1.
Minneapolis
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Minneapolis is the county seat of Hennepin County, and the larger of the Twin Cities, the 16th-largest metropolitan area in the United States. As of 2015, Minneapolis is the largest city in the state of Minnesota, Minneapolis and Saint Paul anchor the second-largest economic center in the Midwest, after Chicago. Minneapolis lies on both banks of the Mississippi River, just north of the confluence with the Minnesota River, and adjoins Saint Paul. It was once the worlds flour milling capital and a hub for timber, the city and surrounding region is the primary business center between Chicago and Seattle, with Minneapolis proper containing Americas fifth-highest concentration of Fortune 500 companies. As an integral link to the economy, Minneapolis is categorized as a global city. Noted for its music and performing arts scenes, Minneapolis is home to both the award-winning Guthrie Theater and the historic First Avenue nightclub. The name Minneapolis is attributed to Charles Hoag, the citys first schoolteacher, who combined mni, a Dakota Sioux word for water, and polis, Dakota Sioux had long been the regions sole residents when French explorers arrived around 1680. For a time relations were based on fur trading, gradually more European-American settlers arrived, competing for game and other resources with the Dakota. In the early 19th century, the United States acquired this territory from France, fort Snelling was built in 1819 by the United States Army, and it attracted traders, settlers and merchants, spurring growth in the area. The United States government pressed the Mdewakanton band of the Dakota to sell their land, the Minnesota Territorial Legislature authorized present-day Minneapolis as a town in 1856 on the Mississippis west bank. Minneapolis incorporated as a city in 1867, the rail service began between Minneapolis and Chicago. It later joined with the city of St. Anthony in 1872. Minneapolis developed around Saint Anthony Falls, the highest waterfall on the Mississippi River, forests in northern Minnesota were a valuable resource for the lumber industry, which operated seventeen sawmills on power from the waterfall. By 1871, the west river bank had twenty-three businesses, including mills, woolen mills, iron works, a railroad machine shop, and mills for cotton, paper, sashes. Due to the hazards of milling, six local sources of artificial limbs were competing in the prosthetics business by the 1890s. The farmers of the Great Plains grew grain that was shipped by rail to the citys thirty-four flour mills, a father of modern milling in America and founder of what became General Mills, Cadwallader C. Some ideas were developed by William Dixon Gray and some acquired through industrial espionage from the Hungarians by William de la Barre, pillsbury Company across the river were barely a step behind, hiring Washburn employees to immediately use the new methods. The hard red spring wheat that grows in Minnesota became valuable, not until later did consumers discover the value in the bran that Minneapolis
2.
Minnesota
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Minnesota is a state in the midwestern and northern regions of the United States. Minnesota was admitted as the 32nd U. S. state on May 11,1858, the state has a large number of lakes, and is known by the slogan Land of 10,000 Lakes. Its official motto is LÉtoile du Nord, Minnesota is the 12th largest in area and the 21st most populous of the U. S. Minnesota is known for its progressive political orientation and its high rate of civic participation and voter turnout. Until European settlement, Minnesota was inhabited by the Dakota and Ojibwe/Anishinaabe, in recent decades, immigration from Asia, the Horn of Africa, and Latin America has broadened its historic demographic and cultural composition. Minnesotas standard of living index is among the highest in the United States, Native Americans demonstrated the name to early settlers by dropping milk into water and calling it mnisota. Many places in the state have similar names, such as Minnehaha Falls, Minneiska, Minneota, Minnetonka, Minnetrista, and Minneapolis, a combination of mni and polis, Minnesota is the second northernmost U. S. state. Its isolated Northwest Angle in Lake of the Woods county is the part of the 48 contiguous states lying north of the 49th parallel. The state is part of the U. S. region known as the Upper Midwest and it shares a Lake Superior water border with Michigan and a land and water border with Wisconsin to the east. Iowa is to the south, North Dakota and South Dakota are to the west, with 86,943 square miles, or approximately 2.25 percent of the United States, Minnesota is the 12th-largest state. Minnesota has some of the Earths oldest rocks, gneisses that are about 3.6 billion years old. About 2.7 billion years ago, basaltic lava poured out of cracks in the floor of the primordial ocean, the roots of these volcanic mountains and the action of Precambrian seas formed the Iron Range of northern Minnesota. Following a period of volcanism 1, in more recent times, massive ice sheets at least one kilometer thick ravaged the landscape of the state and sculpted its terrain. The Wisconsin glaciation left 12,000 years ago and these glaciers covered all of Minnesota except the far southeast, an area characterized by steep hills and streams that cut into the bedrock. This area is known as the Driftless Zone for its absence of glacial drift, much of the remainder of the state outside the northeast has 50 feet or more of glacial till left behind as the last glaciers retreated. Gigantic Lake Agassiz formed in the northwest 13,000 years ago and its bed created the fertile Red River valley, and its outflow, glacial River Warren, carved the valley of the Minnesota River and the Upper Mississippi downstream from Fort Snelling. Minnesota is geologically quiet today, it experiences earthquakes infrequently, the states high point is Eagle Mountain at 2,301 feet, which is only 13 miles away from the low of 601 feet at the shore of Lake Superior. Notwithstanding dramatic local differences in elevation, much of the state is a rolling peneplain. Two major drainage divides meet in Minnesotas northeast in rural Hibbing, forming a triple watershed, precipitation can follow the Mississippi River south to the Gulf of Mexico, the Saint Lawrence Seaway east to the Atlantic Ocean, or the Hudson Bay watershed to the Arctic Ocean
3.
Occidental College
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Occidental College is a private, co-educational liberal arts college located in the Eagle Rock neighborhood of Los Angeles, California, United States. Founded in 1887 by clergy and members of the Presbyterian Church, Occidental College is often referred to as Oxy for short. In 2017, the Wall Street Journal/Times Higher Education College Rankings placed Occidental 27th on its list of the top 100 liberal arts colleges in the United States. The New York Times ranked Occidental No.20 on its list of the most economically diverse U. S. colleges and universities, the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching selected Occidental as a community engagement institution. The college was named to the 2014 Presidents Higher Education Community Service Honor Roll with distinction, Occidental is also one of the most racially diverse liberal arts colleges, with approximately 50% of the student body identitifying as students of color. The college is ranked No.7 for liberal arts colleges, Oxy was ranked the sixth Most Beautiful college campus by Newsweek in 2012. Occidental College was founded on April 20,1887, by a group of Presbyterian clergy, missionaries, and laymen, including James George Bell, Lyman Stewart, the cornerstone of the schools first building was laid in September 1887 in the Boyle Heights neighborhood of Los Angeles. The colleges first term began a year later with 27 male and 13 female students, in 1896, the Boyle Heights building was destroyed by fire. The college temporarily relocated to the old St. Vincents College campus on Hill Street before a new site was selected in Highland Park in 1898, eventually, the college erected three main buildings, the Academy Building, the Stimson Library, and the Hall of Arts and Letters. In 1909, the Pomona College Board of Trustees suggested a merger between Pomona and Occidental, but the proposal came to nothing, the following year, the college severed formal ties with the Presbyterian Church and became a non-sectarian, non-denominational institution. The small size of the 15-acre campus and the disruption caused by frequent freight trains pushed the colleges trustees to find a new location, in 1912, the school began construction of a new campus located in Los Angeles Eagle Rock neighborhood. That same year, Occidental President John Willis Baer announced the decision to convert Occidental College into an all-mens institution. However, students and faculty protested, and the idea was abandoned, two weeks after Booker T. Washington came to visit Occidental, on March 27,1914, Swan, Fowler, and Johnson Halls were dedicated at its new Eagle Rock campus. Patterson Field, today one of the oldest collegiate sports stadiums in Los Angeles, was opened in 1916, in April 1917, shortly after the United States entered World War I, the college formed a Students Army Training Corps to aid the war effort. The Delta of California Chapter of Phi Beta Kappa was established at Occidental in 1926, at a time when the other chapters in California were at Stanford, UC Berkeley. During World War II, many students left Occidental to fight in the war, in July 1943, the U. S. Navy established a Navy V-12 officer training program on campus that produced hundreds of graduates before it was disbanded at the end of the war in 1945. Rhodes scholars Aaron Segal and John Paden were among the 10 Occidental students who participated in Crossroads Africa that year, in 1969,42 students were suspended for peacefully protesting military recruiting on campus. One year later, faculty voted to suspend classes in the wake of the Kent State shootings, subsequently, Oxy students wrote 7,000 letters to Washington D. C. protesting U. S. involvement in the war in Southeast Asia
4.
Bachelor of Arts
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A Bachelor of Arts is a bachelors degree awarded for an undergraduate course or program in either the liberal arts, the sciences, or both. Bachelor of Arts degree programs take three to four years depending on the country, academic institution, and specific specializations, majors or minors. The word baccalaureus or baccalarium should not be confused with baccalaureatus, degree diplomas generally are printed on high-quality paper or parchment, individual institutions set the preferred abbreviation for their degrees. In Pakistan, the Bachelor of Arts degree can also be attained within two years as an external degree, in colleges and universities in Australia, New Zealand, Nepal and South Africa, the BA degree can be taken over three years of full-time study. Unlike in other countries, students do not receive a grade for their Bachelor of Arts degree with varying levels of honours. Qualified students may be admitted, after they have achieved their Bachelors program with an overall grade point average. Thus, to achieve a Bachelor Honours degree, a postgraduate year. A student who holds a Honours degree is eligible for entry to either a Doctorate or a very high research Master´s degree program. Education in Canada is controlled by the Provinces and can be different depending on the province in Canada. Canadian universities typically offer a 3-year Bachelor of Arts degrees, in many universities and colleges, Bachelor of Arts degrees are differentiated either as Bachelors of Arts or as honours Bachelor of Arts degree. The honours degrees are designated with the abbreviation in brackets of. It should not be confused with the consecutive Bachelor of Arts degree with Honours, Latin Baccalaureatus in Artibus Cum Honore, BA hon. de jure without brackets and with a dot. It is a degree, which is considered to be the equivalent of a corresponding maîtrise degree under the French influenced system. Going back in history, a three-year Bachelor of Arts degree was called a pass degree or general degree. Students may be required to undertake a long high-quality research empirical thesis combined with a selection of courses from the relevant field of studies. The consecutive B. cum Honore degree is essential if students ultimate goal is to study towards a two- or three-year very high research masters´ degree qualification. A student holding a Baccalaureatus Cum Honore degree also may choose to complete a Doctor of Philosophy program without the requirement to first complete a masters degree, over the years, in some universities certain Baccalaureatus cum Honore programs have been changed to corresponding master´s degrees. In general, in all four countries, the B. A. degree is the standard required for entry into a masters programme, in science, a BA hons degree is generally a prerequisite for entrance to a Ph. D program or a very-high-research-activity master´s programme
5.
Monty Python
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Monty Python were a British surreal comedy group who created their sketch comedy show Monty Pythons Flying Circus, which first aired on the BBC in 1969. Forty-five episodes were made over four series, the Python phenomenon developed from the television series into something larger in scope and impact, including touring stage shows, films, numerous albums, several books, and a stage musical. The Pythons influence on comedy has been compared to the Beatles influence on music, the Orlando Sentinel referred to their sketch show as not only one of the more enduring icons of 1970s British popular culture, but also an important moment in the evolution of television comedy. Broadcast by the BBC between 1969 and 1974, Flying Circus was conceived, written, and performed by its members Graham Chapman, John Cleese, Terry Gilliam, Eric Idle, Terry Jones, and Michael Palin. Loosely structured as a show, but with an innovative stream-of-consciousness approach, it pushed the boundaries of what was acceptable in style. Following their television work, they began making films, which include Holy Grail, Life of Brian, pythonesque has entered the English lexicon as a result. Jones and Palin met at Oxford University, where they performed together with the Oxford Revue, Chapman and Cleese met at Cambridge University. Idle was also at Cambridge, but started a year after Chapman, Cleese met Gilliam in New York City while on tour with the Cambridge University Footlights revue Cambridge Circus. Chapman, Cleese, and Idle were members of the Footlights, which at that also included the future Goodies. During Idles presidency of the club, feminist writer Germaine Greer and broadcaster Clive James were members, following the success of Do Not Adjust Your Set, a tea-time childrens programme, ITV offered Gilliam, Idle, Jones, and Palin their own late-night adult comedy series together. At the same time, Chapman and Cleese were offered a show by the BBC, Cleese was reluctant to do a two-man show for various reasons, including Chapmans supposedly difficult and erratic personality. Cleese had fond memories of working with Palin on How To Irritate People, much has been made of the fact that the Monty Python troupe is the result of Cleeses desire to work with Palin and the chance circumstances that brought the other four members into the fold. The Pythons had a idea about what they wanted to do with the series. They were admirers of the work of Peter Cook, Alan Bennett, Jonathan Miller, and Dudley Moore on Beyond the Fringe, and had worked on Frost and they enjoyed Cook and Moores sketch show Not Only. They decided that they would not bother to cap their sketches in the traditional manner. However, as they began assembling material for the show, the Pythons watched one of their heroes, Spike Milligan. Not only was the programme more irreverent and anarchic than any previous television comedy and it was clear that their new series would now seem less original, and Jones in particular became determined the Pythons should innovate. After much debate, Jones remembered an animation Gilliam had created for Do Not Adjust Your Set called Beware of the Elephants, Jones felt it would be a good concept to apply to the series, allowing sketches to blend into one another
6.
Time Bandits
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Gilliam has referred to Time Bandits as the first in his Trilogy of Imagination, followed by Brazil and ending with The Adventures of Baron Munchausen. All are about the craziness of our awkwardly ordered society and the desire to escape it through whatever means possible, one night, as Kevin is sleeping, an armoured knight on a horse bursts out of his wardrobe. The next night he prepares a satchel with supplies and a Polaroid camera but is surprised when six dwarves spill out of the wardrobe, Kevin quickly learns the group has stolen a large, worn map and is looking for an exit from his room before they are discovered. They find that the wall can be pushed, revealing a long hallway. Kevin is hesitant to join until the visage of a menacing head – the Supreme Being – appears behind them, Kevin and the dwarves fall into an empty void at the end of the hallway. They land in Italy during the Napoleonic Wars, as they recover, Kevin learns that Randall is the lead dwarf of the group, which also includes Fidgit, Strutter, Og, Wally, and Vermin. They were once employed by the Supreme Being to repair holes in the spacetime fabric, with the map and Kevins help, they visit several locations in spacetime and meet figures such as Napoleon Bonaparte and Robin Hood. Kevin uses his camera to document their visits, through Evils actions, Kevin becomes separated from the group and ends up in Mycenaean Greece, meeting King Agamemnon. After Kevin inadvertently helps Agamemnon kill a minotaur, the king adopts him, Randall and the others soon locate Kevin and abduct him, much to his resentment, and escape through another hole, arriving on the ill-fated RMS Titanic. After it sinks, they are forced to tread water while they argue among each other, Evil manipulates the group and transports them to his realm, the Time of Legends. Evil takes the map and locks the group in a cage over a bottomless pit. While looking through the Polaroids he took, Kevin finds one that includes the map, and they escape from the cage, steal the map again and split, Kevin must distract their pursuers while the others go through the hole. Evil confronts Kevin and takes the map back from him, the dwarves return with various warriors and fighting machines taken across time, but Evil has no trouble overpowering them all. As Kevin and the dwarves cower, Evil prepares to unleash his ultimate power, suddenly, he is turned into stone and explodes, from the smoke, a besuited middle-aged man emerges, revealed as the Supreme Being. He reveals that he allowed the dwarves to borrow his map and he orders the dwarves to collect all the pieces of concentrated Evil, warning that they can be deadly if not contained, recovers the map and allows the dwarves to rejoin him in his creation duties. The Supreme Being disappears with the dwarves, leaving Kevin stranded behind as a piece of concentrated Evil begins to smoulder. Kevin passes out and awakes in his bedroom to find it filled with smoke, firefighters break down the door and rescue him as they put out a fire in his house. One of the finds that his parents new toaster oven caused the fire
7.
Brazil (1985 film)
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Brazil is a 1985 dystopian science fiction film directed by Terry Gilliam and written by Gilliam, Charles McKeown, and Tom Stoppard. The film stars Jonathan Pryce and features Robert De Niro, Kim Greist, Michael Palin, Katherine Helmond, Bob Hoskins, though a success in Europe, the film was unsuccessful in its initial North America release. It has since become a cult film, the film is named after the recurrent theme song, Ary Barrosos Aquarela do Brasil, as performed by Geoff Muldaur. Sam Lowry is a government employee who frequently daydreams of saving a damsel in distress. Visiting Buttles widow, Sam encounters their neighbour Jill Layton, and is astonished to see that she resembles the woman from his recurring dreams, Jill is trying to help Mrs. Buttle determine what happened to her husband, but her efforts are obstructed by bureaucracy. Sam approaches Jill, but she avoids giving him full details, during this time, Sam comes in contact with Tuttle, who once worked for Central Services but left due to his dislike of the tedious and repetitive paperwork. Tuttle helps Sam deal with two Central Services workers, Spoor and Dowser, who return to demolish Sams ducts. Sam discovers that the way to learn about Jill is to get transferred to Information Retrieval. He had previously turned down a promotion arranged by his mother, Ida, Sam retracts his refusal by speaking with Deputy Minister Mr. Helpmann at a party hosted by Ida. Obtaining Jills records, Sam tracks her down before she can be arrested, then falsifies the records to fake her death, the two share a romantic night together, but are soon apprehended by the government at gunpoint. Charged with treason for abusing his new position, Sam is restrained to a chair in a large, empty room, to be tortured by his old friend. Sam learns that Jill was killed resisting arrest. When Jack is about to start the torturing, Tuttle and other members of the break into the Ministry, shooting Jack, rescuing Sam. Sam and Tuttle flee together, but Tuttle disappears amid a mass of scraps of paperwork from the destroyed building and he lands in a street from his daydreams, and attempts to escape police and monsters by climbing a pile of flex-ducts. Opening a door, he passes through it and is surprised to find himself in a driven by Jill. The two leave the city together, however, this happy ending is a product of Sams delusions, he is still strapped to the chair. Realising that Sam has descended into insanity, Jack and Mr. Helpmann declare him a lost cause. Sam remains in the chair, smiling and singing Brazil, Pryce has described the role as the highlight of his career, along with that of Lytton Strachey in Carrington
8.
The Adventures of Baron Munchausen
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The film is based on the tall tales about the 18th-century German nobleman Baron Munchausen and his wartime exploits against the Ottoman Empire. Not far into the play, a man claiming to be the real Baron interrupts the show. When gunfire disrupts the elderly Barons story, Jackson cancels the acting troupes contract because of the Baron. The Baron wanders backstage, where the Angel of Death tries to take his life, but Sally Salt, the young daughter of the theater companys leader, saves him and persuades him to remain living. Insisting that he alone can save the city, the Baron escapes over the walls in a hot air balloon constructed of womens underwear. The death of the Kings body, and an escape from the Moon, brings the trio back to the Earth. Swallowed by a sea creature, the travellers locate Gustavus, Adolphus. The Baron encounters the Angel of Death for the third time, finally they escape by blowing a modicum of snuff out into the sea creatures cavernous interior, causing it to sneeze the heroes out through its whale-like blowhole. The Baron, young again, sails to where the Turkish army is located but the Barons associates are too elderly. The Baron lectures them firmly but to no avail, and he storms off intending to surrender to the Sultan and his companions rally to save the Baron, and through a series of fantastic acts they rout the Turkish army and liberate the city. During the citys celebratory parade, the Baron is shot dead by Jackson, an emotional public funeral takes place, but the denouement reveals that this is merely the final scene of yet another story the Baron is telling to the same theater-goers in the city. The Baron calls the only one of the many occasions on which I met my death. The Baron leads the citizens to the city gates to reveal the city has indeed been saved, Sally asks, It wasnt just a story, was it. The Baron grins, rides off on Bucephalus, and then disappears, the tales were further embellished and translated back to German by Gottfried August Bürger in 1786. These tales were frequently extended and translated throughout the 19th century, the film was over budget, what was originally $23.5 million, grew to a reported $46.63 million. Gilliam, acknowledging he had gone over budget, said its final costs had been nowhere near $40 million and we always had a budget of 34 or 35 million, the problem was when I started to discuss it with Columbia, Columbia would not go beyond 25. Everybody knew from the beginning that this cutting out was just a fake. The problem was that David Puttnam got fired, and all these deals were oral deals, columbias new CEO, Dawn Steel, said Whatever David Puttnam said before doesnt interest me
9.
12 Monkeys
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After Universal Studios acquired the rights to remake La Jetée as a full-length film, David and Janet Peoples were hired to write the script. Under Gilliams direction, Universal granted the filmmakers a $29.5 million budget, the film was shot mostly in Philadelphia and Baltimore, where the story was set. The film was released to critical praise and grossed $168 million worldwide, Pitt was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor, and won a Golden Globe for his performance. The film also won and was nominated for various categories at the Saturn Awards, a deadly virus released in 1996 wipes out almost all of humanity, forcing remaining survivors to live underground. A group known as the Army of the Twelve Monkeys is believed to be behind the release of the virus, in 2035, James Cole is a prisoner living in a subterranean compound beneath the ruins of Philadelphia. Cole is selected for a mission, where he is trained, meanwhile, Cole is troubled by recurring dreams involving a foot chase and an airport shooting. Cole arrives in Baltimore in 1990, not 1996 as planned and he is arrested, then hospitalized in a mental hospital on the diagnosis of Dr. Kathryn Railly. There he encounters Jeffrey Goines, a patient with fanatical views. After an escape attempt, Cole is sedated and locked in a cell, but he disappears moments later, Cole is interrogated by the scientists, who play a distorted voicemail message which asserts the association of the Army of the Twelve Monkeys with the virus. He is also shown photos of people suspected of being involved. The scientists offer Cole a second chance to complete his mission and he arrives at a battlefield of World War I where he is shot in the leg, and then he is suddenly transported to 1996. In 1996, Railly gives a lecture about the Cassandra complex to a group of scientists, at the post-lecture book signing, Dr. Peters points out to Railly that apocalypse alarmists represent the sane vision, while humanitys gradual destruction of the environment is the real lunacy. Cole arrives at the venue after seeing flyers publicizing it, and they learn that Goines is the founder of the Army of the Twelve Monkeys, and set out in search of him. When they confront him, however, Goines denies any involvement with the group, Cole convinces himself that he is insane, but Railly confronts him with evidence of his time travel. They decide to spend their time together in the Florida Keys before the onset of the plague. At the airport, Cole leaves a last message telling the scientists that in following the Army of the Twelve Monkeys they are on the track. He is soon confronted by Jose, an acquaintance from his own time, at the same time, Railly spots Dr. Peters, and recognizes him from a newspaper photograph as an assistant at Goines fathers virology lab. Peters is about to embark on a tour of cities that match the locations
10.
Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas (film)
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Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas is a 1998 American black comedy road film adapted from Hunter S. Thompsons novel of the same name. It was co-written and directed by Terry Gilliam, starring Johnny Depp as Raoul Duke, the two embark on an initially assigned journey with journalistic purpose which turns out to be an exploration of the Las Vegas setting under the effect of psychoactive substances. The movie grossed $10.6 million at the North American box office and it has since become a cult film due in large part to its release on DVD, including a Special Edition released by The Criterion Collection. In 1971, Raoul Duke and Dr. Gonzo speed across the Nevada desert, Duke, under the influence of mescaline, complains of a swarm of giant bats, before going through the pairs inventory of psychoactive drugs. Shortly afterward, the duo stop to pick up a young hitchhiker, Duke has been assigned by an unnamed magazine to travel to Las Vegas and cover the Mint 400 motorcycle race. However, they have decided to take advantage of the trip by purchasing a large number of drugs. The young man soon becomes terrified of the antics of the duo, the next day, Duke arrives at the race, and heads out with his photographer, a man by the name of Lacerda. During the coverage, Duke becomes irrational and believes that they are in the middle of a battlefield, so he fires Lacerda and returns to the hotel. After consuming more mescaline, as well as huffing diethyl ether, Duke and Gonzo arrive at the Bazooko Circus casino, but leave shortly afterwards, back in the hotel room, Duke leaves Gonzo unattended, and tries his luck at a quick round of Big Six. He pleads with Duke to throw the machine into the water when the song White Rabbit peaks, Duke agrees, but instead throws a grapefruit at Gonzos head before running outside. The next morning, Duke awakens to an exorbitant room service bill, and no sign of Gonzo, as he nears Baker, California, a highway patrolman pulls him over for speeding, and advises him to sleep at a nearby rest stop. Duke instead heads to a payphone and calls Gonzo, learning that he has a suite in his name at the Flamingo Las Vegas so he can cover a district attorneys convention on narcotics. Duke checks into his suite, only to be met by an LSD-tripping Gonzo, Gonzo explains that Lucy has come to Las Vegas to meet Barbra Streisand, and that he gave her LSD on the plane not realizing she had never taken it before. Sensing the trouble this could get them into, Duke convinces Gonzo to ditch Lucy in another hotel before her trip wears off. Gonzo accompanies Duke to the D. A. s convention, unable to take it, Duke and Gonzo flee back to their room, only to discover that Lucy has called. Their trips mostly over, Gonzo deals with Lucy over the phone, however, the trip spirals out of control, and Duke is reduced to an incoherent mess before he blacks out. After an unspecified amount of passes, Duke wakes up to a complete ruin of the once pristine suite. After discovering his tape recorder, he attempts to remember what has happened
11.
The Imaginarium of Doctor Parnassus
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The Imaginarium of Doctor Parnassus is a 2009 British-Canadian-French fantasy film directed by Terry Gilliam and written by Gilliam and Charles McKeown. Ledgers role was recast with Johnny Depp, Jude Law, the Imaginarium of Doctor Parnassus interweaves several plot lines in a nonlinear arrangement. The film made its premiere during the 62nd Cannes Film Festival. The film, which was budgeted at $30 million, grossed more than $60 million in its theatrical release. The Imaginarium of Doctor Parnassus was nominated for two Academy Awards in the categories Best Art Direction and Best Costume Design, Doctor Parnassus theater troupe, which includes sleight of hand expert Anton, confidant Percy, and Parnassus daughter Valentina, performs outside a London pub. The troupes main attraction is a magical Imaginarium, which offers whoever enters it a choice between difficult self-fulfillment or easy ignorance, after a drunkard is swayed to the latter, Parnassus says he has lost another one to Mr. Nick, a suave personification of the Devil. Mr. Nick reminds Parnassus that in three days Valentina turns 16, and her soul will be his, hundreds of years ago Mr. Nick tricked Parnassus into gaining immortality, after making a wager similar to his current predicament. As the troupe crosses a bridge, Anton spies someone hanging beneath it and they rescue the man, who spits out a golden pipe when revived. Claiming to have amnesia, he joins the troupe as a barker, Parnassus becomes despondent over the impending loss of his daughter. Mr. Nick visits Parnassus, revealing the man is a disgraced philanthropist named Tony. He offers Parnassus a wager, Valentina can stay with whoever wins five souls first, Tony convinces the troupe to remodel the show into a more modern act. While performing, Tony lures a posh woman into the Imaginarium and follows her, the womans imagination also changes Tonys face, upon discovering this, he dances elegantly with her, and they spy a motel run by Mr. Nick. Tony convinces the woman to take a gondola toward a pyramid alone, Tony falls back out of the Imaginarium, returning his face to normal, the woman exits shortly after and gives the troupe a vast sum of money. When three other women enter, each emerges elated, and thus Parnassus wins three more souls, four Russian gangsters, to whom Tony owes money, are taken by Mr. Nick when they chase Tony into the Imaginarium. The score becomes four souls apiece, in exchange, any child he fathered would become Mr. Nicks property at age 16. Valentina attempts to run away, but Tony enters the Imaginarium to give his soul to Parnassus, in exchange, Valentina returns as he tries to enter the mirror, but Anton blocks them, having discovered that Tony is a fraudulent charity scammer. Tony fights off Anton, pushes Valentina into the Imaginarium and joins her, influenced by Valentinas desires, Tonys face changes again, and they float along a beautiful river in a gondola. After an impoverished child disrupts their boat trip, Tony transforms into a philanthropist speaking at a fundraiser, Anton, following the pair into the Imaginarium, appears as an outspoken child and exposes Tony as a fraud
12.
Los Angeles
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Los Angeles, officially the City of Los Angeles and often known by its initials L. A. is the cultural, financial, and commercial center of Southern California. With a census-estimated 2015 population of 3,971,883, it is the second-most populous city in the United States, Los Angeles is also the seat of Los Angeles County, the most populated county in the United States. The citys inhabitants are referred to as Angelenos, historically home to the Chumash and Tongva, Los Angeles was claimed by Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo for Spain in 1542 along with the rest of what would become Alta California. The city was founded on September 4,1781, by Spanish governor Felipe de Neve. It became a part of Mexico in 1821 following the Mexican War of Independence, in 1848, at the end of the Mexican–American War, Los Angeles and the rest of California were purchased as part of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, thereby becoming part of the United States. Los Angeles was incorporated as a municipality on April 4,1850, the discovery of oil in the 1890s brought rapid growth to the city. The completion of the Los Angeles Aqueduct in 1913, delivering water from Eastern California, nicknamed the City of Angels, Los Angeles is known for its Mediterranean climate, ethnic diversity, and sprawling metropolis. Los Angeles also has an economy in culture, media, fashion, science, sports, technology, education, medicine. A global city, it has been ranked 6th in the Global Cities Index, the city is home to renowned institutions covering a broad range of professional and cultural fields, and is one of the most substantial economic engines within the United States. The Los Angeles combined statistical area has a gross metropolitan product of $831 billion, making it the third-largest in the world, after the Greater Tokyo and New York metropolitan areas. The city has hosted the Summer Olympic Games in 1932 and 1984 and is bidding to host the 2024 Summer Olympics and thus become the second city after London to have hosted the Games three times. The Los Angeles area also hosted the 1994 FIFA mens World Cup final match as well as the 1999 FIFA womens World Cup final match, the mens event was watched on television by over 700 million people worldwide. The Los Angeles coastal area was first settled by the Tongva, a Gabrielino settlement in the area was called iyáangẚ, meaning poison oak place. Gaspar de Portolà and Franciscan missionary Juan Crespí, reached the present site of Los Angeles on August 2,1769, in 1771, Franciscan friar Junípero Serra directed the building of the Mission San Gabriel Arcángel, the first mission in the area. The Queen of the Angels is an honorific of the Virgin Mary, two-thirds of the settlers were mestizo or mulatto with a mixture of African, indigenous and European ancestry. The settlement remained a small town for decades, but by 1820. Today, the pueblo is commemorated in the district of Los Angeles Pueblo Plaza and Olvera Street. New Spain achieved its independence from the Spanish Empire in 1821, during Mexican rule, Governor Pío Pico made Los Angeles Alta Californias regional capital
13.
Imagination
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Imagination, also called the faculty of imagining, is the creative ability to form images, ideas, and sensations in the mind without direct input from the senses, such as seeing or hearing. Imagination helps make knowledge applicable in solving problems and is fundamental to integrating experience, a basic training for imagination is listening to storytelling, in which the exactness of the chosen words is the fundamental factor to evoke worlds. It is accepted as the ability and process of inventing partial or complete personal realms within the mind from elements derived from sense perceptions of the shared world. The term is used in psychology for the process of reviving in the mind. Imagined images, both novel and recalled, are seen with the minds eye, Imagination can also be expressed through stories such as fairy tales or fantasies. Children often use such narratives and pretend play in order to exercise their imaginations, Imagination, not being limited to the acquisition of exact knowledge by the requirements of practical necessity is largely free from objective restraints. The ability to imagine ones self in another place is very important to social relations. Albert Einstein said, Imagination. is more important than knowledge, the same limitations beset imagination in the field of scientific hypothesis. Imagination is a partition of the mind used to develop theories. Taking objects from real perceptions, the imagination uses complex IF-functions to develop new or revised ideas and this part of the mind is vital to developing better and easier ways to accomplish old and new tasks. In sociology, Imagination is used to part ways with reality and have an understanding of interactions derived from a perspective outside of society itself. This leads to the development of theories through questions that wouldnt usually be asked and these experimental ideas can be safely conducted inside a virtual world and then, if the idea is probable and the function is true, the idea can be actualized in reality. Imagination is the key to new development of the mind and can be shared with others, ruth M. J. Byrne has proposed that everyday imaginative thoughts about counterfactual alternatives to reality may be based on the same cognitive processes on which rational thoughts are also based. Children can engage in the creation of alternatives to reality from their very early years. Memory and imagination have been shown to be affected by one another, images made by functional magnetic resonance imaging technology show that remembering and imagining sends blood to identical parts of the brain. This is significant because experiences stored as long term memories are easier to be recalled, each of these forms require information to be taught in a specific manner so as to use various regions of the brain when being processed. This information can help develop programs for young students to cultivate or further enhance their creative abilities from a young age. The neocortex and thalamus are responsible for controlling the brains imagination, along many of the brains other functions such as consciousness
14.
Bureaucracy
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Bureaucracy means both a body of non-elective government officials and an administrative policy-making group. Historically, a bureaucracy was a government administration managed by departments staffed with non-elected officials, today, bureaucracy is the administrative system governing any large institution. The public administration in many countries is an example of a bureaucracy, since being coined, the word bureaucracy has developed negative connotations. Bureaucracies have been criticized as being inefficient, convoluted, or too inflexible to individuals, the dehumanizing effects of excessive bureaucracy became a major theme in the work of German-language writer Franz Kafka and are central to his novels The Trial and The Castle. The elimination of bureaucracy is a key concept in modern managerial theory and has been an issue in some political campaigns. Others have noted the necessity of bureaucracies in modern life, the term bureaucracy is French in origin and combines the French word bureau – desk or office – with the Greek word κράτος kratos – rule or political power. It was coined in the century by the French economist Jacques Claude Marie Vincent de Gournay and was a satirical pejorative from the outset. Gournay never wrote the term down but was quoted at length in a letter from a contemporary. Here, too, the sense was pejorative, with Irish novelist Lady Morgan referring to the Bureaucratie, or office tyranny, by which Ireland has so long been governed. By the mid-19th century, the word was being used in a neutral sense. In this sense bureaucracy was seen as a form of management. In the1920s, the definition was expanded by the German sociologist Max Weber to include any system of administration conducted by trained professionals according to fixed rules, although the term bureaucracy was not coined until the mid 18th century, organized and consistent administrative systems are much older. Ancient Egypt also had a class of scribes that administered the civil service bureaucracy. The Roman Empire was administered by a hierarchy of regional proconsuls, the reforms of Diocletian doubled the number of administrative districts and led to a large-scale expansion in Roman bureaucracy. After the Empire split, the Byzantine Empire developed a complicated administrative hierarchy. In Ancient China, the Han dynasty established a complicated bureaucracy based on the teachings of Confucius, who emphasized the importance of ritual in family, relationships, with each subsequent Dynasty, the bureaucracy evolved. During the Song dynasty, the bureaucracy became meritocratic, following the Song reforms, competitive exams were held to determine who could hold which positions. The imperial examination system lasted until 1905, six years before the collapse of the Qing Dynasty, a modern form of bureaucracy evolved in the expanding Department of Excise in the United Kingdom, during the 18th century
15.
Authoritarianism
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Authoritarianism is a form of government characterized by strong central power and limited political freedoms. Individual freedoms are subordinate to the state and there is no constitutional accountability under an authoritarian regime, modern dictatorships use an authoritarian concept to form a government. Linz distinguished new forms of authoritarianism from personalistic dictatorships and totalitarian states, several subtypes of authoritarian regimes have been identified by Linz and others. Bureaucratic-military authoritarian regimes are those governed by a coalition of military officers, mark J. Linz also has identified three other subtypes of authoritarian regime, corporatist or organic-statistic, racial and ethnic democracy and post-totalitarian. Examples include the Soviet Eastern bloc states in the mid-1980s, authoritarian regimes are also sometimes subcategorized by whether they are personalistic or populist. Personalistic authoritarian regimes are characterized by arbitrary rule and authority exercised mainly through patronage networks and coercion rather than through institutitions, personalistic authoritarian regimes have been seen in post-colonial Africa. By contrast, populist authoritarian regimes are mobilizational regimes in which a strong, charismatic, examples include Argentina under Perón, Egypt under Nasser, and Venezuela under Chávez and Maduro. Authoritarianism is characterized by highly concentrated and centralized power maintained by political repression and it uses political parties and mass organizations to mobilize people around the goals of the regime. Adam Przeworski has theorized that authoritarian equilibrium rests mainly on lies, fear, authoritarian political systems may be weakened through inadequate performance to demands of the people. Because the legitimacy of the state is dependent on performance, authoritarian states that fail to adapt may collapse, authoritarianism is marked by indefinite political tenure of the ruler or ruling party or other authority. The transition from a system to a more democratic form of government is referred to as democratization. John Duckitt suggests a link between authoritarianism and collectivism, asserting that both stand in opposition to individualism, Duckitt writes that both authoritarianism and collectivism submerge individual rights and goals to group goals, expectations and conformities. Totalitarianism is a version of authoritarianism. Authoritarianism primarily differs from totalitarianism in that social and economic institutions exist that are not under governmental control, building on the work of Yale political scientist Juan Linz, Paul C. Concomitant role conceptions differentiate totalitarians from authoritarians, authoritarians view themselves as individual beings largely content to control, and often maintain, the status quo. The tyrant is less a person than a function to guide. Consequently, the utilisation of power for personal aggrandizement is more evident among authoritarians than totalitarians, lacking the binding appeal of ideology, authoritarians support their rule by a mixture of instilling fear and granting rewards to loyal collaborators, engendering a kleptocracy. Compared to totalitarianism, the state still maintains a certain distinction between state and society
16.
Black comedy
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Black comedy or dark comedy is a comic style that makes light of subject matter that is generally considered taboo. Literary critics have associated black comedy and black humor with authors as early as the ancient Greeks with Aristophanes, Black comedy corresponds to the earlier concept of gallows humor. The term black humor was coined by the Surrealist theorist André Breton in 1935 while interpreting the writings of Jonathan Swift. Bretons preference was to some of Swifts writings as a subgenre of comedy and satire in which laughter arises from cynicism and skepticism. Scholars have associated black humor with authors as early as the ancient Greeks with Aristophanes, Breton coined the term for his book Anthology of Black Humor, in which he credited Jonathan Swift as the originator of black humor and gallows humor, and included excerpts from 45 other writers. This victims suffering is trivialized, which leads to sympathizing with the victimizer, as found in the social commentary. Black humor is also related to that of the grotesque genre. Breton identified Swift as the originator of black humor and gallows humor, particularly in his pieces Directions to Servants, A Modest Proposal, A Meditation Upon a Broom-Stick, the terms black comedy or dark comedy have been later derived as alternatives to Bretons term. Bruce Jay Friedman, in his anthology entitled Black Humor, imported the concept of comedy to the United States. He labeled many different authors and works with the idea, arguing that they shared the literary genre. The Friedman label came to prominence in the 1950s and 1960s, early American writers who employed black humor were Nathanael West and Vladimir Nabokov. In 1965 a mass-market paperback titled Black Humor, was released and this was one of the first American anthologies devoted to the conception of black humor as a literary genre, the publication also sparked nationwide interest in black humor. Among the writers labeled as black humorists by journalists and literary critics are Roald Dahl, Thomas Pynchon, Kurt Vonnegut, Warren Zevon, John Barth, Joseph Heller, popular themes of the genre include violence, discrimination, disease, sexuality, religion and barbarism. Comedians, like Lenny Bruce, that since the late 1950s have been labeled for using sick comedy by mainstream journalists, have also labeled with black comedy. By contrast, blue comedy focuses more on crude topics such as nudity, sex, in obscene humor, much of the humorous element comes from shock and revulsion, while black comedy might include an element of irony, or even fatalism. For example, the black comedy self-mutilation appears in the English novel Tristram Shandy. Tristram, five years old at the time, starts to urinate out of a window for lack of a chamber pot. The sash falls and circumcises him, his family reacts with both chaotic action and philosophic digression, cringe comedy Comedy horror Macabre Off-color humor
17.
Tragicomedy
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Tragicomedy is a literary genre that blends aspects of both tragic and comic forms. Most often seen in literature, the term can variously describe either a tragic play which contains enough comic elements to lighten the overall mood or a serious play with a happy ending. There is no formal definition of tragicomedy from the classical age. It appears that the Greek philosopher Aristotle had something like the Renaissance meaning of the term in mind when, in Poetics, he discusses tragedy with a dual ending. In this respect, a number of Greek and Roman plays, for instance Alcestis, may be called tragicomedies, the word itself originates with the Roman comic playwright Plautus, who coined the term somewhat facetiously in the prologue to his play Amphitryon. For rule mongers, mixed works such as mentioned above, more recent romances such as Orlando Furioso. Two figures helped to elevate tragicomedy to the status of a regular genre, Giovanni Battista Giraldi Cinthio, in the mid-sixteenth century, both argued that the tragedy-with-comic-ending was most appropriate to modern times and produced his own examples of such plays. Even more important was Giovanni Battista Guarini, Guarinis Il Pastor Fido, published in 1590, provoked a fierce critical debate in which Guarinis spirited defense of generic innovation eventually carried the day. Guarinis tragicomedy offered modulated action that never drifted too far either to comedy or tragedy, mannered characters, all three became staples of continental tragicomedy for a century and more. In England, where practice ran ahead of theory, the situation was quite different, for the law of writ and the liberty, these are the only men. Some aspects of this romantic impulse remain even in the work of more sophisticated playwrights, Shakespeares last plays, by the early Stuart period, some English playwrights had absorbed the lessons of the Guarini controversy. John Fletchers The Faithful Shepherdess, an adaptation of Guarinis play, was produced in 1608. Fletchers definition focuses primarily on events, a genre is determined by whether or not people die in it. Some of Fletchers contemporaries, notably Philip Massinger and James Shirley, wrote successful, richard Brome also essayed the form, but with less success. And many of their writers, ranging from John Ford to Lodowick Carlell to Sir Aston Cockayne. Tragicomedy remained fairly popular up to the closing of the theaters in 1642, the old styles were of course cast aside as tastes changed in the eighteenth century, the tragedy with a happy ending eventually developed into melodrama, in which form it still flourishes. The more subtle criticism that developed after the Renaissance stressed the thematic and formal aspects of tragicomedy, gotthold Ephraim Lessing defined it as a mixture of emotions in which seriousness stimulates laughter, and pain pleasure. Even more commonly, tragicomedys affinity with satire and dark comedy have suggested a tragicomic impulse in modern absurdist drama, friedrich Dürrenmatt, the Swiss dramatist, suggested that tragicomedy was the inevitable genre for the twentieth century, he describes his play The Visit as a tragicomedy
18.
Folgers
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Folgers Coffee is a brand of coffee in the United States, part of the food and beverage division of The J. M. Smucker Company. Since the early 1990s, it has been the ground coffee in the United States. The precursor of the Folger Coffee Company was founded in 1850 in San Francisco, California, U. S. as the Pioneer Steam Coffee, the owner, William H. Bovee, saw an opportunity to produce roasted and ground coffee ready for brewing. Before that, Californians had to purchase coffee beans, and roast. To help build his mill, Bovee hired James A. Folger as a carpenter, James had arrived from Nantucket Island at the age of 15 with his two older brothers during the California Gold Rush. After working at Bovee’s mill for nearly a year, James had saved money to stake a claim in the company. He agreed to carry samples of coffee and spices, taking orders from grocery stores along the way. Upon his return to San Francisco in 1865, James became a partner of The Pioneer Steam Coffee. In 1872, he bought out the partners and renamed the company to J. A. In 1861, James married, and he and his wife had four children, two of the children worked for the family business. In 1889, James died, and his oldest son, James A. Folger II, Folger & Co at the age of 26. In the 1900s, the company began to grow dramatically due primarily to a salesman named Frank P. Atha, Atha sold coffee in the California area, but proposed to James Folger II that he open and manage a Folgers Coffee plant in Texas. The company grew exponentially after Atha opened the Texas plant, under the mid-20th century leadership of Peter Folger, the brand became one of the principal coffee concerns in the worlds largest coffee market, North America. Procter & Gamble acquired Folgers in 1963 and removed the apostrophe from its name, during P&G’s ownership, Folgers became the number-one coffee brand in America. P&G announced in January 2008 that Folgers would be spun off into a separate Cincinnati-based company, in June 2008, P&G reversed itself and announced Folgers would be acquired by the end of 2008 by The J. M. Smucker Company. Utilizing a rare financial technique called a Reverse Morris Trust, Smucker purchased Folgers in November 2008, in the United Kingdom, Folgers Instant Crystals are available. Folgers is promoted with the slogan The best part of waking up is Folgers in your cup and it is well associated with a jingle featured in almost every advertisement since 1984, with lyrics by Susan Spiegel Solovay and Bill Vernick, and music by Leslie Pearl. Over the years it has been rearranged and performed by famous musicians, such as Ritchie Havens, Randy Travis, Aretha Franklin
19.
Medicine Lake, Minnesota
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Medicine Lake is a city in Hennepin County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 371 at the 2010 census, the city is located on a peninsula that juts into a lake of the same name. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 0.33 square miles. The city is surrounded by the city of Plymouth. Minnesota State Highway 55 is 0.5 mile from the community, as of the census of 2010, there were 371 people,160 households, and 104 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,061.1 inhabitants per square mile, there were 174 housing units at an average density of 966.7 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 89. 8% White,4. 3% African American,1. 3% Native American,2. 2% Asian, hispanic or Latino of any race were 1. 3% of the population. 28. 1% of all households were made up of individuals and 8. 2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.32 and the average family size was 2.88. The median age in the city was 47.7 years. 21. 6% of residents were under the age of 18,4. 3% were between the ages of 18 and 24,19. 4% were from 25 to 44,39. 4% were from 45 to 64, and 15. 4% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 52. 3% male and 47. 7% female, as of the census of 2000, there were 368 people,159 households, and 94 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,133.1 persons per square mile, there were 170 housing units at an average density of 985.4 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 95. 38% White,0. 54% African American,2. 45% Asian, hispanic or Latino of any race were 1. 36% of the population. 23. 9% were of German,14. 0% Norwegian,13. 7% Swedish,6. 4% Dutch,6. 1% English and 5. 1% Polish ancestry. 32. 7% of all households were made up of individuals and 6. 3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.31 and the average family size was 3.02. In the city, the population was out with 20. 9% under the age of 18,6. 3% from 18 to 24,29. 9% from 25 to 44,32. 3% from 45 to 64. The median age was 41 years, for every 100 females there were 103.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 104.9 males, the median income for a household in the city was $70,750, and the median income for a family was $100,382
20.
Panorama City, Los Angeles
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Panorama City is a neighborhood in Los Angeles, California, within the San Fernando Valley. It has a population density with a generally young age range. Ethnically, more than half the population was born abroad, a higher percentage than Los Angeles as a whole, known as the valleys first planned community following a transition from agriculture to a post-World War II housing boom, it has produced several notable residents. Today it is a mixture of homes and low-rise apartment buildings. Panorama City has three schools, two recreational centers, a senior center, two hospitals and a chamber of commerce. Panorama City is known as the San Fernando Valleys first planned community, in 1948, it was developed as such by residential developer Fritz B. Burns and industrialist Henry J. Kaiser, the vast majority of the houses were bought with loans issued by the FHA or the Servicemens Readjustment Act of 1944, better known as the G. I. Homes in the area were sold with racially discriminatory covenants, de facto integration was accelerated by the Community Reinvestment Act of 1977. The CRA-insured credit was provided to the community without regard to race or income. During the period of forced busing, Panorama City was exempted due to its diversity. In its history, Panorama City was once adjacent to General Motors largest assembly plant to date. Panorama City touches Mission Hills on the north, Arleta on the northeast, Sun Valley on the east, Valley Glen on the southeast, for the most part, the community is a mixture of small single-family homes and low-rise apartment buildings. Notable places The oldest IHOP in the world is located at 8555 Vesper Avenue, two time Grammy-winning La Sierra Records is located at 8632 Van Nuys Boulevard. The Jenni Rivera boutique is located inside Plaza Del Valle at 8610 Van Nuys Boulevard, relation of Panorama City to nearby places, not necessarily contiguous, The 2010 U. S. census counted 69,817 residents in the city’s 91402 ZIP code. The median age was 30.1, and the median household income at that time was USD$41,467. In 2008, the Los Angeles Times Mapping L. A. project described Panorama City as an area that was moderately diverse ethnically, with a percentage of Latinos. At that time, the breakdown was Latinos,70. 1%, whites,11. 5%, Asians,11. 9%, blacks,4. 3%, and others,2. 2%. Mexico and El Salvador were the most common places of birth for the 55. 0% of the residents who were born outside of the United States—a high percentage for Los Angeles
21.
Birmingham High School
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Birmingham Community Charter High School is a public coeducational high school in the neighborhood/district of Lake Balboa in the San Fernando Valley section of Los Angeles, California, United States. It was founded in 1953 as a 7–12 grade combined high school, the school has a Van Nuys address and serves Lake Balboa, parts of Encino, and Amestoy Estates. The school is within the Los Angeles Unified School District but it is operated as a charter school. The school opened in 1953, during the immediate post-World War II era, originally it housed many White children from families newly settled in the San Fernando Valley. As of the 1960s the White families were middle class, and many of them had settled in the San Fernando Valley from the East Coast and the Midwest. In 1994 Northrop Corp. gave the school a $1,000 grant for mathematics and/or science curriculum and instruction, by 2006 the student demographics became majority Latino and Hispanic. By 2006 Marsha Coates, the principal, established small learning communities, on July 1,2009, the Los Angeles Unified School District voted to allow the high school to become a charter school under the name Birmingham Community Charter High School. Prior to the approval, the officials had fought over whether the school should become a charter for months. Some school officials had advocated creating a school sponsored by the teachers union on the same campus. About 66% of the faculty members of the supported the charter change. After the charter was approved,91 teachers continued to teach at Birmingham while 34 decided to leave to work at other LAUSD schools and this meant the Spanish, science, and history departments had a high level of turnover. Because of the divisions within teachers and other members, the faculty. In 2009, Daniel Pearl Magnet High School was formed as an independent high school within the Birmingham campus, connie Llanos of the Los Angeles Daily News said that Pearl got off to a rocky start. During the first year as a school, one third of the students left. Some left due to conflicts with Birmingham staff and students, some Birmingham students, some left because Pearl was so small, they wanted a more comprehensive high school experience. Pearl moved into its own facility next to Birmingham in 2010, Birmingham officials stated that they were unaware of serious problems at their school. The school is located in the Lake Balboa area, which was previously a part of Van Nuys, the site was previously a military hospital. As of 2009, Birmingham has the largest high school campus in the LAUSD, the campus is in proximity to Reseda
22.
Mad (magazine)
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Mad is an American humor magazine founded in 1952 by editor Harvey Kurtzman and publisher William Gaines, launched as a comic book before it became a magazine. As of January 2017, Mad has published 544 regular issues, as well as hundreds of reprint Specials, original material paperbacks, compilation books and other print projects. The magazine is the last surviving title from the EC Comics line, offering satire on all aspects of life and popular culture, politics, entertainment and its format is divided into a number of recurring segments such as TV and movie parodies, as well as freeform articles. Mads mascot, Alfred E. Neuman, is typically the point of the magazines cover. Mad began as a book published by EC, debuting in August 1952. In the early 1960s, the Mad office moved to 485 Madison Avenue, the title is trademarked in capitals as MAD. The first issue was written almost entirely by Harvey Kurtzman, and featured illustrations by Kurtzman, along with Wally Wood, Will Elder, Jack Davis, Wood, Elder, and Davis were the three main illustrators throughout the 23-issue run of the comic book. To retain Kurtzman as its editor, the comic book converted to magazine format as of issue #24, the switchover only induced Kurtzman to remain for one more year, but crucially, the move had removed Mad from the strictures of the Comics Code Authority. The magazines circulation more than quadrupled during Feldsteins tenure, peaking at 2,132,655 in 1974, when Feldstein retired in 1984, he was replaced by the team of Nick Meglin and John Ficarra, who co-edited Mad for the next two decades. Since Meglins retirement in 2004, Ficarra has continued to edit the magazine, Gaines sold his company in the early 1960s to the Kinney Parking Company, which also acquired National Periodicals and Warner Bros. by the end of that decade. Gaines was named a Kinney board member, and was permitted to run Mad as he saw fit without corporate interference. Following Gaines death, Mad became more ingrained within the Time Warner corporate structure, eventually, the magazine was obliged to abandon its long-time home at 485 Madison Avenue, and in the mid-1990s it moved into DC Comics offices at the same time that DC relocated to 1700 Broadway. In 2001, the magazine broke its long-standing taboo and began running paid advertising, the outside revenue allowed the introduction of color printing and improved paper stock. In its earliest incarnation, new issues of the magazine appeared erratically, by the end of 1958, Mad had settled on an unusual eight-times-a-year schedule, which lasted almost four decades. Gaines felt the timing was necessary to maintain the magazines level of quality. Mad then began producing additional issues, until it reached a monthly schedule with the January 1997 issue. With its 500th issue, amid company-wide cutbacks at Time Warner, though there are antecedents to Mads style of humor in print, radio and film, Mad became a pioneering example of it. Bob and Ray, Kovacs and Freberg all became contributors to Mad, Mads consciousness of itself, as trash, as comic book, as enemy of parents and teachers, even as money-making enterprise, thrilled kids
23.
Harvey Kurtzman
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Harvey Kurtzman was an American cartoonist and editor. His best-known work includes writing and editing the parodic comic book Mad from 1952 until 1956 and his work is noted for its satire and parody of popular culture, social critique, and attention to detail. Kurtzmans working method has been likened to that of an auteur, Kurtzman began to work on the New Trend line of comic books at EC Comics in 1950. The comic book switched to a format in 1955. Following his departure, he did a variety of cartooning work, including editing the short-lived Trump, in 1959, he produced the first book-length work of original comics, the adult-oriented, satirical Jungle Book. He brought Help. to an end after the success of the risqué Playboy feature Little Annie Fanny began to take up his time. While Annie Fanny provided much of his income for the rest of his career, he continued to produce a body of work. In 1967 and directing, writing and designing several shorts for Sesame Street in 1969, from 1973, Kurtzman taught cartooning at the School of Visual Arts in New York. His work gained greater recognition toward the end of his life, the Harvey Award was named in Kurtzmans honor in 1988. He was inducted into the Will Eisner Comic Book Hall of Fame in 1989, Harvey Kurtzman spoke little of his parents in interviews, and not much is known of their pre-American lives. David Kurtzman and Edith née Sherman grew up in Ukraine in Odessa and they belonged to the citys large Jewish community, one that suffered generations of antisemitic oppression, and the city had fallen into economic hardship following the Russian Revolution. Shortly after World War I David emigrated to New York and Edith soon followed in what she called a desperate journey escaping the new Soviet Union, there the non-observant pair married in a civil ceremony. The first of their two sons, Zachary, was born April 8,1923, Harvey Kurtzman was born on October 3,1924, in a tenement building on 428 East Ninety-Eighth Street in Brooklyn in New York City. David joined the Christian Science church, and when he suffered an ulcer he turned to prayer to cure it, he died from it on November 29,1928. The family was in desperate financial straits that their mother placed the Kurtzman brothers in an orphanage for three months until she secured work as a milliner. Several months later, Edith remarried to Russian-Jewish immigrant Abraham Perkes, the Kurtzman boys kept their surname, while their mother took that of Perkes. The couple had a son Daniel on February 17,1931, in 1934 the family moved to the more upscale Bronx, where the family lived at 2166 Clinton Avenue. Perkes was not wealthy, but managed to provide for his family during the Great Depression of the 1930s and he was a trade unionist, and the couple read the communist newspaper Daily Worker
24.
Salman Rushdie
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Sir Ahmad Salman Rushdie, FRSL is a British Indian novelist and essayist. Much of his fiction is set on the Indian subcontinent and he combines magical realism with historical fiction, his work is concerned with the many connections, disruptions, and migrations between Eastern and Western civilizations. His epic fourth novel, The Satanic Verses, was the subject of a major controversy, death threats were made against him, including a fatwā calling for his assassination issued by Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, the Supreme Leader of Iran, on 14 February 1989. The British government put Rushdie under police protection, in 1983 Rushdie was elected a fellow of the Royal Society of Literature, the UKs senior literary organisation. He was appointed Commandeur de lOrdre des Arts et des Lettres of France in January 1999, in June 2007, Queen Elizabeth II knighted him for his services to literature. In 2008, The Times ranked him thirteenth on its list of the 50 greatest British writers since 1945, since 2000, Rushdie has lived in the United States. He was named Distinguished Writer in Residence at the Arthur L. Carter Journalism Institute of New York University in 2015, earlier, he taught at Emory University. He was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Letters, in 2012, he published Joseph Anton, A Memoir, an account of his life in the wake of the controversy over The Satanic Verses. Rushdie was strongly favoured to have received the Nobel Prize in Literature but the Nobel organisers were later quoted as saying that they would have been too predictable, Rushdie was born in Bombay, then British India, into a Muslim family of Kashmiri descent. He is the son of Anis Ahmed Rushdie, a Cambridge-educated lawyer-turned-businessman, and Negin Bhatt and he wrote in his 2012 memoir that his father adopted the name Rushdie in honour of Averroes. He was educated at Cathedral and John Connon School in Bombay, Rugby School in Warwickshire, and Kings College, University of Cambridge and his father Anis Rushdie was rusticated from the Indian Civil Service after the British government found out that he had changed his date of birth. Collaborating with the musician Ronnie Bond, Rushdie wrote the words for a record on behalf of the now defunct Burnley Building Society which was recorded at Good Earth Studios. The song was called The Best Dreams and was sung by George Chandler and it was while he was at Ogilvy that he wrote Midnights Children, before becoming a full-time writer. Rushdies first novel, Grimus, a fiction tale, was generally ignored by the public. His next novel, Midnights Children, catapulted him to literary notability and this work won the 1981 Booker Prize and, in 1993 and 2008, was awarded the Best of the Bookers as the best novel to have received the prize during its first 25 and 40 years. The character of Saleem Sinai has been compared to Rushdie, in that sense, I’ve never felt that I’ve written an autobiographical character. After Midnights Children, Rushdie wrote Shame, in which he depicts the political turmoil in Pakistan, basing his characters on Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, Shame won Frances Prix du Meilleur Livre Étranger and was a close runner-up for the Booker Prize. Both these works of literature are characterised by a style of magic realism
25.
Hillman Minx
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The Hillman Minx is a mid-sized family car which was produced by Hillman from 1931 to 1970. There have been versions of the Minx over this period, as well as badge-engineered variants sold by Humber, Singer. From the mid-1950s to the mid-1960s, the Minx and its derivatives were the greatest-volume sellers of the Audax family of cars from Rootes, which also included the Singer Gazelle and Sunbeam Rapier. The final version of the Minx was the New Minx launched in 1967, generally, the Minx was available in four-door saloon and estate forms, with a 1496-cc engine. The Hillman Super Minx was a larger model offered during the Audax era. Throughout the life of the Minx, there was usually an estate version, and, from 1954 to 1965, there was also an estate, the Hillman Husky. The original Minx was announced to the forewarned public 1 October 1931 and it was straightforward and conventional with a pressed-steel body on separate chassis and 30 bhp 1185 cc engine producing cushioned power. It was upgraded with a transmission in 1934 and a styling upgrade. For 1935 the range was similar except that synchromesh was added to all forward gears, the 1936 model got a new name, the Minx Magnificent, and a restyle with much more rounded body. The chassis was stiffened and the engine moved forwards to more passenger room. A Commer-badged estate car was added to the range, the final pre-war model was the 1938 Minx. There were no more factory-built tourers but some were made by Carbodies, the car was visually similar to the Magnificent, with a different grille, and access to the luggage boot was external. There were two models in the range, the basic Safety model with simple rexine trim instead of leather, no opening front quarterlights. The De Luxe model had trim, opening quarterlights, extra trim pads. This includes gearbox, differential, half shafts, steering box, even the front grille, which to the casual eye looks almost identical to the 1938 model, became a pressed alloy component rather than a composite. During the Second World War, British car companies produced simple Utility load carriers, for Hillman it was the Hillman 10HP, a Minx chassis with two-person cab and covered load area behind. The basic saloon was produced for military and essential civilian use from 1940 to 1944. United Kingdom, British Army, RAF The Minx sold between 1945 and 1947 had the same 1185 cc side-valve engine, the wheelbase and virtually the same shape as the prewar Minx
26.
Cartoonist
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A cartoonist is a visual artist who specializes in drawing cartoons. This work is created for entertainment, political commentary, or advertising. The English satirist and editorial cartoonist William Hogarth, who emerged In the 18th century, has credited with pioneering Western sequential art. His work ranged from realistic portraiture to comic series of pictures called modern moral subjects. Much of his work poked fun at politics and customs. Gillray explored the use of the medium for lampooning and caricature, calling the king, prime ministers and generals to account, while never a professional cartoonist, Benjamin Franklin is credited with having the first cartoon published in an American newspaper. In the 19th century, professional cartoonists such as Thomas Nast introduced other familiar American political symbols, during the 20th century, numerous magazines carried single-panel gag cartoons by such freelance cartoonists as Charles Addams, Irwin Caplan, Chon Day, Clyde Lamb, and John Norment. These were almost always published in black and white, although Colliers often carried cartoons in color, the debut of Playboy introduced full-page color cartoons by Jack Cole, Eldon Dedini, and others. Single-panel cartoonists syndicated to newspapers included Dave Breger, Hank Ketcham, George Lichty, Fred Neher, Irving Phillips, comic strips received widespread distribution to mainstream newspapers by syndicates such as the Universal Press Syndicate, United Media, or King Features. Sunday strips go to a company such as American Color before they are published. Some comic strip creators publish in the press or on the Internet. Comic strip artists may also work in book-length form, creating graphic novels. Both vintage and current strips receive reprints in book collections, the major comic book publishers utilize teams of cartoonists to produce the art. When a consistent artistic style is wanted among different cartoonists, character model sheets may be used as reference, animated cartooning is created for short films, advertising, feature films and television. It is also used in live-action films for dream sequences or opening titles. An animation artist is referred to as an animator rather than a cartoonist. They create motion pictures as well, Animation studios such as DreamWorks Animation, Pixar, Walt Disney Animation Studios, and Blue Sky Studios create CGI or computer-animated films that are more three-dimensional. There are many books of cartoons in both paperback and hardcover, such as the collections of cartoons from The New Yorker, prior to the 1960s, cartoons were mostly ignored by museums and art galleries
27.
Help! (magazine)
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Help. is an American satire magazine published by James Warren from 1960 to 1965. It was Harvey Kurtzmans longest-running magazine project after leaving Mad and EC Publications, Kurtzman brought along several artists from his Mad collaborations, including Will Elder, Jack Davis, John Severin and Al Jaffee. Among the then little-known performers in the fumetti were John Cleese, Woody Allen and Milt Kamen, some of the fumetti were scripted by Bernard Shir-Cliff. Gilliam met Cleese for the first time, resulting in their collaboration years later on Monty Pythons Flying Circus, Cleese appeared in a Gilliam fumetto written by David Crossley, Christophers Punctured Romance. The tale concerns a man who is shocked to learn that his daughters new Barbee doll has titties, however, Gilliam appeared on two covers of Help. and along with the rest of the creative team, appeared in crowd scenes in several fumetti. The magazine introduced young talents who went on to careers in underground comix as well as the mainstream, among them Robert Crumb, Gilbert Shelton. Algis Budrys and other science fiction writers were regular contributors of prose, working with a minimal budget, Kurtzman relied on a combination of cheap up-and-coming talent, favors called in to name friends and inexpensive page-fillers. Nonetheless, it had its moments and served as a locus, a total of 26 issues were printed before the magazine folded in 1965. Volume one had 12 issues, and 14 issues comprised the second volume
28.
John Cleese
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John Marwood Cleese is an English actor, voice actor, screenwriter, producer, and comedian. He achieved success at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe and as a scriptwriter and performer on The Frost Report. In the mid-1970s, Cleese and his first wife, Connie Booth, co-wrote and starred in the British sitcom Fawlty Towers, with Cleese receiving the 1980 BAFTA for Best Entertainment Performance. Later, he co-starred with Kevin Kline, Jamie Lee Curtis and he also starred in Clockwise and has appeared in many other films, including two James Bond films as R and Q, two Harry Potter films, and the last three Shrek films. With Yes Minister writer Antony Jay, he co-founded Video Arts, in 1976, Cleese co-founded The Secret Policemans Ball benefit shows to raise funds for the human rights organisation Amnesty International. Cleese was born in Weston-super-Mare, Somerset, the child of Reginald Francis Cleese, an insurance salesman. His familys surname was originally Cheese, but his father had thought it was embarrassing, as a child, Cleese supported Bristol City FC and Somerset County Cricket Club. Cleese was educated at St Peters Preparatory School, where he received a prize for English and did well at cricket, when he was 13, he was awarded an exhibition at Clifton College, an English public school in Bristol. He was already more than 6 feet tall by then, Cleese allegedly defaced the school grounds, as a prank, by painting footprints to suggest that the statue of Field Marshal Earl Haig had got down from his plinth and gone to the toilet. Cleese played cricket in the First XI and did well academically, passing 8 O-Levels and 3 A-Levels in mathematics, physics, I believe that this moment changed my perspective on the world. He then took up a place he had won at Downing College, Cambridge and he also joined the Cambridge Footlights. He recalled that he went to the Cambridge Guildhall, where each university society had a stall and he replied no as he was not allowed to sing at his school because he was so bad, and if there was anything worse than his singing, it was his dancing. He was then asked Well, what do you do, to which he replied, I make people laugh. At the Footlights theatrical club, he spent a lot of time with Tim Brooke-Taylor and Bill Oddie, Cleese wrote extra material for the 1961 Footlights Revue I Thought I Saw It Move, and was Registrar for the Footlights Club during 1962. He was also in the cast of the 1962 Footlights Revue Double Take, Cleese graduated from Cambridge in 1963 with a 2,1. Despite his successes on The Frost Report, his father would send him cuttings from The Daily Telegraph offering management jobs in places like Marks, Cleese was a scriptwriter, as well as a cast member, for the 1963 Footlights Revue A Clump of Plinths. After Cambridge Circus, Cleese briefly stayed in America, performing on, while performing in the musical Half a Sixpence, Cleese met future Python Terry Gilliam, as well as American actress Connie Booth, whom he married on 20 February 1968. At their wedding at a Unitarian Church in Manhattan, the couple attempted to ensure an absence of any theistic language
29.
Do Not Adjust Your Set
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The show took its name from the message which was displayed when there was a problem with transmission. It included early appearances of Denise Coffey, David Jason, Eric Idle, Terry Jones, and Michael Palin, although originally conceived as a childrens programme, it quickly acquired a following amongst many adults, including future Pythons John Cleese and Graham Chapman. The Bonzo Dog Doo-Dah Band performed a song in each programme, the musicians frequently appeared as extras in sketches. One long-running feature of the show was Captain Fantastic, featuring a superhero in improbable. These segments were shot entirely on film, on location in London, in 1968, it won an international award, the Prix Jeunesse, in Munich. Untitled special c.25 minutes broadcast 29 July 1968, Monday at 19,00, episodes produced by Thames, Do not adjust your stocking,40 minutes broadcast 25 December 1968, Wednesday 16,10. For a 1986 repeat, David Jason demanded to be removed from the show, series two,13 episodes of c.25 minutes broadcast between 19 February 1969 to 14 May 1969, Wednesdays at 17,20. In common with another important Monty Python predecessor, At Last the 1948 Show, nine of the 14 episodes from the first series were released on DVD in the UK and the US in August 2005. Both releases use the same NTSC Region 0 discs made from telerecordings of the original videotapes, the episodes are renumbered 1 to 9, although, in fact they are episodes 1-2, 5-6, and 9-13. The sole surviving episode from series 2 and Do Not Adjust Your Stocking were not included, the packaging further implies that Gilliams animations appear in these episodes, but they do not. Gilliam does appear as one of the writers in the credits for episodes three and four. The Bonzo Dog Doo Dah Band is seen playing its song Death Cab for Cutie in the DVD, a Concise History of British Television 1930–2000. From Fringe to Flying Circus, Celebrating a Unique Generation of Comedy, British Film Institute Screen Online A Review of DNAYS. Do Not Adjust Your Set at the Internet Movie Database Do Not Adjust Your Set at TV. com
30.
Eric Idle
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Eric Idle is an English comedian, actor, voice actor, author, singer-songwriter, musician, writer and comedic composer. Idle is a member of the British surreal comedy group Monty Python, a member of The Rutles, Idle was born in Harton, near South Shields in County Durham, to which his mother had been evacuated from the north west of England. His mother, Norah Barron, was a visitor and his father, Ernest Idle, served in the Royal Air Force during World War II. His mother had difficulty coping with a job and bringing up a child, so when Idle was seven. At this time, the school was a foundation dedicated to the education. Idle is quoted as saying, It was an abusive, bullying. I got used to dealing with groups of boys and getting on with life in unpleasant circumstances and being smart and funny, Idle stated that the two things that made his life bearable were listening to Radio Luxembourg under the bedclothes and watching the local football team, Wolverhampton Wanderers. Despite this, he disliked other sports and would sneak out of school every Thursday afternoon to the local cinema, Idle was eventually caught watching the X-rated film BUtterfield 8 and stripped of his prefecture, though by that time he was head boy. Idle had already refused to be senior boy in the cadet force. Idle maintains that there was little to do at the school, Idle attended Pembroke College, Cambridge, where he studied English. At Pembroke, he was invited to join the prestigious Cambridge University Footlights Club by the president of the Footlights Club, Tim Brooke-Taylor, Idle started at Cambridge only a year after future fellow-Pythons Graham Chapman and John Cleese. He became Footlights President in 1965 and was the first to allow women to join the club, Idle starred in the childrens television comedy series Do Not Adjust Your Set co-starring his future Python fellows Terry Jones and Michael Palin. Terry Gilliam provided animations for the show, the shows cast also included comic actors David Jason and Denise Coffey. Idle also appeared as guest in episodes of the television series At Last the 1948 Show. The other Pythons usually worked in teams and Cleese admitted that this was slightly unfair – when the Pythons voted on which sketches should appear in a show, however, he also says that Idle was an independent person and worked best on his own. Idle himself admitted this was difficult, You had to convince five others. And they were not the most un-egotistical of writers, either, a number of his sketches involve extended monologues, and he would frequently spoof the unnatural language and speech patterns of television presenters. The second-youngest member of the Pythons, Idle was closest in spirit to the students, Idle originally wrote Nudge, Nudge for Ronnie Barker, but it was rejected because there was no joke in the words
31.
Terry Jones
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Terence Graham Parry Terry Jones is a Welsh writer, actor, comedian, screenwriter, film director, presenter, poet, historian and author. He is best known as a member of the Monty Python comedy troupe, Jones was born in the seaside town of Colwyn Bay, on the north coast of Wales. The family home was named Bodchwil and his father was stationed with the RAF in India. When Jones was 4½, the moved to Surrey in England. Jones attended primary school at Esher COE school and later attended the Royal Grammar School in Guildford and he read English at St Edmund Hall, Oxford, but strayed into history. While there, he performed comedy with future Monty Python castmate Michael Palin in The Oxford Revue, Jones appeared in Twice a Fortnight with Michael Palin, Graeme Garden, Bill Oddie and Jonathan Lynn, as well as the television series The Complete and Utter History of Britain. He appeared in Do Not Adjust Your Set with Palin, Eric Idle and he wrote for The Frost Report and several other David Frost programmes on British television. Along with Palin, he wrote lyrics for the 1968 Barry Booth album Diversions, Jones took a keen interest in the direction of the show. Of Jones contributions as a performer, his depictions of middle-aged women are among the most memorable and his humour, in collaboration with Palin, tends to be conceptual in nature. A typical Palin/Jones sketch draws its humour from the absurdity of the scenario, for example, in the Summarise Proust Competition, Jones plays a cheesy game show host who gives contestants 15 seconds to condense Marcel Prousts lengthy work À la recherche du temps perdu. Jones was also noted for his gifts as a Chaplinesque physical comedian and his performance in the Undressing in Public sketch, for instance, is done in total silence. Jones co-directed Monty Python and the Holy Grail with Terry Gilliam, as a film director, Jones finally gained fuller control of the projects and devised a visual style that complemented the humour. His later films include Erik the Viking and The Wind in the Willows, in 2008, Jones wrote and directed an opera titled Evil Machines. In 2011, he was commissioned to direct and write the libretto for another opera, Jones directed the comedy film Absolutely Anything, about a disillusioned schoolteacher who is given the chance to do anything he wishes by a group of aliens watching from space. The film features Simon Pegg, Kate Beckinsale and the voices of the five remaining members of Monty Python and it was shot in London during a 6-week shoot. Jones has written books and screenplays, including comic works. Jones co-wrote Ripping Yarns with Palin and he has also written numerous works for children, including Fantastic Stories, The Beast with a Thousand Teeth, and a collection of Comic Verse called The Curse of the Vampires Socks. Jones was also the co-creator of the animated TV series Blazing Dragons, reversing a common story convention, the series protagonists are anthropomorphic dragons beset by evil humans
32.
Michael Palin
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Michael Edward Palin CBE FRGS is an English comedian, actor, writer and television presenter. He was one of the members of the comedy group Monty Python, Palin wrote most of his comedic material with fellow Python member Terry Jones. Before Monty Python, they had worked on shows such as the Ken Dodd Show, The Frost Report. Palin appeared in some of the most famous Python sketches, including Argument Clinic, Dead Parrot sketch, The Lumberjack Song, The Spanish Inquisition, Bicycle Repair Man, Palin continued to work with Jones after Python, co-writing Ripping Yarns. In a 2005 poll to find The Comedians Comedian, he was voted the 30th favourite by fellow comedians, after Python, he began a new career as a travel writer and travel documentarian. His journeys have taken him across the world, including the North and South Poles, the Sahara Desert, in 2000 Palin was honoured as a Commander of the Order of the British Empire for his services to television. From 2009 to 2012 Palin was the president of the Royal Geographical Society, on 12 May 2013, Palin was made a BAFTA fellow, the highest honour that is conferred by the organisation. Palin was born in Broomhill, Sheffield, the child and only son of Edward Moreton Palin. His father was a Shrewsbury School and Cambridge University-educated engineer working for a steel firm and his maternal grandfather, Lieutenant-Colonel Richard Lockhart Ovey, DSO, was High Sheriff of Oxfordshire in 1927. He started his education at Birkdale Preparatory School, Sheffield, and his sister Angela was nine years older than he was. Despite the age gap the two had a relationship until her suicide in 1987. He has ancestral roots in Letterkenny, County Donegal, when he was five years old, Palin had his first acting experience at Birkdale playing Martha Cratchit in a school performance of A Christmas Carol. At the age of 10, Palin, still interested in acting, made a comedy monologue, after his school days in 1962 he went on to read modern history at Brasenose College, Oxford. With fellow student Robert Hewison he performed and wrote, for the first time, Terry Jones, also a student in Oxford, saw that performance and began writing together with Hewison and Palin. In the same year Palin joined the Brightside and Carbrook Co-operative Society Players and he also performed and wrote in the Oxford Revue with Jones. In 1966 he married Helen Gibbins, whom he first met in 1959 on holiday in Southwold in Suffolk and this meeting was later fictionalised in Palins play East of Ipswich. The couple have three children and two grandchildren, Rachel is a BBC TV director, whose work includes MasterChef, The Professionals, shown on BBC2 throughout October and November 2010. A photograph of William as a baby briefly appeared in Monty Python and his nephew is the theatre designer Jeremy Herbert
33.
Victorian era
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The Victorian era was the period of Queen Victorias reign, from 20 June 1837 until her death on 22 January 1901. It was a period of peace, prosperity, refined sensibilities. Some scholars date the beginning of the period in terms of sensibilities, the era followed the Georgian period and preceded the Edwardian period. The later half of the Victorian age roughly coincided with the first part of the Belle Époque era of continental Europe, culturally there was a transition away from the rationalism of the Georgian period and toward romanticism and mysticism with regard to religion, social values, and arts. The end of the saw the Boer War. Domestically, the agenda was increasingly liberal with a number of shifts in the direction of political reform, industrial reform. Two especially important figures in period of British history are the prime ministers Benjamin Disraeli and William Gladstone. Disraeli, favoured by the queen, was a gregarious Conservative and his rival Gladstone, a Liberal distrusted by the Queen, served more terms and oversaw much of the overall legislative development of the era. The population of England and Wales almost doubled from 16.8 million in 1851 to 30.5 million in 1901, Scotlands population also rose rapidly, from 2.8 million in 1851 to 4.4 million in 1901. However, Irelands population decreased sharply, from 8.2 million in 1841 to less than 4.5 million in 1901, mostly due to the Great Famine. Between 1837 and 1901 about 15 million emigrants departed the UK permanently, in search of a life in the United States, Canada, South Africa, New Zealand, Australia. During the early part of the era, politics in the House of Commons involved battles between the two parties, the Whigs/Liberals and the Conservatives. These parties were led by such prominent statesmen as Lord Melbourne, Sir Robert Peel, Lord Derby, Lord Palmerston, Gladstone, Disraeli, Victoria became queen in 1837 at age 18. Her long reign until 1901 was mainly a time of peace, Britain reached the zenith of its economic, political, diplomatic and cultural power. The era saw the expansion of the second British Empire, Historians have characterised the mid-Victorian era as Britains Golden Years. There was prosperity, as the income per person grew by half. There was peace abroad, and social peace at home, opposition to the new order melted away, says Porter. The Chartist movement peaked as a movement among the working class in 1848, its leaders moved to other pursuits, such as trade unions
34.
Monty Python's Complete Waste of Time
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Monty Pythons Complete Waste of Time is a collection of minigames, screen savers, desktop wallpaper and icons for Mac OS System 7, DOS and Windows released in 1994 by 7th Level, Inc. The content is primarily from the Monty Pythons Flying Circus TV series. It also features specially-written and recorded interstitial and linking material created by Terry Gilliam, other Pythons, overall producer was 7th Level co-founder Bob Ezrin. It was one of the largest-selling computer-retail software products during the Christmas/holiday gift season in 1994, in 1995, it won the CODiE Award for Best Strategy Program from the Software Publishers Association. The game contains a hidden trivia game/maze in the Loonitorium, when the game was first released, the completion of the secret game before a certain date made one eligible for a prize draw. IGN, Mac PC Monty Pythons Complete Waste of Time at MobyGames Review, Monty Pythons Complete Waste of Time, by Erik Gos.14 March 1998, Adventure Classic Gaming
35.
Clip art
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Clip art, in the graphic arts, is pre-made images used to illustrate any medium. Today, clip art is used extensively in both personal and commercial projects, ranging from home-printed greeting cards to commercial candles, Clip art comes in many forms, both electronic and printed. However, most clip art today is created, distributed, since its inception, clip art has evolved to include a wide variety of content, file formats, illustration styles, and licensing restrictions. Clip art is composed exclusively of illustrations, and does not include stock photography. The term clipart originated through the practice of physically cutting images from pre-existing printed works for use in other publishing projects, before the advent of computers in desktop publishing, clip art was used through a process called paste up. Many clip art images in this era qualified as line art, in this process, the clip art images are cut out by hand, then attached via adhesives to a board representing a scale size of the finished, printed work. After the addition of text and art created through phototypesetting, the finished, since the 1990s, nearly all publishers have replaced the paste up process with desktop publishing. For the IBM PC, the first library of professionally drawn clip art was provided with VCN ExecuVision and these images were used in business presentations, as well as for other types of presentations. After software maker Aldus introduced PageMaker in 1985, professional quality desktop publishing became possible with consumer desktop computers, after 1986, desktop publishing generated a widespread need for pre-made, electronic images as consumers began to produce newsletters and brochures using their own computers. Electronic clip art emerged to fill the need, early electronic clip art was simple line art or bitmap images due to the lack of sophisticated electronic illustration tools. With the introduction of the Apple Macintosh program MacPaint, consumers were provided the ability to edit, the first version of ClickArt was a mixed collection of images designed for personal use. The illustrators who created the first serious clip art for use were Mike Mathis, Joan Shogren. In 1986, the first vector-based clip art disc was released by Compuset, the black-and-white art was painstakingly created by Rick Siegfried with MacDraw, sometimes using hundreds of simple objects combined to create complex images. It was released on a floppy disc. In 1986, Adobe Systems introduced Adobe Illustrator for the Macintosh, however, graphic designers and many consumers quickly realized the enormous advantages of vector art, and T/Makers clip art became the gold standard of the industry in the late 1980s and early 1990s. In 1994, T/Maker was sold to Deluxe Corp and then two years later to its rival, Broderbund. With widespread adoption of the CD-ROM in the early 1990s, several pre-computer clip art companies such as Dover Publications also began offering clip art. The mid-1990s ushered in more innovation in the art industry
36.
Flash animation
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A Flash animation or Flash cartoon is an animated film that is created with the Adobe Flash platform or similar animation software and often distributed in the SWF file format. The term Flash animation refers to both the format and the medium in which the animation is produced. This allowed artists to release shorts and interactive experiences well under 1 MB, some hallmarks of poorly produced Flash animation are jerky natural movements, auto-tweened character movements, lip-sync without interpolation, and abrupt changes from front to profile view. Flash animations are typically distributed by way of the World Wide Web, in case they are often referred to as Internet cartoons, online cartoons. Web Flash animations may be interactive and are created in a series. A Flash animation is distinguished from a Webcomic, which is a comic strip distributed via the Web, Flash animation is now taught in schools throughout the UK and can be taken as a GCSE and A-level. The first prominent use of the Flash animation format was by Ren & Stimpy creator John Kricfalusi, on October 15,1997, he launched The Goddamn George Liquor Program, the first cartoon series produced specifically for the Internet. The series starred George Liquor and his dim-witted nephew Jimmy The Hapless Idiot Boy, later, Kricfalusi produced more animated projects with Flash including several online shorts for Icebox. com, television commercials, and a music video. Soon after that, web cartoons began appearing on the Internet with more regularity, the series originally launched in the spring of 1997 as a web comic with limited animation and sound. After gaining online syndication partners including Lycos. com and WebTV, following her Showtime debut, the titular heroine appeared in over 50 Flash webisodes on the Showtime website and starred in a million-dollar multimedia Showtime marketing campaign. The Von Ghouls went live in November 1999, featuring the first music group with cartoon episodes online including original songs, in the vein of Saturday morning cartoons of the 1970s. A number of portal sites featured Flash animation during the dot-com boom of the late 1990s, including Newgrounds, Icebox, MondoMedia, CampChaos, MediaTrip, Bogbeast. Stan Lee of Marvel Comics launched a comics site. The Internet also saw the proliferation of many adult-only Flash cartoon sites, some of the shows from that period made the transition to traditional media, including Queer Duck, Gary the Rat, Happy Tree Friends, and the politically minded JibJab shorts. Occasionally, the trend has reversed, after being canceled from both ABC and Fox, Atom Films and Flinch Studio created net-only episodes of The Critic in 2000–2001. In another instance, Flash almost made the transition to the big screen, in 2001, production began on what would have been the first Flash-animated feature film, the ill-fated Lil Pimp, which also began life as an Internet series. As potentially controversial as its subject matter was, it had a large budget, a number of well-known actors, a full crew. Although Sony Pictures decided not to release the film, it was released on DVD by Lions Gate
37.
Adobe After Effects
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Among other things, After Effects can be used for keying, tracking, compositing and animation. It also functions as a very basic non-linear editor, audio editor and media transcoder. After Effects was originally created by the Company of Science and Art in Providence, Rhode Island, CoSA along with After Effects was then acquired by Aldus corporation in July 1993, which was in turn acquired by Adobe in 1994, and with it PageMaker. Adobes first new release of After Effects was version 3.0, the following is the list of versions of After Effects over the years, including the first two versions released by CoSA. After Effects has extensive support, a broad range of third party plug-ins are available. A variety of styles exist, such as particle systems for realistic effects for rain, snow, fire. With or without third-party plug-ins, After Effects can render 3D effects, some of these 3D plug-ins use basic 2D layers from After Effects. Nuke – The Foundry Combustion, Toxik and Smoke – Autodesk Motion – Apple Inc
38.
Percy Bysshe Shelley
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Percy Bysshe Shelley was one of the major English Romantic poets, and is regarded by some as among the finest lyric, as well as most influential, poets in the English language. A radical in his poetry as well as in his political and social views, Shelley did not see fame during his lifetime, but recognition for his poetry grew steadily following his death. Shelley was a key member of a circle of visionary poets and writers that included Lord Byron, Leigh Hunt, Thomas Love Peacock, and his own second wife, Mary Shelley. Shelley is perhaps best known for such poems as Ozymandias, Ode to the West Wind, To a Skylark, Music, When Soft Voices Die, The Cloud. Shelleys close circle of friends included some of the most important progressive thinkers of the day, including his father-in-law, the philosopher William Godwin and Leigh Hunt. Though Shelleys poetry and prose output remained steady throughout his life, most publishers, Shelley became a lodestone to the subsequent three or four generations of poets, including important Victorian and Pre-Raphaelite poets such as Robert Browning and Dante Gabriel Rossetti. He was admired by Oscar Wilde, Thomas Hardy, George Bernard Shaw, Bertrand Russell, yeats, Upton Sinclair and Isadora Duncan. Henry David Thoreaus civil disobedience was apparently influenced by Shelleys non-violence in protest, Shelleys popularity and influence has continued to grow in contemporary poetry circles. Shelley was born on 4 August 1792 at Field Place, Broadbridge Heath, near Horsham, West Sussex, England. He was the eldest legitimate son of Sir Timothy Shelley, a Whig Member of Parliament for Horsham from 1790–92 and he had four younger sisters and one much younger brother. He received his education at home, tutored by the Reverend Evan Edwards of nearby Warnham. His cousin and lifelong friend Thomas Medwin, who lived nearby and it was a happy and contented childhood spent largely in country pursuits such as fishing and hunting. In 1802, he entered the Syon House Academy of Brentford, in 1804, Shelley entered Eton College, where he fared poorly, and was subjected to an almost daily mob torment at around noon by older boys, who aptly called these incidents Shelley-baits. Surrounded, the young Shelley would have his books torn from his hands and his clothes pulled at and this daily misery could be attributed to Shelleys refusal to take part in fagging and his indifference towards games and other youthful activities. Because of these peculiarities he acquired the nickname Mad Shelley, Shelley possessed a keen interest in science at Eton, which he would often apply to cause a surprising amount of mischief for a boy considered to be so sensible. Shelley would often use an electric machine to charge the door handle of his room. His friends were particularly amused when his tutor, Mr Bethell, in attempting to enter his room, was alarmed at the noise of the electric shocks. His mischievous side was again demonstrated by his last bit of naughtiness at school, despite these jocular incidents, a contemporary of Shelley, W. H. Merie, recalled that Shelley made no friends at Eton, although he did seek a kindred spirit without success
39.
Monty Python and the Holy Grail
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Monty Python and the Holy Grail is a 1975 British slapstick comedy film concerning the Arthurian legend, written and performed by the comedy group of Monty Python, and directed by Gilliam and Jones. It was conceived during the hiatus between the third and fourth series of their BBC television series Monty Pythons Flying Circus. In contrast to the groups first film, And Now for Something Completely Different and it parodies the legend of King Arthurs quest to find the Holy Grail. Idle used the film as the basis for the musical Spamalot 30 years later, Monty Python and the Holy Grail grossed more than any British film exhibited in the US in 1975. The film received a 97% Fresh rating on Rotten Tomatoes, with the consensus, in 932 A. D. King Arthur and his squire, Patsy, travel throughout England searching for men to join the Knights of the Round Table. Arthur stops at a castle, where the guards ask how Arthur found the coconut halves Patsy uses to simulate the sound of horses galloping, Arthur leaves after his encounter becomes a discussion about African and European swallows. Arthur encounters the Black Knight, who will not let them pass, a sword fight ensues with Arthur gaining the upper hand, but the Black Knight continues fighting despite having his arms and legs severed. The battle is declared a draw, the villagers of a small town come to Sir Bedevere the Wise claiming they have captured a witch. Bedevere puts the woman through a test, and she is revealed to be a witch because she weighs the same as a duck. Arthur knights Bedevere as a member of his Round Table, and is joined by Sir Lancelot the Brave, Sir Galahad the Pure, the knights reach Camelot, but following a song-and-dance cutaway, Arthur decides not to enter, because tis a silly place. The group encounters God, who instructs them to seek the Holy Grail and their first stop is a French-controlled castle. One of the tells the knights that they have a grail. After a failed invasion of the castle with the French soldiers throwing animals at them, the knights try sneaking into the castle in a Trojan Rabbit, the rabbit is catapulted at them and crushes one of the knights servants. Arthur decides the group should split up to seek the grail, a modern-day historian, describing the Arthurian legends, is abruptly killed by a knight on horseback, triggering a police investigation. Arthur and Bedevere attempt to satisfy the strange requests of the dreaded Knights who say Ni, Sir Robin avoids a fight with the Three-Headed Giant by running away while the heads are arguing. Sir Galahad is led by a beacon to Castle Anthrax, populated by women who wish to perform sexual favours for him. Sir Lancelot finds a note tied to an arrow, and after reading it assaults a party at Swamp Castle. He discovers that an effeminate prince sent the note, the knights regroup and are joined by Sirs Gawain, Ector, and Bors, and a group of monks led by Brother Maynard
40.
Monty Python's Life of Brian
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Monty Pythons Life of Brian, also known as Life of Brian, is a 1979 British religious satire comedy film starring and written by the comedy group Monty Python. It was also directed by Jones, the film tells the story of Brian Cohen, a young Jewish man who is born on the same day as, and next door to, Jesus Christ, and is subsequently mistaken for the Messiah. The film contains themes of satire that were controversial at the time of its release, drawing accusations of blasphemy. Some countries, including Ireland and Norway, banned its showing, the filmmakers used such notoriety to benefit their marketing campaign, with posters in Sweden reading, So funny, it was banned in Norway. The film was a box office success, the film in the United Kingdom in 1979. It has remained popular, receiving positive reviews, Brian Cohen is born in a stable next door to the one in which Jesus is born, which initially confuses the three wise men who come to praise the future King of the Jews. Brian grows up a young man who resents the continuing Roman occupation of Judea. While attending Jesus Sermon on the Mount, Brian becomes infatuated with a young rebel. After several misadventures, and escaping from Pontius Pilate, Brian winds up in a line-up of would-be mystics, once the guards have left, Brian tries to put the episode behind him, but he has unintentionally inspired a movement. He grows frantic when he finds that people have started to follow him around. Judith is the one that doesnt leave, Brian and Judith then spend the night together. In the morning, Brian, completely naked, opens the curtains to discover a crowd outside his mothers house which proclaims him to be the Messiah. Brians mother protests, telling the crowd that Hes not the Messiah, hes a very naughty boy and, Theres a mess, all right, but no Messiah. All of her attempts at dispersing the crowd are rebuffed, furthermore, once Brian addresses them, he also finds that he is unable to change their minds. His followers are completely committed to their beliefs in and of Brians divinity and they immediately seize upon everything he says and does as points of doctrine. The hapless Brian is unable to escape his unwanted disciples, even his mothers house is surrounded by an enormous and they fling their afflicted bodies at him, demanding miracle cures and divine secrets. After sneaking out the back, Brian is then captured and scheduled to be crucified. Meanwhile, yet another huge crowd has assembled outside the palace, Pontius Pilate tries to quell the feeling of revolution by granting them the choice of one person to be pardoned
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Another Monty Python Record
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Another Monty Python Record is the second album produced by the Monty Python comedy group, released in 1971. It was packaged as Beethoven Symphony No.2 In D Major, included with the original LP were three card inserts printed with detailed instructions, scripts and cut-out props for the Be A Great Actor sketch on side 2. Terry Jones noted on this album in the book The Pythons, wed end up with tapes and tapes of material with no idea of where anything was on the tapes. Due to the limitations of the format, the original 1971 UK release had many sketches edited down. This truncated version was used for all UK cassette releases until 1994, when the album was released in the US in 1972, the full unedited version was used. This longer version was used for all CD releases in both the UK and US, a 7 single, the Pythons first, combining Spam Song/The Concert was issued on 8 September 1972, almost a year after the albums release. Later pressings were issued in a sleeve featuring a still from the Dirty Fork sketch from And Now For Something Completely Different. The 2006 CD reissue features four tracks, although these date from the 1980 Contractual Obligation Album sessions. They are a mixture of self-penned Python songs, specially composed music by Fred Tomlinson, and pieces of library music
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The Monty Python Matching Tie and Handkerchief
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The Monty Python Matching Tie and Handkerchief is the fourth album by the comedy group Monty Python, released in 1973. Most of the material was written for the album along with a handful of sketches from the third series of Flying Circus, one from the second. The initial pressings were packaged with a tie and handkerchief and distributed to menswear stores. It is also notable for its inner sleeve art, which is visible through a hole in the albums outer sleeve. Later releases of the album would have just a picture of the clothing on the front cover, for this reason it is sometimes referred to as a three-sided record. The cutting was carried out by George Porky Peckham, since the record had two concentric grooves, they were spaced considerably apart, halving the length of the playing time. Subsequent editions of the vinyl incorporated both grooves sequentially as separate tracks, eliminating the double groove, CD reissues provide the full contents of the album and every track on one side. Both sides of the record were labelled Side B, with the side containing The Cheese Shop in its entirety. The 2006 reissue featured new sound effects on some sketches as well as four previously unreleased bonus tracks, although these date from the 1980 Contractual Obligation Album sessions. The following sketches are from the TV series, Church Police, Bruces/Philosophers Song, Cheese Shop, Mrs. Niggerbaiter Explodes, Boxing Tonight, Oscar Wilde, the remainder are exclusive to this album
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Live at Drury Lane
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Monty Python Live at Drury Lane is an album released by Monty Python in 1974. It was recorded at the Drury Lane Theatre in London earlier that year and edited onto disc with new linking material by Eric Idle. It was also released in Canada in 1975, the majority of the sketches are from Flying Circus and vary slightly from their television counterparts. A reissued compact disc was released in 1997 and this recording was not released in the US until 1994, when it was included in the box set The Instant Monty Python CD Collection. Until then, the only live Python album released in the US had been Monty Python Live at City Center, although originally released in stereo, the 2006 special edition CD has the whole album mixed into mono. This is the one of the 2006 reissues to contain no new material
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Monty Python's The Meaning of Life
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It was the last film to feature all six Python members before Graham Chapmans death in 1989. It also screened at the 1983 Cannes Film Festival, where it won the Grand Prix, the film has a 90% rating on Rotten Tomatoes, and appears in a 2010 list of the top 20 cult films published by The Boston Globe. The film begins with the short film The Crimson Permanent Assurance and they rebel against yuppie corporate masters, transform their office into a pirate ship, and raid a large financial district. The rest of the film is split into seven chapters made up of distinct sketches, the first, The Miracle of Birth, features a woman in labour being ignored by the doctors in favour of impressing the hospitals administrator. Meanwhile, a Protestant man and his wife discuss having non-reproductive sex, in Growth and Learning, a class of boys are taught school etiquette and then watch their teacher make love to his wife as part of their sex education. One boy laughs, and is forced into a violent rugby match against the teachers as punishment, in 1879, during the Anglo-Zulu War, a soldier finds his leg has been bitten off. Suspecting a tiger, despite being in Africa, the hunt for it. The Middle of the Film briefly introduces a segment called Find the Fish, Middle Age involves a middle-aged American couple visiting a dungeon-themed restaurant and dislike the literal conversation offered by the waiters about the meaning of life. Live Organ Transplants involves two paramedics visiting Mr. Brown, an organ donor, forcefully removing his liver whilst he is still alive. Browns mother speaks with a musician who performs Galaxy Song while discussing mans insignificance in the universe, the Crimson Permanent Assurance return to invade a corporate boardroom discussing the meaning of life, but a tumbling skyscraper ends their assault. The Autumn Years features a posh restaurant being visited by the horribly obese Mr. Creosote, when the maître d gives him a wafer-thin mint, Creosotes stomach explodes, the maître d then giving him the bill. Two staff members clean up Creosotes remains while discussing the meaning of life, one leads the audience to his house, spouts some philosophy, and then angrily dismisses them. Death features a man choosing the manner of his own execution, being chased off a cliff by topless women. The Grim Reaper enters a country house and invites himself to dinner. The guests try to guess who he is until the Reaper tells them they all died from food poisoning and they accompany the Grim Reaper to Heaven, depicted as a Las Vegas-style hotel in perpetual Christmas, where a Tony Bennett-lookalike performs Christmas in Heaven to the cast. The End of the Film epilogue features the host of The Middle of the Film being handed an envelope containing the meaning of life and she then introduces the end credits. An awful lot of material didnt get used, holy Grail had a structure, a loose one, the search for the grail. With this, it wasnt so clear, in the end, we just said, Well, what the heck
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