1.
Harlem
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Harlem is a large neighborhood in the northern section of the New York City borough of Manhattan. Since the 1920s, Harlem has been known as a major African-American residential, cultural, originally a Dutch village, formally organized in 1658, it is named after the city of Haarlem in the Netherlands. Harlems history has been defined by a series of economic boom-and-bust cycles, African-American residents began to arrive by a lot in 1905, with numbers fed by the Great Migration. In the 1920s and 1930s, Central and West Harlem were the focus of the Harlem Renaissance, however, with job losses in the time of the Great Depression and the deindustrialization of New York City after World War II, rates of crime and poverty increased significantly. Harlems African-American population peaked in the 1950s, in the second half of the 20th century, Harlem became a major hub of African-American businesses. In 2008, the United States Census found that for the first time since the 1930s, less than half of residents were black, since New York Citys revival in the late 20th century, long-time residents of Harlem have been experiencing the effects of gentrification and new wealth. Harlem is located in Upper Manhattan, often referred to as Uptown by locals. Central Harlem is bounded by Fifth Avenue on the east, Central Park on the south, Morningside Park, St. Nicholas Avenue and Edgecombe Avenue on the west, and the Harlem River on the north. A chain of three large linear parks—Morningside Park, St. Nicholas Park and Jackie Robinson Park—are situated on steeply rising banks, on the east, Fifth Avenue and Marcus Garvey Park, also known as Mount Morris Park, separate this area from East Harlem. The bulk of the falls under Manhattan Community Board No.10. In the late 2000s, South Harlem, emerged from area redevelopment, the West Harlem neighborhoods of Manhattanville and Hamilton Heights comprise part of Manhattan Community Board No.9. The two neighborhoods area is bounded by Cathedral Parkway on the South, 155th Street on the North, nicholas/Bradhurst/Edgecome Avenues on the East, and Riverside Park/the Hudson River on the west. Morningside Heights is located in the southern most section of West Harlem, Manhattanville begins at roughly 123rd Street and extends northward to 135th Street. The northern most section of West Harlem is Hamilton Heights, the New York City Police Department patrols six precincts located within Harlem. The New York City Fire Department operates 9 firehouses in Harlem, as many as several hundred farmed the Harlem flatlands. Between 1637 and 1639, a few settlements were established, during the American Revolution, the British burned Harlem to the ground. It took a time to rebuild, as Harlem grew more slowly than the rest of Manhattan during the late 18th century. After the American Civil War, Harlem experienced an economic boom starting in 1868, the neighborhood continued to serve as a refuge for New Yorkers, but increasingly those coming north were poor and Jewish or Italian
2.
New York City
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The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange
3.
New Haven, Connecticut
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New Haven, in the U. S. state of Connecticut, is the principal municipality in Greater New Haven, which had a total population of 862,477 in 2010. It is located on New Haven Harbor on the shore of Long Island Sound in New Haven County, Connecticut. It is the second-largest city in Connecticut, with a population of 129,779 people as of the 2010 United States Census, according to a census of 1 July 2012, by the Census Bureau, the city had a population of 130,741. New Haven was founded in 1638 by English Puritans, and a year later eight streets were laid out in a four-by-four grid, the central common block is the New Haven Green, a 16-acre square, and the center of Downtown New Haven. The Green is now a National Historic Landmark and the Nine Square Plan is recognized by the American Planning Association as a National Planning Landmark, New Haven is the home of Yale University. The university is an part of the citys economy, being New Havens biggest taxpayer and employer. Health care, professional services, financial services, and retail trade also help to form a base for the city. The city served as co-capital of Connecticut from 1701 until 1873, New Haven has since billed itself as the Cultural Capital of Connecticut for its supply of established theaters, museums, and music venues. New Haven is also the birthplace of George W. Bush, New Haven had the first public tree planting program in America, producing a canopy of mature trees that gave New Haven the nickname The Elm City. The area was visited by Dutch explorer Adriaen Block in 1614. Dutch traders set up a trading system of beaver pelts with the local inhabitants, but trade was sporadic. In 1637 a small party of Puritans reconnoitered the New Haven harbor area, the Quinnipiacs, who were under attack by neighboring Pequots, sold their land to the settlers in return for protection. By 1640, the theocratic government and nine-square grid plan were in place. However, the north of New Haven remained Quinnipiac until 1678. The settlement became the headquarters of the New Haven Colony, at the time, the New Haven Colony was separate from the Connecticut Colony, which had been established to the north centering on Hartford. Economic disaster struck the colony in 1646, however, when the town sent its first fully loaded ship of goods back to England. This ship never reached the Old World, and its disappearance stymied New Havens development in the face of the rising power of Boston. In 1660, founder John Davenports wishes were fulfilled, and Hopkins School was founded in New Haven with money from the estate of Edward Hopkins, in 1661, the judges who had signed the death warrant of Charles I of England were pursued by Charles II
4.
Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress
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The Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress is an award presented annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. It is given in honor of an actress who has delivered a performance in a supporting role while working within the film industry. At the 9th Academy Awards ceremony held in 1937, Gale Sondergaard was the first winner of award for her role in Anthony Adverse. Initially, winners in both supporting acting categories were awarded instead of statuettes. Beginning with the 16th ceremony held in 1944, however, winners received full-sized statuettes, currently, nominees are determined by single transferable vote within the actors branch of AMPAS, winners are selected by a plurality vote from the entire eligible voting members of the Academy. Since its inception, the award has given to 78 actresses. Dianne Wiest and Shelley Winters have received the most awards in this category with two awards each, despite winning no awards, Thelma Ritter was nominated on six occasions, more than any other actress. As of the 2017 ceremony, Viola Davis is the most recent winner in category for her role as Rose Maxson in Fences. In the following table, the years are listed as per Academy convention, and generally correspond to the year of release in Los Angeles County. Toronto, Ontario, Canada, University of Toronto Press, inside Oscar, The Unofficial History of the Academy Awards. New York, United States, Ballantine Books, oscars. org Oscar. com The Academy Awards Database
5.
The Little Foxes (film)
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The Little Foxes is an American drama film directed by William Wyler. The screenplay by Lillian Hellman is based on her 1939 play of the same name, Hellmans ex-husband Arthur Kober, Dorothy Parker and her husband Alan Campbell contributed additional scenes and dialogue. Southern aristocrat Regina Hubbard Giddens struggles for wealth and freedom within the confines of an early 20th-century society where a father considered only sons as legal heirs and they approach their sister with their need for an additional $75,000 to invest in the project. Oscar initially proposes a marriage between his son Leo and Reginas daughter Alexandra – first cousins – as a means of getting Horaces money, when Regina asks Horace outright for the money, he refuses. She tells him his refusal is not important since he will die soon, Alexandra overhears the conversation and is distraught. She then comforts her father after Regina leaves the room, Ben and Oscar, aware of Horaces refusal, pressure Leo into stealing Horaces railroad bonds from his personal security box at the bank to complete the sum needed to construct the mill. After returning home from a trip to his security box at the bank. Regina, realizing her two brothers stole the bonds through Leo, who works at the bank, schemes to acquire a share of the mill by blackmailing her brothers about their theft. Immediately, Horace states he is changing his will to leave Alexandra everything except the railroad bonds which, he will claim and this story will thwart any attempt by Regina to blackmail her brothers over their theft and will deny her any claim to an ownership stake in the mill. Unfortunately, Oscar overhears part of the conversation and, after Alexandra is out of earshot, Regina argues with Horace about her contempt for him, and, when he suffers a heart attack, she makes no effort to get him his medicine from upstairs. Horace climbs the stairs to get his medicine but collapses on the way up, the final scenes of the film involve a dying Horace surrounded by family, a doctor and servants who await the chance he may survive. Eventually, Horace dies, leaving no one to contradict Regina if she accuses her brothers of theft and she thus blackmails her brothers, demanding that she be given 75% ownership of the mill business, and they are left with no choice but to accept her demands. Alexandra hears this conversation, and, upon the brothers leaving, Regina denies any wrongdoing, but Alexandra is skeptical. Alexandra runs away with newspaperman David, Regina is left wealthy, but completely alone. The same passage also inspired the title of an unrelated film, producer Samuel Goldwyn agreed, since none of Bankheads films had been box office hits. However, Davis was reluctant, On The Little Foxes I begged the producer, Samuel Goldwyn, Warner refused to lend Davis to Goldwyn, who then offered the role to Miriam Hopkins. When Wyler refused to work with her, Goldwyn resumed negotiations with Warner, Wyler encouraged Davis to see Bankhead in the original play, which she did despite major misgivings. In her autobiography, A Lonely Life, Davis gave a different version about having to see Bankhead in the play, a great admirer of hers, I wanted in no way to be influenced by her work
6.
Academy Award for Best Actress
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The Academy Award for Best Actress is an award presented annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. It is given in honor of an actress who has delivered a performance in a leading role while working within the film industry. The 1st Academy Awards ceremony was held in 1929 with Janet Gaynor receiving the award for her roles in 7th Heaven, Street Angel, and Sunrise. Currently, nominees are determined by single transferable vote within the branch of AMPAS. In the first three years of the awards, actresses were nominated as the best in their categories, at that time, all of their work during the qualifying period was listed after the award. The following year, this unwieldy and confusing system was replaced by the current system in which an actress is nominated for a performance in a single film. Starting with the 9th ceremony held in 1937, the category was officially limited to five nominations per year, one actress has been nominated posthumously, Jeanne Eagels. Only three film characters have been nominated more than once in this category, elizabeth I of England, Leslie Crosbie in The Letter, and Esther Blodgett in A Star is Born. Six women on the list have received an Honorary Academy Award for their acting, they are Greta Garbo, Barbara Stanwyck, Mary Pickford, Deborah Kerr, Gena Rowlands, since its inception, the award has been given to 74 actresses. Katharine Hepburn has won the most awards in this category, with four Oscars, meryl Streep, who has a total of 20 Oscar nominations, has been nominated in this category on 16 occasions, resulting in two awards. As of the 2017 ceremony, Emma Stone is the most recent winner in category for her role as Mia Dolan in La La Land. In the following table, the years are listed as per Academy convention, and generally correspond to the year of release in Los Angeles County. For the first five ceremonies, the eligibility period spanned twelve months from August 1 to July 31, for the 6th ceremony held in 1934, the eligibility period lasted from August 1,1932 to December 31,1933
7.
Gary Cooper
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Gary Cooper was an American film actor known for his natural, authentic, and understated acting style and screen performances. His career spanned thirty-five years, from 1925 to 1960, and he was a major movie star from the end of the silent film era through the end of the golden age of Classical Hollywood. His screen persona appealed strongly to men and women, and his range of performances included roles in most major movie genres. Coopers ability to project his own personality onto the characters he played contributed to his appearing natural, the screen persona he sustained throughout his career represented the ideal American hero. Cooper began his career as an extra and stunt rider. After establishing himself as a Western hero in his silent films, Cooper became a movie star in 1929 with his first sound picture. In the early 1930s, he expanded his heroic image to include more characters in adventure films and dramas such as A Farewell to Arms. In the postwar years, he portrayed more mature characters at odds with the world in such as The Fountainhead. In his final films, Cooper played non-violent characters searching for redemption in films such as Friendly Persuasion and he married New York debutante Veronica Balfe in 1933, and the couple had one daughter. Their marriage was interrupted by a three-year separation precipitated by Coopers love affair with Patricia Neal, Cooper received the Academy Award for Best Actor for his roles in Sergeant York and High Noon. He also received an Academy Honorary Award for his achievements in 1961. He was one of the top ten film personalities for twenty-three consecutive years, the American Film Institute ranked Cooper eleventh on its list of the twenty five greatest male stars of classic Hollywood cinema. Frank James Cooper was born on May 7,1901, at 730 Eleventh Avenue in Helena, Montana to English immigrants Alice and his father emigrated from Houghton Regis, Bedfordshire and became a prominent lawyer, rancher, and eventually a Montana Supreme Court justice. His mother emigrated from Gillingham, Kent and married Charles in Montana, in 1906, Charles purchased the 600-acre Seven-Bar-Nine cattle ranch about fifty miles north of Helena near the town of Craig on the Missouri River. Frank and his older brother Arthur spent their summers there and learned to ride horses, hunt, in April 1908, the Hauser Dam failed and flooded the Missouri River valley along portions of the Cooper property, but Cooper and his family were able to evacuate in time. Cooper attended Central Grade School in Helena, at Dunstable, Cooper studied Latin and French, and took several courses in English history. While he managed to adapt to the discipline of an English school and learned the requisite social graces, he never adjusted to the class structure. After completing confirmation classes, Cooper was baptized into the Anglican Church on December 3,1911, Coopers mother accompanied her sons back to the United States in August 1912, and Cooper resumed his education at Johnson Grammar School in Helena
8.
Alfred Hitchcock
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Sir Alfred Joseph Hitchcock KBE was an English film director and producer, at times referred to as The Master of Suspense. He pioneered many elements of the suspense and psychological thriller genres and he had a successful career in British cinema with both silent films and early talkies and became renowned as Englands best director. Hitchcock moved to Hollywood in 1939, and became a US citizen in 1955 and he also fashioned for himself a recognisable directorial style. Hitchcocks stylistic trademarks include the use of movement that mimics a persons gaze. In addition, he framed shots to maximise anxiety, fear, or empathy and his work often features fugitives on the run alongside icy blonde female characters. Prior to 1980, there had long been talk of Hitchcock being knighted for his contribution to film, Hitchcock later received his knighthood from Queen Elizabeth II in the 1980 New Year Honours. Hitchcock directed more than fifty films in a career spanning six decades and is often regarded as one of the most influential directors in cinematic history. His flair was for narrative, cruelly withholding crucial information and engaging the emotions of the audience like no one else, Hitchcocks first thriller, The Lodger, A Story of the London Fog, helped shape the thriller genre in film. His 1929 film, Blackmail, is cited as the first British sound feature film, while Rear Window, Vertigo, North by Northwest. Alfred Joseph Hitchcock was born on 13 August 1899 in Leytonstone and he was the second son and the youngest of three children of William Hitchcock, a greengrocer and poulterer, and Emma Jane Hitchcock. He was named after his fathers brother, Hitchcock was raised as a Roman Catholic, and sent to Salesian College, Battersea, and the Jesuit grammar school St Ignatius College in Stamford Hill, London. His parents were both of half-English and half-Irish ancestry and he often described a lonely and sheltered childhood that was worsened by his obesity. Around age five, Hitchcock recalled that to him for behaving badly. This incident implanted a lifelong fear of policemen in Hitchcock, and such harsh treatment, sources vary on Hitchcocks performance in school. Gene Adair reports that by most accounts, Alfred was only an average, or slightly above-average, however, McGilligan writes that Hitchcock certainly excelled academically. When Hitchcock was 15, his father died, in that same year, he left St. Ignatius to study at the London County Council School of Engineering and Navigation in Poplar, London. After leaving, he became a draftsman and advertising designer with a company called Henleys. Hitchcock joined a regiment of the Royal Engineers in 1917
9.
Shadow of a Doubt
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Shadow of a Doubt is a 1943 American psychological thriller film noir directed by Alfred Hitchcock, and starring Teresa Wright and Joseph Cotten. Written by Thornton Wilder, Sally Benson, and Alma Reville, in 1991, the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress, being deemed culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant. Charlie Newton is a teenaged girl living in the idyllic town of Santa Rosa. She receives wonderful news, her mothers brother, Charles Oakley, is arriving for a visit. Two men appear, supposedly working on a national survey, one takes a photo of Uncle Charlie, who demands the roll of film because no one takes my photograph. The younger surveyor, Jack Graham, asks young Charlie out and he explains that her uncle is one of two suspects who may be the Merry Widow Murderer. Charlie refuses to believe it at first, but then observes Uncle Charlie acting strangely, primarily with a news clipping from her fathers newspaper. The initials engraved inside a ring he gave her match those of one of the murdered women, Uncle Charlie follows and takes her into a seedy bar. He admits he is one of the two suspects and he begs her for help, she reluctantly agrees not to say anything, as long as he leaves soon, to avoid a horrible confrontation that would destroy her mother, who idolizes her younger brother. Detective Saunders tells Charlie that the photo they took of Uncle Charlie was sent for identification by witnesses, news breaks that an alternative suspect was chased by police and killed by an airplane propeller, it is assumed that he was the murderer. Jack tells young Charlie that he loves her and would like to marry her, Uncle Charlie is delighted to be exonerated, but young Charlie knows all his secrets. Soon, she falls down dangerously steep stairs which were cut through, Uncle Charlie says he wants to settle down, and young Charlie says she will kill him if he stays. Later that night, she is trapped in the garage with a car spewing exhaust fumes, Uncle Charlie announces he is leaving for San Francisco, along with a rich widow, Mrs. Potter. Young Charlie boards the train with her younger sister Ann and their brother to see Uncle Charlies compartment, as the children disembark, Uncle Charlie restrains his niece Charlie on the train, hoping to kill her by shoving her out after it picks up speed. However, in the struggle, he falls in front of an oncoming train. At his funeral, Uncle Charlie is honored by the townspeople, Jack has returned, and Charlie confesses that she withheld crucial information. They resolve to keep Uncle Charlies crimes a secret, Teresa Wright as Young Charlie Newton, a precocious teenager who initially idolizes her loving uncle. Joseph Cotten as Charles Uncle Charlie Oakley Henry Travers as Joseph Newton, Young Charlies father, Patricia Collinge as Emma Newton, Young Charlies mother and Uncle Charlies sister
10.
William Wyler
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William Wyler, born as Willy Wyler was an American film director, producer and screenwriter of Ashkenazi Jewish descent. Wyler received his first Oscar nomination for directing Dodsworth in 1936, starring Walter Huston, Ruth Chatterton and Mary Astor, Film historian Ian Freer calls Wyler a bona fide perfectionist, whose penchant for retakes and an attempt to hone every last nuance, became the stuff of legend. Through his talent for staging, editing, and camera movement and he helped propel a number of actors to stardom, finding and directing Audrey Hepburn in her Hollywood debut film, Roman Holiday, and directing Barbra Streisand in her debut film, Funny Girl. He directed Olivia de Havilland to her second Oscar in The Heiress and Laurence Olivier in Wuthering Heights, Olivier credited Wyler with teaching him how to act for the screen. And Bette Davis, who received three Oscar nominations under his direction and won her second Oscar in Jezebel, said Wyler made her a far, far better actress than she had ever been. Other popular Wyler films include, Hells Heroes, Dodsworth, The Westerner, The Letter, Friendly Persuasion, The Big Country, The Childrens Hour, Wyler was born to a Jewish family in Mulhouse, Alsace. His Swiss father, Leopold, started as a traveling salesman which he turned into a thriving haberdashery business in Mulhouse. His mother, Melanie, was German, and a cousin of Carl Laemmle, during Wylers childhood, he attended a number of schools and developed a reputation as something of a hellraiser, being expelled more than once for misbehavior. His mother often took him and his older brother Robert to concerts, opera, sometimes at home his family and their friends would stage amateur theatricals for personal enjoyment. Wyler was supposed to take over the family business in Mulhouse. After World War I, he spent a year working in Paris at 100.000 Chemises selling shirts. He was so poor that he spent his time wandering around the Pigalle district. After realizing that Willy was not interested in the business, his mother, Melanie, contacted her distant cousin, Carl Laemmle who owned Universal Studios. Laemmle was in the habit of coming to Europe each year, in 1921, Wyler, while traveling as a Swiss citizen, met Laemmle who hired him to work at Universal Studios in New York. As Wyler said, America seemed as far away as the moon, booked onto a ship to New York with Laemmle upon his return voyage, he met a young Czech man, Paul Kohner, aboard the same ship. Their enjoyment of the first class trip was short-lived, however, after working in New York for several years, and even serving in the New York Army National Guard for a year, Wyler moved to Hollywood to become a director. Around 1923, Wyler arrived in Los Angeles and began work on the Universal Studios lot in the gang, cleaning the stages. His break came when he was hired as an assistant editor
11.
The Best Years of Our Lives
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The Best Years of Our Lives is a 1946 American drama film directed by William Wyler and starring Myrna Loy, Fredric March, Dana Andrews, Teresa Wright, Virginia Mayo, and Harold Russell. The film is about three United States servicemen readjusting to life after coming home from World War II. Samuel Goldwyn was inspired to produce a film about veterans after reading an August 7,1944, Goldwyn hired former war correspondent MacKinlay Kantor to write a screenplay. His work was first published as a novella, Glory for Me, robert E. Sherwood then adapted the novella as a screenplay. In addition to its success, the film quickly became a great commercial success upon release. It remains the sixth most-attended film of all time in the UK, the film had one of the highest viewing figures of all time, with ticket sales exceeding $20.4 million. After World War II, Fred Derry, Homer Parrish, Fred was a decorated Army Air Forces captain and bombardier in Europe. Homer lost both hands from burns suffered when his aircraft carrier was sunk, and now uses mechanical hook prostheses, Al served as an infantry platoon sergeant in the Pacific. All three have trouble adjusting to civilian life, Al has a comfortable home and a loving family, wife Milly, adult daughter Peggy, and college freshman son Rob. He returns to his old job as a loan officer. The bank president views his military experience as valuable in dealing with other returning servicemen, when Al approves a loan to a young Navy veteran, however, the president advises him against making a habit of it. Before the war, Fred had been an unskilled drugstore soda jerk and he wants something better, but the tight postwar job market forces him to return to his old job. Fred had met Marie while in training and married her shortly afterward. She became a waitress while Fred was overseas. Marie makes it clear she does not enjoy being married to a soda jerk. Homer was a quarterback and became engaged to his next door neighbor, Wilma. Both Homer and his parents now have trouble dealing with his disability and he does not want to burden Wilma with his handicap so he eventually pushes her away, although she still wants to marry him. Peggy meets Fred while bringing her home from a bar where the three men meet once again
12.
Emmy Award
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An Emmy Award, or simply Emmy, recognizes excellence in the television industry, and corresponds to the Academy Award, the Tony Award, and the Grammy Award. Because Emmy Awards are given in various sectors of the American television industry, Regional Emmy Awards are also presented throughout the country at various times through the year, recognizing excellence in local and statewide television. In addition, International Emmys are awarded for excellence in TV programming produced, each is responsible for administering a particular set of Emmy ceremonies. The Los Angeles-based Academy of Television Arts & Sciences established the Emmy Award as part of an image-building and public relations opportunity. The first Emmy Awards ceremony took place on January 25,1949, at the Hollywood Athletic Club, shirley Dinsdale has the distinction of receiving the very first Emmy Award for Most Outstanding Television Personality, during that first awards ceremony. In the 1950s, the ATAS expanded the Emmys into a national event, in 1955, the National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences was formed in New York City as a sister organization to serve members on the East Coast, and help to also supervise the Emmys. The NATAS also established regional chapters throughout the United States, with each one developing their own local Emmy awards show for local programming, the ATAS still however maintained its separate regional ceremony honoring local programming in the Los Angeles Area. Originally there was only one Emmy Awards ceremony held per year to honor shows nationally broadcast in the United States, in 1974, the first Daytime Emmy Awards ceremony was held to specifically honor achievement in national daytime programming. Other area-specific Emmy Awards ceremonies soon followed, also, the International Emmy Awards, honoring television programs produced and initially aired outside the U. S. was established in the early 1970s. Meanwhile, all Emmys awarded prior to the emergence of these separate, in 1977, due to various conflicts, the ATAS and the NATAS agreed to split ties. However, they agreed to share ownership of the Emmy statue and trademark. With the rise of television in the 1980s, cable programs first became eligible for the Primetime Emmys in 1988. The ATAS also began accepting original online-only web television programs in 2013, the Emmy statuette, depicting a winged woman holding an atom, was designed by television engineer Louis McManus, who used his wife as the model. The TV Academy rejected a total of forty-seven proposals before settling on McManus design in 1948. The statuette has become the symbol of the TV Academys goal of supporting and uplifting the art and science of television, The wings represent the muse of art. When deciding a name for the award, Academy founder Syd Cassyd originally suggested Ike, however, Ike was also the popular nickname of World War II hero and future U. S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower, and the Academy members wanted something unique. Finally, television engineer and the third president, Harry Lubcke, suggested the name Immy. After Immy was chosen, it was feminized to Emmy to match their female statuette
13.
The Miracle Worker
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The Miracle Worker is a cycle of 20th-century dramatic works derived from Helen Kellers autobiography The Story of My Life. Its first realization was a 1957 Playhouse 90 broadcast written by William Gibson and starring Teresa Wright as Sullivan, Gibson adapted his teleplay for a 1959 Broadway production with Anne Bancroft as Sullivan. The first movie, also starring Bancroft, was released in 1962, subsequent made-for-television movies were released in 1979 and 2000. The title originates in Mark Twains description of Sullivan as a miracle worker
14.
Maplewood, New Jersey
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Maplewood is a suburban township in Essex County, New Jersey, United States. When surveying the area now known as Maplewood, Robert Treat found several used by Lenape tribes of Algonquian Native Americans. These paths form the basis for what are the main thoroughfares today. The first European settlers arrived around 1675, primarily English, Dutch and French Puritans who had earlier settled Hempstead, Long Island, and Stamford, Connecticut, via Newark and Elizabeth. They had acquired most of todays Essex County from the Native Americans and these three routes resulted in the development of three separate communities that coalesced to become Maplewood and South Orange. Those who came from Newark on the trail that now corresponds to South Orange Avenue settled the area that became South Orange village, six families came up todays Ridgewood Road and established scattered farms around a center that became Jefferson Village, named after Thomas Jefferson. This village, which corresponds to downtown Maplewood today, developed several mills. John Durand, the son of Hudson River school painter Asher Brown Durand, describes the place as a picturesque, the apple harvest was apparently quite impressive and included Harrison and Canfield varieties. By 1815, there were approximately 30 families in the village, although the residents of the area were predominantly Presbyterian, the first house of worship was a Baptist chapel in 1812. This was in use until 1846 and fell into disrepair until 1858 and those who came up todays Springfield Avenue settled on a hill crest near todays intersection between Tuscan and Springfield Avenue and established a hamlet known as North Farms. Over time, this community became known as the Hilton section and it became a stagecoach stop between Newark, Jersey City, and Morristown and thereby a center for trade and light manufacturing. The village changed its name from North Farms to Middleville in 1830, in 1855, Seth Boyden settled in what was then Middleville to retire but innovated a number of agricultural products, especially berries. Boyden also built and put into operation the first steam engines to service the railroad through Maplewood, the area became known for its orchards and related industries, including cider mills and rum distilleries, as well as honey and livestock. In 1802, Jefferson Village and North Farms were named as districts within the Township of Newark, James Ricalton, a teacher born in Waddington, New York of Scottish parents, set the high standard of education that persists in the school district to this day. Maplewood was originally formed as South Orange Township, which was created on April 1,1861, from portions of Clinton Township and what was then the Town of Orange. Portions of the township were taken to form South Orange village, when the Morris and Essex Railroad from Newark was extended to the area in 1838, a land speculator by the name of John Shedden built a railroad station in Jefferson Village and named it Maplewood. This name came to comprise areas known as Hilton, Jefferson Village, in 1868, farms were divided into parcels for residential housing. The 1920s saw significant growth in new residents and structures, according to the United States Census Bureau, the township had a total area of 3.879 square miles, including 3.877 square miles of land and 0.002 square miles of water
15.
Columbia High School (New Jersey)
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The school has been accredited by the Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools Commission on Secondary Schools since 1928. As of the 2014-15 school year, the school had an enrollment of 1,913 students and 146.4 classroom teachers, there were 359 students eligible for free lunch and 114 eligible for reduced-cost lunch. In 1814, this building blocked the construction of a new highway from Newark to Morristown. The resolution reflected the desire of the meeting that the school should in the future have the name of Columbian School of South Orange. The new schoolhouse was a wood structure, topped by a thin steeple. It was completed before the term of 1815. The cost of firewood was to be divided equally among the scholars, on May 10,1816, the Trustees adopted a seal for the school in the form of a spread eagle standing on a globe with the word Excelsior underneath in Roman Capitals. In the early years, students at the Columbia School were not separated according to grade, for decades, the school was supported by tuition payments. But gradually the State began to assume a share of the financial responsibility, in 1820, a law authorized townships to levy a tax to pay the tuition of poor students. By 1828, townships had the power to tax for school purposes. The State itself began to contribute money in 1830, and in 1846 every township was required to raise as much each year for schools as the State itself contributed. The last tuition assessment for residents occurred in 1861, and thereafter the Columbia School was entirely supported by public taxation, after the Civil War, improvements on the railroad contributed to a decided growth of population in the old Township of South Orange. The general character of the citizenry underwent a significant change and residents known as commuters began to emerge in numbers, in 1867, a state law required that Columbia become a graded school. By 1877, the old wooden building erected in 1815 was found to be woefully inadequate for the growing community. The Trustees responded in 1879 by resolving to erect a new brick building, the new structure was opened in 1880. The final cost of construction was $17,094.49, the building later became the northeast wing of the old South Orange Junior High School, demolished when the present middle school was built. Lower grades continued to be housed at Columbia, the district remained unified even after Maplewood and South Orange became separately incorporated as municipalities, although there was considerable pressure to split as early as 1904. The close of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th brought significant changes in school curriculum
16.
Helen Hayes
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Helen Hayes MacArthur was an American actress whose career spanned almost 80 years. She eventually garnered the nickname First Lady of American Theatre and was one of 12 people who have won an Emmy, a Grammy, an Oscar, Hayes also received the Presidential Medal of Freedom, Americas highest civilian honor, from then-President Ronald Reagan in 1986. In 1988, she was awarded the National Medal of Arts, the annual Helen Hayes Awards, which have recognized excellence in professional theatre in greater Washington, DC, since 1984, are her namesake. In 1955, the former Fulton Theatre on 46th Street in New York Citys Broadway Theater District was renamed the Helen Hayes Theatre, when that venue was torn down in 1982, the nearby Little Theatre was renamed in her honor. Helen Hayes is regarded as one of the Greatest Leading Ladies of the 20th century theatre, Helen Hayes Brown was born in Washington, D. C. on October 10,1900. Her mother, Catherine Estelle, or Essie, was an actress who worked in touring companies. Her father, Francis van Arnum Brown, worked at a number of jobs, including as a clerk at the Washington Patent Office and as a manager, Hayes Irish Catholic maternal grandparents emigrated from Ireland during the Irish Potato Famine. Hayes began a career at an early age. She attended the Academy of the Sacred Heart Convent in Washington and her sound film debut was The Sin of Madelon Claudet, for which she won the Academy Award for Best Actress. She followed that with starring roles in Arrowsmith, A Farewell to Arms, The White Sister, What Every Woman Knows, however, Hayes did not prefer that medium to the stage. In 1951, she was involved with the Broadway revival of J. M. Barries play Mary Rose at the ANTA Playhouse, in 1953, she was the first-ever recipient of the Sarah Siddons Award for her work in Chicago theatre, repeating as the winner in 1969. She returned to Hollywood in the 1950s, and her star began to rise. She starred in My Son John and Anastasia, and won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her role as a stowaway in the disaster film Airport. She followed that up with roles in Disney films such as Herbie Rides Again, One of Our Dinosaurs is Missing. Her performance in Anastasia was considered a comeback—she had suspended her career for years due to the death of her daughter Mary. In 1955, the Fulton Theatre was renamed for her, however, business interests in the 1980s wished to raze that theatre and four others to construct a large hotel that included the Marquis Theatre. Parts of the original Helen Hayes Theatre on Broadway were used to construct the Shakespeare Center on the Upper Westside of Manhattan, which Hayes dedicated with Joseph Papp in 1982. In 1983 the Little Theater on West 45th Street was renamed the Helen Hayes Theatre in her honor, as was a theatre in Nyack, which has since been renamed the Riverspace-Arts Center
17.
Provincetown, Massachusetts
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Provincetown /ˈprɒvɪnsˌtaʊn/ is a New England town located at the extreme tip of Cape Cod in Barnstable County, Massachusetts, in the United States. A small coastal town with a year-round population of just under 3,000. Often called P-town or Ptown, the town is known for its beaches, harbor, artists, tourist industry, at the time of European encounter, the area was long settled by the historic Nauset tribe, who had a settlement known as Meeshawn. They spoke Massachusett, a Southern New England Algonquian language dialect that they shared in common with their closely related neighbors, on May 15,1602, having made landfall from the west and believing it to be an island, Bartholomew Gosnold initially named this area Shoal Hope. Later that day, after catching a great store of codfish, notably, that name referred specifically to the area of modern-day Provincetown, it wasnt until much later that that name was reused to designate the entire region now known as Cape Cod. On November 9,1620, the Pilgrims aboard the Mayflower sighted Cape Cod while en route to the Colony of Virginia. After two days of failed attempts to sail south against the winter seas, they returned to the safety of the harbor, known today as Provincetown Harbor. It was here that the Mayflower Compact was drawn up and signed and they agreed to settle and build a self-governing community, and came ashore in the West End. In 1654, the Governor of the Plymouth Colony purchased this land from the Chief of the Nausets, the collected fees were used to defray the costs of schools and other projects throughout the colony. In 1678, the grounds were opened up to allow the inclusion of fishermen from the Massachusetts Bay Colony. In 1692, a new Royal Charter combined the Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay colonies into the Province of Massachusetts Bay, Cape Cod was thus officially renamed the Province Lands. The first record of a government with jurisdiction over the Province Lands was in 1714, with an Act that declared it the Precinct of Cape Cod. On June 14,1727, after harboring ships for more than a century, the name chosen by its inhabitants was Herringtown, which was rejected by the Massachusetts General Court in favor of Provincetown. The act of incorporation provided that inhabitants of Provincetown could be land holders and they received a quit claim to their property, but the Province retained the title. The land was to be used as it had been from the beginning of the colony — a place for the making of fish, all resources, including the trees, could be used for that purpose. In 1893 the Great and General Court changed the Towns charter, giving the townspeople deeds to the properties they held, the population of Provincetown remained small through most of the 18th century. The town was affected by the American Revolution the same way most of Cape Cod was, the effective British blockade shut down most fish production and shipping and the town dwindled. It was, by happenstance, the location of the wreck of a British warship, following the American Revolution, Provincetown grew rapidly as a fishing and whaling center
18.
Dorothy McGuire
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Dorothy Hackett McGuire was an American actress. She was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress for Gentlemans Agreement, born in Omaha, Nebraska, McGuire was the only child of Thomas Johnson McGuire and Isabelle Flaherty McGuire. She began her career on the stage at the Omaha Community Playhouse. After her fathers death, McGuire attended a convent school in Indianapolis and she later attended Pine Manor Junior College in Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts, serving as president of that schools drama club. She graduated from Pine Manor when she was 19, McGuire was a member of the casts of Big Sister and Joyce Jordan, M. D. She also appeared in This Is My Best, Screen Directors Playhouse, eventually, she reached Broadway, first appearing as an understudy to Martha Scott in Our Town, and subsequently starring in the domestic comedy, Claudia. Brought to Hollywood by producer David O and her inaugural screen performance was popular with both the public and critics alike and was the catalyst for not only a sequel, Claudia and David, but also for numerous other film roles. By 1945, at the age of 29, she was playing mother roles. She was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress in 1947 for Gentlemans Agreement, McGuire had a long Hollywood career. Her versatility served her well in taut melodramas, such as The Spiral Staircase and Make Haste to Live, as well as in light, frothy comedies, such as Mother Didnt Tell Me and Mister 880. Married to Life magazine photographer John Swope for more than 35 years, she had a son, photographer Mark Swope, and a daughter Topo, McGuire died of cardiac arrest in 2001 following a brief illness at the age of 85. For her contribution to the picture industry, Dorothy McGuire has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6933 Hollywood Boulevard. It was dedicated February 8,1960
19.
Martha Scott
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Martha Ellen Scott was an American actress. She was featured in films like Cecil B. DeMilles The Ten Commandments, and William Wylers Ben-Hur, Scott was born in Jamesport, Missouri, the daughter of Letha and Walter Alva Scott, an engineer and garage owner. Her mother was a second-cousin of U. S. President William McKinley, the Scott family remained in Jamesport until Martha was thirteen years old when they moved to Kansas City, Missouri and eventually to Detroit Michigan. Scott became interested in acting in school, an interest she furthered by attending the University of Michigan, earning a teaching certificate. Following that she moved to New York City, where she found work both in stock stage productions and in radio dramas. In 1938 she made her Broadway debut in the staging of Thornton Wilders play Our Town as Emily Webb. Two years later Scott reprised the role of Emily in her debut when Our Town was made into a movie. Her critically acclaimed performance earned her an Academy Award nomination for Best Actress, the newcomer Scott was up against some of Hollywoods biggest names for the award, Katharine Hepburn, Joan Fontaine, Bette Davis, and the winner Ginger Rogers. Charlton Heston was a frequent co-star with Scott on both stage and screen, as she told an interviewer in 1988, I played his mother twice, I was his mother in Ben Hur and The Ten Commandments. I was his wife on the stage in New York in Design For a Stained Glass Window, in 1968, Scott joined Henry Fonda and Robert Ryan in forming a theatrical production company called The Plumstead Playhouse. It later became the Plumstead Theatre Company and moved to Los Angeles, the company produced First Monday in October, both on stage and on film. Her last production was Twelve Angry Men, which was performed at the Henry Fonda Theatre in Hollywood, Martha Scott first began appearing in TV roles in the mediums early days. Her first came in 1950 on The Nash Airflyte Theater, followed by several guest appearances on Robert Montgomery Presents and this pattern of guest episodic roles continued through the 1960s with appearances on Route 66, Ironside, and The Courtship of Eddies Father among others. In the mid-1950s, Scott was the narrator for Modern Romances, Scott was a frequent TV guest star in the 1970s. Scott was cast in single episode guest appearances on hit shows of the era like The Sandy Duncan Show, Columbo, Playback, The Mod Squad, Marcus Welby, M. D. She played the role of Jennifer Talbot, Terri Brocks nasty grandmother on General Hospital for six months which ended when her character was murdered and stuffed in a drain pipe. In the 1980s she had a role on the short-lived series Secrets of Midland Heights, several television movies
20.
Thornton Wilder
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Thornton Niven Wilder was an American playwright and novelist. He won three Pulitzer Prizes—for the novel The Bridge of San Luis Rey and for the two plays Our Town and The Skin of Our Teeth — and a U. S. National Book Award for the novel The Eighth Day. Wilder was born in Madison, Wisconsin, the son of Amos Parker Wilder, an editor and U. S. diplomat. All of the Wilder children spent part of their childhood in China and his older brother, Amos Niven Wilder, was Hollis Professor of Divinity at the Harvard Divinity School, a noted poet, and instrumental in developing the field of theopoetics. His sister, Isabel, was an accomplished writer, both of his other sisters, Charlotte Wilder, a poet, and Janet Wilder Dakin, a zoologist, attended Mount Holyoke College. Wilder began writing plays while at The Thacher School in Ojai, California, according to a classmate, We left him alone, just left him alone. And he would retire at the library, his hideaway, learning to distance himself from humiliation and his family lived for a time in China, where his sister Janet was born in 1910. He attended the English China Inland Mission Chefoo School at Yantai but returned with his mother, Thornton also attended Creekside Middle School in Berkeley, and graduated from Berkeley High School in 1915. He earned his Master of Arts degree in French literature from Princeton University in 1926, after graduating, Wilder studied in archaeology and Italian in Rome, Italy, and then taught French at the Lawrenceville School in Lawrenceville, New Jersey beginning in 1921. His first novel, The Cabala, was published in 1926, in 1927, The Bridge of San Luis Rey brought him commercial success, and his first Pulitzer Prize. He resigned from the Lawrenceville School in 1928, from 1930 to 1937 he taught at the University of Chicago, during which time he published his translation of André Obeys own adaptation of the tale, Le Viol de Lucrece under the title Lucrece. In 1938 he won the Pulitzer Prize for Drama for his play Our Town, world War II saw him rise to the rank of lieutenant colonel in the U. S. Army Air Force Intelligence, first in Africa, then in Italy until 1945. He received several awards for his military service and he went on to be a visiting professor at Harvard University, where he served for a year as the Charles Eliot Norton professor. In 1968 he won the National Book Award for his novel The Eighth Day, also, Alfred Hitchcock, whom he admired, asked him to write the screenplay to his thriller, Shadow of a Doubt. He completed the first draft of the screenplay for Hitchcock, the Bridge of San Luis Rey tells the story of several unrelated people who happen to be on a bridge in Peru when it collapses, killing them. Philosophically, the book explores the question of why unfortunate events occur to people who seem innocent or undeserving. It won the Pulitzer Prize in 1928, and in 1998 it was selected by the board of the American Modern Library as one of the 100 best novels of the twentieth century. The book was quoted by British Prime Minister Tony Blair during the service for victims of the September 11 attacks in 2001
21.
Our Town
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Our Town is a 1938 metatheatrical three-act play by American playwright Thornton Wilder. It tells the story of the fictional American small town of Grovers Corners between 1901 and 1913 through the lives of its citizens. Throughout, Wilder uses metatheatrical devices, setting the play in the theatre where it is being performed. The main character is the manager of the theatre who directly addresses the audience, brings in guest lecturers, fields questions from the audience. The play is performed without a set on a bare stage. With a few exceptions, the actors mime actions without the use of props and our Town was first performed at McCarter Theatre in Princeton, New Jersey in 1938. It later went on to success on Broadway and won the Pulitzer Prize for Drama and it remains popular today and revivals are frequent. The Stage Manager introduces the audience to the town of Grovers Corners, New Hampshire. Professor Willard speaks to the audience about the history of the town, Joe Crowell delivers the paper to Doc Gibbs, Howie Newsome delivers the milk, and the Webb and Gibbs households send their children off to school on this beautifully simple morning. Three years have passed, and George and Emily prepare to wed, the day is filled with stress. Howie Newsome is delivering milk in the rain while Si Crowell, younger brother of Joe. George pays a visit to his soon-to-be in-laws. Here, the Stage Manager interrupts the scene and takes the back a year, to the end of Emily. Emily confronts George about his pride, and over an ice cream soda, they discuss the future, George resolves not to go to college, as he had planned, but to work and eventually take over his uncles farm. In the present, George and Emily say that they are not ready to marry—George to his mother, Gibbs, Wally Webb, Mrs. Soames, and Simon Stimson. Town undertaker Joe Stoddard is introduced, as is a man named Sam Craig who has returned to Grovers Corners for his cousins funeral. That cousin is Emily, who died giving birth to her, once the funeral ends, Emily emerges to join the dead, Mrs. Gibbs urges her to forget her life, but she refuses. Ignoring the warnings of Simon, Mrs. Soames, and Mrs. Gibbs, Emily returns to Earth to relive one day, the memory proves too painful for her, and she realizes that every moment of life should be treasured
22.
Stephen Sondheim Theatre
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Designed in the Neo-classical style by architects Paul R. Allen and Ingalls & Hoffman, it was built by and named for actor-producer Henry Miller. His financial backers were Elizabeth Milbank Anderson, owner of the lot at 124 West 43rd, the original theatre had 950 seats. It opened on April 1,1918 with the play The Fountain of Youth and it was the first air-conditioned theater in Manhattan. The theatre had its first hit show with Noël Cowards The Vortex in 1926, from the 1930s through the late 1960s, the theater enjoyed its golden years, with performances by Helen Hayes, Leslie Howard, Lillian Gish, Douglas Fairbanks, and Ruth Chatterton gracing its stage. In 1966, the Miller family sold the theatre to the Nederlanders and it showed feature films as the Park-Miller until it became a porn theater called Avon-at-the-Hudson. In 1978, it was converted into the discotheque Xenon, on August 31,1985, the space opened as SHOUT, a nightclub featuring music from the 1950s and 60s, which operated for six years. The space reopened in 1995 as Club Expo, in 1998, it returned to performance use as the Kit Kat Club, borrowing its name from the club featured in the popular revival of Cabaret it was then housing. It was rechristened the Henry Miller when Urinetown opened in 2001, the theater was closed in 2004, the interior demolished and subsequently rebuilt by the Durst Organization to make way for the 57-story Bank of America Tower. Its neo-Georgian facade, landmarked by the city, remains, and includes a 1, with bank facilities located above, architects were forced to design and build the new theater underground. This makes the one of only two subterranean houses on Broadway. In 2007, the Roundabout Theatre Company announced it would operate the theater as its third Broadway venue, the new theater opened in September 2009 with the Roundabout Theatre Company production of a revival of the musical Bye Bye Birdie. On March 22,2010, his birthday, it was announced that Henry Millers Theatre would be renamed to honor American composer. The official unveiling and lighting of the marquee of the new Stephen Sondheim Theatre took place in a ceremony on September 15,2010, the theater is currently home to the new musical Beautiful, The Carole King Musical
23.
Walter Pidgeon
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Born in Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada, Pidgeon was the son of Hannah, a housewife, and Caleb Burpee Pidgeon, a haberdasher. His brother, Larry, was a writer for the Santa Barbara News-Press. Pidgeon attended local schools and the University of New Brunswick, where he studied law and his university education was interrupted by World War I, and he enlisted in the 65th Battery, Royal Canadian Field Artillery. He never saw action, however, as he was injured in an accident when he was crushed between two gun carriages and spent seventeen months in a military hospital. Following the war, he moved to Boston, Massachusetts, where he worked as a bank runner, at the same time studying voice at the New England Conservatory of Music. Discontented with banking, Pidgeon moved to New York City, where he walked into the office of E. E. Clive, announced that he could act and sing, after acting on stage for several years, he made his Broadway debut in 1925. Pidgeon made a number of silent films in the 1920s and he became a huge star with the arrival of talkies, thanks to his singing voice. He starred in extravagant early Technicolor musicals, including The Bride of the Regiment, Sweet Kitty Bellairs, Viennese Nights and he became associated with musicals, and when the public grew weary of them his career began to falter. In 1935 he took a break from Hollywood and did a stint on Broadway, appearing in the plays Something Gay, Night of January 16th, when he returned to movies, he was relegated to playing secondary roles in films like Saratoga and The Girl of the Golden West. One of his known roles was in The Dark Command, where he portrayed the villain opposite John Wayne, Claire Trevor. It was not until he starred in the Academy Award-winning Best Picture How Green Was My Valley that his popularity returned and he then starred opposite Greer Garson in Blossoms in the Dust, Mrs. Miniver and its sequel, The Miniver Story in 1950. He was also nominated in 1944 for Madame Curie, again opposite Garson and his partnership with her continued throughout the 1940s and into the 1950s with Mrs. Parkington, Julia Misbehaves, That Forsyte Woman, and finally Scandal at Scourie. Although he continued to make films, including The Bad and the Beautiful and Forbidden Planet and he was featured in Take Me Along with Jackie Gleason and received a Tony Award nomination for the musical play. In 1962, he portrayed General Augustus Perry in the episode The Reunion on CBSs Rawhide and his role as Florenz Ziegfeld in Funny Girl was well received. Later, he played Casey, James Coburns sidekick, in Harry in Your Pocket, Pidgeon guest-starred in the episode King of the Valley of CBSs Dick Powells Zane Grey Theater. Pidgeon plays Dave King, a rancher who quarrels with his banker over a $10,000 loan. When the banker dies of an attack on the job after a confrontation with King. Leora Dana plays Anne Coleman, the widow and the ranchers former paramour
24.
Greer Garson
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A major star at MGM during the 1940s, Garson received seven Academy Award nominations, including a record five consecutive nominations, winning the Best Actress award for Mrs. Miniver. Greer Garson was born on 29 September 1904 in Manor Park, East Ham, London and, the child of Nina and George Garson. Her father was born in London, to Scottish parents, and her mother was from Drumaloor, Casar, County Down, the name Greer is a contraction of MacGregor, another family name. David Greer lived in a detached house built on the lower part of what was known as Pig Street or known locally as the Back Way near Shillidays builders yard. The house was called Claremount and today the street is named Claremount Avenue and it was often reported that Garson was born in this house. She had intended to become a teacher, but instead began working with an advertising agency, Greer Garsons early professional appearances were on stage, starting at Birmingham Repertory Theatre in January 1932. She appeared on television during its earliest years, most notably starring in a 30-minute production of an excerpt of Twelfth Night in May 1937, with Dorothy Black. These live transmissions were part of the BBCs experimental service from Alexandra Palace, louis B. Mayer discovered Garson while he was in London looking for new talent. Garson was signed to a contract with MGM in late 1937 and she received her first Oscar nomination for the role, but lost to Vivien Leigh for Gone with the Wind. She received critical acclaim the next year for her role as Elizabeth Bennet in the 1940 film, Pride, Garson won the Academy Award for Best Actress in 1942 for her role as a strong British wife and mother in the middle of World War II in Mrs. Miniver. She was also nominated for Madame Curie, Mrs. Parkington, Garson was partnered with Clark Gable, after his return from war service, in Adventure. The film was advertised with the catch-phrase Gables back and Garsons got him, Gable argued for He put the Arson in Garson, she countered She put the Able in Gable. Thereafter, the catchphrase was selected. Garsons popularity declined somewhat in the late 1940s, but she remained a prominent film star until the mid-1950s, in 1951, she became a naturalised citizen of the United States. She made only a few films after her MGM contract expired in 1954, in 1958, she received a warm reception on Broadway in Auntie Mame, replacing Rosalind Russell, who had gone to Hollywood to make the film version. In 1960, Garson received her seventh and final Oscar nomination for Sunrise at Campobello, in which she played Eleanor Roosevelt, Greer was special guest on an episode of the TV series Father Knows Best, playing herself. On 4 October 1956, Garson appeared with Reginald Gardiner as the first two guest stars of the series, in the premiere of NBCs The Ford Show, Starring Tennessee Ernie Ford. Garson appeared as a mystery guest on Whats My Line on 25 October 1953 and she was a panelist on the 12 May 1957 episode
25.
Joseph Cotten
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Joseph Cheshire Cotten, Jr. was an American film, stage, radio and television actor. Cotten achieved prominence on Broadway, starring in the stage productions of The Philadelphia Story. He first gained fame in the Orson Welles film Citizen Kane, The Magnificent Ambersons. He went on to one of the leading Hollywood actors of the 1940s, appearing in films such as Shadow of a Doubt, Love Letters, Duel in the Sun, Portrait of Jennie, The Third Man. One of his films was Michael Ciminos Heavens Gate. Joseph Cotten was born in 1905 in Petersburg, Virginia, the first of three born to Joseph Cheshire Cotten, Sr. an assistant postmaster, and Sally Willson Cotten. He grew up in the Tidewater region and showed an aptitude for drama, in 1923, when Cotten was 18, his family arranged for him to receive private lessons at the Hickman School of Expression in Washington, D. C. and underwrote his expenses. He earned spending money playing professional football on Sundays, for $25 a quarter, after graduation, he earned enough money as a lifeguard at Wilcox Lake to pay back his familys loan, with interest. He worked as an agent, and his work as a theatre critic inspired him to become involved in theatre productions, first in Virginia. Cotten made his Broadway debut in 1930, in 1934 Cotten met and became friends with Orson Welles, a fellow cast member on CBS Radios The American School of the Air. Welles regarded Cotten as a brilliant comic actor, and gave him the role in his Federal Theatre Project farce. Cotten was sure that Horse Eats Hat won him the notice of his future Broadway costar, Cotten made his film debut in the Welles-directed short, Too Much Johnson, a comedy that was intended to complement the aborted 1938 Mercury stage production of William Gillettes 1890 play. The film was never screened in public and was lost until 2013, Cotten returned to Broadway in 1939, creating the role of C. K. Dexter Haven opposite Katharine Hepburns Tracy Lord in the original production of Philip Barrys The Philadelphia Story. The play ran for a year at the Shubert Theatre, Hayward suggested that they call Cottens good pal, Orson Welles. Hes been making big waves out here, Hayward said, maybe nobody in Hollywood ever heard of the Shubert Theatre in New York, but everybody certainly knows about the Mercury Theatre in New York. After the success of Welless War of the Worlds 1938 Halloween radio broadcast, the two-picture deal promised full creative control for the young director below an agreed budget limit, and Welless intention was to feature the Mercury Players in his productions. Shooting had still not begun on a Welles film after a year, in mid-1940 filming began on Citizen Kane, portraying the life of a press magnate who starts out as an idealist but eventually turns into a corrupt, lonely old man. The film featured Cotten prominently in the role of Kanes best friend Jedediah Leland, nominated for nine Academy Awards in 1942, the film won only for Best Screenplay, for Mankiewicz and Welles
26.
Fredric March
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Fredric March was a distinguished stage actor and one of Hollywoods most celebrated, versatile stars of the 1930s and 40s. March is the actor to have won both the Academy Award and the Tony Award twice. March was born in Racine, Wisconsin, the son of Cora Brown Marcher, a schoolteacher, and John F. Bickel, March attended the Winslow Elementary School, Racine High School, and the University of Wisconsin–Madison where he was a member of Alpha Delta Phi. He appeared on Broadway in 1926, and by the end of the decade, March served in the United States Army during World War I as an artillery lieutenant. March received an Oscar nomination for the 4th Academy Awards in 1930 for The Royal Family of Broadway and he returned to Broadway after a ten-year absence in 1937 with a notable flop Yr. Obedient Husband, but after the success of Thornton Wilders The Skin of Our Teeth he focused as much on Broadway theatre as Hollywood. He also had successes in A Bell for Adano in 1944 and Gideon in 1961. He also starred in films as I Married a Witch and Another Part of the Forest during this period. On March 25,1954, March co-hosted the 26th Annual Academy Awards ceremony from New York City, marchs neighbor in Connecticut, playwright Arthur Miller, was thought to favor March to inaugurate the part of Willy Loman in the Pulitzer Prize-winning Death of a Salesman. In 1957, March was awarded The George Eastman Award, given by George Eastman House for distinguished contribution to the art of film. March co-starred with Spencer Tracy in the 1960 Stanley Kramer film Inherit the Wind, in which he played a version of famous orator. Marchs Bible-thumping character provided a rival for Tracys Clarence Darrow-inspired character, the recordings were narrated by Charles Collingwood, with March and his wife Florence Eldridge performing dramatic readings from historical documents and literature. Following surgery for cancer in 1970, it seemed his career was over, yet he managed to give one last performance in The Iceman Cometh, as the complicated Irish saloon keeper. March was married to actress Florence Eldridge from 1927 until his death in 1975 and he died from prostate cancer, at age 77, in Los Angeles, California, he was buried at his estate in New Milford, Connecticut. Throughout his life, he and his wife were supporters of the Democratic Party, biographies of March include Fredric March, Craftsman First, Star Second by Deborah C. Peterson, and Fredric March, A Consummate Actor by Charles Tranberg, Fredric March at the Internet Movie Database Fredric March at the Internet Broadway Database Photographs of Fredric March
27.
Myrna Loy
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Myrna Loy was an American film, television and stage actress. Trained as a dancer, Loy devoted herself fully to a career following a few minor roles in silent films. She was originally typecast in roles, often as a vamp or a woman of Asian descent. During World War II, Loy served as assistant to the director of military and she was later appointed a member-at-large of the U. S. While the height of her popularity was during the 1930s and 40s, she continued to pursue stage, television. Loy was born in Helena, Montana, the daughter of Adelle Mae and rancher David Franklin Williams and she had a younger brother, David Williams. Loys paternal grandparents were Welsh, and her grandparents were Scottish and Swedish. Her first name was derived from a stop near Broken Bow, Nebraska. Her father was also a banker and real estate developer and the youngest man elected to the Montana state legislature. Her mother studied music at the American Conservatory of Music in Chicago, during the winter of 1912, Loys mother nearly died from pneumonia, and her father sent his wife and daughter to La Jolla, California. Loys mother saw great potential in Southern California, and during one of her husbands visits, among the properties he bought was land he later sold at a considerable profit to Charlie Chaplin so the filmmaker could construct his studio there. Although her mother tried to persuade her husband to move to California permanently, he preferred ranch life and the three eventually returned to Montana. Loys father died on November 7,1918, of Spanish influenza, and Loys mother was able to realize her dream to permanently relocate her family to California. Loy attended the exclusive Westlake School for Girls in Los Angeles, California, when her teachers objected to her participating in theatrical arts, her mother enrolled her in Venice High School, and at 15, she began appearing in local stage productions. In 1921, Loy posed for Venice High School sculpture teacher Harry Fielding Winebrenner for the central figure Inspiration in his sculpture group Fountain of Education. Completed in 1922, the group was erected in front of the campus outdoor pool in May 1923 where it stood for decades. Fountain of Education can be seen in the scenes of the 1978 film Grease. Loy left school at the age of 18 to help with the familys finances and she obtained work at Graumans Egyptian Theatre, where she performed in elaborate musical sequences that were related to and served as prologues for the feature film
28.
Dana Andrews
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Carver Dana Andrews was an American film actor. He was one of Hollywoods major stars of the 1940s, and continued acting, though generally in less prestigious roles, into the 1980s. One of his roles, and the one for which he received the most praise, was as war veteran Fred Derry in The Best Years of Our Lives. Andrews was born on a farmstead near Collins, Mississippi, the third of 13 children of Charles Forrest Andrews, a Baptist minister, the family subsequently moved to Huntsville, Texas, the birthplace of his younger siblings, including future Hollywood actor Steve Forrest. Andrews attended college at Sam Houston State University and studied business administration in Houston, in 1931, he traveled to Los Angeles, California, seeking opportunities as a singer. He worked various jobs, such as working at a gas station in Van Nuys, to help Andrews study music at night, The station owners stepped in. with a deal, $50 a week for full-time study, in exchange for a five-year share of possible later earnings. Andrews signed a contract with Samuel Goldwyn and nine years after arriving in Los Angeles was offered his first movie role in William Wylers The Westerner and he was also memorable as the gangster in the 1941 comedy Ball of Fire, again teaming with Cooper. In the 1943 movie adaptation of The Ox-Bow Incident with Henry Fonda, often cited as one of his best films, in 1945, he co-starred with Jeanne Crain in the musical State Fair. In 1947, he was voted the 23rd most popular star in the U. S and he played a brutal cop in Where the Sidewalk Ends, also with Tierney. Around this time, alcoholism began to derail Andrews career, by the middle 1950s, Andrews was acting almost exclusively in B-movies. A handful of films he starred in during the late 1950s, however, two movies for Fritz Lang in 1956, While the City Sleeps and Beyond a Reasonable Doubt, and two for Jacques Tourneur, Night of the Demon and The Fearmakers, are well regarded. From 1952 to 1954, Andrews starred in the radio series I Was a Communist for the FBI about the experiences of Matt Cvetic, in 1963, he was elected president of the Screen Actors Guild. Andrews later appeared in a role as college president Tom Boswell on the NBC daytime soap opera Bright Promise from its premiere on September 29,1969 until March 1971. In 1960 he and Efrem Zimbalist, Jr. starred in The Crowded Sky, fifteen years later, Andrews and Zimbalist appeared in Airport 1975, Andrews playing a businessman pilot who has a heart attack and crashes his plane into a 747 that Zimbalist is flying. In the 1970s, Andrews was active in estate, telling a newspaper reporter that he had one hotel that brings in $200,000 a year. Andrews married Janet Murray on December 31,1932 and their son, David, was a musician and composer who died from a cerebral hemorrhage. Murray died in 1935 of pneumonia, on November 17,1939, Andrews married actress Mary Todd, by whom he had three children, Katharine, Stephen, and Susan. For two decades, the family lived in Toluca Lake, California, Andrews eventually brought his alcoholism under control and worked actively with the National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence
29.
Hoagy Carmichael
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Howard Hoagland Hoagy Carmichael was an American composer, pianist, singer, actor, and bandleader from Indiana. Carmichael composed several hundred songs, including fifty that achieved hit record status and he is best known for composing the music for Stardust, Georgia on My Mind, The Nearness of You, and Heart and Soul, four of the most-recorded American songs of all time. He also collaborated with lyricist Johnny Mercer on Skylark, Carmichaels Ole Buttermilk Sky was an Academy Award-nominee in 1946, In the Cool, Cool, Cool of the Evening, with lyrics by Mercer, won the Academy Award for Best Original Song in 1951. Carmichael also appeared as an actor and musical performer in fourteen motion pictures. Born in Bloomington, Indiana, on November 22,1899, Hoaglund Howard Hoagie Carmichael was the first child and only son of Howard Clyde and his parents named him after a circus troupe called the Hoaglands that had stayed at the Carmichael house during his mothers pregnancy. Hoagy had two sisters, Georgia and Joanne. Because of Howards unstable job history, the family moved frequently, Hoagy spent most of his early years in Bloomington and in Indianapolis, Indiana. Carmichaels mother taught him to sing and play the piano at an early age, the Carmichael family moved to Indianapolis in 1916, but Hoagy returned to Bloomington in 1919 to complete high school. The piano was the focus of Carmichaels after-school life, for inspiration he would listen to ragtime pianists Hank Wells and Hube Hanna. At eighteen, the small, wiry, and pale Carmichael helped supplement his family’s meager income by working in jobs in construction, at a bicycle-chain factory. The bleak time was partly spelled by four-handed piano duets with his mother and by his friendship with DuValle, Carmichael earned his first money as a musician playing at a fraternity dance in 1918, marking the beginning of his musical career. The death of Carmichaels three-year-old sister in 1918 affected him deeply and he later wrote My sister Joanne—the victim of poverty. We couldn’t afford a doctor or good attention, and that’s when I vowed I would never be broke again in my lifetime. Joanne may have died from influenza, which had swept the world that year, Carmichael attended Indiana University in Bloomington, where he earned a bachelors degree in 1925 and a law degree in 1926. He was a member of the Kappa Sigma fraternity, and played the piano around Indiana and Ohio with his band, around 1922 Carmichael first met Leon Bix Beiderbecke, a cornetist and sometime pianist from Iowa. The two became friends and played music together, under Beiderbecke’s influence Carmichael began playing the cornet, but found that he didnt have the lips for the instrument and played it only briefly. He was also inspired by Beiderbeckes impressionistic and classical music ideas, the song became a jazz staple. Carmichaels other early compositions included Washboard Blues and Boneyard Shuffle
30.
Life With Father
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Life With Father is a 1939 play by Howard Lindsay and Russel Crouse, adapted from a humorous autobiographical book of stories compiled in 1935 by Clarence Day. The Broadway production ran for more than seven years to become the longest-running non-musical play on Broadway, the play was adapted into a 1947 feature film and a television series. Clarence Day wrote humorously about his family and life, the stories of his father, Clarence Clare Day, Senior, were first printed in the New Yorker magazine. They portray a rambunctious, overburdened Wall Street broker who demands that everything from his family should be just so, first published in 1936, shortly after his death, Days book is a picture of New York upper-middle-class family life in the 1890s. The stories are filled with affectionate irony, Days understated, matter-of-fact style underlines the comedy in everyday situations. The 1939 Broadway production ran for seven years to become the longest-running non-musical play on Broadway. It also held the title of the longest running Broadway play of any type of all time from 1947 to 1972 and it opened at the Empire Theatre on November 8,1939 and ran at that theatre until September 8,1945. It then moved to the Bijou Theatre where it ran until June 15,1947, the play was produced by Oscar Serlin, staged by Bretaigne Windust, with setting and costumes by Stewart Chaney. It starred Howard Lindsay, his wife Dorothy Stickney, and Teresa Wright, james Christie, a young red-headed actor, was also a long-running member of the cast. Life With Father was adapted for the November 6,1938, the cast included Orson Welles, Mildred Natwick, Mary Wickes, Alice Frost and Arthur Anderson. Six years later, the film was adapted into a television series, starring Leon Ames and Lurene Tuttle. The series was the first live color program for network TV to originate in Hollywood, the film and its audio entered the public domain in 1975. Life With Father at the Internet Broadway Database Life With Father at the Internet Movie Database
31.
Samuel Goldwyn
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Samuel Goldwyn, also known as Samuel Goldfish, was a Jewish Polish American film producer. He was most well known for being the founding contributor and executive of several motion picture studios in Hollywood and his awards include the 1973 Golden Globe Cecil B. DeMille Award, the Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award in 1947, Goldwyn was born Szmuel Gelbfisz in Warsaw, Kingdom of Poland, Russian Empire, to a Hasidic, Polish Jewish family. His parents were Aaron Dawid Gelbfisz, a peddler, and his wife, at an early age, he left Warsaw on foot and penniless. He made his way to Birmingham, United Kingdom, where he remained with relatives for a few years using the name Samuel Goldfish and he was 16 when his father died. In 1898, he emigrated to the United States, but fearing refusal of entry, he got off the boat in Nova Scotia, Canada and he found work in upstate Gloversville, New York, in the bustling garment business. Soon his innate marketing skills made him a successful salesman at the Elite Glove Company. After four years, as vice-president of sales, he moved back to New York City, in 1913, Goldfish along with his brother-in-law Jesse L. Lasky, Cecil B. DeMille, and Arthur Friend formed a partnership, The Jesse L. Lasky Feature Play Company, film rights for the stage play, The Squaw Man were purchased for $4,000 and Dustin Farnum was hired for the leading role. Shooting for the first feature made in Hollywood began on December 29,1913. In 1914, Paramount was an exchange and exhibition corporation headed by W. W. Hodkinson. Looking for more movies to distribute, Paramount signed a contract with the Lasky Company on June 1,1914 to supply 36 films per year, one of Paramounts other suppliers was Adolph Zukors Famous Players Company. The two companies merged on June 28,1916 forming The Famous Players-Lasky Corporation, Zukor had been quietly buying Paramount stock, and two weeks prior to the merger, became president of Paramount Pictures Corporation and had Hodkinson replaced with Hiram Abrams, a Zukor associate. With the merger, Zukor became president of both Paramount and Famous Players-Lasky, with Goldfish being named chairman of the board of Famous Players-Lasky, and Jesse Lasky first vice-president. After a series of conflicts with Zukor, Goldfish resigned as chairman of the board, Goldfish was out as an active member of management, although he still owned stock and was a member of the board of directors. Famous Players-Lasky would later part of Paramount Pictures Corporation. In 1916, Goldfish partnered with Broadway producers Edgar and Archibald Selwyn, seeing an opportunity, he then had his name legally changed to Samuel Goldwyn, which he used for the rest of his life. Goldwyn Pictures proved successful but it is their Leo the Lion trademark for which the organization is most famous, on April 10,1924, Goldwyn Pictures was acquired by Marcus Loew and merged into his Metro Pictures Corporation
32.
Bette Davis
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Ruth Elizabeth Bette Davis was an American actress of film, television, and theater. After appearing in Broadway plays, Davis moved to Hollywood in 1930, however, her early films for Universal Studios were unsuccessful. She joined Warner Bros. in 1932 and established her career with several critically acclaimed performances, in 1937, she attempted to free herself from her contract. Although she lost the legal case against the studio, it marked the beginning of the most successful period of her career. Until the late 1940s, she was one of American cinemas most celebrated leading ladies, known for her forceful, Davis gained a reputation as a perfectionist who could be highly combative and confrontational. She clashed with executives and film directors as well as many of her co-stars. Her forthright manner, idiosyncratic speech and ubiquitous cigarette contributed to a public persona, Davis was the co-founder of the Hollywood Canteen, and was the first female president of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Her career went through periods of eclipse, and she admitted that her success had often been at the expense of her personal relationships. Married four times, she was widowed and three times divorced, and raised her children as a single parent. In 1999, Davis was placed second behind Katharine Hepburn on the American Film Institutes list of the greatest female stars of classic Hollywood cinema. Bettys younger sister, Barbara Harriet Bobby, was born October 25,1909, at 55 Ward Street in Somerville, Massachusetts, in 1915, Daviss parents separated and Betty and Bobby attended a Spartan boarding school called Crestalban in Lanesborough, which is located in the Berkshires. In 1921, Ruth Davis moved to New York City with her daughters, Betty changed the spelling of her name to Bette after Honoré de Balzacs La Cousine Bette. Davis attended Cushing Academy, a school in Ashburnham, Massachusetts. In 1926, she saw a production of Henrik Ibsens The Wild Duck with Blanche Yurka and Peg Entwistle, Davis later recalled for Al Cohn of Newsday, The reason I wanted to go into theater was because of an actress named Peg Entwistle. She auditioned for admission to Eva LeGalliennes Manhattan Civic Repertory, but was rejected by LeGallienne who described her attitude as insincere, upon graduating from Cushing Academy, Bette enrolled in John Murray Andersons Dramatic School. In 1929, Davis was chosen by Blanche Yurka to play Hedwig, after performing in Philadelphia, Washington and Boston, she made her Broadway debut in 1929 in Broken Dishes, and followed it with Solid South. In 1930, Davis moved to Hollywood to screen test for Universal Studios, Davis and her mother traveled by train to Hollywood and arrived on December 13,1930. She would later recount her surprise that nobody from the studio was there to meet her at the train, in fact, a studio employee had waited for her, but left because he saw nobody who looked like an actress
33.
Lillian Hellman
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Lillian Florence Lilly Hellman was an American dramatist and screenwriter known for her success as a playwright on Broadway, as well as her left-wing sympathies and political activism. She was blacklisted after her appearance before the House Committee on Un-American Activities at the height of the anti-communist campaigns of 1947–52, although she continued to work on Broadway in the 1950s, her blacklisting by the American film industry caused a drop in her income. Many praised Hellman for refusing to answer questions by HUAC, but others believed, despite her denial, that she had belonged to the Communist Party. As a playwright, Hellman had many successes on Broadway, including Watch on the Rhine, The Autumn Garden, Toys in the Attic, Another Part of the Forest, The Childrens Hour and The Little Foxes. She adapted her semi-autobiographical play The Little Foxes into a screenplay, Hellmans accuracy was challenged after she brought a libel suit against Mary McCarthy. In 1979, on the The Dick Cavett Show, McCarthy said that every word she writes is a lie, including and, during the libel suit, investigators found errors in Hellmans popular memoirs such as Pentimento. They said that the Julia section of Pentimento, which had been the basis for the Oscar-winning 1977 movie of the name, was actually based on the life of Muriel Gardiner. Martha Gellhorn, Ernest Hemingways ex-wife, said that Hellmans remembrances of Hemingway, McCarthy, Gellhorn and others accused Hellman of lying about her membership in the Communist Party and being an unrepentant Stalinist. Lillian Florence Hellman was born in New Orleans, Louisiana, into a Jewish family and her mother was Julia Newhouse of Demopolis, Alabama, and her father was Max Hellman, a New Orleans shoe salesman. Julia Newhouses parents were Sophie Marx, from a banking family, and Leonard Newhouse. During most of her childhood she spent half of year in New Orleans, in a boarding home run by her aunts. She studied for two years at New York University and then took courses at Columbia University. On December 31,1925, Hellman married Arthur Kober, a playwright and press agent, in 1929, she traveled around Europe for a time and settled in Bonn to continue her education. Years later she wrote, Then for the first time in my life I thought about being a Jew, beginning in 1930, for about a year she earned $50 a week as a reader for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer in Hollywood, writing summaries of novels and periodical literature for potential screenplays. Although she found the job rather dull, it opened doors for her to meet a greater range of creative people while also getting involved in more political. While there she met and fell in love with mystery writer Dashiell Hammett and she divorced Kober and returned to New York City in 1932. When she met Hammett in a Hollywood restaurant, she was 24 and they maintained their relationship off and on until his death in January 1961. Hellmans drama The Childrens Hour premiered on Broadway on November 24,1934 and it depicts a false accusation of lesbianism by a schoolgirl against two of her teachers
34.
The Little Foxes
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The Little Foxes is a 1939 play by Lillian Hellman, considered a classic of 20th century drama. Set in a town in Alabama in 1900, it focuses on the struggle for control of a family business. Tallulah Bankhead starred in the production as Regina Hubbard Giddens. Hes no businessman, just her financial support, and although hes pliable enough for her ambition, that ambition has driven him into becoming merely the sickly, wheelchair-bound tool of her insatiable greed. Her brother Oscar married Birdie, his alcoholic wife, solely to acquire her familys plantation. Oscar now wants to join forces with his brother, Benjamin and they need an additional $75,000 and approach Regina, asking her to invest in the project. Oscar initially proposes marriage between his son Leo and Reginas daughter Alexandra—first cousins—as a means of getting Horaces money, but Horace and Alexandra are repulsed by the suggestion. Horace refuses when Regina asks him outright for the money, so Leo, when he suffers a heart attack during this chat, she makes no effort to help him. He dies within hours, without knowing his plan and before changing his will. This leaves Regina free to blackmail her brothers by threatening to report Leos theft unless they give her 75% ownership in the cotton mill, the price Regina ultimately pays for her evil deeds is the loss of her daughter Alexandras love and respect. Reginas actions cause Alexandra to finally understand the importance of not idly watching people do evil and she tells Regina she will not watch her be one who eats the earth, and abandons her. Having let her die, alienated her brothers, and driven away her only child, Regina is left wealthy. The fictional Hubbards in the play are drawn from Lillian Hellmans Marx relatives. Hellmans mother was Julia Newhouse of Demopolis, Alabama, Julia Newhouses parents were Leonard Newhouse, a Demopolis wholesale liquor dealer, and Sophie Marx, of a successful Demopolis banking family. According to Hellman, Sophie Marx Newhouse never missed an opportunity to belittle, the discord between the Marx and Hellman families was to later serve as the inspiration for the play. The title The Little Foxes was suggested by Dorothy Parker, in 1946, Hellman wrote Another Part of the Forest, a prequel chronicling the roots of the Hubbard family. Produced and directed by Herman Shumlin, the original Broadway production of The Little Foxes opened February 15,1939 and it ran for 410 performances before its extensive tour of the United States. Tallulah Bankhead won Variety magazines citation as best actress of the year, Lillian Hellman wrote the screenplay for a 1941 film version, a Samuel Goldwyn production directed by William Wyler
35.
Lou Gehrig
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Henry Louis Lou or Buster Gehrig was an American baseball first baseman who played 17 seasons in Major League Baseball for the New York Yankees, from 1923 through 1939. Gehrig was renowned for his prowess as a hitter and for his durability and he was an All-Star seven consecutive times, a Triple Crown winner once, an American League Most Valuable Player twice, and a member of six World Series champion teams. He had a career.340 batting average.632 slugging average, and he hit 493 home runs and had 1,995 runs batted in. In 1939, he was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame and was the first MLB player to have his number retired by a team. A native of New York City and attendee of Columbia University, the disease forced him to retire at age 36 and was the cause of his death two years later. The pathos of his farewell from baseball was capped off by his iconic 1939 Luckiest Man on the Face of the Earth speech at Yankee Stadium, a monument in Gehrigs honor, originally dedicated by the Yankees in 1941, currently resides in Monument Park at Yankee Stadium. The Lou Gehrig Memorial Award is given annually to the MLB player best exhibiting his integrity, Gehrig was born in 1903 at 309 East 94th Street in the Yorkville neighborhood of Manhattan, he weighed almost 14 pounds at birth. He was the second of four children of German immigrants, Christina Foch and Heinrich Gehrig and his father was a sheet metal worker by trade but frequently unemployed due to alcoholism, and his mother, a maid, was the main breadwinner and disciplinarian in the family. His two sisters died at an age from whooping cough and measles, a brother also died in infancy. From an early age, Gehrig helped his mother with work, doing such as folding laundry. In 1910, he lived with his parents at 2266 Amsterdam Avenue in Washington Heights, in 1920, the family resided on 8th Avenue in Manhattan. His name was anglicized to Henry Louis Gehrig and he was known as Lou so that he would not be confused with his identically named father. Gehrig first garnered attention for his baseball ability while playing in a game at Cubs Park on June 26,1920. His New York School of Commerce team was playing a team from Chicagos Lane Tech High School in front of a crowd of more than 10,000 spectators. With his team leading 8–6 in the top of the inning, Gehrig hit a grand slam completely out of the major league park. Gehrig attended PS132 in the Washington Heights section of Manhattan, then went to Commerce High School and he then studied at Columbia University for two years, although he did not graduate. Initially, he went to Columbia on a scholarship, where he was preparing to pursue a degree in engineering. After he played a dozen games for the Hartford Senators in the Eastern League, in 1922, Gehrig returned to collegiate sports as a fullback for the Columbia Lions football program
36.
Universal Pictures
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Universal Pictures is an American film studio owned by Comcast through the Universal Filmed Entertainment Group division of its wholly owned subsidiary NBCUniversal. The company was founded in 1912 by Carl Laemmle, Mark Dintenfass, Charles O. Baumann, Adam Kessel, Pat Powers, William Swanson, David Horsley and its studios are located in Universal City, California, and its corporate offices are located in New York City. Universal Pictures is a member of the Motion Picture Association of America and is one of Hollywoods Big Six studios. Universal Studios was founded by Carl Laemmle, Mark Dintenfass, Charles O. Baumann, Adam Kessel, Pat Powers, William Swanson, David Horsley, Robert H. Cochrane, one story has Laemmle watching a box office for hours, counting patrons and calculating the days takings. Within weeks of his Chicago trip, Laemmle gave up dry goods to buy the first several nickelodeons, for Laemmle and other such entrepreneurs, the creation in 1908 of the Edison-backed Motion Picture Trust meant that exhibitors were expected to pay fees for Trust-produced films they showed. Soon, Laemmle and other disgruntled nickelodeon owners decided to avoid paying Edison by producing their own pictures, in June 1909, Laemmle started the Yankee Film Company with partners Abe Stern and Julius Stern. Laemmle broke with Edisons custom of refusing to give billing and screen credits to performers, by naming the movie stars, he attracted many of the leading players of the time, contributing to the creation of the star system. In 1910, he promoted Florence Lawrence, formerly known as The Biograph Girl, the Universal Film Manufacturing Company was incorporated in New York on April 30,1912. Laemmle, who emerged as president in July 1912, was the figure in the partnership with Dintenfass, Baumann, Kessel, Powers, Swanson, Horsley. Eventually all would be out by Laemmle. Following the westward trend of the industry, by the end of 1912 the company was focusing its efforts in the Hollywood area. On March 15,1915, Laemmle opened the worlds largest motion picture production facility, Universal City Studios, studio management became the third facet of Universals operations, with the studio incorporated as a distinct subsidiary organization. Unlike other movie moguls, Laemmle opened his studio to tourists, Universal became the largest studio in Hollywood, and remained so for a decade. However, it sought an audience mostly in towns, producing mostly inexpensive melodramas, westerns. In its early years Universal released three brands of feature films — Red Feather, low-budget programmers, Bluebird, more ambitious productions, and Jewel, their prestige motion pictures. Directors included Jack Conway, John Ford, Rex Ingram, Robert Z. Leonard, George Marshall and Lois Weber, despite Laemmles role as an innovator, he was an extremely cautious studio chief. Unlike rivals Adolph Zukor, William Fox, and Marcus Loew and he also financed all of his own films, refusing to take on debt. Character actor Lon Chaney became a card for Universal in the 1920s
37.
World War II
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World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although related conflicts began earlier. It involved the vast majority of the worlds countries—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing alliances, the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread war in history, and directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. Marked by mass deaths of civilians, including the Holocaust and the bombing of industrial and population centres. These made World War II the deadliest conflict in human history, from late 1939 to early 1941, in a series of campaigns and treaties, Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe, and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan. Under the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours, Poland, Finland, Romania and the Baltic states. In December 1941, Japan attacked the United States and European colonies in the Pacific Ocean, and quickly conquered much of the Western Pacific. The Axis advance halted in 1942 when Japan lost the critical Battle of Midway, near Hawaii, in 1944, the Western Allies invaded German-occupied France, while the Soviet Union regained all of its territorial losses and invaded Germany and its allies. During 1944 and 1945 the Japanese suffered major reverses in mainland Asia in South Central China and Burma, while the Allies crippled the Japanese Navy, thus ended the war in Asia, cementing the total victory of the Allies. World War II altered the political alignment and social structure of the world, the United Nations was established to foster international co-operation and prevent future conflicts. The victorious great powers—the United States, the Soviet Union, China, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and the United States emerged as rival superpowers, setting the stage for the Cold War, which lasted for the next 46 years. Meanwhile, the influence of European great powers waned, while the decolonisation of Asia, most countries whose industries had been damaged moved towards economic recovery. Political integration, especially in Europe, emerged as an effort to end pre-war enmities, the start of the war in Europe is generally held to be 1 September 1939, beginning with the German invasion of Poland, Britain and France declared war on Germany two days later. The dates for the beginning of war in the Pacific include the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War on 7 July 1937, or even the Japanese invasion of Manchuria on 19 September 1931. Others follow the British historian A. J. P. Taylor, who held that the Sino-Japanese War and war in Europe and its colonies occurred simultaneously and this article uses the conventional dating. Other starting dates sometimes used for World War II include the Italian invasion of Abyssinia on 3 October 1935. The British historian Antony Beevor views the beginning of World War II as the Battles of Khalkhin Gol fought between Japan and the forces of Mongolia and the Soviet Union from May to September 1939, the exact date of the wars end is also not universally agreed upon. It was generally accepted at the time that the war ended with the armistice of 14 August 1945, rather than the formal surrender of Japan
38.
James Agee
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James Rufus Agee was an American novelist, journalist, poet, screenwriter and film critic. In the 1940s, he was one of the most influential critics in the U. S. His autobiographical novel, A Death in the Family, won the author a posthumous 1958 Pulitzer Prize, when Agee was six, his father was killed in an automobile accident. From the age of seven, Agee and his younger sister, the most prominent of these was located near his mothers summer cottage two miles from Sewanee, Tennessee. Saint Andrews School for Mountain Boys was run by the monastic Order of the Holy Cross affiliated with the Episcopal Church. It was there that Agees lifelong friendship with Episcopal priest Father James Harold Flye, a teacher at St. Andrews. As Agees close friend and mentor, Flye corresponded with him on literary and other topics through life and he published the letters after Agees death. Agees mother married St. Andrews bursar Father Erskine Wright in 1924, Agee went to Knoxville High School for the 1924–1925 school year, then traveled with Father Flye to Europe in the summer, when Agee was sixteen. On their return, Agee transferred to a school in New Hampshire. Soon after, he began a correspondence with Dwight Macdonald, at Phillips Exeter, Agee was president of The Lantern Club and editor of the Monthly where his first short stories, plays, poetry and articles were published. Despite barely passing many of his high school courses, Agee was admitted to Harvard Universitys class of 1932. There Agee took classes taught by Robert Hillyer and I. A. Richards, his classmate in those was the poet and critic Robert Fitzgerald. Agee was editor-in-chief of the Harvard Advocate and delivered the class ode at his commencement, in 1934, he published his only volume of poetry, Permit Me Voyage, with a foreword by Archibald MacLeish. In the summer of 1936, during the Great Depression, Agee spent eight weeks on assignment for Fortune with photographer Walker Evans, while Fortune did not publish his article, Agee turned the material into a book entitled Let Us Now Praise Famous Men. It sold only 600 copies before being remaindered, another manuscript from the same assignment discovered in 2003, titled Cotton Tenants, is believed to be the essay submitted to Fortune editors. The 30,000 word text, accompanied by photographs by Walker Evans, was published as a book in June 2013 and its excellence should enhance his reputation. A significant difference between the works is the use of names in Cotton Tenants, Agee assigned fictional names to the subjects of Famous Men in order to protect their identity. In 1941, he became Times film critic, in 1942-1948, he worked as a film critic for The Nation
39.
Fred Zinnemann
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Alfred Fred Zinnemann was an Austrian-born American film director. He won four Academy Awards for directing films in genres, including thrillers, westerns, film noir. He made 25 feature films during his 50-year career and he was among the first directors to insist on using authentic locations and for mixing stars with civilians to give his films more realism. According to one historian, Zinnemanns style demonstrated his sense of psychological realism, some of his most notable films were The Men, High Noon, From Here to Eternity, Oklahoma. The Nuns Story, A Man For All Seasons, The Day of the Jackal and his films have received 65 Oscar nominations, winning 24. Zinnemann was born in Rzeszów, the son of Anna and Oskar Zinnemann and his family was Jewish, and he had one younger brother. While growing up in Austria, he wanted to become a musician, while studying law, he became drawn to films and convinced his parents to let him study film production in Paris. After studying for a year at the Ecole Technique de Photographie et Cinématographie in Paris, he became a cameraman and found work on a number of films in Berlin, both of his parents were killed during the Holocaust. Zinnemann worked in Germany with several other beginners after he studied filmmaking in France, earlier in the decade, in fact, Zinnemann had worked with documentarian Robert Flaherty, probably the greatest single influence on my work as a filmmaker, he said. Although he was fascinated by the culture in Germany, with its theater, music and films. He became disenchanted with Berlin after continually seeing decadent ostentation and luxury existing alongside desperate unemployment, the wealthy classes were moving more to the political right and the poor to the left. Emotion had long since begun to displace reason, he said, Zinnemann, then only 21, got his parents permission to go to America where he hoped filmmaking opportunities would be greater. He arrived in New York at the end of October,1929 and it was as though I had just left a continent of zombies and entered a place humming with incredible energy and power. He took a Greyhound bus to Hollywood a few months following the completion of his first directorial effort for the Mexican cultural protest film, The Wave, in Alvarado. He established residence in North Hollywood with Henwar Rodakiewicz, Gunther von Fritsch and Ned Scott, One of Zinnemanns first jobs in Hollywood was as an extra in All Quiet on the Western Front. He says that many of the extras were former Russian aristocrats. He was twenty-two but he said he felt older than the forty-year-olds in Hollywood, but he was jubilant because he was then certain that this was the place one could breathe free and belong. But after a few years he became disillusioned with the talents of Hollywoods elites
40.
Marlon Brando
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Marlon Brando, Jr. was an American actor, film director and activist. He is credited with bringing realism to film acting and he helped to popularize the Stanislavski system of acting, studying with Stella Adler in the 1940s. Julius Caesar, The Wild One, Reflections in a Golden Eye, Last Tango in Paris, Brando was also an activist for many causes, notably the Civil Rights Movement and various Native American movements. Brando received Academy Award nominations for playing Emiliano Zapata in Viva Zapata, Mark Antony in Joseph L. Mankiewiczs 1953 film adaptation of Shakespeares Julius Caesar, and Air Force Major Lloyd Gruver in Sayonara, an adaption of James Micheners 1954 novel. Brando was included in a list of Top Ten Money Making Stars three times in the 1950s, coming in at number 10 in 1954, number 6 in 1955, the 1960s proved to be a fallow decade for Brando. The Godfather was then one of the most commercially successful films of all time, Brando took a four-year hiatus before appearing in The Missouri Breaks. After this, he was content with being a highly paid actor in cameo roles, such as in Superman and The Formula. According to the Guinness Book of World Records, Brando was paid a record $3.7 million and 11. 75% of the profits for 13 days work on Superman. Brando was ranked by the American Film Institute as the fourth-greatest movie star among male movie stars whose screen debuts occurred in or before 1950. He was one of three professional actors, along with Charlie Chaplin and Marilyn Monroe, named in 1999 by Time magazine as one of its 100 Most Important People of the Century. He died of respiratory failure on July 1,2004, at age 80, Brando was born on April 3,1924, in Omaha, Nebraska, to Marlon Brando, Sr. a pesticide and chemical feed manufacturer, and Dorothy Julia. Brando had two sisters, Jocelyn Brando and Frances. His ancestry included German, Dutch, English, and Irish and his patrilineal immigrant ancestor, Johann Wilhelm Brandau, arrived in New York in the early 1700s from the Palatinate in Germany. Brando was raised a Christian Scientist, however, she was an alcoholic and often had to be brought home from Chicago bars by her husband. In his autobiography, Songs My Mother Taught Me, Brando expressed sadness when writing about his mother, dodie and Brandos father eventually joined Alcoholics Anonymous. Brando harbored far more enmity for his father, stating, I was his namesake and he enjoyed telling me I couldnt do anything right. He had a habit of telling me I would never amount to anything, Brandos parents moved to Evanston, Illinois, when his fathers work took him to Chicago, but separated when Brando was 11 years old. His mother took the three children to Santa Ana, California, where they lived with her mother, in 1937, Brandos parents reconciled and moved together to Libertyville, Illinois, a small town north of Chicago
41.
Pursued
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Pursued is a 1947 film that combines western film noir and psychological melodrama. The picture was directed by Raoul Walsh and features Teresa Wright, Robert Mitchum, Judith Anderson and Dean Jagger. Set in New Mexico around the turn of the 20th century and told in flashback, in the aftermath of the massacre, Jeb is found by Mrs. Callum, a widow, who raises him in her family. Traumatized by the killings, Jeb does not recall anything of that night, Mrs. Callum raises him as her own son, together with her daughter Thorley and her son Adam. Mrs Callum pleads with Grant to leave Jeb alone, reasoning that he is not a threat to anyone, Grant agrees to let Jeb live but only to prove that when he is old enough, he will turn on Callum. Years later, Jeb, Adam and Thorley are adults and one day law officials arrive to recruit volunteers to join the US Army to battle the Spaniards. Jeb and Adam are told one of them must join and after agreeing on a coin toss, Jeb loses. Jeb is injured in battle and while recuperating in hospital experiences his flashbacks to the night of his familys murder once again, due to his injuries he is honorably discharged from the army and sent home and awarded the Medal of Honor. Thorley refuses stating she wants to get married on her own terms, Jeb goes for a long horse ride in order to clear his head and stumbles upon an abandoned ranch which he suspects he has seen before. His mother confirms that the ranch is indeed where he and his parents lived when Jeb was a child. In order to earn money so he can provide for himself and Thorley, Jeb plans to take his share of his inheritance, Jeb wins big at the casino and the owner Jake Dingle offers him to become his partner. Meanwhile Adam has researched Jebs past and knows about his murderous parents, still furious about their financial situation, Adam attempts to kill Jeb on his way back from the casino but is killed in self defense. Jeb is acquitted of the murder in court but is shunned by Thorley, with no family, job or home of his own, Jeb accepts Jake Dingles offer and becomes part owner of the casino. Months later at the town dance Jeb discovers that Thorley is engaged to a man named Prentice, Grant alerts Prentice as to what Jeb did to Thorleys brother and convinces him to make an attempt on Jebs life. Prentice attempts to ambush Jeb on his way home but is gunned down in self defense, some time later Thorley and Mrs Callum hatch a plan to gain revenge on Jeb for the pain he has caused them. Thorley pretends to forgive Jeb and agrees to him, planning to murder him on their wedding night. On the night in question Thorley can not bring herself to out the murder and reconciles with Jeb, somehow knowing in her heart that he is innocent. Tired of waiting, Grant rounds up a gang and they chase Jeb across the desert intending to finish the job he started all those years ago
42.
Robert Mitchum
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Robert Charles Durman Mitchum was an American film actor, director, author, poet, composer, and singer. Mitchum rose to prominence for his roles in several classic films noir. His best-known films include Out of the Past, The Night of the Hunter, Mitchum is rated number 23 on the American Film Institutes list of the greatest male stars of Classic American Cinema. Mitchum was born in Bridgeport, Connecticut into a Methodist family, a sister, Annette, was born in 1914. James Mitchum was crushed to death in a accident in Charleston, South Carolina, in February 1919. After his fathers death, his mother was awarded a government pension, and soon realized she was pregnant with her son, John. She remarried to a former Royal Naval Reserve officer, Major Hugh Cunningham Morris, Ann and the Major had a daughter, Carol Morris, who was born July 1927 on the family farm in Delaware. When all of the children were old enough to attend school, throughout Mitchums childhood, he was known as a prankster, often involved in fistfights and mischief. When he was 12, his mother sent Mitchum to live with his grandparents in Felton, Delaware, a year later, in 1930, he moved in with his older sister, to New Yorks Hells Kitchen. He experienced numerous adventures during his years as one of the Depression eras wild boys of the road, at age 14 in Savannah, Georgia, he was arrested for vagrancy and put on a local chain gang. By Mitchums own account, he escaped and returned to his family in Delaware, during this time, while recovering from injuries that nearly cost him a leg, he met the woman he would marry, a teenaged Dorothy Spence. He soon went back on the road, eventually riding the rails to California, Mitchum arrived in Long Beach, California, in 1936, staying again with his sister Julie. Soon, the rest of the Mitchum family joined them in Long Beach, during this time, he worked as a ghostwriter for astrologer Carroll Righter. His sister Julie convinced him to join the local theater guild with her, in his years with the Players Guild of Long Beach, he made a living as a stagehand and occasional bit-player in company productions. He also wrote short pieces which were performed by the guild. According to Lee Servers biography, Mitchum put his talent for poetry to work writing song lyrics, in 1940, he returned East to marry Dorothy Spence, taking her back to California. He remained a character until the birth of their first child, James. Mitchum then got a job as a machine operator with the Lockheed Aircraft Corporation
43.
Enchantment (1948 film)
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Enchantment is a romantic film starring David Niven and Teresa Wright, directed by Irving Reis, produced by Samuel Goldwyn, and based on the novel Take Three Tenses by Rumer Godden. In World War II London, a bold American servicewoman named Grizel Dane pays a visit to her granduncle, aged General Sir Roland Rollo Dane, at first reluctant to disturb his routine, Rollo soon gives in. Interspersed flashbacks reveal the history of the Dane family, the first takes place when Rollo is a child. He and his siblings, Selina and Pelham, are introduced to Lark Ingoldsby by their father. He explains that her parents have been killed in a railway accident, the second flashback occurs when the children have grown up. Rolands father has died, leaving Selina in charge of Lark, Rollo returns on leave from the army. When Lark asks Pelham for a dress, the first that would not be a hand-me-down from Selina, he realizes that she is growing up and she becomes acquainted with the Marchese Guido De Laudi, a business associate of Pelhams. In the last flashback, Lark is being courted by the Marchese, Pelham also unexpectedly reveals his love for her with a kiss, but her reaction makes it clear that she does not love him. Rollo surprises everyone by returning early from his latest posting on Larks birthday, Rollo and Lark finally acknowledge their love for each other, but Selina has other plans. She has arranged for General Fitzgerald to appoint Rollo to his staff for a mission to Afghanistan. However, Lark refuses to wait long, living uneasily with both Selina and Pelham. When Rollo is indecisive, she goes up to her room, Rollo makes his choice, he hastens to refuse the appointment, but Selina confronts Lark, telling her that Rollo has decided to take the job. When he does not return by the morning, Lark is convinced. Rollo returns too late, finding only a letter Lark wrote in which she says, furious at his sisters malicious meddling, Rollo vows never to enter the house again while she lives. In the story set in World War II, ambulance driver Grizel transports injured Pilot Officer Pax Masterson to a hospital, later, she is surprised to find him in the generals house. It turns out he is Larks nephew, while he waits for the old man to return home, Pax and Grizel become acquainted. As time goes on, they start falling in love, when Pax receives his orders, he asks her to marry him, but she is daunted by the uncertainties of war. As Pax is leaving, Rollo hands him a telegram addressed to him, Rollo talks to Grizel and persuades her not to throw away the chance for love as he did
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