1.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
2.
Graham, Anderson, Probst & White
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Graham, Anderson, Probst & White was a Chicago architectural firm that was founded in 1912 as Graham, Burnham & Co. This firm was the successor to D. H. Burnham & Co. through Daniel Burnhams surviving partner, Ernest R. Graham, and Burnhams sons, Hubert Burnham and Daniel Burnham Jr. In 1917, the Burnhams left to form their own practice, which eventually became Burnham Brothers, and Graham, – Graham, Peirce Anderson, Edward Mathias Probst, and Howard Judson White – formed the resulting practice. The firm also employed Victor Andre Matteson, Graham, Anderson, Probst & White was the largest architectural firm under one roof during the first half of the twentieth century. The firms importance to Chicagos architectural legacy cannot be overstated, nor can its connection to Burnham, the firm was headquartered in Burnhams own Railway Exchange Building. Its only close rival was the equally prolific Holabird and Root, GAP&W also created the iconic Terminal Tower in Cleveland and Federal Reserve Bank in Kansas City. Anderson died in 1924, with Graham and White following just weeks apart in 1936, surviving partner Edward M. Probst took over the firm, assisted by his sons Marvin Probst and Edward E. Probst. After Mr. Probsts death in 1942, son Marvin G. Probst took over as firm president, Edward E. Probst left the firm about 1947. Just prior to Marvin Probsts death in 1970, the firm was sold to an employee, from 1970 to 1993 William Surman was president of the firm. After his death in 1993, the practice was run by his son Robert Surman till the firm closed its doors in the fall of 2006 and those early buildings are still popular favorites today. The firms ultimate expression of the Art Deco style was found in its design of the 1931 Field Building and it was matched that year by Holabird and Roots equally stunning Chicago Board of Trade Building. After 1931, GAP&W for the most part stopped referencing the Beaux-Arts style, Field Museum of Natural History Conway Building,1913 Continental and Commercial Bank Building,1914 Marshall Field & Co. Shedd Aquarium, 1925–31 Pittsfield Building, 1926–27 State Line Generating Plant, 1926–29 Terminal Tower, Public Square, Cleveland, like most of the other prominent architectural firms of the early 20th Century, GAP&W frequently used sculpture to decorate its building designs. As was the custom of the era GAP&W had specific artists that preferred to work with
3.
Van Sweringen brothers
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Oris Paxton Van Sweringen and Mantis James Van Sweringen were brothers who became railroad barons in order to develop Shaker Heights, Ohio. They are better known as O. P. Van Sweringen and M. J. Van Sweringen, or by their collective nickname, the brothers came from a farming area near Wooster, Ohio. Their father was for a time an engineer in the oil fields of Pennsylvania, the family moved to Cleveland, Ohio, in about 1890. Neither brother married, the two shared a bedroom in their 54-room mansion, Roundwood Manor, on the grounds of their estate, Daisy Hill, in Hunting Valley. During their lifetimes, they gave interviews or made appearances in public, however. Before the establishment of Shaker Heights, Ohio, the brothers were land and building speculators in Cleveland, after being employed by others, and after suffering several early business failures, the brothers entered the real estate business. In 1909, the Van Sweringen brothers began exercising options on 1,399 acres of land owned by the North Union Community of the Society of Believers. Conceived and planned as a community similar to Baltimores Roland Park. This was achieved through a combination of planning, design review, Street planning for the new community used curved roads instead of the more usual grid pattern of streets found in many American communities. Three tree-lined boulevards extended eastward into the country, Moreland and Shaker boulevards center isles would be used for track bed for a planned interurban streetcar line. Both lines would share a route from Cleveland through Shaker Square where they would divide onto their own routes. The Van Sweringens designated Shaker Boulevard as a boulevard of mansions. Higher-density luxury apartments were planned for Moreland Boulevard, which was renamed Van Aken Boulevard in honor of the citys first mayor, Building in Shaker was controlled by a set of restrictive covenants and building guidelines established by the Van Sweringens and known as Shaker Standards. Shaker Standards prevented the community from being developed in any way contrary to how the Van Sweringens intended, Standards limited commercial development, rental property development, and residence style and size. Standards set roof slope angles, materials, finishes, and garage placement, all residences were required to be unique and designed by an architect. Duplex residences in the community were restricted to designated areas and were required to follow guidelines designed to give the impression that a structure was a single-family home. By 1920, the Van Sweringens controlled more than 4,000 acres in the community, since lots sold slowly, the brothers concluded that Shaker Heights needed a transportation system between the suburb and downtown. In 1913, the Van Sweringens established the Cleveland Interurban Railroad and this prompted the Van Sweringens to purchase land in the vicinity of Public Square in downtown Cleveland as early as 1909 to provide a terminus for their rapid transit line
4.
Skyscraper
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A skyscraper is a tall, continuously habitable building having multiple floors. When the term was used in the 1880s it described a building of 10 to 20 floors. Mostly designed for office, commercial and residential uses, a skyscraper can also be called a high-rise, for buildings above a height of 300 m, the term supertall can be used, while skyscrapers reaching beyond 600 m are classified as megatall. One common feature of skyscrapers is having a steel framework that supports curtain walls and these curtain walls either bear on the framework below or are suspended from the framework above, rather than resting on load-bearing walls of conventional construction. Some early skyscrapers have a frame that enables the construction of load-bearing walls taller than of those made of reinforced concrete. Modern skyscrapers walls are not load-bearing, and most skyscrapers are characterized by surface areas of windows made possible by steel frames. However, skyscrapers can have curtain walls that mimic conventional walls with a surface area of windows. Modern skyscrapers often have a structure, and are designed to act like a hollow cylinder to resist wind, seismic. To appear more slender, allow less wind exposure, and transmit more daylight to the ground, many skyscrapers have a design with setbacks, a relatively big building may be considered a skyscraper if it protrudes well above its built environment and changes the overall skyline. The maximum height of structures has progressed historically with building methods and technologies, the Burj Khalifa is currently the tallest building in the world. High-rise buildings are considered shorter than skyscrapers, the first steel-frame skyscraper was the Home Insurance Building in Chicago, Illinois in 1885. Even the scholars making the argument find it to be purely academic and this definition was based on the steel skeleton—as opposed to constructions of load-bearing masonry, which passed their practical limit in 1891 with Chicagos Monadnock Building. What is the characteristic of the tall office building. The force and power of altitude must be in it, the glory and it must be every inch a proud and soaring thing, rising in sheer exaltation that from bottom to top it is a unit without a single dissenting line. Some structural engineers define a highrise as any vertical construction for which wind is a significant load factor than earthquake or weight. Note that this criterion fits not only high-rises but some other tall structures, the word skyscraper often carries a connotation of pride and achievement. A loose convention of some in the United States and Europe draws the limit of a skyscraper at 150 m or 490 ft. The tallest building in ancient times was the 146 m Great Pyramid of Giza in ancient Egypt and it was not surpassed in height for thousands of years, the 14th century AD Lincoln Cathedral being conjectured by many to have exceeded it
5.
Public Square, Cleveland
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Public Square is the four-block central plaza of downtown Cleveland, Ohio. Based on an 18th-century New England model, it was part of the original 1796 town plat overseen by Moses Cleaveland, the 10-acre square is centered on the former intersection of Superior Avenue and Ontario Street. Clevelands three tallest buildings, Key Tower,200 Public Square and the Terminal Tower, face the square, a 125-foot-tall monument to Civil War soldiers and sailors occupies the southeast section of the square. City founder Moses Cleaveland and reformist mayor Tom L. Johnson each have statues on the square, Public Square was part of the Connecticut Land Companys original plan for the city, which were overseen by Moses Cleaveland in the 1790s. The square is signature of the layout for early New England towns, the square was added to the National Register of Historic Places on December 18,1975. A parking lot now faces the northwest quadrant of the square, a 12-story building, which was built on the spot in 1913, was demolished in 1990 to make way for the new Ameritrust Center, an 1, 197-foot skyscraper designed by New Yorks Kohn Pedersen Fox. Before construction began, Ameritrust was acquired by Society Bank, which was planning to construct. Because Society did not need two skyscrapers, plans for the Ameritrust building across the square were scrapped, the demolished Cuyahoga Building and Williamson Building formerly stood on the site of 200 Public Square. Public Square is often the site of rallies and civic functions. At the Balloonfest 86, close to 1.5 million balloons rose up from Public Square, engulfing the Terminal Tower, in collaboration with landscape architect James Corner, the city in 2009 began to explore concepts for a redesign of the square. In October 2011, Cleveland mayor Frank Jackson proposed his plan to redevelop the square, on October 23,2014, the Cleveland Landmarks Commission approved a plan which closed Ontario Street but kept Superior Avenue open to bus traffic, and kept the Soldiers and Sailors Monument prominent. The project began construction on March 9,2015, and was opened on June 30,2016. In total, ten U. S. and state routes meet at Public Square. It is the terminus of SR3, SR8, and SR43, the western terminus of US322, US422, SR14, and SR87. US6 passes through the square on Superior, and US20 enters from the west on Superior, US21 also terminated at Public Square until that route was truncated to Marietta in 1967. Public Square is adjacent to the Tower City–Public Square transit station, the HealthLine, a bus rapid transit line that travels along Euclid Avenue, terminates at Public Square. Tower City Center The Mall Johannesen, Eric, media related to Public Square, Cleveland at Wikimedia Commons
6.
Downtown Cleveland
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Downtown Cleveland is the central business district of the City of Cleveland and Northeast Ohio, United States. It is the economic and symbolic center of the Cleveland-Akron-Canton, OH Combined Statistical Area, as of 2000,100,000 people worked in the district, as of 2012, it contained more than 16 million square feet of rentable office space. Reinvestment in the area in the mid-1990s spurred a rebirth that continues to this day and it had the largest population growth, by percentage, of any Cleveland neighborhood over that time and is Ohios most populous downtown. Between 2010 and 2014, it saw more than $4.5 billion in residential and commercial developments, in 2012, Forbes included Downtown Cleveland in a list of 15 U. S. The heart of downtown and the citys first settled area, Public Square was laid out by city founder Moses Cleaveland in 1796 and has remained largely unchanged and it consists of a large open space, cut into quadrants by Ontario Street and Superior Avenue. Public Square is the heart of the city, and has hosted presidents, vast congregations of people. At one time, Public Square was fenced off and inaccessible to vehicles, in 1860, the Perry Monument, a memorial to Commodore Oliver Hazard Perrys victory in the Battle of Lake Erie in the War of 1812, was dedicated in the center of Public Square. In 1892, it was moved out of the square, which by then had the fences removed after lobbying by commercial interests, Public Square is also home to the Soldiers and Sailors Monument, which commemorates residents of Cuyahoga County who served in the Civil War. Public Square also features a statue of Cleaveland, a statue of Tom L. Johnson, the citys most famous mayor, an amount of shrubbery and other landscaping. The Consulate-General of Slovenia in Cleveland is in the 55 Public Square building, Public Square is also home to the historic Old Stone Church, completed in 1855. The classic Higbees department store building is home to the Jack Cleveland Casino, the Warehouse District is the largest downtown neighborhood by population, and continues to grow with an assortment of shops, clubs, bars, and loft condos/apartments. West Sixth Street is known as the heart of the district, famously, the 17-story Rockefeller Building sits on the corner West Sixth and Superior Ave erected by John D. Rockefeller. The Gateway complex was built on parking lots on the site of a former produce market, the baseball stadium and basketball arena are connected to Tower City Center, and RTAs rail transit system, via an enclosed walkway. The neighborhood includes retail, housing, and a variety of restaurants. East 4th Street is a restaurant and entertainment street near Progressive Field. It is home to Clevelands House of Blues, Iron Chef Michael Symons Lola Bistro, comedy club/restaurant Pickwick and Frolic, as well as a dozen other dining, the neighborhood is home to hundreds of residents who live in the apartments and loft condominiums above the storefronts. The neighborhood also houses the Cleveland Arcade, the first indoor shopping mall in the United States, home to the second-largest performing arts complex in the U. S. Playhouse Square Center in the Cleveland Theater District is downtowns cultural heart. Additionally, the smaller theaters include the 14th Street Theater, Kennedys Theater, Westfield Insurance Studio Theater, Second Stage, residents of the district include Cleveland Playhouse and Cleveland State University performing arts
7.
Ohio
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Ohio /oʊˈhaɪ. oʊ/ is a Midwestern state in the Great Lakes region of the United States. Ohio is the 34th largest by area, the 7th most populous, the states capital and largest city is Columbus. The state takes its name from the Ohio River, the name originated from the Iroquois word ohi-yo’, meaning great river or large creek. Partitioned from the Northwest Territory, the state was admitted to the Union as the 17th state on March 1,1803, Ohio is historically known as the Buckeye State after its Ohio buckeye trees, and Ohioans are also known as Buckeyes. Ohio occupies 16 seats in the United States House of Representatives, Ohio is known for its status as both a swing state and a bellwether in national elections. Six Presidents of the United States have been elected who had Ohio as their home state, Ohios geographic location has proven to be an asset for economic growth and expansion. Because Ohio links the Northeast to the Midwest, much cargo, Ohio has the nations 10th largest highway network, and is within a one-day drive of 50% of North Americas population and 70% of North Americas manufacturing capacity. To the north, Lake Erie gives Ohio 312 miles of coastline, Ohios southern border is defined by the Ohio River, and much of the northern border is defined by Lake Erie. Ohios neighbors are Pennsylvania to the east, Michigan to the northwest, Ontario Canada, to the north, Indiana to the west, Kentucky on the south, Ohio is bounded by the Ohio River, but nearly all of the river itself belongs to Kentucky and West Virginia. Ohio has only that portion of the river between the rivers 1792 low-water mark and the present high-water mark, the border with Michigan has also changed, as a result of the Toledo War, to angle slightly northeast to the north shore of the mouth of the Maumee River. Much of Ohio features glaciated plains, with a flat area in the northwest being known as the Great Black Swamp. Most of Ohio is of low relief, but the unglaciated Allegheny Plateau features rugged hills, in 1965 the United States Congress passed the Appalachian Regional Development Act, at attempt to address the persistent poverty and growing economic despair of the Appalachian Region. This act defines 29 Ohio counties as part of Appalachia, the worst weather disaster in Ohio history occurred along the Great Miami River in 1913. Known as the Great Dayton Flood, the entire Miami River watershed flooded, as a result, the Miami Conservancy District was created as the first major flood plain engineering project in Ohio and the United States. Grand Lake St. Marys in the west central part of the state was constructed as a supply of water for canals in the era of 1820–1850. For many years this body of water, over 20 square miles, was the largest artificial lake in the world and it should be noted that Ohios canal-building projects were not the economic fiasco that similar efforts were in other states. Some cities, such as Dayton, owe their emergence to location on canals. Summers are typically hot and humid throughout the state, while winters generally range from cool to cold, precipitation in Ohio is moderate year-round
8.
North America
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North America is a continent entirely within the Northern Hemisphere and almost all within the Western Hemisphere. It can also be considered a subcontinent of the Americas. It is bordered to the north by the Arctic Ocean, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, to the west and south by the Pacific Ocean, and to the southeast by South America and the Caribbean Sea. North America covers an area of about 24,709,000 square kilometers, about 16. 5% of the land area. North America is the third largest continent by area, following Asia and Africa, and the fourth by population after Asia, Africa, and Europe. In 2013, its population was estimated at nearly 565 million people in 23 independent states, or about 7. 5% of the worlds population, North America was reached by its first human populations during the last glacial period, via crossing the Bering land bridge. The so-called Paleo-Indian period is taken to have lasted until about 10,000 years ago, the Classic stage spans roughly the 6th to 13th centuries. The Pre-Columbian era ended with the migrations and the arrival of European settlers during the Age of Discovery. Present-day cultural and ethnic patterns reflect different kind of interactions between European colonists, indigenous peoples, African slaves and their descendants, European influences are strongest in the northern parts of the continent while indigenous and African influences are relatively stronger in the south. Because of the history of colonialism, most North Americans speak English, Spanish or French, the Americas are usually accepted as having been named after the Italian explorer Amerigo Vespucci by the German cartographers Martin Waldseemüller and Matthias Ringmann. Vespucci, who explored South America between 1497 and 1502, was the first European to suggest that the Americas were not the East Indies, but a different landmass previously unknown by Europeans. In 1507, Waldseemüller produced a map, in which he placed the word America on the continent of South America. He explained the rationale for the name in the accompanying book Cosmographiae Introductio, for Waldseemüller, no one should object to the naming of the land after its discoverer. He used the Latinized version of Vespuccis name, but in its feminine form America, following the examples of Europa, Asia and Africa. Later, other mapmakers extended the name America to the continent, In 1538. Some argue that the convention is to use the surname for naming discoveries except in the case of royalty, a minutely explored belief that has been advanced is that America was named for a Spanish sailor bearing the ancient Visigothic name of Amairick. Another is that the name is rooted in a Native American language, the term North America maintains various definitions in accordance with location and context. In Canadian English, North America may be used to refer to the United States, alternatively, usage sometimes includes Greenland and Mexico, as well as offshore islands
9.
New York City
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The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange
10.
Key Tower
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Key Tower is a skyscraper on Public Square in downtown Cleveland, Ohio. Designed by architect César Pelli, it is the tallest building in the state of Ohio, the 24th-tallest in the United States, the building reaches 57 stories or 947 feet to the top of its spire, and it is visible from up to 20 miles away. The tower contains about 1.5 million square feet of office space, Key Towers anchor tenant is KeyCorp, a major regional financial services firm. On the top floor is Intellectual Property boutique firm Amin, Turocy & Watson, in 2014 the law firm of BakerHostetler announced that it would move its headquarters to the building, taking up several floors being vacated by KeyCorp. The international law firm Squire Patton Boggs is headquartered here and a major tenant and it is also headquarters to Dan T. Moore Companies, located on the 27th floor. Key Tower is connected to the Marriott at Key Center, built in conjunction with the tower, and it is the tallest building between Philadelphia and Chicago. It is also the tallest building in the Midwest United States outside of Chicago and it was originally built as the Society Center and was the headquarters for Cleveland-based Society Corporation. Society had recently acquired Ameritrust and canceled Ameritrusts plans for a taller building on Public Square. It was renamed Key Tower after Society merged with KeyCorp and took the KeyCorp name, indeed, it was decided to make Cleveland the headquarters for the new KeyCorp because it was felt the then-Society Center was more commensurate with the merged banks status as a major bank. Key Tower was developed by the Richard E. Jacobs Group, when Key Tower was completed in 1991 by Turner Construction Company, it became the tallest building between Chicago and New York City. The 975-foot Comcast Center in Philadelphia assumed this distinction in 2007, the Chamber of Commerce Building stood on the towers site from 1898 to 1955. F-111, James Rosenquists large pop art painting, hung in the lobby until building owner Richard Jacobs sold it to the Museum of Modern Art in 1996. He replaced it in 1998 with Songs for Sale, a mural by artist David Salle, in October 2005, Key Bank installed four 15-foot long illuminated logos at the base of the towers crowning pyramid. A smaller-scale building was proposed by Pelli to be built in Hartford, Connecticut during the late 1980s, but the plan was ultimately canceled
11.
Tower City Center
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Tower City Center, originally known as Cleveland Union Terminal, is a large mixed-use facility located on Public Square in downtown Cleveland, Ohio. On March 17,1976, the tower was added to the National Register of Historic Places as the Union Terminal Group, the facility also included a number of retail stores and restaurants. Original designs for the show that at first the brothers did not plan on building an office tower within the complex. However, they decided to build the 52-story Terminal Tower on the northeast side of the complex facing Public Square. From its completion until 1964, the Terminal Tower was the tallest building in North America outside of New York City, Cleveland Union Terminal also served as the downtown station for the Van Sweringens new Shaker Heights Rapid Transit Line. The complex was designed by the firm of Graham, Anderson, Probst, site preparation began in 1922, and approximately 2,200 buildings were demolished. Construction began in 1926, and structural work was completed by 1927, at the time, it was the second-largest excavation project in the world after the Panama Canal. The Terminal Tower opened to its first tenants in 1928, three other office buildings, the Medical Arts Building, Builders Exchange Building, and Midland Building, were built in addition to the Terminal Tower. The three Art Deco buildings are known as the Landmark Office Towers Complex and were completed in 1929. In addition to the new buildings, the 1918 Hotel Cleveland was connected to the complex, Cleveland Union Terminal was dedicated and officially opened in 1930. In 1931, the Higbee Company moved its store to a new building connected to Cleveland Union Terminal. In 1934, the U. S. Postal Service moved its main Cleveland office to Union Terminal in a new connected building designed by the firm of Walker and it is today known as M. K. Ferguson Plaza. The Union Terminal served most rail lines, the Baltimore and Ohio, New York Central, exceptions were the Pennsylvania Railroad and initially the Erie Railroad – from completion until 1973. It was never popular with the railroads, however. It required deviating from the route along Lake Erie. As a result, some began to bypass the station entirely, heading along the lake route. Several east-west routes by-passed the city to the south, passing through Akron or Youngstown, in addition, national passenger rail travel had already passed its peak and was starting its gradual decline in favor of the automobile and, later, the airplane. The former Erie Railroad commuter service, ultimately inherited by Conrail, was discontinued on Jan,14,1977, ending the facilitys use as a railroad station
12.
Forest City Enterprises
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Forest City Realty Trust is an American diversified real estate management and development company based in Cleveland, Ohio, United States. In the 1930s, the company made its first foray into real estate, purchasing lots for commercial development, during World War II, the company made pre-fabricated houses for government housing and began building strip malls. In 1955, Forest City began converting its lumberyards, Forest City Lumber, in 1960, Forest City became a publicly traded company. In the 1980s, the company began divesting of its real estate holdings. The company sold its retail business to Handy Andy Home Improvement Center in 1987. In 2016, Forest City sold its military housing business unit to Hunt Companies, projects developed or under development by Forest City include,8 Spruce Street, also known as New York by Gehry, is named for its designer, world-renowned architect Frank Gehry. Pacific Park, Brooklyn, a development in Brooklyn, New York. This project includes Barclays Center, a new home for the Brooklyn Nets, central Station, a primarily residential development on the site of a former railroad terminal in Chicago, Illinois. Mercantile Place on Main, an urban redevelopment project of a historical office complex in Dallas, Texas. Mesa del Sol, planned for 100,000 inhabitants in Albuquerque, New Mexico, is Forest Citys largest mixed-use development, New York Times Building, a 52-story building designed by architect Renzo Piano. Northfield Stapleton is an open-air,1,200, 000-square-foot retail town center located at the companys Stapleton International Airport mixed-use redevelopment project in Denver, public Health Service Hospital District in San Franciscos Presidio. Radian, a 26-story, elegantly curved residential tower in the Financial District of Boston, showcase Mall, a shopping center on the Las Vegas Strip. Short Pump Town Center, an outdoor mall in Richmond. Station Square, a 52-acre indoor and outdoor shopping, dining and entertainment complex located in Pittsburgh, tower City Center, a mixed-use urban redevelopment project that transformed the mostly-vacant Union Terminal building in Downtown Cleveland into a mall, transit, office, and hotel structure. University Park at MIT, an urban redevelopment project located on an abandoned industrial site near the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in Cambridge. Victoria Gardens, a shopping center development in Rancho Cucamonga. Westfield San Francisco Centre, an upscale, urban shopping center located in San Francisco, California,2005 Honor Award from the National Building Museum for revitalization efforts and creation of affordable housing. 2005 ULI Award for Excellence for the University Park at MIT project Forest City is a member of REBNY
13.
Riverside Company
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The Riverside Company is an American worldwide private equity firm focused on investing in growing small and medium-sized enterprises. Since its founding in 1988, the firm has invested in more than 430 acquisitions, as of July 2013, Riversides global investment portfolio includes more than 75 companies with approximately 13,000 employees. Riverside has offices and makes investments across North America, Europe, the firm’s investors include the some of world’s leading pension funds, endowments, funds of funds, insurance companies and banks
14.
United States dollar
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The United States dollar is the official currency of the United States and its insular territories per the United States Constitution. It is divided into 100 smaller cent units, the circulating paper money consists of Federal Reserve Notes that are denominated in United States dollars. The U. S. dollar was originally commodity money of silver as enacted by the Coinage Act of 1792 which determined the dollar to be 371 4/16 grain pure or 416 grain standard silver, the currency most used in international transactions, it is the worlds primary reserve currency. Several countries use it as their currency, and in many others it is the de facto currency. Besides the United States, it is used as the sole currency in two British Overseas Territories in the Caribbean, the British Virgin Islands and Turks and Caicos Islands. A few countries use the Federal Reserve Notes for paper money, while the country mints its own coins, or also accepts U. S. coins that can be used as payment in U. S. dollars. After Nixon shock of 1971, USD became fiat currency, Article I, Section 8 of the U. S. Constitution provides that the Congress has the power To coin money, laws implementing this power are currently codified at 31 U. S. C. Section 5112 prescribes the forms in which the United States dollars should be issued and these coins are both designated in Section 5112 as legal tender in payment of debts. The Sacagawea dollar is one example of the copper alloy dollar, the pure silver dollar is known as the American Silver Eagle. Section 5112 also provides for the minting and issuance of other coins and these other coins are more fully described in Coins of the United States dollar. The Constitution provides that a regular Statement and Account of the Receipts and that provision of the Constitution is made specific by Section 331 of Title 31 of the United States Code. The sums of money reported in the Statements are currently being expressed in U. S. dollars, the U. S. dollar may therefore be described as the unit of account of the United States. The word dollar is one of the words in the first paragraph of Section 9 of Article I of the Constitution, there, dollars is a reference to the Spanish milled dollar, a coin that had a monetary value of 8 Spanish units of currency, or reales. In 1792 the U. S. Congress passed a Coinage Act, Section 20 of the act provided, That the money of account of the United States shall be expressed in dollars, or units. And that all accounts in the offices and all proceedings in the courts of the United States shall be kept and had in conformity to this regulation. In other words, this act designated the United States dollar as the unit of currency of the United States, unlike the Spanish milled dollar the U. S. dollar is based upon a decimal system of values. Both one-dollar coins and notes are produced today, although the form is significantly more common
15.
Train station
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A train station, railway station, railroad station, or depot is a railway facility where trains regularly stop to load or unload passengers or freight. It generally consists of at least one platform and a station building providing such ancillary services as ticket sales. If a station is on a line, it often has a passing loop to facilitate traffic movements. The smallest stations are most often referred to as stops or, in parts of the world. Stations may be at level, underground, or elevated. Connections may be available to intersecting rail lines or other modes such as buses. In British usage, the station is commonly understood to mean a railway station unless otherwise qualified. In the United States, the most common term in contemporary usage is train station, Railway station and railroad station are less frequent. Outside North America, a depot is place where buses, trains, or other vehicles are housed and maintained and from which they are dispatched for service. The two-storey Mount Clare station in Baltimore, Maryland, which survives as a museum, first saw service as the terminus of the horse-drawn Baltimore. The oldest terminal station in the world was Crown Street railway station in Liverpool, built in 1830, as the first train on the Liverpool-Manchester line left Liverpool, the station is slightly older than the Manchester terminal at Liverpool Road. The station was the first to incorporate a train shed, the station was demolished in 1836 as the Liverpool terminal station moved to Lime Street railway station. Crown Street station was converted to a goods station terminal, the first stations had little in the way of buildings or amenities. The first stations in the modern sense were on the Liverpool and Manchester Railway, manchesters Liverpool Road Station, the second oldest terminal station in the world, is preserved as part of the Museum of Science and Industry in Manchester. It resembles a row of Georgian houses, dual-purpose stations can sometimes still be found today, though in many cases goods facilities are restricted to major stations. In rural and remote communities across Canada and the United States, such stations were known as flag stops or flag stations. Many stations date from the 19th century and reflect the architecture of the time. Countries where railways arrived later may still have such architecture, as later stations often imitated 19th-century styles, various forms of architecture have been used in the construction of stations, from those boasting grand, intricate, Baroque- or Gothic-style edifices, to plainer utilitarian or modernist styles
16.
Beaux-Arts architecture
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Beaux-Arts architecture expresses the academic neoclassical architectural style taught at the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris. The style of instruction that produced Beaux-Arts architecture continued without interruption until 1968. The Beaux-Arts style heavily influenced the architecture of the United States in the period from 1880 to 1920, in contrast, many European architects of the period 1860–1914 outside France gravitated away from Beaux-Arts and towards their own national academic centers. American architects of the Beaux-Arts generation often returned to Greek models, for the first time, repertories of photographs supplemented meticulous scale drawings and on-site renderings of details. Beaux-Arts training emphasized the production of quick conceptual sketches, highly finished perspective presentation drawings, close attention to the program, site considerations tended toward social and urbane contexts. In the façade shown to the right, Diana grasps the cornice she sits on in an action typical of Beaux-Arts integration of sculpture with architecture. A sense of appropriate idiom at the craftsman level supported the teams of the first truly modern architectural offices. The prestige of the École gave the style Beaux-Arts a second wind in combining the new manner with the traditional training and they were followed by an entire generation. Henry Hobson Richardson absorbed Beaux-Arts lessons in massing and spatial planning and his Beaux-Arts training taught him to transcend slavish copying and recreate in the essential fully digested and idiomatic manner of his models. Richardson evolved a personal style freed of historicism that was influential in early Modernism. The White City of the Worlds Columbian Exposition of 1893 in Chicago was a triumph of the movement, the Beaux-Arts curriculum was subsequently begun at Columbia University, the University of Pennsylvania, and elsewhere. From 1916, the Beaux-Arts Institute of Design in New York City schooled architects, painters, bosworth, Carnegie Mellon University, designed by Henry Hornbostel, and the University of Texas, designed by Paul Philippe Cret. Beaux-Arts architecture also brought a civic face to the railroad, two of the best American examples of the Beaux-Arts tradition stand within a few blocks of each other, Grand Central Terminal and the New York Public Library. Another prominent U. S. example of the style is the largest academic dormitory in the world, in the late 1800s, during the years when Beaux-Arts architecture was at a peak in France, Americans were one of the largest groups of foreigners in Paris. Many of them were architects and students of architecture who brought this back to America. Beaux-Arts was very prominent in public buildings in Canada in the early 20th century, notably all three prairie provinces legislative buildings are in this style. Buenos Aires is a center of Beaux-Arts architecture which continued to be built as late as the 1950s, national Theatre, Melbourne General Post Office building, Forrest Place, Perth Argus Building. Beaux-Arts Architecture in New York, A Photographic Guide United States, sixteenth Street Architecture – profiles of Beaux-Arts architecture in Washington D. C
17.
Manhattan Municipal Building
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Construction began in 1907 and ended in 1914, marking the end of the City Beautiful movement in New York. It served as the prototype for the Terminal Tower in Cleveland, located at the intersection of Chambers and Centre Streets, the Municipal Building stands 580 feet tall and is one of the largest governmental buildings in the world. At present, the Municipal Building is home to over 2,000 employees from a dozen municipal agencies in nearly 1 million square feet of office space. In the 1884 annual report of the City of New York, but he also noted that City Hall was not expandable because its style of architecture was such that without marring its present symmetry, it couldnt be enlarged to the required extent. The Citys agencies rented space in various buildings strewn all the way from Downtown Manhattan up to Midtown Manhattan, Mayor Abram Hewitt appointed a commission to study suitable plans and plots of land in 1888, and four competitions were held between that year and 1907. The final competition was held by the Commissioner of Bridges, who had secured a new plot of land to be used for a new trolley hub at the Manhattan base of Brooklyn Bridge. McClellan, Jr. McKim, Mead was at the time the largest architectural firm in the world, despite their standing in the architectural community, the Manhattan Municipal Building would be their first skyscraper. The building was first occupied in January 1913, and the majority of the offices were opened to the public by 1916. The building was designated a New York City landmark in 1966, on October 14,2015, the building was renamed after former mayor David N. Dinkins. The building features various types of sculpture and relief, the New York City Department of Citywide Administrative Services reports, The central arch is decorated with sculpture in the Roman manner as was used in the Arch of Constantine. Over the side arches are rectangular allegorical panels, at the left, Civic Duty is represented by a woman personifying the City, accompanied by a child holding the seal of the city. On the right of the arch, Civic Pride shows the female personification of the city receiving tribute from her citizens. Adolph Weinman, the sculptor of Civic Fame, also designed the shields that were used in the elevators, on the molding above the colonnade and again on the false colonnade above the 22nd floor. They represent New Amsterdam, the Province of New York, the City of New York, the County of New York and the State of New York. The central arch is large enough that automobile traffic once went through it, a screen of Corinthian columns flanks the arch. The terra-cotta vault was modeled on the entrance of the Palazzo Farnese in Rome, the facade of the building was restored in 1990 by Wank Adams Slavin. At the top of the Municipal Building is the statue Civic Fame, the statue is a gilded copper figure, made from about 500 pieces of hammered copper. The statue is reported to be supported on an iron skeleton
18.
McKim, Mead & White
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McKim, Mead & White was a prominent American architectural firm that thrived at the turn of the twentieth century. The firms founding partners were Charles Follen McKim, William Rutherford Mead and they hired many other architects, partners, associates, designers and draftsmen, who came to prominence during or after their time at the firm. The firms New York City buildings include Manhattans former Pennsylvania Station, the Brooklyn Museum, elsewhere in New York State and New England, the firm designed college, library, school and other buildings such as the Boston Public Library and Rhode Island State House. In Washington, D. C. the firm renovated the West and East Wings of the White House, and designed Roosevelt Hall on Fort Lesley J. McNair and the National Museum of American History. Across the United States, the firm designed buildings in Illinois, Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Washington, other examples are in Canada, Cuba and Italy. McKim and Mead joined forces in 1872 and they were joined in 1879 by White, who, like McKim, had worked for architect Henry Hobson Richardson. Its vision was to clean up the confusion of American cities and imbue them with a sense of order. The firm retained its name long after the deaths of founding partners White, McKim, among the firms final works under the name McKim, Mead & White was the National Museum of American History in Washington, D. C. Designed primarily by partner James Kellum Smith, it opened in 1964, Smith died in 1961, and the firm was soon renamed Steinmann, Cain and White. In 1971, it became Walker O. Cain and Associates, lewis Colt Albro – who formed a partnership with Harrie T. Lindeberg from 1906 to 1914. Henry Bacon – worked at the firm from about 1886 through 1897, boring – worked at the firm in 1890 before forming a separate partnership with Edward Lippincott Tilton. Page Brown - worked with the beginning in the 1880s, went to California. Walker O. Cain – worked at the firm, he took it over in 1961, john Merven Carrère – worked with McKim, Mead & White from 1883 through 1885, then joined Thomas Hastings to form the firm Carrère and Hastings. Arthur Loomis Harmon – later of Shreve, Lamb and Harmon, Thomas Hastings – of Carrère and Hastings, worked with McKim, Mead & White from 1883 through 1885. William Mitchell Kendall, worked with the firm from 1882 until his death, Harrie T. Lindeberg – started at the firm in 1895 as an assistant to Stanford White and remained with the firm until Whites death in 1906. Austin W. James Kellum Smith – a member of the firm from 1924 to 1961, full partner in 1929, and he primarily designed academic buildings, but his last major work was the National Museum of American History. Egerton Swartwout of Tracy and Swartwout – both Tracy and Swartwout worked together for the firm on multiple projects prior to starting their own practice, robert von Ezdorf – took over much of the firms business after Whites death. William M. Wells – worked as firms first Chief Draftsman from 1879–90, often considered to be the fourth partner
19.
Moscow State University
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Lomonosov Moscow State University is a coeducational and public research university located in Moscow, Russia. It was founded on January 25,1755 by Mikhail Lomonosov, MSU was renamed after Lomonosov in 1940 and was then known as Lomonosov University. It also claims to house the tallest educational building in the world and it is rated among the universities with the best reputation in the world. Its current rector is Viktor Sadovnichiy, ivan Shuvalov and Mikhail Lomonosov promoted the idea of a university in Moscow, and Russian Empress Elizabeth decreed its establishment on January 251755. The first lectures were given on April 26th, russians still celebrate January 25th as Students Day. Saint Petersburg State University and Moscow State University engage in rivalry over the title of Russias oldest university. The present Moscow State University originally occupied the Principal Medicine Store on Red Square from 1755 to 1787, in the 18th century, the University had three departments, philosophy, medicine, and law. A preparatory college was affiliated with the University until its abolition in 1812, in 1779, Mikhail Kheraskov founded a boarding school for noblemen which in 1830 became a gymnasium for the Russian nobility. The university press, run by Nikolay Novikov in the 1780s, published the most popular newspaper in Imperial Russia, in 1804, medical education split into clinical, surgical, and obstetrics faculties. During 1884–1897, the Department of Medicine -- supported by donations. The campus, and medical education in general, were separated from the University in 1918, as of 2015, Devichye Pole was operated by the independent I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University and by various other state and private institutions. The roots of student unrest in the University reach deep into the nineteenth century, in 1905, a social-democratic organization emerged at the University and called for the overthrow of the Czarist government and the establishment of a republic in Russia. The imperial government repeatedly threatened to close the University, after the October Revolution of 1917, the institution began to admit the children of the proletariat and peasantry. In 1919, the University abolished fees for tuition and established a facility to help working-class children prepare for entrance examinations. During the implementation of Joseph Stalins First Five-Year Plan, prisoners from the Gulag were forced to construct parts of the newly expanded University, after 1991, nine new faculties were established. The following year, the University gained a status, it is funded directly from the state budget. On March 19,2008, Russias most powerful supercomputer to date and its peak performance of 60 TFLOPS makes it the fastest supercomputer in the Commonwealth of Independent States. Since 1953, most of the faculties have been situated on Sparrow Hills, the main building was designed by architect Lev Vladimirovich Rudnev
20.
Moscow
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Moscow is the capital and most populous city of Russia, with 13.2 million residents within the city limits and 17.8 million within the urban area. Moscow has the status of a Russian federal city, Moscow is a major political, economic, cultural, and scientific center of Russia and Eastern Europe, as well as the largest city entirely on the European continent. Moscow is the northernmost and coldest megacity and metropolis on Earth and it is home to the Ostankino Tower, the tallest free standing structure in Europe, the Federation Tower, the tallest skyscraper in Europe, and the Moscow International Business Center. Moscow is situated on the Moskva River in the Central Federal District of European Russia, the city is well known for its architecture, particularly its historic buildings such as Saint Basils Cathedral with its brightly colored domes. Moscow is the seat of power of the Government of Russia, being the site of the Moscow Kremlin, the Moscow Kremlin and Red Square are also one of several World Heritage Sites in the city. Both chambers of the Russian parliament also sit in the city and it is recognized as one of the citys landmarks due to the rich architecture of its 200 stations. In old Russian the word also meant a church administrative district. The demonym for a Moscow resident is москвич for male or москвичка for female, the name of the city is thought to be derived from the name of the Moskva River. There have been proposed several theories of the origin of the name of the river and its cognates include Russian, музга, muzga pool, puddle, Lithuanian, mazgoti and Latvian, mazgāt to wash, Sanskrit, majjati to drown, Latin, mergō to dip, immerse. There exist as well similar place names in Poland like Mozgawa, the original Old Russian form of the name is reconstructed as *Москы, *Mosky, hence it was one of a few Slavic ū-stem nouns. From the latter forms came the modern Russian name Москва, Moskva, in a similar manner the Latin name Moscovia has been formed, later it became a colloquial name for Russia used in Western Europe in the 16th–17th centuries. From it as well came English Muscovy, various other theories, having little or no scientific ground, are now largely rejected by contemporary linguists. The surface similarity of the name Russia with Rosh, an obscure biblical tribe or country, the oldest evidence of humans on the territory of Moscow dates from the Neolithic. Within the modern bounds of the city other late evidence was discovered, on the territory of the Kremlin, Sparrow Hills, Setun River and Kuntsevskiy forest park, etc. The earliest East Slavic tribes recorded as having expanded to the upper Volga in the 9th to 10th centuries are the Vyatichi and Krivichi, the Moskva River was incorporated as part of Rostov-Suzdal into the Kievan Rus in the 11th century. By AD1100, a settlement had appeared on the mouth of the Neglinnaya River. The first known reference to Moscow dates from 1147 as a place of Yuri Dolgoruky. At the time it was a town on the western border of Vladimir-Suzdal Principality
21.
Prudential Tower
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The Prudential Tower, also known as the Prudential Building or, colloquially, The Pru, is an International Style skyscraper in Boston, Massachusetts. The building, a part of the Prudential Center complex, currently stands as the 2nd-tallest building in Boston, the Prudential Tower was designed by Charles Luckman and Associates for Prudential Insurance. Completed in 1964, the building is 749 feet tall, with 52 floors and it contains 1,200,000 sq ft of commercial and retail space. Including its radio mast, the stands as the tallest building in Boston and is tied with others as the 77th-tallest in the United States. A restaurant, the Top of the Hub, occupies the 52nd floor, the Prudential Tower began construction in 1960 with steel erection work by Donovan Steel. Upon its completion in 1964, the Prudential was the tallest building in the world outside of New York City, surpassing the Terminal Tower in Cleveland and it dwarfed the 1947-John Hancock building. This spurred the insurance rival to build the 1975 John Hancock Tower, today, the Prudential is no longer among the fifty tallest buildings in the USA in architectural height. Within Boston, in addition to the nearby John Hancock tower, many tall buildings have since been built in the financial district. The Prudential and John Hancock towers dominate the Back Bay skyline, when it was built, the Prudential Tower received mostly positive architectural reviews. The New York Times called it the showcase of the New Boston the agony, but Ada Louise Huxtable called it a flashy 52-story glass and aluminum tower. Part of an over-scaled megalomaniac group shockingly unrelated to the size, standards. It is a slick developers model dropped into an urban renewal slot in Anycity, architect Donlyn Lyndon called it an energetically ugly, square shaft that offends the Boston skyline more than any other structure. In 1990, Boston Globe architecture critic Robert Campbell commented, The Prudential Center has been the symbol of bad design in Boston for so long that wed probably miss it if it disappeared, the Prudential Center is currently owned by Boston Properties. The building is one of several Prudential Centers built around the United States constructed as capital investments by Prudential Financial, the Gillette Company, now a unit of Procter & Gamble, once occupied 40 percent of the space in the structure but has since vacated many of these floors. Boston-based law firm Ropes & Gray moved into much of space, including the 37th through 49th. Other major tenants include Wall St investment firm Home State Corporation, Partners HealthCare, Club Monaco, Exeter Group, Boston Properties acquired the building in 1998. Signage rights in Boston are very limited, and Prudentials are grandfathered, the other notable backlit signs allowed above 100 feet include The Colonnade Hotel, Boston, State Street Bank sign, Sheraton sign, and Citgo Sign. Using similar negotiations, Prudential retains two notable signs in Times Square, the tradition of using the window lights to support local sports teams and events began in the mid-1980s
22.
Boston
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Boston is the capital and most populous city of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States. Boston is also the seat of Suffolk County, although the county government was disbanded on July 1,1999. The city proper covers 48 square miles with a population of 667,137 in 2015, making it the largest city in New England. Alternately, as a Combined Statistical Area, this wider commuting region is home to some 8.1 million people, One of the oldest cities in the United States, Boston was founded on the Shawmut Peninsula in 1630 by Puritan settlers from England. It was the scene of several key events of the American Revolution, such as the Boston Massacre, the Boston Tea Party, the Battle of Bunker Hill, and the Siege of Boston. Upon U. S. independence from Great Britain, it continued to be an important port and manufacturing hub as well as a center for education, through land reclamation and municipal annexation, Boston has expanded beyond the original peninsula. Its rich history attracts many tourists, with Faneuil Hall alone drawing over 20 million visitors per year, Bostons many firsts include the United States first public school, Boston Latin School, first subway system, the Tremont Street Subway, and first public park, Boston Common. Bostons economic base also includes finance, professional and business services, biotechnology, information technology, the city has one of the highest costs of living in the United States as it has undergone gentrification, though it remains high on world livability rankings. Bostons early European settlers had first called the area Trimountaine but later renamed it Boston after Boston, Lincolnshire, England, the renaming on September 7,1630 was by Puritan colonists from England who had moved over from Charlestown earlier that year in quest of fresh water. Their settlement was limited to the Shawmut Peninsula, at that time surrounded by the Massachusetts Bay and Charles River. The peninsula is thought to have been inhabited as early as 5000 BC, in 1629, the Massachusetts Bay Colonys first governor John Winthrop led the signing of the Cambridge Agreement, a key founding document of the city. Puritan ethics and their focus on education influenced its early history, over the next 130 years, the city participated in four French and Indian Wars, until the British defeated the French and their Indian allies in North America. Boston was the largest town in British America until Philadelphia grew larger in the mid-18th century, Bostons harbor activity was significantly curtailed by the Embargo Act of 1807 and the War of 1812. Foreign trade returned after these hostilities, but Bostons merchants had found alternatives for their investments in the interim. Manufacturing became an important component of the economy, and the citys industrial manufacturing overtook international trade in economic importance by the mid-19th century. Boston remained one of the nations largest manufacturing centers until the early 20th century, a network of small rivers bordering the city and connecting it to the surrounding region facilitated shipment of goods and led to a proliferation of mills and factories. Later, a network of railroads furthered the regions industry. Boston was a port of the Atlantic triangular slave trade in the New England colonies
23.
WHK (AM)
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WHK – branded AM1420 The Answer – is commercial talk radio station licensed to Cleveland, Ohio, serving Greater Cleveland. WHK was the first radio station to broadcast in Ohio, and is the 15th oldest station still broadcasting in the United States, owned by Salem Media Group, WHK serves as the Cleveland affiliate for the Salem Radio Network, The Mark Levin Show, and Akron Zips football. The station also airs coverage of Cleveland State Vikings mens basketball, the WHK studios are located in the Cleveland suburb of Independence, while the station transmitter resides in neighboring Seven Hills. Besides its standard analog transmission, WHK is available online, WHK began on July 26,1921 when experimental station 8ACS signed on under a license obtained by Warren C. Cox in the name of Cox Mfg. Co. He broadcast on a wavelength of 200 meters from his home at 3138 Payne Avenue, only about 1000 listeners were able to hear the first broadcast, and most of them were members of the Cleveland Radio Association. By 1922, licensees were barred from broadcasting on 200 meters, Warren Cox received a commercial license for his station on February 21,1922 with the callsign WHK, and HK standing for the stations first vice-president and general manager, H. K. Carpenter. It was only the 52nd commercial radio license issued by the Commerce Department, the station broadcast at a wavelength of 360 meters which was the standard broadcast frequency for entertainment radio stations at the time. The station started broadcasting on March 5,1922 from facilities located in the rear of a Radiovox store at 5005 Euclid Avenue, by 1924, WHK broadcasts had moved to 1060 kHz. Warren Cox sold the station to Radio Air Service Corporation in 1925, by 1927, the station broadcasts were heard at 1130 kHz, and the station was broadcasting with 500 watts at night. By 1928, the station was located in the Engineers Building at 1370 Ontario Avenue, WHK became a CBS affiliate in 1930 and increased its power to 5000 watts for both day and night transmission. It was broadcasting on 1390 kHz, on March 9,1931, the station moved to the Terminal Tower, and celebrated its move with the live broadcast of Faust from its auditorium. Radio Air Service Corporation sold WHK in 1934 to Forest City Publishing Company, Forest City then organized United Broadcasting Company as the station owner. WHK was broadcasting with a power of 2500 watts and a nighttime power of 1000 watts. WHK broadcast a season of Cleveland Indians baseball games in 1936, with announcers Jack Graney. On October 30,1936, United Broadcasting also purchased station WJAY, wJAYs callsign was changed to WCLE, and its studios are relocated to the Terminal Tower to join sister station WHK. WHK switched its affiliation in 1937 from CBS to the NBC Blue Network. In the 1940s WHK, like most Mutual affiliates, became a participant in network programming, rhythm and Rhyme Time was a Saturday night band concert on Mutual that originated from the Terrace Room of the Statler Hotel through the WHKs facilities. In 1943, when the NBC Blue Network was sold to Edward Noble to eventually become ABC, Mutual brought its popular Queen for a Day program to Cleveland Music Hall on April 5,1946 for a two days of broadcast with local contestants chosen by WHK
24.
Antenna (radio)
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In radio and electronics, an antenna, or aerial, is an electrical device which converts electric power into radio waves, and vice versa. It is usually used with a transmitter or radio receiver. In reception, an antenna intercepts some of the power of a wave in order to produce a tiny voltage at its terminals. Antennas are essential components of all equipment that uses radio, typically an antenna consists of an arrangement of metallic conductors, electrically connected to the receiver or transmitter. These time-varying fields radiate away from the antenna into space as a transverse electromagnetic field wave. Antennas can be designed to transmit and receive radio waves in all directions equally. The first antennas were built in 1888 by German physicist Heinrich Hertz in his experiments to prove the existence of electromagnetic waves predicted by the theory of James Clerk Maxwell. Hertz placed dipole antennas at the point of parabolic reflectors for both transmitting and receiving. He published his work in Annalen der Physik und Chemie, the words antenna and aerial are used interchangeably. Occasionally the term aerial is used to mean a wire antenna, however, note the important international technical journal, the IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation. In the United Kingdom and other areas where British English is used, the origin of the word antenna relative to wireless apparatus is attributed to Italian radio pioneer Guglielmo Marconi. In the summer of 1895, Marconi began testing his wireless system outdoors on his fathers estate near Bologna, Marconi discovered that by raising the aerial wire above the ground and connecting the other side of his transmitter to ground, the transmission range was increased. Soon he was able to transmit signals over a hill, a distance of approximately 2.4 kilometres, in Italian a tent pole is known as lantenna centrale, and the pole with the wire was simply called lantenna. Until then wireless radiating transmitting and receiving elements were simply as aerials or terminals. Because of his prominence, Marconis use of the word spread among wireless researchers. In common usage, the antenna may refer broadly to an entire assembly including support structure, enclosure. Especially at microwave frequencies, an antenna may include not only the actual electrical antenna. An antenna, in converting radio waves to electrical signals or vice versa, is a form of transducer, Antennas are required by any radio receiver or transmitter to couple its electrical connection to the electromagnetic field
25.
200 Public Square
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200 Public Square is the third-tallest skyscraper in Cleveland, Ohio. The building, located on Public Square in Downtown Cleveland reaches 45 stories and 658 ft, the building is Clevelands regional headquarters for Huntington Bancshares. In November 1981, Standard Oil of Ohio announced plans to build a skyscraper on Public Square, initially, it was supposed to surpass the Terminal Tower in height, but city officials insisted that the Tower remain the citys tallest building. The BP Building was designed by Hellmuth, Obata and Kassabaum in the postmodern style, construction began in 1982 with the demolition of two Cleveland landmarks, the Burnham and Root Cuyahoga Building and the 16-story George B. After some modifications, the city installed it in Willard Park, before the Key Tower was built, the BP Building was the second-most prominent skyscraper in the city, often photographed with the adjacent Terminal Tower as a twin emblem of Cleveland. It contains 36 elevators,10 escalators,3 fountains,1 waterfall,1,500 plants, when BP purchased Chicago-based Amoco in 1998, the company said it would move its headquarters from Cleveland to Chicago. The building was purchased by the Chicago-based Equity Office Properties Trust in 1996 for $144 million, Harbor Group worked with Electra Real Estate to purchase the building. The building was subsequently renamed 200 Public Square, most Clevelanders and the Harbor Group still recognize it as the BP Tower, although many still refer to it as the Sohio Building. In June 2011, Huntington Bank placed its logo at the top of the building. The bank moved its headquarters to the tower from the Huntington Bank Building that September. Harbor Group International put the building up for sale in June 2011, list of tallest buildings in Cleveland Official website ClevelandSkyscrapers. com Images and architectural information 200 Public Square livecam
26.
Chessie System
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Chessie System, Inc. was a holding company that owned the Chesapeake & Ohio Railway, the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, the Western Maryland Railway, and several smaller carriers. It was incorporated in Virginia on February 26,1973, C&O had been popularly known as Chessie System since the 1930s. The three railroads had been closely related since the 1960s, C&O had acquired controlling interest in B&O in 1962, and the two had jointly controlled WM since 1967. On November 1,1980, Chessie System merged with Seaboard Coast Line Industries to form CSX Corporation, however, the Chessie image continued to be applied to new and re-painted equipment until mid-1986, when CSX introduced its own paint scheme. The B&O and C&O were not legally merged out of existence until 1987, headquartered in Cleveland, Ohio, the Chessie System was the creation of Cyrus S. Eaton and his protégé Hays T. Watkins, Jr. then president, a chief source of revenue for the Chessie System was coal mined in West Virginia. Another was the transport of parts and finished motor vehicles. The signature symbol of the Chessie System was its Ches-C, a large emblem incorporating the outline of the C&Os famous Chessie the kitten logo. The Ches-C was emblazoned on the front of all Chessie System locomotives, and also served as the C in Chessie System on the locomotives flanks, and on other rolling stock. The Chessie System itself did not own any locomotives or other rolling stock, rather, while all three companies shared a common paint scheme of yellow, vermillion, and blue, actual ownership of the equipment was denoted by the reporting marks C&O, B&O, or WM. The 4-8-4 had previously used as one of three locomotives pulling the American Freedom Train. The train was painted in the Chessie System motif and consisted of the locomotive, the locomotive was severely damaged in a fire in March 1979 while stored in a Chessie System roundhouse. In 2015, CSX recognized its heritage and gave a handful of locomotives predecessor logo decals, CSX AC4400CW366 and ex-Conrail CW40-87765 both received Chessie System Decals. 366s decal is the Chess-C and 7765 has the full Chessie System logo, Chessie System Historical Society Chessie Photo Archives The 1977-1978 Chessie Steam Special for the railroads 150th Anniversary
27.
September 11 attacks
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The September 11 attacks were a series of four coordinated terrorist attacks by the Islamic terrorist group al-Qaeda on the United States on the morning of Tuesday, September 11,2001. The attacks killed 2,996 people, injured over 6,000 others, two of the planes, American Airlines Flight 11 and United Airlines Flight 175, were crashed into the North and South towers, respectively, of the World Trade Center complex in New York City. A third plane, American Airlines Flight 77, was crashed into the Pentagon in Arlington County, Virginia and it was the deadliest incident for firefighters and law enforcement officers in the history of the United States, with 343 and 72 killed respectively. Suspicion for the attack fell on al-Qaeda. The United States responded to the attacks by launching the War on Terror and invading Afghanistan to depose the Taliban, many countries strengthened their anti-terrorism legislation and expanded the powers of law enforcement and intelligence agencies to prevent terrorist attacks. Although al-Qaedas leader, Osama bin Laden, initially denied any involvement, al-Qaeda and bin Laden cited U. S. support of Israel, the presence of U. S. troops in Saudi Arabia, and sanctions against Iraq as motives. Having evaded capture for almost a decade, bin Laden was located and killed by SEAL Team Six of the U. S. Navy in May 2011. S. many closings, evacuations, and cancellations followed, out of respect or fear of further attacks. Cleanup of the World Trade Center site was completed in May 2002, on November 18,2006, construction of One World Trade Center began at the World Trade Center site. The building was opened on November 3,2014. The origins of al-Qaeda can be traced to 1979 when the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan, Osama bin Laden traveled to Afghanistan and helped organize Arab mujahideen to resist the Soviets. Under the guidance of Ayman al-Zawahiri, bin Laden became more radical, in 1996, bin Laden issued his first fatwā, calling for American soldiers to leave Saudi Arabia. Bin Laden used Islamic texts to exhort Muslims to attack Americans until the stated grievances are reversed, Muslim legal scholars have throughout Islamic history unanimously agreed that the jihad is an individual duty if the enemy destroys the Muslim countries, according to bin Laden. Bin Laden, who orchestrated the attacks, initially denied but later admitted involvement, in November 2001, U. S. forces recovered a videotape from a destroyed house in Jalalabad, Afghanistan. In the video, bin Laden is seen talking to Khaled al-Harbi, on December 27,2001, a second bin Laden video was released. In the video, he said, It has become clear that the West in general and it is the hatred of crusaders. Terrorism against America deserves to be praised because it was a response to injustice, aimed at forcing America to stop its support for Israel, the transcript refers several times to the United States specifically targeting Muslims. He said that the attacks were carried out because, we are free, and want to regain freedom for our nation. As you undermine our security we undermine yours, Bin Laden said he had personally directed his followers to attack the World Trade Center and the Pentagon
28.
Gay Games
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It retains similarities with the Olympic Games, including the Gay Games flame which is lit at the opening ceremony. The games are open to all who wish to participate, without regard to sexual orientation, competitors come from many countries, including those where homosexuality remains illegal and hidden. The Federation of Gay Games is the body of the Gay Games. From its statement of concept and purpose, The purpose of The Federation of Gay Games, singer Tina Turner performed at the opening ceremonies, and Stephanie Mills performed at the closing ceremonies. The 1986 games took place in San Francisco from August 10 to 17,1986, singers Jennifer Holliday and Jae Ross were the featured performers during the closing ceremonies. The 1990 games took place in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, approximately 7,300 athletes took part in 27 sports, with another 1,500 cultural participants attending. Opening and closing ceremonies were at BC Place Stadium and this was the first games to be held outside the United States, and it is also notable for being the first games in which Masters world records were set. The event was heralded by controversy from social conservatives. The government of then-Premier Bill Vander Zalm refused to fund the event, the 1994 games took place in New York City, New York, from June 18 to 25,1994. The games coincided with the 25th-anniversary events of the Stonewall riots and were themed on Unity, actor Sir Ian McKellen gave the closing address at Yankee Stadium on June 25,1994. The 1998 games took place in Amsterdam, Netherlands, from August 1 to 8,1998, the opening and closing ceremonies took place in the Amsterdam Arena. The 2002 game took place in Sydney, New South Wales, when Gay Games VI was chosen to be in Sydney, Australia it was partially because of already present GLQBTI sport teams. Gay Games VII were held in Chicago, Illinois, from July 15 to July 22,2006, for more on the controversy surrounding Chicagos selection as host city, see Schism in LGBT sports communities over Gay Games VII below. On March 16,2005, the FGG announced that Cologne, Germany, Johannesburg, South Africa, Cologne was elected at the FGG annual meeting in Chicago on November 14,2005. The games were held in Cologne from July 31 to August 6,2010 and this marked the second time the games were held in Europe, with the first being in Amsterdam in 1998. On March 17,2009, the FGG announced that groups from Boston, Massachusetts, Cleveland, Ohio, on September 29,2009, at the FGG Site Selection Meeting in Cologne, Germany, Cleveland was chosen as presumptive host of Gay Games IX in 2014. The host organization, Cleveland Special Events Corporation, later expanded the host city to include nearby Akron and they also chose to style their event as Gay Games 9 rather than the traditional Roman numeral Gay Games IX. On July 31,2012, the announced that he is in seven cities had been approved as prospective bidders, by August 31,2012, a letter of intent to bid were received from all groups except those in Brazil
29.
Strobe light
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A strobe light or stroboscopic lamp, commonly called a strobe, is a device used to produce regular flashes of light. It is one of a number of devices that can be used as a stroboscope, the word originated from the Greek strobos, meaning act of whirling. A typical commercial strobe light has an energy in the region of 10 to 150 joules. Larger strobe lights can be used in “continuous” mode, producing extremely intense illumination, the light source is commonly a xenon flash lamp, or flashtube, which has a complex spectrum and a color temperature of approximately 5,600 kelvins. To obtain colored light, colored gels may be used, strobe lights usually use flashtubes with energy supplied from a capacitor, an energy storage device much like a battery, but capable of charging and releasing energy much faster. Recently, some lights have been found to use rectified mains electricity. In a capacitor-based strobe light, the capacitor is charged up to around 300 V, once the capacitor has been charged, a small amount of power is diverted into a trigger transformer, a small transformer with a high turns ratio. This generates the weak but high voltage required to ionize the xenon gas in a flash tube. An arc is created inside the tube, which acts as a bridge for the much bigger pulse to flow down later, arcs present almost a direct short circuit, allowing the capacitors to quickly release their energy into the arc. This rapidly heats the gas, creating an extremely bright plasma discharge. A strobe without a storage device simply discharges mains voltages across the tube once its fired. This type of strobe requires no charging time and allows for much quicker flash rates, such strobes require a form of current limiting, because as mentioned above, an arc acts as a kind of short circuit. Individual strobe flashes typically only last around 200 microseconds, but can be sustained for greater or lesser periods of time depending on the intended use. Since this stop is only apparent, a point on the rotating body will either appear to move backward or forward, or not move. If the flash occurs equal to the period of rotation the marked point will appear to not move. Any non integer flash setting will make the mark appear to move forward or backward, strobe lighting has also been used to see the movements of the vocal cords in slow motion during speech, a procedure known as video-stroboscopy. A common use of a flash is to optimize a car engines efficiency at a certain rotational period by directing the strobe-light towards a mark on the flywheel on the engines main axle. The strobe-light tool for such ignition timing is called a timing light, other applications are in alarm systems, emergency vehicle lighting, theatrical lighting, and as high-visibility running lights
30.
Cleveland Hopkins International Airport
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Cleveland Hopkins International Airport is a public airport located nine miles southwest of the central business district of Cleveland, Cuyahoga County, Ohio, United States. It is the airport serving Northeast Ohio and is the largest and busiest airport in the state of Ohio. The metropolitan area is served by Burke Lakefront Airport and by Akron-Canton Regional Airport. Cleveland Hopkins International Airport and Cleveland Burke Lakefront Airport together comprise the Cleveland Airport System, the airport is of particular importance to the history of commercial air travel due to a number of first-in-the-world innovations that would eventually become standard around the globe. Founded in 1925, it was the first municipality-owned facility of its kind in the United States and it was also the first airport to employ a two-level terminal design separating arrivals from departures. The airport was named after its founder, former city manager William R. Hopkins, more recently, the airport has implemented initiatives to upgrade the airport facility and provide additional air services. Air Canada offers daily flights to Toronto via its regional affiliate. Air Canada is the only carrier that serves Cleveland on a regular basis. United offers service to and from Cancún, the U. S. Customs and Border Protection inspection facility is used upon arrival. Frontier Airlines offers service to and from Cancún as well as service to. The CBP inspection facility is used upon arrival, there is no intercontinental service from Cleveland. However, there have been several past short-lived attempts to establish intercontinental service from the airport since it was first granted authority to such service in 1977. Circa 1982–1986, JAT Yugoslav Airlines operated once-weekly non-stop flights to Ljubljana, from 1988 to 1992, JAT Yugoslav Airlines operated once-weekly service to Belgrade, the largest city in what was then the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. Continental Airlines began offering nonstop flights from Hopkins to London Gatwick Airport in 1999. This service continued for several summers, and in 2009, Continental switched to Heathrow Airport instead of Gatwick because of the new access to Heathrow as part of the EU–U. S. However, this service was cancelled following the summer of 2009. Continental utilized a 757-200 for this route, Continental launched a new route between Cleveland and Paris-Charles de Gaulle on May 22,2008, but then announced elimination of the service in December 2008. Continental had exited the SkyTeam Alliance, which included Air France, because of the exit from SkyTeam, the incentive for Continental passengers in Cleveland to connect in Paris disappeared
31.
United Way of America
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The main areas include education, income, and health. United Way in America has been the largest non-profit organisation by donations from the public, the organization has roots in Denver, Colorado, where in 1887 church leaders began the Charity Organization Society, which coordinated services and fundraising for 22 agencies. The first Community Chest was founded in 1913 in Cleveland, Ohio, the number of Community Chest organizations increased from 39 to 353 between 1919 and 1929, and surpassed 1,000 by 1948. Laidlaw merged the Community Chest and other Detroit charities to form the United Foundation, walter Laidlaws work with the United Foundation became the model for united funds nationally and eventually the United Way organisation. In 1928, a Community Chest organization was established in Cape Town, by 1974, there were enough United Way organizations internationally to demand the kind of support provided by the national organization, United Way of America and United Way International was born. Its staff spoke eight languages, with a Board of Directors from more than seven countries, amundsen, Chief Administrative Officer, served as interim president during a yearlong search. By 1963, and after several changes, the term United Way was adopted. Laidlaw fell ill, William Aramony became CEO of the governing body known as the United Community Funds and Council of America. It moved from New York City to Alexandria, Virginia in 1971, after Aramonys departure in 1992, Kenneth W. Dam was named interim CEO until Elaine Chao was selected as UWAs second president. Betty Stanley Beene took over in 1997 and stayed until 2001, in 2014, Brian Gallagher received $1.54 million in compensation while the organization experienced its largest worldwide loss in revenue, volunteers and donors in many years. In May 2009, United Way of America and United Way International were integrated as one global entity, all of this is done in collaboration with diverse partners. Since 2008, the United Way of America has teamed up with the United Way of Southeastern Michigan, United Way also helps to promote other community service projects through their Alternative Spring Break Programs, such as the 10,000 Hours Show. The concert is organized by a campus and their local United Way. The programs mission is to raise awareness across the nation that young people can make a difference by joining their efforts to meet their communities needs. The goal in part is helping develop the next generation of active community leaders, the 10,000 Hours Show was founded in the fall of 2002 by undergraduates at the University of Iowa. Ben Folds performed the first show in the fall of 2003, since then, there have been a number of other successful shows. Because of the conditions in each community, the issues United Ways address are determined locally. Kobe Bryant has hosted the walk for several consecutive years, nearly 50,000 walkers have participated and raised over $4 million to help fight homelessness and successfully placed 14,000 people in permanent housing who previously were on the streets
32.
Aircraft warning lights
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Aircraft warning lights are high-intensity lighting devices that are attached to tall structures and are used as collision avoidance measures. Such devices make structures more visible to passing aircraft and are used at night. These lights need to be of sufficient brightness in order to be visible for miles around the structure, the lights generally come in two forms, Red lamps that are either constantly illuminated or turn on and off slowly in a cycle of a few seconds. Both types were in use in the United Kingdom until recently, however, xenon flashers are therefore gradually being phased out. In order to improve the otherwise quite short lifespan, they are made with a design and are run below normal operating power. A recent development has been the use of arrays of high-power red LEDs in place of incandescent bulbs, lED-based lamps have a significantly longer lifespan than incandescent bulbs, thus reducing maintenance costs and increasing reliability. Several manufacturers have also developed medium-intensity white strobes based on LED technology to replace xenon, xenon flashers, whilst more visually impressive, tend to require frequent replacement and so have become a less favoured option. However, with the advent of LEDs, white strobes are still somewhat desired and it is common to find structures with white xenon flashers/white strobes during the daytime, and red lights at night. Red lights are found to be used in urban areas. White strobes may also be used in urban areas, in addition, residents near the lit structure will complain of light trespass. In rural areas, red beacons/strobes may also be used during nighttime, however, white strobes are preferred since they reduce the maintenance cost and there are no background lights that would blend with the strobes. There are a medium-intensity white strobe and a high-intensity white strobe, medium-intensity white strobes are usually used on structures that are between 200–500 feet. If a medium white strobe is used on a greater than 500 feet. The common medium white strobe flashes 40 times in a minute, at an intensity of 20,000 candelas for daytime/twilight, a high-intensity white strobe light is used on structures that are taller than 700 feet. These lights provide the highest visibility both day and night, unlike a medium strobe, a high-intensity strobe does not provide 360˚ coverage, this requires the use of at least 3 high strobes at each level. On the other hand, it reduces maintenance costs, if the structure has an antenna at the top that is greater than 40 feet, a medium-intensity white strobe light must be placed above it rather than below. The common high white strobe flashes 40 times in a minute, at an intensity of 270,000 candelas for daytime,20,000 candelas at twilight, and 2,000 candelas at nighttime. Dual lighting is a system in which a structure is equipped with white strobes for daytime use, in urban areas, these are commonly preferred since it usually exempts a structure from the requirement of having to be painted
33.
Northeast blackout of 2003
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Some power was restored by 11 p. m. Many others did not get their power back until two days later, in more remote areas it took nearly a week to restore power. At the time, it was the second most widespread blackout in history. The outage, which was more widespread than the Northeast Blackout of 1965. The blackouts primary cause was a bug in the alarm system at a control room of the FirstEnergy Corporation. A lack of alarm left operators unaware of the need to power after overloaded transmission lines hit unpruned foliage. What would have been a local blackout cascaded into massive widespread distress on the electric grid. For the next 30 minutes, to 4,40 p. m. Eventually, marie, Ontario, the shore of James Bay, Ottawa, New York, and Toledo was left without power. According to the analysis of the blackout prepared by the US and Canadian governments. In the minutes before the event, the NYISO-managed power system was carrying 28,700 MW of load, at the height of the outage, the load had dropped to 5,716 MW, a loss of 80%. Essential services remained in operation in some of these areas, in others, backup generation systems failed. Telephone networks generally remained operational, but the increased demand triggered by the blackout left many circuits overloaded, Water systems in several cities lost pressure, forcing boil-water advisories to be put into effect. Cellular service was interrupted as mobile networks were overloaded with the increase in volume of calls, Major cellular providers continued to operate on standby generator power. It was a hot day in much of the region. The high ambient temperature increased energy demand, as people across the region turned on fans and this caused the power lines to sag as higher currents heated the lines. Most of the Amtrak Northeast Corridor service was interrupted, as it uses electric locomotives, via Rail in Canada was able to continue most of its service. The power outages effects on air transport and financial markets were widespread. The reliability of the grid was called into question
34.
Light-emitting diode
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A light-emitting diode is a two-lead semiconductor light source. It is a p–n junction diode, which emits light when activated, when a suitable voltage is applied to the leads, electrons are able to recombine with electron holes within the device, releasing energy in the form of photons. This effect is called electroluminescence, and the color of the light is determined by the band gap of the semiconductor. LEDs are typically small and integrated optical components may be used to shape the radiation pattern, appearing as practical electronic components in 1962, the earliest LEDs emitted low-intensity infrared light. Infrared LEDs are still used as transmitting elements in remote-control circuits. The first visible-light LEDs were also of low intensity and limited to red, modern LEDs are available across the visible, ultraviolet, and infrared wavelengths, with very high brightness. Early LEDs were often used as indicator lamps for electronic devices and they were soon packaged into numeric readouts in the form of seven-segment displays and were commonly seen in digital clocks. Recent developments in LEDs permit them to be used in environmental, LEDs have allowed new displays and sensors to be developed, while their high switching rates are also used in advanced communications technology. LEDs have many advantages over incandescent light sources including lower energy consumption, longer lifetime, improved physical robustness, smaller size, and faster switching. Light-emitting diodes are now used in applications as diverse as aviation lighting, automotive headlamps, advertising, general lighting, traffic signals, camera flashes, as of 2017, LED lights home room lighting are as cheap or cheaper than compact fluorescent lamp sources of comparable output. They are also more energy efficient and, arguably, have fewer environmental concerns linked to their disposal. Electroluminescence as a phenomenon was discovered in 1907 by the British experimenter H. J. Round of Marconi Labs, using a crystal of silicon carbide, russian inventor Oleg Losev reported creation of the first LED in 1927. His research was distributed in Soviet, German and British scientific journals, rubin Braunstein of the Radio Corporation of America reported on infrared emission from gallium arsenide and other semiconductor alloys in 1955. Braunstein observed infrared emission generated by simple diode structures using gallium antimonide, GaAs, indium phosphide, in 1957, Braunstein further demonstrated that the rudimentary devices could be used for non-radio communication across a short distance. As noted by Kroemer Braunstein …had set up a simple optical communications link, the emitted light was detected by a PbS diode some distance away. This signal was fed into an amplifier and played back by a loudspeaker. Intercepting the beam stopped the music and we had a great deal of fun playing with this setup. This setup presaged the use of LEDs for optical communication applications, by October 1961, they had demonstrated efficient light emission and signal coupling between a GaAs p-n junction light emitter and an electrically-isolated semiconductor photodetector
35.
Christmas
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In several countries, celebrating Christmas Eve on December 24 has the main focus rather than December 25, with gift-giving and sharing a traditional meal with the family. Although the month and date of Jesus birth are unknown, by the fourth century the Western Christian Church had placed Christmas on December 25. Today, most Christians celebrate on December 25 in the Gregorian calendar and this is not a disagreement over the date of Christmas as such, but rather a preference of which calendar should be used to determine the day that is December 25. Although it is not known why December 25 became a date of celebration, December 25 was the date the Romans marked as the winter solstice, the shortest, and therefore darkest day of the year. Jesus was identified with the Sun based on an Old Testament verse, the date is exactly nine months following Annunciation, when the conception of Jesus is celebrated. Finally, the Romans had a series of pagan festivals near the end of the year, so Christmas may have been scheduled at this time to appropriate, or compete with, one or more of these festivals. The celebratory customs associated in various countries with Christmas have a mix of pre-Christian, Christian, the economic impact of Christmas has grown steadily over the past few centuries in many regions of the world. Christmas is a form of Christs mass. It is derived from the Middle English Cristemasse, which is from Old English Crīstesmæsse, crīst is from Greek Khrīstos, a translation of Hebrew Māšîaḥ, Messiah, meaning anointed, and mæsse is from Latin missa, the celebration of the Eucharist. The form Christenmas was also used, but is now considered archaic and dialectal, it derives from Middle English Cristenmasse. In addition to Christmas, the holiday has been known by other names throughout its history. The Anglo-Saxons referred to the feast as midwinter, or, more rarely, Nativity, meaning birth, is from Latin nātīvitās. In Old English, Gēola referred to the corresponding to December and January. Noel entered English in the late 14th century and is from the Old French noël or naël, itself ultimately from the Latin nātālis, the canonical gospels of Luke and Matthew both describe Jesus as being born in Bethlehem in Judea, to a virgin mother. In the Gospel of Luke account, Joseph and Mary travel from Nazareth to Bethlehem for the census and it says that angels proclaimed him a savior for all people, and shepherds came to adore him. In the Matthew account, magi follow a star to Bethlehem to bring gifts to Jesus, King Herod orders the massacre of all the boys less than two years old in Bethlehem, but the family flees to Egypt and later settles in Nazareth. The Nativity stories of Matthew and Luke are prominent in the gospels, the first recorded Christmas celebration was in Rome in 336. Christmas played a role in the Arian controversy of the fourth century, the feast regained prominence after 800, when Charlemagne was crowned emperor on Christmas Day
36.
American Heart Association
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Originally formed in New York City in 1924 as the Association for the Prevention and Relief of Heart Disease, it is currently headquartered in Dallas, Texas. The American Heart Association is a voluntary health agency. They are known for publishing standards on basic life support and advanced life support. They are known also for operating a number of visible public service campaigns starting in the 1970s. In 1994, the Chronicle of Philanthropy, an industry publication, elliott Antman, M. D. is president of the American Heart Association for its 2014–15 fiscal year. The American Heart Association publishes a standard for providing basic and advanced life support, the AHA offers the most widely accepted certification for basic life support. The AHA is now also a provider of training for first aid, the AHA also operates an affiliated organization, the American Stroke Association, which focuses on care, research and prevention of strokes. The American Heart Association grew out of a set of smaller precursor groups, the primary precursor was the Association for the Prevention and Relief of Heart Disease, formed in New York City in 1915, to study whether patients with heart disease could safely return to work. Several similar organizations formed or evolved in Boston, Philadelphia, the AHA remained small until the 1940s when it was selected for support by Procter & Gamble, via their PR firm, from a list of applicant charities. Procter & Gamble gave $1.5 million from its show, Truth or Consequences. These recommendations continued to more precise from 1957 to 1980. In 1994, the Chronicle of Philanthropy, a publication, released the results of the largest study of charitable. On October 28,2009 The American Heart Association and the Ad Council launched a hands-only CPR public service announcement, on November 30,2009, The American Heart Association announced a new cardiac arrest awareness campaign called Be the Beat. The campaigns aim is to teach 12- to 15-year-olds fun ways to learn the basics of cardiopulmonary resuscitation, in 2010 the AHA launched the Go Red for Women campaign. Historically men have been the subjects of heart disease and stroke research. Go Red for Women specifically targets women with information about risks, all revenues from the local and national campaigns goes to support awareness, research, education and community programs to benefit women. In May 2010, the AHA endorsed the Nintendo Wii Console, the AHA Heart Icon is featured on the box of the console as well as on the Wii Fit Plus and Wii Sports Resort titles. It also carried out a campaign in 2012 to educate people on how to carry out hands-only CPR
37.
Saint Patrick's Day
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Saint Patricks Day, or the Feast of Saint Patrick, is a cultural and religious celebration held on 17 March, the traditional death date of Saint Patrick, the foremost patron saint of Ireland. The day commemorates Saint Patrick and the arrival of Christianity in Ireland, celebrations generally involve public parades and festivals, cèilidhs, and the wearing of green attire or shamrocks. Saint Patricks Day is a holiday in the Republic of Ireland, Northern Ireland, the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador. It is also celebrated by the Irish diaspora around the world, especially in Great Britain, Canada, the United States, Argentina, Australia. Saint Patricks Day is celebrated in more countries than any other national festival, modern celebrations have been greatly influenced by those of the Irish diaspora, particularly those that developed in North America. In recent years, there has been criticism of Saint Patricks Day celebrations for having become too commercialised, Patrick was a 5th-century Romano-British Christian missionary and bishop in Ireland. Much of what is known about Saint Patrick comes from the Declaration and it is believed that he was born in Roman Britain in the fourth century, into a wealthy Romano-British family. His father was a deacon and his grandfather was a priest in the Christian church, according to the Declaration, at the age of sixteen, he was kidnapped by Irish raiders and taken as a slave to Gaelic Ireland. It says that he spent six years working as a shepherd. The Declaration says that God told Patrick to flee to the coast, after making his way home, Patrick went on to become a priest. According to tradition, Patrick returned to Ireland to convert the pagan Irish to Christianity, the Declaration says that he spent many years evangelising in the northern half of Ireland and converted thousands. Patricks efforts against the druids were eventually turned into an allegory in which he drove out of Ireland. Tradition holds that he died on 17 March and was buried at Downpatrick, over the following centuries, many legends grew up around Patrick and he became Irelands foremost saint. Todays St Patricks Day celebrations have been influenced by those that developed among the Irish diaspora. Until the late 20th century, St Patricks Day was often a celebration among the diaspora than it was in Ireland. Celebrations generally involve public parades and festivals, Irish traditional music sessions, there are also formal gatherings such as banquets and dances, although these were more common in the past. St Patricks Day parades began in North America in the 18th century, the participants generally include marching bands, the military, fire brigades, cultural organisations, charitable organisations, voluntary associations, youth groups, fraternities, and so on. However, over time, many of the parades have become akin to a carnival
38.
Columbus Day
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Columbus Day is a national holiday in many countries in the Americas and elsewhere which officially celebrates the anniversary of Christopher Columbus arrival in the Americas on October 12,1492. These holidays have been celebrated unofficially since the late 18th century, in 1792, New York City and other U. S. cities celebrated the 300th anniversary of his landing in the New World. President Benjamin Harrison called upon the people of the United States to celebrate Columbus Day on the 400th anniversary of the event, during the four hundredth anniversary in 1892, teachers, preachers, poets and politicians used Columbus Day rituals to teach ideals of patriotism. These patriotic rituals took themes such as boundaries, the importance of loyalty to the nation. Many Italian-Americans observe Columbus Day as a celebration of their heritage, Columbus Day was first enshrined as a legal holiday in the United States through the lobbying of Angelo Noce, a first generation Italian, in Denver. The first statewide Columbus Day holiday was proclaimed by Colorado governor Jesse F, mcDonald in 1905, and it was made a statutory holiday in 1907. Since 1970, the holiday has been fixed to the second Monday in October and it is generally observed nowadays by banks, the bond market, the U. S. Postal Service, other federal agencies, most state government offices, many businesses, and most school districts. Some businesses and some stock exchanges remain open, and some states and municipalities abstain from observing the holiday. The traditional date of the holiday also adjoins the anniversary of the United States Navy, actual observance varies in different parts of the United States, ranging from large-scale parades and events to complete non-observance. Most states celebrate Columbus Day as a state holiday, though many mark it as a Day of Observance or Recognition. Most states that celebrate Columbus Day will close state services, while others operate as normal, as in the mainland U. S. Columbus Day is a legal holiday in the U. S. territory of Puerto Rico. In the United States Virgin Islands, the day is celebrated as both Columbus Day and Puerto Rico Friendship Day. Virginia also celebrates two legal holidays on the day, Columbus Day and Yorktown Victory Day, which honors the final victory at the Siege of Yorktown in the Revolutionary War. The state government does not treat either Columbus Day or Discoverers Day as a holiday, state, city and county government offices. Similarly, in 2016, Vermont started celebrating Indigenous Peoples Day instead of Columbus Day, because this change was made by Governor Peter Shumlins executive proclamation, it only applies for 2016. In the future it would have to be issued by the governor on a yearly basis. On the other hand, South Dakota celebrates the day as a state holiday known as Native American Day rather than Columbus Day. Oregon does not recognize Columbus Day, neither as a holiday nor a commemoration, schools, several other states have removed Columbus Day as a paid holiday for government workers while still maintaining Columbus Day either as a day of recognition or a legal holiday for other purposes
39.
Cleveland Indians
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The Cleveland Indians are an American professional baseball team based in Cleveland, Ohio. The Indians compete in Major League Baseball as a club of the American League Central division. Since 1994, they have played at Progressive Field, the teams spring training facility is at Goodyear Ballpark in Goodyear, Arizona. The Indians current World Series championship drought is the longest active drought, the name Indians originated from a request by club owner Charles Somers to baseball writers to choose a new name to replace Cleveland Naps following the departure of Nap Lajoie after the 1914 season. The name referenced the nickname Indians that was applied to the Cleveland Spiders baseball club during the time when Louis Sockalexis, common nicknames for the Indians include the Tribe and the Wahoos, the latter being a reference to their logo, Chief Wahoo, a controversial Native American caricature. The teams mascot is named Slider, the franchise originated in Grand Rapids, Michigan, in 1894 as the Grand Rapids Rustlers, a minor league team in the Western League. The team moved to Cleveland in 1900 and changed its name to the Cleveland Lake Shores, one of the American Leagues eight charter franchises, the major league incarnation of the club was founded in Cleveland in 1901. Originally called the Cleveland Bluebirds, the played in League Park until moving permanently to Cleveland Stadium in 1946. At the end of the 2016 season, they had a regular season record of 9. In 1857 baseball games were a spectacle in Clevelands Public Squares. City authorities tried to find an ordinance forbidding it, to the joy of the crowd, – Harold Seymour 1865–1868 Forest Citys of Cleveland 1869–1872 Forest Citys of Cleveland From 1865 to 1868 Forest Citys was an amateur ball club. During the 1869 season, Cleveland was among several cities which established professional baseball teams following the success of the 1869 Cincinnati Red Stockings, the first fully professional team. In the newspapers before and after 1870, the team was called the Forest Citys. In 1871 the Forest Citys joined the new National Association of Professional Base Ball Players, ultimately, two of the leagues western clubs went out of business during the first season and the Chicago Fire left that citys White Stockings impoverished, unable to field a team again until 1874. Cleveland was thus the NAs westernmost outpost in 1872, the year the club folded, Cleveland played their full schedule to July 19 followed by two games versus Boston in mid-August and disbanded at the end of the season. 1879–1881 Cleveland Forest Citys 1882–1884 Cleveland Blues In 1876, the National League supplanted the NA as the professional league. Cleveland were not among its members, but by 1879 the league was looking for new entries. The Cleveland Forest Citys baseball team was then re-created, the National League required distinct colors for the 1882 season, so the Cleveland Forest Citys became the Cleveland Blues
40.
Cleveland Browns
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The Cleveland Browns are a professional American football team based in Cleveland, Ohio. The Browns compete in the National Football League as a club of the American Football Conference North division. The Browns play their games at FirstEnergy Stadium, which opened in 1999, with administrative offices and training facilities in Berea. The Browns official colors are brown, orange and white and they are unique among the 32 member franchises of the NFL in that they do not have a logo on their helmets and are the only team named after a specific person, original coach Paul Brown. The franchise was founded in 1945 by businessman Arthur B, McBride and coach Paul Brown as a charter member of the All-America Football Conference. The Browns dominated the AAFC, compiling a 47–4–3 record in the four active seasons. When the AAFC folded after the 1949 season, the Browns joined the National Football League along with the San Francisco 49ers, from 1965 to 1995, they made the playoffs 14 times, but did not win another championship or appear in the Super Bowl in that period. In 1995, owner Art Modell, who had purchased the Browns in 1961, announced plans to move the team to Baltimore, Maryland. The Browns intellectual property, including name, logos, training facility, and history, were kept in trust. A new team would be established by 1999 either by expansion or relocation, the Browns were announced as an expansion team in 1998 and resumed play in 1999. Since resuming operations in 1999, the Browns have struggled to find success and they have had only two winning seasons, one playoff appearance, and no playoff wins. The franchise has also noted for a lack of stability with quarterbacks. To date, the Browns overall win-loss record since 1999 is 88–200, the Browns origins date to 1944, when taxicab magnate Arthur B. Mickey McBride secured the rights to a Cleveland franchise in the newly formed All-America Football Conference. S, early in 1945, McBride named 36-year-old Ohio State Buckeyes coach Paul Brown as the teams head coach and general manager and gave him a share in its profits. The move surprised and upset Buckeye fans, who had hoped he would resume his successful run at the school after the war, the name of the team was at first left up to Paul Brown, who rejected calls for it to be christened the Browns. The franchise and the Cleveland Plain Dealer then held a naming contest to publicize the team, in June 1945, a committee selected Panthers as the new teams name, named after a failed American Football League franchise in Cleveland which only lasted a single season in 1926. It is unclear whether Panthers was the highest vote-getter, or if it was second-highest behind Browns, however, the owner of the failed AFL Panthers franchise, General C. X. Zimmerman, indicated that he owned the name Cleveland Panthers, at this point, Paul Brown bowed to popular sentiment and agreed to the Browns name
41.
Cleveland Cavaliers
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The Cleveland Cavaliers, also known as the Cavs, are an American professional basketball team based in Cleveland, Ohio. The Cavs compete in the National Basketball Association as a member of the leagues Eastern Conference Central Division, the team began play in 1970. Many past and present top NBA players, including LeBron James, Mark Price, Brad Daugherty, the franchise has won five Central Division championships, three Eastern Conference championships, one NBA championship, and have reached the playoffs 20 times in their 46-year history. The 2016 NBA Finals victory over the Golden State Warriors marked the first time in Finals history a team had come back to win the series after trailing three games to one, the Cavaliers began play in 1970 as an expansion team. Their 46-year history has been marked by stretches of strong play and periods of poor play. In the 1970s, under the ownership of Nick Mileti, the team won its first division title in 1976 and they won Game 7, 87–85, on a shot by Snyder with four seconds to go. Injuries, particularly an ankle injury to Chones, led to this teams demise, as the Cavaliers would lose the Eastern Conference Finals to the Boston Celtics, 4–2. It is widely believed among both Cavaliers fans and players that the Miracle team would have won the 1976 NBA Championship had Chones stayed healthy, the remainder of the 1970s were marked by early playoff losses and eventually Fitchs resignation. The early 1980s were marked by Ted Stepiens ownership, Stepien also oversaw the hiring and firing of a succession of coaches and was involved in making a number of poor trade and free agent signing decisions. The ensuing chaos had an effect on both the Cavaliers on-court performance and lack of local support, losing over 50 games in three straight years. The 1981–82 and 1982–83 combined to lose 24 straight games, which at the time was the NBAs all-time longest losing streak, george and Gordon Gund purchased the Cavaliers from Stepien in 1983. The team was in a transition as they went through nine head coaches from 1980 to 1986, during the 1986 offseason, the Cavaliers acquired Brad Daugherty, Mark Price, Ron Harper and Larry Nance. The Cavaliers entered into a period of decline from the mid-1990s through the early 2000s, the team appeared in the playoffs the next two years, but could not get past the first round. In the 1997 off-season, the team added Shawn Kemp and Wesley Person, as well as a class that included Derek Anderson, Cedric Henderson, Žydrūnas Ilgauskas. This team lost in the first round of the playoffs in 1998, in the early 2000s, the team added Andre Miller, Lamond Murray, Chris Mihm and Carlos Boozer, but could not make it to the playoffs. The 2002–03 season saw the Cavaliers finish 17–65, tied for the worst record in the NBA, the Cavaliers luck changed as they landed the number 1 pick in the 2003 NBA draft. With it, the team selected heralded forward and future NBA MVP LeBron James, in 2005, the team would be sold to businessman Dan Gilbert. That year, the team also hired head coach Mike Brown, over the next few years, the Cavaliers built a team around James and Žydrūnas Ilgauskas by adding players including Drew Gooden, Larry Hughes, and Anderson Varajao
42.
Ohio State Buckeyes
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The Ohio State Buckeyes are the athletic teams that represent The Ohio State University, named after the colloquial term for people from the state of Ohio and after the state tree, the Ohio Buckeye. The Buckeyes participate in the National Collegiate Athletic Associations Division I in all sports, the Ohio State womens ice hockey team competes in the Western Collegiate Hockey Association. The school colors are scarlet and gray, Ohio States mascot is Brutus Buckeye. Ohio State is one of five universities to have won a NCAA national championship in baseball and mens basketball. Since the inception of the Athletic Directors Cup, Ohio State has finished in the top 25 each year, during the 2005–2006 school year Ohio State became the first Big Ten team to win conference championships in football, mens basketball and womens basketball in the same season. Hall of Fame coaches at Ohio State have included Paul Brown and Woody Hayes, notable sports figures in Ohio State history may be inducted into the Ohio State Varsity O Hall of Fame. A Buckeye has been named first team All-American 23 times, including five two-time All-Americans, between 1960 and 1964, Ohio State won five consecutive Big Ten championships, an achievement that has yet to be matched. In 2004, Ohio State fired mens basketball coach Jim OBrien for recruiting violations and self-imposed a one-year penalty, including a ban on post-season play, the lightness of this judgment was seen as encouragement for schools to be proactive in responding to violations. Nevertheless, OBrien successfully sued Ohio State for improper termination, thad Matta, the current coach of the Buckeyes, took over OBriens spot in 2004. Ohio State recruited such talents as Greg Oden, and Mike Conley, the Buckeyes finished the season with a 27-3 record, won the Big Ten tournament, and earned a number 1 seed for the NCAA tournament. Following years saw continued success for the Buckeyes and they won the Big Ten Championship in both the 2009-2010 and 2010-2011 season, and reached the Final Four in 2011-2012 before losing to Kansas. The Buckeyes reached the Elite Eight in 2012-2013, losing to Wichita State, 2013-2014 and 2014-2015 both saw early exits from the NCAA Tournament. Currently coached by Kevin McGuff, the Ohio State womens basketball plays its home games in the Jerome Schottenstein Center. Prior to 1998, they played at St. John Arena and they have won 10 Big Ten titles, which is the most in the conference and have 14 appearances in the NCAA Tournament, the most recent being in 2016. In 1993 they lost to the Texas Tech Lady Raiders 84-82 for the National Title, while captured the NIT title in 2001. Notable alumni include former All-Americans Katie Smith and Jessica Davenport, Ohio States two golf courses, the Scarlet and the Gray, were completed in 1938. The Scarlet was designed by architect Alister MacKenzie, who designed the Masters course at Augusta National, however, his original design was not implemented fully, and the greens were the only part of the course that truly resembled his designs. Golf magazines annually rate the Scarlet Course as one of the top courses in the nation
43.
Rob Lowe
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Robert Hepler Lowe is an American actor. He came to prominence in the 1980s, playing teen and young adult roles in such as The Outsiders, Oxford Blues, St. Elmos Fire. However, he continued acting in less prominent film roles, and went on to roles in television series such as The West Wing, Brothers & Sisters. Lowe was born in Charlottesville, Virginia, the son of Barbara Lynn, a schoolteacher and native of Ohio, and Charles Davis Lowe and his parents divorced when Lowe and his younger brother, actor Chad, were very young. As a result of a virus during infancy, he is deaf in his right ear, Lowe was baptized into the Episcopal church. He is of German, English, Irish, Scottish, on the show Who Do You Think You Are. Lowe found out one of his ancestors, Christopher East, was a Hessian soldier. His ancestor was fighting under the command of Colonel Johann Gottlieb Rall and was captured at the American Victory at Trenton, as an American POW, his ancestor was given a choice, and took the option to stay in the US. Lowe was raised in a traditional setting in Dayton, Ohio, attending Oakwood Junior High School, before moving to the Point Dume area of Malibu, California. Lowe attended Santa Monica High School, as did fellow actors Emilio Estevez, Charlie Sheen, Robert Downey, Jr. Sean Penn and his breakthrough role was his big screen debut in 1983, when he and Emilio Estevez were cast in Francis Ford Coppolas The Outsiders. Lowe played the role of Sodapop Curtis, the brother of the main character Ponyboy Curtis, Lowe and Estevez reunited in St. Elmos Fire, making them the two more prominent actors from the group known as the Brat Pack. He then received his second Golden Globe Award nomination for Best Supporting Actor for his role as the mentally disabled Rory in Square Dance, in August,1987 he performed on stage, playing Baron Tusenbach in Chekovs The Three Sisters at The Williamstown Theatre Festival. Lowe is well known for playing Sam Seaborn in the television series The West Wing from 1999 to 2003 and his performance in the show garnered Lowe a Primetime Emmy Award nomination and two Golden Globe Award nominations for Best Actor in a Drama Series. Lowe was drawn to the role because of his love of politics, and his longstanding personal relationship with Martin Sheen. When the show premiered, Seaborn was considered the lead, Lowe and series creator Aaron Sorkin soon found themselves at odds over the networks meddling with the show, most notably the network demanding changes in the Sam Seaborn character. Eventually, Lowe left the series, not long before Sorkin, during the final season of The West Wing, Lowe returned to his role of Sam Seaborn, appearing in two of the final four episodes. In 2011, Lowe appeared on The Oprah Winfrey Show and stated that he left the show because he did not feel he was being respected, after leaving the show, Lowe was the star and executive producer of a failed NBC drama, The Lyons Den. In 2004, he tried again in a series entitled Dr. Vegas, in 2005, he starred as Lieutenant Daniel Kaffee in a London West End production of Sorkins play A Few Good Men, the first time the two had worked together since The West Wing
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Tower City station
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Tower City–Public Square Station is a rapid transit station in Cleveland, Ohio, USA. It is the station on the RTA Red Line and the major station on the RTA Green. The station is located directly beneath Prospect Avenue in the middle of the Tower City Center shopping mall, located in downtown Cleveland, the station is the busiest RTA Rapid Transit station. It offers connections to all RTA buses serving Public Square, both entrances open from a lobby located on the lowest level of the Tower City shopping mall, and this lobby is accessible by escalators and elevators from the other levels of the mall. Each entrance has multiple fare gates along with two operator booths, the entrance for the Green and Blue Lines collects fares from passengers entering and leaving the station, since westbound passengers pay their fare upon leaving. The Red Line entrance collects fares from passengers entering the station, to transfer from the Red Line to the Green or Blue Lines, or vice versa, passengers must exit through the fare gates at one station entrance and enter through the other station entrance. The portion of the station above the tracks was called the Traction Concourse. The Van Sweringen brothers who developed Terminal Tower complex and built Cleveland Union Terminal envisioned a network of interurban or rapid transit lines extending from the CUT in all directions and they even acquired right-of-way for some of the lines. Development of the interurban services, however, was stalled by the Great Depression. By 1944, ownership of the Shaker rapid transit passed to the city of Shaker Heights, the Shaker rapid transit remained the only service using the interurban portion of the CUT for 25 years. When the Cleveland Transit System built its rapid transit in 1955, since the CTS Rapid Transit and the Shaker rapid transit were owned by different entities at the time, there was no fare transfer between the trains, and the stations were entirely separate. Amtrak left CUT in 1973, using a train station built directly upon the intercity line along the lakefront. On July 31,2016, RTA began replacing the track bed for track 8, in order to prevent service disruptions during the track replacement, RTA temporarily opened its non-revenue track to the public. Westbound trains arrived on track and temporary platforms and station facilities were set up. The temporary station was not accessible from the station entrance and had a separate entrance. The new track opened to passengers on November 26,2016, official website Photos of Tower City Station from Subway Nut
45.
The Fortune Cookie
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The Fortune Cookie is a 1966 black comedy film starring Jack Lemmon and Walter Matthau in their first on-screen collaboration. It was produced and directed by Billy Wilder from a script by Wilder, harrys injuries are minor, but his conniving lawyer brother-in-law William H. Whiplash Willie Gingrich convinces him to pretend that his leg and hand have been partially paralyzed, harry reluctantly goes along with the scheme because he is still in love with his ex-wife, Sandy, and being injured might bring her back. The insurance company lawyers at OBrien, Thompson and Kincaid suspect that the paralysis is a fake, the one holdout, German Professor Winterhalter, is convinced that Hinkle is a fake. With no medical evidence to base their case on, OBrien, Thompson and Kincaid hire Clevelands best private detective, Chester Purkey, to keep Hinkle under constant surveillance. Hinkle wants Gingirch to help out Boom-Boom by representing him, but, to Hinkles displeasure, Gingrich says he is too busy negotiating with OBrien, Thompson & Kincaid. Hinkle also finds out that Sandy is back by his side out of greed, to get enough money to put on a first class singing act. Hinkle shows up with the $200,000 settlement check, when Gingrich brings the check upstairs, Hinkle is distressed by the avaricious behavior of Sandy. Hinkle, incensed, jumps up out his wheelchair and decks Purkey, told that hes not sure because Its a little dark, Hinkle asks Purkey if hed like a second take, turns on a light and advises the cameraman how to set his exposure. He then punches Purkey again, and follows up by going on a tear around the apartment, swinging from curtain rods and bouncing on the bed, all to show that he is not actually injured. Sandy is crawling on the looking for her lost contact lens. As he proceeds, a crunching sound lets him know hes just stepped on Sandys contact lens. Hinkle drives to the stadium where he meets Boom-Boom sitting on the bench on the field, ready to leave the team. Hinkle manages to snap Boom-Boom out of his funk, and the two run down the passing and lateraling a football back and forth between them. Production on the film was halted for weeks after Walter Matthau had a heart attack, scenes were filmed at the Minnesota Vikings versus Cleveland Browns game, held at Cleveland Stadium on the afternoon of Halloween 1965, in which the Vikings beat the Browns 27-17. Saint Marks Hospital in the film is the newly completed St. Vincent Charity Hospital, an exterior scene was filmed on East 24th Street outside an older section of the hospital. Terminal Tower served as the exterior of the law firm, in one scene, one can see Erieview Tower and the steel skeleton of the Anthony J. Celebrezze Federal Building under construction. Some Cleveland extras were used in the film, including Mary Morgan, Morgan later helped form the Great Lakes Shakespeare Festival with future Academy Award winner and Cleveland native Tom Hanks
46.
The Deer Hunter
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The three soldiers are played by Robert De Niro, Christopher Walken and John Savage, with John Cazale, Meryl Streep, and George Dzundza playing supporting roles. The story takes place in Clairton, Pennsylvania a small working class town on the Monongahela River south of Pittsburgh, and in Vietnam. The film was based in part on a screenplay called The Man Who Came to Play by Louis Garfinkle and Quinn K. Redeker, about Las Vegas. The film went over-budget and over-schedule, and ended up costing $15 million, the scenes depicting Russian roulette were highly controversial after the films release.100 Movies list. The opening scenes set the traits of the three main characters, the recurring theme of hunting with one shot, which is how Mike prefers to take down a deer, is introduced. Before the trio ships out, Steven and his girlfriend Angela, who is pregnant by another man, in the meantime, Mike works to control his feelings for Nicks girlfriend Linda. At the wedding held at the local VFW hall, the guys drink, dance, sing, and enjoy the festivities. Mike attempts to ask what Vietnam is like, but the soldier ignores him, after Mike explains that he, Steven, and Nick are going to Vietnam, the Green Beret raises his glass and says fuck it. After being restrained by the others from starting a fight, Mike goes back to the bar and, in a mocking jest to the soldier, raises his glass, the soldier then glances over at Mike and grins. Later, Steven and Angela drink from conjoined goblets, a part of the Orthodox wedding ceremony. It is believed that if they drink without spilling any wine, two drops of blood-red wine unknowingly spill on her wedding gown. After Linda catches the bouquet, Nick asks her to marry him. Later that night, a drunken Mike runs through the town, after Nick chases him down, he begs Mike not to leave him over there if anything happens in combat. The next day, Mike, Nick, Stan, John, Mike is exasperated by his friends, especially Stan, who drinks and clowns, showing little respect for the ritual of hunting, which to Mike is a nearly sacred experience. Only Nick understands Mikes attitude, but he is more indulgent toward his friends, Mike goes hunting afterwards and kills a deer with one, clean shot. Act one finishes with the friends arriving back at Welshs bar and they enter rambunctiously, spraying beers over each other and singing loudly. Welsh then makes his way to a piano and begins playing methodically as the others sit quietly and they sit in silence, strewn all over the bar, as their friend plays Chopins Nocturne No.6 Op. 15-3, a peaceful, yet ominous melody. The film then abruptly to war-torn Vietnam, where U. S. helicopters attack a Communist-occupied village with napalm
47.
A Christmas Story
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Now a Christmas season classic in the United States, it is shown numerous times on television, usually on the networks owned by the Turner Broadcasting System. The film earned director Clark two Genie Awards, in 2012, the film was selected for preservation in the National Film Registry by the Library of Congress for being culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant. Nine-year-old Ralphie Parker wants only one thing for Christmas, a Red Ryder Carbine Action 200-shot Range Model air rifle with a compass in the stock and this thing which tells time. Ralphies desire is rejected by his mother, his teacher Miss Shields, Christmas morning arrives and Ralphie dives into his presents. Although he does receive some presents he enjoys, Ralphie ultimately is disappointed that he did not receive the one thing he wanted more than anything. After it appears all of the presents have been opened, Ralphies father, Ralphie opens it to reveal the Red Ryder gun he wanted. Ralphie takes the gun outside and fires it at a target perched on a sign in the backyard. However, the BB ricochets back at Ralphie and knocks his glasses off, while searching for them, thinking he has indeed shot his eye out, Ralphie accidentally steps on his glasses and breaks them. In order to cover for the fact that he broke his glasses. His mother, not having seen what happened, believes him. The film ends with Ralphie lying in bed on Christmas night with his gun by his side, a voiceover by an adult Ralphie states that this was the best present he had ever received or would ever receive. Although Ralphies BB gun desire is the plot point of the film. Among them, Ralphie and Randys father wins an award in a contest. The prize is a lamp in the shape of a womans leg wearing a stocking, which was derived from the logo for Nehi pop. The Old Man also fights a battle with the malfunctioning furnace in the Parker home. His frustrations cause him to swear quite often, including one profanity-laden rant that the adult Ralphie says is still hanging in space over Lake Michigan, still another source of frustration for The Old Man is the dogs that belong to the next door neighbors, the Bumpuses. The Bumpuses own at least 785 smelly hound dogs that harass The Old Man whenever he comes home from work, on Christmas Day, the dogs ruin the familys Christmas dinner by romping through their kitchen and eating their turkey. This results in the family having dinner at a Chinese restaurant instead, Ralphie and his friends Flick and Schwartz are tormented by the neighborhood bullies Scut Farkus and Grover Dill
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