tournament consisted of 36 teams, the Final Four was held in Norfolk, Virginia and consisted of USC, Louisiana Tech, Old Dominion, and Georgia. USCs Cheryl Miller was named the Most Outstanding Player of the tournament, neither semifinal game in the final four turned out to be close. Defending national champion Louisiana Tech beat long time powerhouse Old Dominion by sixteen points, in the other semifinal, Southern California had an easier time, beating Georgia by 24 points. This set up the game between the only two top seeds to advance to the Final Four. The two teams had met twice before in regular season, both coming away with a win, but in cases, on the opponents home court. USC beat the Lady Techsters in Louisiana, 64–58, giving the La Tech team their only loss for the year, La Tech turned around and beat USC in Los Angeles by two points in January, one of only two losses suffered by the USC team all season. The game would come down to the final seconds, USC had a two-point lead with six seconds left in the game, and freshman star Cheryl Miller at the line for a one-and-one attempt. In the era before the three point shot, simply making the shot would virtually guarantee the win. But Miller would miss the shot, the Techsters would grab the rebounds and they ran up the court, where Kim Mulkey took the final shot, but it failed to go in, and USC won their first National Championship. In the National Championship game, Jennifer White hit eight of nine free throw attempts to set a Championship game record for free throw percentage, in the same game, Cheryl Miller attempted 14 free throws, a National Championship record. The NCAA did not officially start keeping track of blocked shots in womens basketball until 1998, however, Anne Donovan of Old Dominion had twelve blocked shot in a regional game, two more than the official record of ten. Thirty-six teams were selected to participate in the 1983 NCAA Tournament, fourteen conferences were eligible for an automatic bid to the 1983 NCAA tournament. Twenty-two additional teams were selected to complete the thirty-six invitations, OR - Opening Round Twenty-two conferences earned an automatic bid. In sixteen cases, the bid was the only representative from the conference. Thirteen at-large teams were selected six of the conferences. In addition, three independent teams earned at-large bids, the thirty-six teams represented twenty-four states, plus Washington, D. C. California and Pennsylvania had the most teams with three each, twenty-six states did not have any teams receiving bids
30.
1985 NCAA Division I Women's Basketball Tournament
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The 1985 NCAA Division I Womens Basketball Tournament began on March 14 and ended on March 31 and featured 32 teams. The Final Four consisted of Old Dominion, Northeast Louisiana, Western Kentucky, Old Dominions Tracy Claxton was named the Most Outstanding Player of the tournament. 1985 is the first year ESPN began televising some of the Tournament games and they televised two of the four Regional Finals, as well as the two national semifinals. The Georgia vs Western Kentucky match up was shown live, while the Old Dominion vs, Northeast Louisiana game was shown tape-delayed. The Championship game was broadcast by CBS, Georgia faced Western Kentucky in the semi-final. This was a rematch of a game played in December, when Western Kentucky prevailed, however, in that game, Katrina McClain had been sidelined with an ankle injury. She was available to play in the four, and achieved a career high total of 25 points. Her teammate, Teresa Edwards, scored 27, and the two helped Georgia win the semi-final 91–78, in the championship game, Georgia took on Old Dominion. The Lady Monarchs werent hitting their shots, scoring on only 38% of their field goal attempts, the game would be close, but Old Dominion prevailed, 70–65, to win the national Championship. In the second half of the game between Georgia and Western Kentucky, Georgia scored 57 points while Western Kentucky scored 44. The combined point total of 101 points in a half, as well as the points scored by a team in a half are both Final Four records, still standing in 2012. In the other game, Old Dominion pulled down 57 rebounds against Northeast Louisiana. That number still stands as a Final Four rebounds record, although it was tied two days later by Old Dominion in the game against Georgia. In a first round game, Teresa Carmichael of Saint Josephs University, attempted eleven field goals, thats the most number of field goal attempt without a miss in Tournament history, though 2012. Thirty-two teams were selected to participate in the 1985 NCAA Tournament, eighteen conferences were eligible for an automatic bid to the 1985 NCAA tournament. Fourteen additional teams were selected to complete the thirty-two invitations, the thirty-two teams came from twenty-one states. California and Tennessee had the most teams with four each, twenty-nine states did not have any teams receiving bids. The 32 teams were seeded, and assigned to four geographic regions, in Round 1, the higher seed was given the opportunity to host the first round game
31.
Three-point field goal
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A three-point field goal is a field goal in a basketball game made from beyond the three-point line, a designated arc surrounding the basket. A successful attempt is worth three points, in contrast to the two points awarded for field goals made within the three-point line and the one point for each made free throw. In international FIBA and WNBA play, the three-point line is 6.75 m away from the basket on the arc part and 6.6 m from the straight parts. In both mens and womens National Collegiate Athletics Association basketball, the three-point line is simply a 180° circular arc centered on the basket,20 ft 9 in in radius. The three-point line was first tested at the level in a 1945 NCAA game between Columbia and Fordham but it was not kept as a rule. At the direction of Abe Saperstein, the American Basketball League became the first basketball league to institute the rule in 1961 and its three-point line was a radius of 25 feet from the baskets, except along the sides. The Eastern Professional Basketball League followed in its 1963–64 season, the three-point shot later became popularized by the American Basketball Association after its introduction in the 1967–68 season. Then commissioner of the ABA George Mikan stated the three-pointer would give the player a chance to score. During the 1970s, the ABA used the three-point shot, along with the slam dunk, in the 1979–80 season, the NBA adopted the three-point line despite the view of many that it was a gimmick. Chris Ford of the Boston Celtics is widely credited with making the first three-point shot in NBA history on October 12,1979, kevin Grevey of the Washington Bullets also made one on the same day. The sports international governing body, FIBA, introduced the three-point line in 1984, the NCAAs Southern Conference became the first collegiate conference to use the three-point rule, adopting a 22-foot line for the 1980–81 season. Ronnie Carr of Western Carolina University was the first to score a three-point field goal in basketball history on November 29,1980. Over the following five years, NCAA conferences differed in their use of the rule, used in conference play, it was adopted by the NCAA for the 1986–87 season at 19 ft 9 in, and was first used in the NCAA Tournament in 1987. In 2007, the NCAA lengthened the mens three point distance to 20 ft 9 in, with the coming into effect at the beginning of the 2008–09 season. American high schools, along with elementary and middle schools, adopted a 19 ft 9 in line nationally in 1987, a year after the NCAA. During the 1994–95, 1995–96, and 1996–97 seasons, the NBA attempted to address decreased scoring by shortening the distance of the line from 23 ft 9 in to a uniform 22 ft around the basket. From the 1997–98 season on, the NBA reverted the line to its distance of 23 ft 9 in. Ray Allen is currently the NBA all-time leader in career made three-pointers with 2,973, in 2008, FIBA announced that the distance would be increased by 50 cm to 6.75 m, with the change being phased in beginning in October 2010
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Free throw
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In basketball, free throws or foul shots are unopposed attempts to score points from a restricted area on the court, and are generally awarded after a foul on the shooter by the opposing team. Each successful free throw is one point. Free throws can normally be shot at a percentage by good players. In the NBA, most players make 70–80% of their attempts, the leagues best shooters can make roughly 90% of their attempts over a season, while notoriously poor shooters may struggle to make 50% of them. During a foul shot, a players foot must be completely behind the foul line, if a player lines up with part of his or her foot on the line, a violation is called and the shot doesnt count. Foul shots are worth one point, Rick Barry and youngest Canyon Barry, both career 90% shooters who used an unusual underhand method, believes that 80% is the minimum for a player to be considered good at the free throw. Mark Price, who broke Barrys career record, states that 75% is the minimum, tall players often shoot free throws poorly, though theoretically taller players should be better at making them. One possible explanation for this is that the release point of their shots can cause them to stand overly erect. Hall of Famer Wilt Chamberlain made just 51, on the other hand, there have also been big men who have been prolific scorers from free throws, who not surprisingly also have good outside shooting range. Some examples include Dallas Mavericks forward Dirk Nowitzki who, at 7 ft 0 in, has an average of 88% and Yao Ming who. There are many situations when free throws can be awarded, The first and most common is when a player is fouled while in the act of shooting. If the player misses the shot during the foul, the player receives two or three free throws depending on whether the shot was taken in front of or behind the three-point line. If, despite the foul, the still makes the attempted shot, the number of free throws is reduced to one. This is known as a three-point or four-point play, depending on the value of the made basket, the second is when the fouling team is in the team bonus situation. This happens when, in a period, a team commits a set number of fouls whether or not in the act of shooting. In the WNBA, the player shoots two free throws starting with the opponents fifth foul, or second team foul in the final minute if that team has committed under 5 fouls in a period. In NCAA mens basketball, beginning with the foul of the half, one free throw is awarded, if the player makes the free throw. This is called shooting a one-and-one, starting with the tenth foul of the half, two free throws are awarded
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Rebound (basketball)
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In basketball, a rebound, colloquially referred to as a board, is a statistic awarded to a player who retrieves the ball after a missed field goal or free throw. Rebounds are also given to a player who tips in a shot on his teams offensive end. Rebounds in basketball are a part in the game, as all possessions change after a shot is successfully made. A rebound can be grabbed by either a player or a defensive player. The majority of rebounds are defensive because the team on defense tends to be in position to recover missed shots. Offensive rebounds give the team another opportunity to score whether right away or by resetting the offense. A block is not considered a rebound, a ball does not need to actually rebound off the rim or backboard for a rebound to be credited. Rebounds are credited after any missed shot, including air balls, if a player takes a shot and misses and the ball bounces on the ground before someone picks it up, then the person who picks up the ball is credited for a rebound. Rebounds are credited to the first player that gains possession of the ball or to the player that successfully deflects the ball into the basket for a score. A rebound is credited to a team when it gains possession of the ball after any missed shot that is not cleared by a single player, great rebounders tend to be tall and strong. Because height is so important, most rebounds are made by centers and power forwards, the lack of height can sometimes be compensated by the strength to box out taller players away from the ball to capture the rebound. For example, Charles Barkley once led the league in rebounding despite usually being much shorter than his counterparts, also, some shorter guards can be excellent rebounders as well such as point guard Jason Kidd who led the New Jersey Nets in rebounding for several years. Great rebounders must also have a sense of timing and positioning. Great leaping ability is an important asset, but not absolutely necessary, players such as Larry Bird and Moses Malone were excellent rebounders, but were never known for their leaping ability. Bird has stated, Most rebounds are taken below the rim, the action can also be called blocking out. A team can be boxed out by players using this technique to stop the other team from rebounding. Because fighting for a rebound can be physical, rebounding is often regarded as grunt work or a hustle play. Overly aggressive boxing out or preventing being boxed out can lead to personal fouls, statistics of a players rebounds per game or rebounding average measure a players rebounding effectiveness by dividing the number of rebounds by the number of games played
