1.
Public limited company
–
A public limited company is a type of public company under the United Kingdom company law, some Commonwealth jurisdictions, and the Republic of Ireland. It is a liability company whose shares may be freely sold and traded to the public, with a minimum share capital of £50,000. Similar companies in the United States are called publicly traded companies, public limited companies will also have a separate legal identity. A PLC can be either an unlisted or listed company on the stock exchanges, in the United Kingdom, a public limited company usually must include the words public limited company or the abbreviation PLC or plc at the end and as part of the legal company name. Welsh companies may choose to end their names with ccc. However, some public limited companies incorporated under special legislation are exempted from bearing any of the identifying suffixes. The term public limited company and the PLC/plc suffix were introduced in 1981, prior to this, all limited companies bore the suffix Limited, which is still used by private limited companies. When a new company incorporates in England and Wales or in Scotland, it must register with Companies House, Formation of a public limited company requires a minimum of one director and one secretary. In England and Wales and in Scotland, the male/female is under 16 years old, some people who are not British citizens are restricted as to what work they may do while in the UK, which may exclude them from being a director. The members must agree to some, or all, of the shares when the company is registered. The memorandum of association must show the names of the people who have agreed to take shares and these people are called the subscribers. There is a share capital for public limited companies, Before it can start business. A quarter of them, £12,500, must be paid up, each allotted share must be paid up to at least one quarter of its nominal value together with the whole of any premium. A company can increase its share capital by passing an ordinary resolution. A copy of the resolution – and notice of the increase on Form 123 – must reach Companies House within 15 days of being passed, no fee is payable to Companies House. A company can decrease its authorised share capital by passing a resolution to cancel shares which have not been taken or agreed to be taken by any person. Notice of the cancellation, on Form 122, must reach Companies House within one month, no fee is payable to Companies House. A company may have as different types of shares as it wishes
Public limited company
2.
Ticker symbol
–
A ticker symbol or stock symbol is an abbreviation used to uniquely identify publicly traded shares of a particular stock on a particular stock market. A stock symbol may consist of letters, numbers or a combination of both, ticker symbol refers to the symbols that were printed on the ticker tape of a ticker tape machine. Stock symbols are unique identifiers assigned to each security traded on a particular market, for example, AAPL is for Apple Inc. OODH is for Orion DHC, Inc. and HD is for Home Depot, a stock symbol can consist of letters, numbers, or a combination of both, and is a way to uniquely identify that stock. The symbols were kept as short as possible to reduce the number of characters that had to be printed on the ticker tape, the allocation of symbols and formatting convention is specific to each stock exchange. In the US, for example, stock tickers are typically between 1 and 4 letters and represent the name where possible. In Europe, most exchanges use three-letter codes, for example Dutch consumer goods company Unilever traded on the Amsterdam Euronext exchange has the symbol UNA, while in Asia, numbers are often used as stock tickers to avoid issues for international investors when using non-Latin scripts. For example, the bank HSBCs stock traded on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange has the ticker symbol 0005, symbols sometimes change to reflect mergers. Prior to the 1999 merger with Mobil Oil, Exxon used a spelling of the company XON as its ticker symbol. The symbol of the firm after the merger was XOM, symbols are sometimes reused, in the US the single-letter symbols are particularly sought after as vanity symbols. For example, since Mar 2008 Visa Inc. has used the symbol V that had previously used by Vivendi which had delisted. To fully qualify a stock, both the ticker and the exchange or country of listing needs to be known, on many systems both must be specified to uniquely identify the security. This is often done by appending the location or exchange code to the ticker, although stock tickers identify a security, they are exchange dependent, generally limited to stocks and can change. These limitations have led to the development of other codes in financial markets to identify securities for settlement purposes, the most prevalent of these is the International Securities Identifying Number. An ISIN uniquely identifies a security and its structure is defined in ISO6166, Securities for which ISINs are issued include bonds, commercial paper, stocks, and warrants. The ISIN identifies the security, not the exchange on which it trades, for instance, Daimler AG stock trades on twenty-two different stock exchanges worldwide, and is priced in five different currencies, it has the same ISIN on each, though not the same ticker symbol. ISIN cannot specify a particular trade in this case, and another identifier, following the introduction of the Sequence trading platform in 1996, EPICs were renamed Tradable Instrument Display Mnemonics, but they are still widely referred to as EPICs. Stocks can also be identified using their SEDOL number or their ISIN, in the United States, modern letter-only ticker symbols were developed by Standard & Poors to bring a national standard to investing
Ticker symbol
–
Stock
telegraph ticker machine by
Thomas Edison
3.
London Stock Exchange
–
The London Stock Exchange is a stock exchange located in the City of London in the United Kingdom. As of December 2014, the Exchange had a capitalisation of US$6.06 trillion. The Exchange was founded in 1801 and its current premises are situated in Paternoster Square close to St Pauls Cathedral in the City of London, the Exchange is part of the London Stock Exchange Group. London Stock Exchange is one of the world’s oldest stock exchanges, London Stock Exchange Group was created in October 2007 when London Stock Exchange merged with Milan Stock Exchange, Borsa Italiana. The Royal Exchange had been founded by English financier Thomas Gresham on the model of the Antwerp Bourse and it was opened by Elizabeth I of England in 1571. During the 17th century, stockbrokers were not allowed in the Royal Exchange due to their rude manners and they had to operate from other establishments in the vicinity, notably Jonathans Coffee-House. At that coffee house, a broker named John Casting started listing the prices of a few commodities, exchange rates and certain key provisions such as salt, coal, originally, this was not a daily list and was only published a few days of the week. This list and activity was moved to Garraway’s coffee house. Public auctions during this period were conducted for the duration that a length of tallow candle could burn, as stocks grew, with new companies joining to raise capital, the royal court also raised some monies. These are the earliest evidence of organised trading in securities in London. After Greshams Royal Exchange building was destroyed in the Great Fire of London, it was rebuilt and this was a move away from coffee houses and a step towards the modern model of stock exchange. The Royal Exchange not only housed brokers but also merchants and merchandise and this was the birth of a regulated stock market, which had teething problems in the shape of unlicensed brokers. In order to regulate these, Parliament brought out an act in 1697 that levied heavy penalties and it also set a fixed number of brokers, which was later increased as the size of the trade grew. The street in which they were now dealing was known as Exchange Alley, Parliament tried to regulate this and ban the unofficial traders from the Change streets. Traders became weary of bubbles when companies rose quickly and fell, after the Seven Years War, trade at Jonathans coffee house boomed again. In 1773, Jonathan, together with 150 other brokers, formed a club and opened a new and this now had a set entrance fee, through which traders could enter the stock room and trade securities. It was, however, not a location for trading. Fraud was also rife during these times and in order to such dealings
London Stock Exchange
London Stock Exchange
–
Paternoster Square; the LSE occupies the building that takes up much of the right side of this picture.
London Stock Exchange
–
London Stock Exchange in 1810
London Stock Exchange
–
The
Stock Exchange Tower pictured from atop the
National Westminster Tower in 1983.
4.
Irish Stock Exchange
–
The Irish Stock Exchange is Irelands main stock exchange, and has been in existence since 1793. The Irish Stock Exchange is a leader in the listing of debt and fund securities and is a European gateway exchange for companies seeking to access investors in Europe. With over 35,000 securities listed on its markets, the ISE is the exchange of choice for over 4,000 issuers from more than 85 countries to raise funds and access international investors. It also found that having a domestic securities industry centered on the Irish Stock Exchange generates €207m in estimated direct economic impact, in 2017, the ISE was named the #2 Best Medium Workplace in Ireland at the Great Place to Work Awards. In 2015, the ISE won a GPtW Inspiring Award for work it completed on its history and was ranked in the Top 50 Great Places to Work Europe, there are currently 50 companies with shares listed on the markets of the Irish Stock Exchange. New equity listings in 2016 came from Venn Life Sciences, Draper Esprit, and Dalata Hotel Group, three other IPOs took place in 2015 raising a further €650m, Applegreen, Permanent TSB and Hostelworld. These three companies raised a total of €484m at IPO. Total fund raisings in 2014 of listed companies was €1. 3bn, the second #IPOready programme will commence in 2017. The ISE’s electronic trading platform is called ISE Xetra and is provided in partnership with Deutsche Börse since the ISE closed its trading floor in Anglesea Street Dublin 2 on 6 June 2000. Shares trading on the ISE are settled by Euroclear UK & Ireland via the CREST system, the ISE is the main centre of liquidity in Irish shares. The company with the highest turnover on the ISE in 2016 was CRH and this was followed Ryanair, Paddy Power Betfair, Bank of Ireland and Kerry Group. Trading volumes on the exchange in 2011 were about a quarter of the 2007 peak, in June 2012, following the collapse of a stockbrokers, the Irish Independent asked Will there even be a stand-alone Irish equity market in five years time. The ISE is among the leading centres globally for the listing of securities with statistics showing debt listings growing by more than 7% in 2016 to reach over 29,000 securities. The ISE was ranked at #2 among global exchanges according to released by the World Federation of Exchanges at the end of December 2016. Global investment managers can choose one of two markets when listings funds, the MSM or GEM. Notable investment managers listing funds on ISE markets include Tideway, BNY Mellon, PIMCO, in 2014 the ISE launched www. isefundhub. com, an information portal for funds listed on the ISE and funds domiciled in Ireland. LEIs are codes designed to create a reference data system that uniquely identifies every legal entity or structure, in any jurisdiction. Businesses may apply for an LEI code through ISEdirect, lEIs were brought in by global regulators as part of the response to the global financial crisis
Irish Stock Exchange
Irish Stock Exchange
Irish Stock Exchange
–
The Royal Exchange in 1837
5.
FTSE 100 Index
–
It is seen as a gauge of prosperity for businesses regulated by UK company law. The index is maintained by the FTSE Group, a subsidiary of the London Stock Exchange Group. The index is maintained by the FTSE Group, a now wholly owned subsidiary of the London Stock Exchange which originated as a joint venture between the Financial Times and the London Stock Exchange and it is calculated in real time and published every second when the market is open. The FTSE100 broadly consists of the largest 100 qualifying UK companies by market value. A better indication of the UK economy is the FTSE250, FTSE100 companies represent about 81% of the entire market capitalisation of the London Stock Exchange. Even though the FTSE All-Share Index is more comprehensive, the FTSE100 is by far the most widely used UK stock market indicator, other related indices are the FTSE250 Index, the FTSE350 Index, FTSE SmallCap Index and the FTSE Fledgling Index. The FTSE All-Share aggregates the FTSE100, FTSE250 and FTSE SmallCap, continuous trading on the London Stock Exchange starts at 08,00 and ends at 16,30, and closing values are taken at 16,35. In the FTSE indices, share prices are weighted by market capitalisation, the factor is then rounded up to the nearest multiple of 5%. To find the free-float capitalisation of a company, first find its market cap then multiply by its free-float factor, free-float capitalisation, therefore, does not include restricted stocks, such as those held by company insiders. The index reached the record values, The index began on 3 January 1984 at the base level of 1000. The highest closing value of 7,429.81 was reached on 20 March 2017 with intra-day highest value is reached on 17 February to 7,447.00. The previous peaks were over 17 years previously, on the last trading day of 1999, during the bubble, and in April 2015. After falling during the crisis of 2007-2010 to below 3500 in March 2009. The following table lists the FTSE100 companies measured by market capitalisation after the changes on 15 February 2016, the numbers of employees are taken from company reports, mostly dated between 2013 and 2015, and the Financial Times. The index consists of 100 companies, but there are 101 listings, schroders Non Voting shares were also listed until 1 June 2012 when the FTSEs stricter rules came into force. The constituents following the changes of 20 March 2017 were as follows, source, the oldest continuous index in the UK is the FT30, also known as the Financial Times Index or the FT Ordinary Index. It was established in 1935 and nowadays is largely due to its redundancy. It is similar to the Dow Jones Industrial Average, and companies listed are from the industrial and commercial sectors, Financial sector companies and government stocks are excluded
FTSE 100 Index
–
FTSE 100 Index performance between 1984 and 2015
6.
Retail
–
Retail markets and shops have a very ancient history, dating back to antiquity. Retailing involves the process of selling goods or services to customers through multiple channels of distribution to earn a profit. Retailers satisfy demand is identified through a supply chain, Once the strategic retail plan is in place, retailers devise the retail mix which includes product, price, place, promotion, personnel and presentation. In the digital age, a number of retailers are seeking to reach broader markets by selling through multiple channels. Digital technologies are changing the way that consumers pay for goods. Retailing support services may include the provision of credit, delivery services. Shopping generally refers to the act of buying products, sometimes this is done to obtain final goods, including necessities such as food and clothing, sometimes it takes place as a recreational activity. Recreational shopping often involves window shopping and browsing, it not always result in a purchase. Retail shops occur in a range of types and in many different contexts - from strip shopping centres in residential streets through to large. Shopping streets may restrict traffic to pedestrians only, forms of non-shop retailing include online retailing and mail order. Retail comes from the Old French word tailler, which means to cut off, clip, pare and it was first recorded as a noun with the meaning of a sale in small quantities in 1433. Like in French, the retail in both Dutch and German also refers to the sale of small quantities of items. Also see History of merchants, History of the market place, open air, public markets were known in ancient Babylonia and Assyria. These markets typically occupied a place in the towns centre, surrounding the market, skilled artisans, such as metal-workers and leather workers, occupied premises in alley ways that led to the open market-place. These artisans may have sold wares directly from their premises, in ancient Greece markets operated within the agora, and in ancient Rome the forum. In antiquity, exchange involved direct selling, merchants or peddlers, the Phoenicians, noted for their seafaring skills, plied their ships across the Mediterranean, becoming a major trading power by 9th century BCE. The Phoenicians imported and exported wood, textiles, glass and produce such as wine, oil, dried fruit, the Phoenicians extensive trade networks necessitated considerable book-keeping and correspondence. In around 1500 BCE, the Phoenicians developed an alphabet which was much easier to learn that the complex scripts used in ancient Egypt
Retail
–
Macy's Herald Square,
New York City.
Retail
–
Fruit shop in
Naggar,
Himachal Pradesh,
India
Retail
–
San Juan de Dios Market in
Guadalajara, Jalisco
Retail
–
Inside a supermarket in
Russia
7.
Metropolitan Borough of Hackney
–
The Metropolitan Borough of Hackney was a Metropolitan borough of the County of London from 1900 to 1965. Its area became part of the London Borough of Hackney, the borough was one of twenty-eight metropolitan boroughs created by the London Government Act 1899. It was the successor to the vestry of the parish of Hackney, a further adjustment was made in 1908, when areas were exchanged with Tottenham Urban District, Middlesex. It had a border with Leyton Urban District in Essex to the east and to the north, the metropolitan borough included the districts of Hackney, Upper and Lower Clapton, Homerton, Dalston and Kingsland. It also included Stoke Newington Common, and the eastern side of Stoke Newington High Street. The metropolitan borough was almost coterminous with the ancient parish of Hackney, statistics were compiled by the London County Council in 1901 to show population growth in London over the preceding century. The area of the borough in 1901 was 3,289 acres.06 km² - approximately 4,710 acres, in 2005, in 1901 Hackney the population density was 16, 475/km². 1 or Stamford Hill, No.2 or West, No.3 or De Beauvoir Town, No.4 or Dalston, No.5 or Hackney, No.6 or Homerton and No.7 or South. The Hackney Vestry was controlled by the Progressive Party, the grouping linked with the parliamentary Liberal Party, opposition on the body was provided by the Conservative-backed Moderate Party. The vestry had 119 members, with one third elected annually, in 1894 as its population had increased the incorporated vestry was re-divided into eight wards, Stamford Hill, West, Kingsland, Hackney, Mare Street, South, Clapton and Homerton. The London Government Act 1899 replaced the incorporated vestries with borough councils consisting of a mayor, aldermen, all councillors were to be elected every three years. There was one alderman for every six councillors, and these were elected by the council itself, boundary commissioners were appointed under the London Government Act 1899 to divide the new boroughs into wards, and to apportion councillors to each ward. It was decided to continue to use the eight vestry wards, the Moderates claimed that Stamford Hill and West Hackney wards were under-represented and should be given nine councillors, with the remaining six wards having six each. With 10 aldermen, the borough council thus had 70 members, at the next election in 1903 the Progressives won control with 49 seats to 11 Conservatives. Three years later the Conservatives ran under the Municipal Reform label, Municipal Reformers won 18 seats and independents supported by them won 20, giving them a majority over the Progressives with 22 seats. The Progressives regained the council in 1909 with a narrow majority, the next elections, postponed until 1919 due to the First World War, were won by the Labour Party, Labour won 32 seats, Municipal Reform 15 and Progressives 13. At the next elections in 1922 a Progressive Reform anti-Labour alliance won all seats on the council, the 1928 election was partly run on party lines, the Municipal Reform party won control with 31 seats, other Anti-Labour candidates won 15, Labour won 12 and Progressives 1. In 1931 Municipal Reformers won all but one seat, which was held by Labour, Labour gained control of the borough council in 1934, and held power for the rest of the boroughs existence
Metropolitan Borough of Hackney
–
Hackney Town Hall
8.
London
–
London /ˈlʌndən/ is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom. Standing on the River Thames in the south east of the island of Great Britain and it was founded by the Romans, who named it Londinium. Londons ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its 1. 12-square-mile medieval boundaries. London is a global city in the arts, commerce, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research and development, tourism. It is crowned as the worlds largest financial centre and has the fifth- or sixth-largest metropolitan area GDP in the world, London is a world cultural capital. It is the worlds most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the worlds largest city airport system measured by passenger traffic, London is the worlds leading investment destination, hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city. Londons universities form the largest concentration of education institutes in Europe. In 2012, London became the first city to have hosted the modern Summer Olympic Games three times, London has a diverse range of people and cultures, and more than 300 languages are spoken in the region. Its estimated mid-2015 municipal population was 8,673,713, the largest of any city in the European Union, Londons urban area is the second most populous in the EU, after Paris, with 9,787,426 inhabitants at the 2011 census. The citys metropolitan area is the most populous in the EU with 13,879,757 inhabitants, the city-region therefore has a similar land area and population to that of the New York metropolitan area. London was the worlds most populous city from around 1831 to 1925, Other famous landmarks include Buckingham Palace, the London Eye, Piccadilly Circus, St Pauls Cathedral, Tower Bridge, Trafalgar Square, and The Shard. The London Underground is the oldest underground railway network in the world, the etymology of London is uncertain. It is an ancient name, found in sources from the 2nd century and it is recorded c.121 as Londinium, which points to Romano-British origin, and hand-written Roman tablets recovered in the city originating from AD 65/70-80 include the word Londinio. The earliest attempted explanation, now disregarded, is attributed to Geoffrey of Monmouth in Historia Regum Britanniae and this had it that the name originated from a supposed King Lud, who had allegedly taken over the city and named it Kaerlud. From 1898, it was accepted that the name was of Celtic origin and meant place belonging to a man called *Londinos. The ultimate difficulty lies in reconciling the Latin form Londinium with the modern Welsh Llundain, which should demand a form *lōndinion, from earlier *loundiniom. The possibility cannot be ruled out that the Welsh name was borrowed back in from English at a later date, and thus cannot be used as a basis from which to reconstruct the original name. Until 1889, the name London officially applied only to the City of London, two recent discoveries indicate probable very early settlements near the Thames in the London area
London
–
Palace of Westminster,
Buckingham Palace and
Central London skyline
London
London
London
–
The name London may derive from the
River Thames
9.
Jack Cohen (businessman)
–
Sir John Edward Cohen, born Jacob Edward Kohen and commonly known as Sir Jack Cohen, was an English grocer who founded the Tesco supermarket chain. Cohen was born in London and grew up in Whitechapel and his family was Jewish, his father, Avroam Kohen, was a Polish immigrant from Łódź who worked as a tailor, and his mother was Sime Zamremba. He was named Jacob Edward Kohen, but was known as Jack from an early age and he was educated at the London County Council elementary school on Rutland Street until he was aged 14 and then began his working life as an apprentice tailor to his father. His mother died in 1915 and his father remarried and he became estranged from his father after an argument about his career choice as a grocer. In 1917, he volunteered to join the Royal Flying Corps where he used his skills as a canvas maker for balloons. He served in France, and also in Egypt and Palestine and he was on board a ship that was sunk by a mine outside Alexandria in 1917. He returned to England after contracting malaria, and was demobilised in 1919 and he married Sarah Fox, daughter of an immigrant Russian-Jewish tailor, in 1924. Cissie was a supporter of her husbands business interests, so much so that the money they received as wedding gifts was invested in a wholesale venture. They had two daughters, Sybil Irene born 1926 and Shirley born 1930, Irene married Hyman Kreitman and Shirley married Leslie Porter. He continued to work after an operation in 1958, even after standing down as chairman of Tesco in 1969. At each market the traders would gather and, at a signal they would race to their favoured pitch, Cohen could not run fast so he simply threw his cap at the spot and this could beat anyone. He soon became the owner of a number of market stalls, initially the other stalls were run by members of the family but gradually non-family members were added. Cohen and his wife worked 7 days a week, starting at dawn, in 1924, he created the Tesco brand name from the initials of a tea supplier, T. E. Stockwell, and the first two letters of his surname. The first two Tesco stores opened at Becontree and Burnt Oak in 1931, by 1939, Cohen owned a hundred Tesco stores. His expansion was helped by the growth of new shopping centres, retailers are often reluctant to be the first to sign a contract in a new centre lest they become the only ones. With his market experience and courage, Cohen was often the one to take that risk, developers became keen to help him with his start-up costs because of his ability to get people into a new centre, with benefit to the other shops. In 1932, having opened his first Tesco-named shops, Cohen travelled to the United States to review their self-service supermarkets, at the time he was not impressed and felt they would never be accepted in the UK. After the war he took another look and listened to his son-in-law Hyman Kreitman and he opened one of the first British supermarkets
Jack Cohen (businessman)
–
Blue plaque in
Whitechapel
10.
Welwyn Garden City
–
Welwyn Garden City /ˈwɛlɪn/ is a town in Hertfordshire, England. It is located approximately 20 miles from Kings Cross, London, Welwyn Garden City was the second garden city in England and one of the first new towns. It is unique in being both a city and a new town and exemplifies the physical, social and cultural planning ideals of the periods in which it was built. Welwyn Garden City was founded by Sir Ebenezer Howard in the 1920s following his previous experiment in Letchworth Garden City, Howard had called for the creation of planned towns that were to combine the benefits of the city and the countryside and to avoid the disadvantages of both. On 29 April 1920 a company, Welwyn Garden City Limited, was formed to plan and build the garden city, louis de Soissons was appointed as architect and town planner, C. B Purdom as finance director and Frederic Osborn as secretary. The first house was occupied just before Christmas 1920, the town is laid out along tree-lined boulevards with a neo-Georgian town centre. It has its own environmental protection legislation, the Scheme of Management for Welwyn Garden City, every road has a wide grass verge. The spine of the town is Parkway, a mall or scenic parkway. The view along Parkway to the south was described as one of the worlds finest urban vistas. Commercial pressures have since ensured much more competition and variety, during World War II the Special Operations Executive had a research department in the town, and the Inter-Services Research Bureau developed the Welrod pistol and the Welgun sub-machinegun there. Station IX was a secret SOE factory making commando equipment at the Frythe Hotel, in 1948, Welwyn Garden City was designated a new town under the New Towns Act 1946 and the Welwyn Garden City company handed its assets to the Welwyn Garden City Development Corporation. Louis de Soissons remained as its planning consultant and that year The Times compared Welwyn Garden City with Hatfield. Welwyn, though far from perfect, made the New Towns Act possible, just as Hatfield, by its imperfection, in 1966, the Development Corporation was wound up and handed over to the Commission for New Towns. The housing stock, neighbourhood shopping and green spaces were passed to Welwyn Hatfield District Council between 1978 and 1983. There was a general hospital in the town, the Queen Elizabeth II Hospital. A new hospital, completed in June 2015, offers outpatient, diagnostic, a shopping mall, the Howard Centre, was built in the 1980s, incorporating the original railway station. Roman baths are preserved in a vault underneath junction 6 of the A1 and are open to visitors. The local civic society, which aims to preserve and conserve the garden city ethos, is the Welwyn Garden City Society, the international ecumenical Focolare movement has its British headquarters at Welwyn Garden City
Welwyn Garden City
–
View to the northwest from the Parkway Fountain
11.
Hertfordshire
–
Hertfordshire is a county in southern England, bordered by Bedfordshire to the north, Cambridgeshire to the north-east, Essex to the east, Buckinghamshire to the west and Greater London to the south. For government statistical purposes, it is placed in the East of England region, in 2013, the county had a population of 1,140,700 living in an area of 634 square miles. Four towns have between 50,000 and 100,000 residents, Hemel Hempstead, Stevenage, Watford and St Albans. Hertford, once the market town for the medieval agricultural county derives its name from a hart. Elevations are high for the region in the north and west and these reach over 240m in the western projection around Tring which is in the Chilterns. The countys borders are approximately the watersheds of the Colne and Lea, hertfordshires undeveloped land is mainly agricultural and much is protected by green belt. The countys landmarks span many centuries, ranging from the Six Hills in the new town of Stevenage built by local inhabitants during the Roman period, Leavesden filmed much of the UK-based $7.7 Bn box office Harry Potter film series and has the countrys studio tour. Saint Alban, a Romano-British soldier, took the place of a Christian priest and was beheaded on Holywell Hill and his martyrs cross of a yellow saltire on a blue background is reflected in the flag and coat of arms of Hertfordshire. Hertfordshire is well-served with motorways and railways, providing access to London. The largest sector of the economy of the county is in services, Hertfordshire was the area assigned to a fortress constructed at Hertford under the rule of Edward the Elder in 913. Hertford is derived from the Anglo-Saxon heort ford, meaning deer crossing, the name Hertfordshire is first recorded in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle in 1011. Deer feature in many county emblems, there is evidence of humans living in Hertfordshire from the Mesolithic period. It was first farmed during the Neolithic period and permanent habitation appeared at the beginning of the Bronze Age and this was followed by tribes settling in the area during the Iron Age. 293 the first recorded British martyrdom is believed to have taken place. Saint Alban, a Romano-British soldier, took the place of a Christian priest and was beheaded on Holywell Hill. His martyrs cross of a saltire on a blue background is reflected in the flag. He is the Patron Saint of Hertfordshire, with the departure of the Roman Legions in the early 5th century, the now unprotected territory was invaded and colonised by the Anglo-Saxons. By the 6th century the majority of the county was part of the East Saxon kingdom
Hertfordshire
–
Autumn harvest near St Albans
Hertfordshire
Hertfordshire
–
The offices of
T-Mobile, Hatfield
Hertfordshire
–
Headquarters of
Tesco
12.
Dave Lewis (businessman)
–
David John Lewis is a British businessman. In the past, he has worked for Unilever, in July 2014, it was announced that he was appointed CEO of Tesco. His last post at Unilever was president of global personal care and he left this role to become CEO of Tesco effective of 1 September 2014. David John Lewis was born in March 1965, in Yorkshire, Lewis attended Hills Road Sixth Form College in Cambridge from 1979 to 1981. After Thorne Grammar School, he went to university, graduating from Trent Polytechnic, now Nottingham Trent University and he also attended Harvard University in 2002, where he completed the Advanced Management Programme offered by Harvard Business School. In 2012, Nottingham Trent University awarded Lewis with an honorary doctorate, Lewis worked at Unilever for over 27 years in various posts. In August 2014, he left the company to become CEO of the British multinational retailer Tesco, in 1987, after graduating from Nottingham Trent University, Lewis obtained a post as graduate trainee at the Anglo-Dutch multinational Unilever, in the UK. He worked at Unilever for 27 years from 1987 until September 2014, between 1990 and 1992, he worked at National Accounts for the company. One of the biggest successes of his career at Unilever was in 1992 when he launched Dove, a personal care brand, in the UK. The launch of Dove in the UK was seen as a success considering the fact that Dove is now one of Unilevers largest brands contributing $5,885 million to the company for the year 2014. A year later, in 1993, he became operations manager for Unilever in the UK. During his 27 years at Unilever, Lewis occupied various posts around the world, after working for the company for 12 years, Lewis moved to South America in 1996 to begin work as Marketing Director of River Plate which involved Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay. Three years later, in 1999, he moved to Indonesia where he worked as Managing Director of Unilever for the business of personal care of the country. From results produced by Unilever, Lewis managed to obtain an annual growth rate of 30% for the business of personal care of Indonesia. He served at this post until September 2001 and he served at this post for three years. In 2005, he returned to the UK and worked as Managing Director of the UKs home, in 2004, Lewis and his team came up with the unconventional marketing approach called “Real Beauty” campaign as a marketing strategy for Unilevers Dove brand. This involved using everyday women rather than models to feature in the brand’s advertisements, the beauty campaign has received positive criticism since it has encouraged women to challenge the beauty standards of today’s world. In 2007, he was appointed chairman of Unilever for UK, in 2010, after working for the company for 23 years, Lewis became president of the Americas
Dave Lewis (businessman)
–
Dave Lewis in 2013
13.
Supermarket
–
A supermarket, a large form of the traditional grocery store, is a self-service shop offering a wide variety of food and household products, organized into aisles. It is larger and has a wider selection than a grocery store. The traditional supermarket occupies a large amount of space, usually on a single level. It is usually situated near an area in order to be convenient to consumers. The basic appeal is the availability of a selection of goods under a single roof. Other advantages include ease of parking and frequently the convenience of shopping hours that extend into the evening or even 24 hours of day, Supermarkets usually allocate large budgets to advertising, typically through newspapers. They also present elaborate in-shop displays of products, the shops are usually part of corporate chains that own or control other supermarkets located nearby—even transnationally—thus increasing opportunities for economies of scale. Supermarkets typically are supplied by the centres of their parent companies. Supermarkets usually offer products at low prices by using their buying power to buy goods from manufacturers at lower prices than smaller stores can. They also minimise financing costs by paying for goods at least 30 days after receipt, certain products are very occasionally sold as loss leaders, that is, with negative profit margins so as to attract shoppers to their store. There is some debate as to the effectiveness of this tactic, to maintain a profit, supermarkets make up for the lower margins by a higher overall volume of sales, and with the sale of higher-margin items bought by the intended higher volume of shoppers. Customers usually shop by placing their selected merchandise into shopping carts or baskets, a larger full-service supermarket combined with a department store is sometimes known as a hypermarket. If the eatery in a supermarket is substantial enough, the facility may be called a grocerant, also, most foods and merchandise did not come in individually wrapped consumer-sized packages, so an assistant had to measure out and wrap the precise amount desired by the consumer. This also offered opportunities for interaction, many regarded this style of shopping as a social occasion. These practices were by nature very labor-intensive and therefore also quite expensive, the shopping process was slow, as the number of customers who could be attended to at one time was limited by the number of staff employed in the store. The concept of a food market relying on large economies of scale was developed by Vincent Astor. The expectation was that customers would come from great distances, but in the end even attracting people from ten blocks away was difficult, the concept of a self-service grocery store was developed by entrepreneur Clarence Saunders and his Piggly Wiggly stores. His first store opened in 1916, Saunders was awarded a number of patents for the ideas he incorporated into his stores
Supermarket
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Produce section in a
Brazilian supermarket
Supermarket
–
Packaged food aisles in a
hypermarket
Supermarket
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A supermarket in Sweden in 1941
Supermarket
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Consumers shopping for fresh produce and fruit.
14.
Hypermarket
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In commerce, a hypermarket is a superstore combining a supermarket and a department store. The result is a retail facility carrying a wide range of products under one roof, including full groceries lines. In theory, hypermarkets allow customers to satisfy all their shopping needs in one trip. The term hypermarket was coined in 1968 by French trade expert Jacques Pictet, hypermarkets, like other big-box stores, typically have business models focusing on high-volume, low-margin sales. Typically covering an area of 5,000 to 15,000 square metres, because of their large footprints, many hypermarkets choose suburban or out-of-town locations that are easily accessible by automobile. The stores innovations included a store alongside a drugstore plus off-street parking. In 1933, mens and womens wear was added, and automotive department, housewares, by the 1950s, Fred Meyer began opening stores that were 45,000 sq ft to 70,000 sq ft, and the 1960s saw the first modern-sized Fred Meyer hypermarkets. The substantially larger store opened a week later in Auderghem near Brussels. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, the three major US discount store chains – Walmart, Kmart and Target – started developing hypermarkets. Most Greatland stores have since converted to SuperTarget stores, while some have been converted into regular Target stores with the exception of 2 entrances. In the early 1990s, US hypermarkets also began selling fuel, the idea was first introduced in the 1960s, when a number of supermarket chains and retailers like Sears tried to sell fuel, but it didnt generate sufficient consumer interest at the time. Today there are approximately 4,500 hypermarket stores in the US selling fuel, the average Walmart Supercenter covers around 179,000 square feet, with the largest ones covering 260,000 sq ft. A typical Carrefour hypermarket still covers 10,000 m2, while the European trend in the 2000s has rather turned towards smaller hypermarkets of 3,000 to 5,000 m2. In France, INSEE defines hypermarkets as non-specialized markets with a size of 2,500 m2. In France, hypermarkets are generally situated in shopping centers outside of cities and they are surrounded by extensive car parking facilities, and generally by other specialized superstores that sell clothing, sports gear, automotive items, etc. In Japan, hypermarkets may be found in areas as well as less populated areas. The Japanese government encourages hypermarket installations, as investment by financial stocks are a common way to run hypermarkets. A recent trend has been to combine the dollar store concept with the hypermarket blueprint, sanyal has also argued that some developing countries such as India may even skip the hypermarket stage and directly go online
Hypermarket
–
Packaged food aisles at a
Fred Meyer hypermarket in
Portland, Oregon
Hypermarket
–
Asian hypermarket in the
Philippines, a branch of
SM Hypermarket in
SM Mall of Asia in
Pasay,
Metro Manila was an example.
Hypermarket
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The produce section of a typical
Walmart Supercenter (Walmart's hypermarket brand) in Mexico
15.
Big-box store
–
A big-box store is a physically large retail establishment, usually part of a chain. The term sometimes refers, by extension, to the company that operates the store. Typical architectural characteristics include the following, Large, free-standing, cuboid, the flat roof and ceiling trusses are generally made of steel, and the walls are concrete block clad in metal or masonry siding. The structure typically sits in the middle of a large, paved parking lot and it is meant to be accessed by vehicle, rather than by pedestrians. In countries where space is at a premium, such as the United Kingdom, labor unions oppose big-box development because the employees of such stores are usually not unionized. Unions are especially concerned about the market because stores such as Kmart, Target. Unions and cities are attempting to use ordinances to restrict these businesses. Because it is inaccessible to pedestrians and often can only be reached by motor vehicles, the big-box store is regarded as unsustainable. Some communities have adopted a higher level of treatment and regulations to ensure that the superstores relate better to their environment. There are also concerns surrounding traffic and roads, the increased traffic leads to more air pollution in an area and higher taxes in order to maintain the roads. The first company in Australia to use the model was IKEA beginning operation in Australia in 1975. Bunnings Warehouse followed in 1995 and Mitre 10 Australia adopted the model with the Mitre 10 Mega stores first opening at Beenleigh, Costco has since expanded across Australia since opening its first store in 2009. Apart from major American big-box stores such as Walmart Canada and briefly now-defunct Target Canada, in the early 21st century, commercial developers in Canada such as RioCan chose to build big-box stores in lieu of traditional shopping malls. Examples include Deerfoot Meadows, Stonegate Shopping Centre and Preston Crossing, South Edmonton Common, there are currently more than 300 power centres, which usually contain multiple big-box stores, located throughout Canada. To contend against Carrefour, PARKnSHOP opened the first superstore in 1996 based on the concept of a wet market, most superstores in Hong Kong emphasizes one-stop shopping, such as providing car park services. Today, PARKnSHOP has more than 50 superstores and megastores, making it the largest superstore network in Hong Kong, the first Wellcome superstore opened in 2000 and it has only 17 superstores. In addition, CRC has four superstores in Kong Kong, however, because Hong Kong is a very densely populated city, the sizes of superstores are considerablely smaller than those in other countries. Some superstores are running at deficit, such as Chelsea Heights which therefore has stopped selling fresh fish, furthermore, some PARKnSHOP superstores and megastores, such as Fortress World, belong to the same corporation, Hutchison Whampoa
Big-box store
–
Exterior of a Walmart Supercenter, an archetypal big-box store, in
Madison Heights, Virginia
Big-box store
–
A
Sears big box store with subway station
Big-box store
–
Interior of Mitre 10 MEGA, a big box hardware store in Australia
Big-box store
–
A superstore in Hong Kong
16.
Earnings before interest and taxes
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In accounting and finance, earnings before interest and taxes, is a measure of a firms profit that includes all expenses except interest and income tax expenses. It is the difference between operating revenues and operating expenses, when a firm does not have non-operating income, then operating income is sometimes used as a synonym for EBIT and operating profit. To calculate EBIT, expenses are subtracted from revenues, net income is later obtained by subtracting interest and taxes from the result
Earnings before interest and taxes
–
Accounting
17.
Net income
–
In business, net income is an entitys income minus cost of goods sold, expenses and taxes for an accounting period. In the context of the presentation of financial statements, the IFRS Foundation defines net income as synonymous with profit, net income is a distinct accounting concept from profit but the same as net profit. Net income can also be calculated by adding a companys operating income to non-operating income, net income can be distributed among holders of common stock as a dividend or held by the firm as an addition to retained earnings. As profit and earnings are used synonymously for income, net earnings, often, the term income is substituted for net income, yet this is not preferred due to the possible ambiguity. Net income is called the bottom line because it is typically found on the last line of a companys income statement. The items deducted will typically include tax expense, financing expense, likewise, preferred stock dividends will be subtracted too, though they are not an expense. For a merchandising company, subtracted costs may be the cost of goods sold, sales discounts, for a product company advertising, manufacturing, and design and development costs are included
Net income
–
Accounting
18.
Tesco Bank
–
Tesco Bank is a British retail bank which was formed in 1997, and which has been wholly owned by Tesco plc since 2008. The bank was formed as part of a 50,50 joint venture between The Royal Bank of Scotland and Tesco, the UKs largest supermarket. The bank offers a range of insurance, credit cards, loans, savings, mortgages and travel products, Tesco Bank came third in the British Bank Awards, with an average customer satisfaction of 87. 8%. As of February 2014, the bank has around 7 million customer accounts, prior to the formation of Tesco Personal Finance plc, Tesco had a banking joint venture with NatWest, which ended in February 1997. TPF was formed in July 1997 following the launch of Sainsburys Bank by its main UK competitor. The bank was launched as a joint venture with the Royal Bank of Scotland, subsidiary companies of the Royal Bank, such as Direct Line, UKI and Lombard Direct helped Tesco Personal Finance provide insurance products. In July 2008, Tesco announced that they were buying out the Royal Bank of Scotlands 50% stake in the company for £950 million, in October 2009, Tesco Personal Finance was renamed Tesco Bank. Tesco Bank provides a range of accounts, including current accounts, mortgages, credit cards, loans, savings accounts, insurance. Mortgages were added in August 2012, after briefly offering products provided by First Active in 2004, the bank confirmed in 2013 that it planned to launch a current account, and the first account was launched on 10 June 2014. The bank is registered in Scotland at Interpoint Building,22 Haymarket Yards, Edinburgh, while operating as a joint venture the bank shared its registered office with RBS at St Andrew Square, Edinburgh. In July 2010 Tesco Bank opened two offices at Quorum Business Park in Newcastle and a larger one at Broadway One in Glasgow. Since then there has also been an office opened in South Gyle, Tesco Bank software is developed at its Bengaluru campus in the Indian state of Karnataka. During 2009 Tesco initiated a plan to roll out in-store branches, on 14 May 2016, Tesco Bank closed all three remaining branches with a focus on being a completely online bank. In addition, there are over 270 Tesco Travel Money Bureaux, the following day the bank suspended online transactions and made a statement saying up to 40,000 customers had been affected. Shares in the group fell 3% on the news
Tesco Bank
–
Tesco Personal Finance plc
19.
Tesco Mobile
–
Tesco Mobile Limited is a mobile virtual network operator in the United Kingdom, Ireland, Slovakia, Hungary, and the Czech Republic. It is operated by Tesco, using the O2 network as its carrier except in Hungary, where the operator is Vodafone and Ireland. Network services supported in the UK, Voicemail, Call Waiting, Network services not supported in the UK, Visual voicemail, Conference calling and Call Forwarding. On 30 January 2014, Tesco Mobile started offering 4G service for its Pay Monthly and Sim Only customers at no extra cost, Tesco Mobile Customer Care services are contracted out to O2 Communications Ltd in Bury, Greater Manchester. Device Technical support services are contracted out to LucidCX based in Bristol, device repair services are contracted to A Novo UK Ltd. Tesco Mobile was established in May 2003, it is run on the O2 network in the UK, on 19 December 2006, Tesco Ireland announced that it would enter into a joint venture with O2 Ireland to offer mobile telecommunications services. The service, which is Irelands second MVNO, uses the O2 network and it has been allocated the area code 089. As with Tescos UK mobile service, it has been branded Tesco Mobile, the network commenced operation in 2007. Tesco Mobile has 200,000 customers in Ireland, as a result, Tesco Mobile Ireland were moved from being a MVNO on the O2 Network to being a MVNO on the Three Network. Tesco Mobile Hungary will be a 50,50 joint venture providing Tesco Mobile branded services in Hungary through Tesco stores and on-line, using Vodafone’s technology, the service, which is Slovakias second MVNO, uses the O2 network but operates separately. In May 2013, Tesco Stores ČR a. s. announced that it would enter into a joint venture with Telefónica Czech Republic to offer mobile telecommunications services, the service, uses the O2 network but operates separately
Tesco Mobile
–
Tesco Mobile Ltd.
20.
Tesco Ireland
–
Tesco Ireland is the Irish arm of supermarket group Tesco and controlled 28% of the grocery market as recently as 2012. There are 148 Tesco stores in operation in Ireland, several petrol stations are also operated by the company, as well as an internet shopping service, Tesco. ie. In 2007 the company launched its mobile service, Tesco Mobile. Tesco Ireland operated a number of 24-hour stores but have abandoned 24-hour opening as of 2014 with all stores closed from 12 midnight to 6 am. Tescos profit margins in the Republic are the companys highest in the according to retail industry analysts in London. Tescos Irish profit margin, was 9.3 per cent in 2008 and is projected to rise to 9.5 per cent by the end of 2009 and this makes the Irish operation Tescos most successful worldwide in margin terms. Tescos Irish profit margin is all the more remarkable given that the company sells a much larger volume of higher margin non-food items at its UK stores, the company was founded as Quinnsworth by Pat Quinn in 1966, and was later sold to Power Supermarkets. During the 1970s the slogan used was Lets get it all together at Quinnsworth, Power Supermarkets Ltd. became the parent company but used Quinnsworth as its marketing name. The company became a wholly owned subsidiary of Associated British Foods plc, Quinnsworth is remembered for their choice of store sites, their most memorable act was the addition of the phrase Yellow Pack to the retailing lexicon. Towards the end of Quinnsworths life, Yellow Pack was replaced by K. V. I, label as the low-cost generic grocery brand, and a high quality generic line called Premium Choice modeled after Loblaws Presidents Choice. Crazy Prices was a used by Quinnsworth on some of its larger outlets. These were known for their cheap prices, Crazy Prices was one of the first retailers in Ireland to introduce late night opening on Wednesdays, dubbing this night Crazy Night and running special in-store promotions. Until the mid-1990s, most Irish retailers only opened late one night a week, KVI branding was Crazy Prices equivalent to the Quinnsworth Yellow pack. It came in red and white striped packaging. On 6 May 1997, Tesco acquired the retailing and supply chain operations of Associated British Foods - with the exception of Primark - for £643 million. The grocery businesses acquired were those held by Comar Limited in the Republic of Ireland, Comar was the parent company of Powers Supermarkets Ltd and Crazy Prices in the Republic of Ireland. Stewarts Supermarkets included Crazy Prices in Northern Ireland, the Northern Ireland operations were folded into Tescos core UK business, while the Republic of Ireland operations became Tesco Ireland. Lifestyle Sports was demerged in 1997 via a management buy-out of seven directors, Stewarts Wine Barrel was sold to United Wine Merchants
Tesco Ireland
–
Tesco Metro in
Temple Bar, Dublin.
Tesco Ireland
–
Tesco Superstore in
Killarney.
21.
Dunnhumby
–
Dunnhumby is a UK-based customer science company. The company was formed by husband and wife team Edwina Dunn, Humby was a University of Sheffield trained mathematician, and the couple both worked at Caci. Wanting to start his own business, Humby resigned from Caci, the couple started Dunnhumby in 1989 in the kitchen of their Chiswick, West London home. The company began working with clients, including Cable & Wireless, Dunnhumby originally gained prominence for helping establish Tesco Clubcard. In 1994, Tesco which were second in the UK retail market to Sainsburys, the man responsible for Tescos trials, Grant Harrison, attended a conference where Clive Humby was speaking. Harrison agreed a trial with Tescos then marketing director Terry Leahy, and after successful trials throughout 1994, Tesco originally bought a 53% stake in 2001 for a reported £30m, increasing this to 84% in 2006, before purchasing the rest of the shares. Dunn and Humby resigned from the company in October 2010, Dunn and Humby invested in the theatre analytics business Purple Seven in 2013. KSS Retail, a provider of software and services for retail price optimization. Founded in Manchester, UK, KSS Retail operated as a business unit until October 2015. Through Dunnhumby Price and Promotion, the business provides business intelligence software that helps retailers with promotions. BzzAgent, a Boston-based social marketing and advocacy start-up, was acquired by Dunnhumby in 2011, the company, founded in 2009, uses real-time bidding technology to purchase and display personalized digital advertising in milliseconds. Sociomantic operates in 60+ markets and 19 offices, worldwide, given the trading difficulty at Tesco, in autumn 2014 it was suggested that the company might be on offer for sale at £2 billion. The BBC reported in January that Tesco is seeking a buyer for the company, in April 2015, The Kroger Company announced it would buy much of Dunnhumby USA and create a new consumer insights subsidiary called 84. 51°, effective immediately
Dunnhumby
–
A new Tesco Clubcard alongside an old-style Clubcard Key fob
22.
Asia
–
Asia covers an area of 44,579,000 square kilometres, about 30% of Earths total land area and 8. 7% of the Earths total surface area. The continent, which has long been home to the majority of the population, was the site of many of the first civilizations. Asia is notable for not only its large size and population. In general terms, Asia is bounded on the east by the Pacific Ocean, on the south by the Indian Ocean, the western boundary with Europe is a historical and cultural construct, as there is no clear physical and geographical separation between them. The most commonly accepted boundaries place Asia to the east of the Suez Canal, the Ural River, and the Ural Mountains, and south of the Caucasus Mountains, China and India alternated in being the largest economies in the world from 1 to 1800 A. D. The accidental discovery of America by Columbus in search for India demonstrates this deep fascination, the Silk Road became the main East-West trading route in the Asian hitherland while the Straits of Malacca stood as a major sea route. Asia has exhibited economic dynamism as well as robust population growth during the 20th century, given its size and diversity, the concept of Asia—a name dating back to classical antiquity—may actually have more to do with human geography than physical geography. Asia varies greatly across and within its regions with regard to ethnic groups, cultures, environments, economics, historical ties, the boundary between Asia and Africa is the Red Sea, the Gulf of Suez, and the Suez Canal. This makes Egypt a transcontinental country, with the Sinai peninsula in Asia, the border between Asia and Europe was historically defined by European academics. In Sweden, five years after Peters death, in 1730 Philip Johan von Strahlenberg published a new atlas proposing the Urals as the border of Asia, the Russians were enthusiastic about the concept, which allowed them to keep their European identity in geography. Tatishchev announced that he had proposed the idea to von Strahlenberg, the latter had suggested the Emba River as the lower boundary. Over the next century various proposals were made until the Ural River prevailed in the mid-19th century, the border had been moved perforce from the Black Sea to the Caspian Sea into which the Ural River projects. The border between the Black Sea and the Caspian is usually placed along the crest of the Caucasus Mountains, the border between Asia and the loosely defined region of Oceania is usually placed somewhere in the Malay Archipelago. The terms Southeast Asia and Oceania, devised in the 19th century, have had several different geographic meanings since their inception. The chief factor in determining which islands of the Malay Archipelago are Asian has been the location of the possessions of the various empires there. Lewis and Wigen assert, The narrowing of Southeast Asia to its present boundaries was thus a gradual process, Asia is larger and more culturally diverse than Europe. It does not exactly correspond to the borders of its various types of constituents. From the time of Herodotus a minority of geographers have rejected the three-continent system on the grounds there is no or is no substantial physical separation between them
Asia
–
Two-point equidistant projection of Asia and surrounding landmasses.
Asia
–
Asia
Asia
–
The racial diversity of Asia's peoples,
Nordisk familjebok (1904)
Asia
–
Ptolemy's Asia
23.
Europe
–
Europe is a continent that comprises the westernmost part of Eurasia. Europe is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the west, yet the non-oceanic borders of Europe—a concept dating back to classical antiquity—are arbitrary. Europe covers about 10,180,000 square kilometres, or 2% of the Earths surface, politically, Europe is divided into about fifty sovereign states of which the Russian Federation is the largest and most populous, spanning 39% of the continent and comprising 15% of its population. Europe had a population of about 740 million as of 2015. Further from the sea, seasonal differences are more noticeable than close to the coast, Europe, in particular ancient Greece, was the birthplace of Western civilization. The fall of the Western Roman Empire, during the period, marked the end of ancient history. Renaissance humanism, exploration, art, and science led to the modern era, from the Age of Discovery onwards, Europe played a predominant role in global affairs. Between the 16th and 20th centuries, European powers controlled at times the Americas, most of Africa, Oceania. The Industrial Revolution, which began in Great Britain at the end of the 18th century, gave rise to economic, cultural, and social change in Western Europe. During the Cold War, Europe was divided along the Iron Curtain between NATO in the west and the Warsaw Pact in the east, until the revolutions of 1989 and fall of the Berlin Wall. In 1955, the Council of Europe was formed following a speech by Sir Winston Churchill and it includes all states except for Belarus, Kazakhstan and Vatican City. Further European integration by some states led to the formation of the European Union, the EU originated in Western Europe but has been expanding eastward since the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991. The European Anthem is Ode to Joy and states celebrate peace, in classical Greek mythology, Europa is the name of either a Phoenician princess or of a queen of Crete. The name contains the elements εὐρύς, wide, broad and ὤψ eye, broad has been an epithet of Earth herself in the reconstructed Proto-Indo-European religion and the poetry devoted to it. For the second part also the divine attributes of grey-eyed Athena or ox-eyed Hera. The same naming motive according to cartographic convention appears in Greek Ανατολή, Martin Litchfield West stated that phonologically, the match between Europas name and any form of the Semitic word is very poor. Next to these there is also a Proto-Indo-European root *h1regʷos, meaning darkness. Most major world languages use words derived from Eurṓpē or Europa to refer to the continent, in some Turkic languages the originally Persian name Frangistan is used casually in referring to much of Europe, besides official names such as Avrupa or Evropa
Europe
–
Reconstruction of
Herodotus ' world map
Europe
Europe
–
A medieval
T and O map from 1472 showing the three continents as domains of the sons of
Noah — Asia to Sem (
Shem), Europe to Iafeth (
Japheth), and Africa to Cham (
Ham)
Europe
–
Early modern depiction of
Europa regina ('Queen Europe') and the mythical
Europa of the 8th century BC.
24.
Republic of Ireland
–
Ireland, also known as the Republic of Ireland, is a sovereign state in north-western Europe occupying about five-sixths of the island of Ireland. The capital and largest city is Dublin, which is located on the part of the island. The state shares its land border with Northern Ireland, a part of the United Kingdom. It is otherwise surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, with the Celtic Sea to the south, Saint Georges Channel to the south-east, and it is a unitary, parliamentary republic. The head of government is the Taoiseach, who is elected by the Dáil and appointed by the President, the state was created as the Irish Free State in 1922 as a result of the Anglo-Irish Treaty. It was officially declared a republic in 1949, following the Republic of Ireland Act 1948, Ireland became a member of the United Nations in December 1955. It joined the European Economic Community, the predecessor of the European Union, after joining the EEC, Ireland enacted a series of liberal economic policies that resulted in rapid economic growth. The country achieved considerable prosperity between the years of 1995 and 2007, which known as the Celtic Tiger period. This was halted by a financial crisis that began in 2008. However, as the Irish economy was the fastest growing in the EU in 2015, Ireland is again quickly ascending league tables comparing wealth and prosperity internationally. For example, in 2015, Ireland was ranked as the joint sixth most developed country in the world by the United Nations Human Development Index and it also performs well in several national performance metrics, including freedom of the press, economic freedom and civil liberties. Ireland is a member of the European Union and is a member of the Council of Europe. The 1922 state, comprising 26 of the 32 counties of Ireland, was styled, the Constitution of Ireland, adopted in 1937, provides that the name of the State is Éire, or, in the English language, Ireland. Section 2 of the Republic of Ireland Act 1948 states, It is hereby declared that the description of the State shall be the Republic of Ireland. The 1948 Act does not name the state as Republic of Ireland, because to have done so would have put it in conflict with the Constitution. The government of the United Kingdom used the name Eire, and, from 1949, Republic of Ireland, for the state, as well as Ireland, Éire or the Republic of Ireland, the state is also referred to as the Republic, Southern Ireland or the South. In an Irish republican context it is referred to as the Free State or the 26 Counties. From the Act of Union on 1 January 1801, until 6 December 1922, during the Great Famine, from 1845 to 1849, the islands population of over 8 million fell by 30%
Republic of Ireland
–
The
Irish Parliamentary Party was formed in 1882 by
Charles Stewart Parnell (1846–1891).
Republic of Ireland
–
Flag
Republic of Ireland
–
In 1922 a new parliament called the
Oireachtas was established, of which
Dáil Éireann became the
lower house.
Republic of Ireland
–
Éamon de Valera (1882–1975)
25.
Hungary
–
Hungary is a unitary parliamentary republic in Central Europe. With about 10 million inhabitants, Hungary is a member state of the European Union. The official language is Hungarian, which is the most widely spoken language in Europe. Hungarys capital and largest metropolis is Budapest, a significant economic hub, major urban areas include Debrecen, Szeged, Miskolc, Pécs and Győr. His great-grandson Stephen I ascended to the throne in 1000, converting the country to a Christian kingdom, by the 12th century, Hungary became a middle power within the Western world, reaching a golden age by the 15th century. Hungarys current borders were established in 1920 by the Treaty of Trianon after World War I, when the country lost 71% of its territory, 58% of its population, following the interwar period, Hungary joined the Axis Powers in World War II, suffering significant damage and casualties. Hungary became a state of the Soviet Union, which contributed to the establishment of a four-decade-long communist dictatorship. On 23 October 1989, Hungary became again a democratic parliamentary republic, in the 21st century, Hungary is a middle power and has the worlds 57th largest economy by nominal GDP, as well as the 58th largest by PPP, out of 188 countries measured by the IMF. As a substantial actor in several industrial and technological sectors, it is both the worlds 36th largest exporter and importer of goods, Hungary is a high-income economy with a very high standard of living. It keeps up a security and universal health care system. Hungary joined the European Union in 2004 and part of the Schengen Area since 2007, Hungary is a member of the United Nations, NATO, WTO, World Bank, the AIIB, the Council of Europe and Visegrád Group. Well known for its cultural history, Hungary has been contributed significantly to arts, music, literature, sports and science. Hungary is the 11th most popular country as a tourist destination in Europe and it is home to the largest thermal water cave system, the second largest thermal lake in the world, the largest lake in Central Europe, and the largest natural grasslands in Europe. The H in the name of Hungary is most likely due to historical associations with the Huns. The rest of the word comes from the Latinized form of Medieval Greek Oungroi, according to an explanation the Greek name was borrowed from Proto-Slavic Ǫgǔri, in turn borrowed from Oghur-Turkic Onogur. Onogur was the name for the tribes who later joined the Bulgar tribal confederacy that ruled the eastern parts of Hungary after the Avars. The Hungarians likely belonged to the Onogur tribal alliance and it is possible they became its ethnic majority. The Hungarian endonym is Magyarország, composed of magyar and ország, the word magyar is taken from the name of one of the seven major semi-nomadic Hungarian tribes, magyeri
Hungary
–
Italian fresco depicting a Hungarian warrior shooting backwards
Hungary
–
Flag
Hungary
–
Hungarian raids in the 10th century
Hungary
–
King
Saint Stephen, the first
King of Hungary, converted the nation to Christianity
26.
Thailand
–
Thailand, officially the Kingdom of Thailand, formerly known as Siam, is a country at the centre of the Indochinese peninsula in Southeast Asia. With a total area of approximately 513,000 km2, Thailand is the worlds 51st-largest country and it is the 20th-most-populous country in the world, with around 66 million people. The capital and largest city is Bangkok, Thailand is a constitutional monarchy and has switched between parliamentary democracy and military junta for decades, the latest coup being in May 2014 by the National Council for Peace and Order. Its capital and most populous city is Bangkok and its maritime boundaries include Vietnam in the Gulf of Thailand to the southeast, and Indonesia and India on the Andaman Sea to the southwest. The Thai economy is the worlds 20th largest by GDP at PPP and it became a newly industrialised country and a major exporter in the 1990s. Manufacturing, agriculture, and tourism are leading sectors of the economy and it is considered a middle power in the region and around the world. The country has always been called Mueang Thai by its citizens, by outsiders prior to 1949, it was usually known by the exonym Siam. The word Siam has been identified with the Sanskrit Śyāma, the names Shan and A-hom seem to be variants of the same word. The word Śyâma is possibly not its origin, but a learned, another theory is the name derives from Chinese, Ayutthaya emerged as a dominant centre in the late fourteenth century. The Chinese called this region Xian, which the Portuguese converted into Siam, the signature of King Mongkut reads SPPM Mongkut King of the Siamese, giving the name Siam official status until 24 June 1939 when it was changed to Thailand. Thailand was renamed Siam from 1945 to 11 May 1949, after which it reverted to Thailand. According to George Cœdès, the word Thai means free man in the Thai language, ratcha Anachak Thai means kingdom of Thailand or kingdom of Thai. Etymologically, its components are, ratcha, -ana- -chak, the Thai National Anthem, written by Luang Saranupraphan during the extremely patriotic 1930s, refers to the Thai nation as, prathet Thai. The first line of the anthem is, prathet thai ruam lueat nuea chat chuea thai, Thailand is the unity of Thai flesh. There is evidence of habitation in Thailand that has been dated at 40,000 years before the present. Similar to other regions in Southeast Asia, Thailand was heavily influenced by the culture and religions of India, Thailand in its earliest days was under the rule of the Khmer Empire, which had strong Hindu roots, and the influence among Thais remains even today. Voretzsch believes that Buddhism must have been flowing into Siam from India in the time of the Indian Emperor Ashoka of the Maurya Empire, later Thailand was influenced by the south Indian Pallava dynasty and north Indian Gupta Empire. The Menam Basin was originally populated by the Mons, and the location of Dvaravati in the 7th century, the History of the Yuan mentions an embassy from the kingdom of Sukhothai in 1282
Thailand
–
The ruins of
Wat Chaiwatthanaram at
Ayutthaya.
Thailand
–
Flag
Thailand
–
Stupas,
Ayutthaya Historical Park.
Thailand
–
Pottery discovered near
Ban Chiang in Udon Thani Province, the earliest dating to 2100 BCE.
27.
London Borough of Barnet
–
The London Borough of Barnet is a suburban London borough in North London, England, forming part of Outer London. It is the second largest London borough by population with 331,500 inhabitants and covers an area of 86.74 square kilometres, the fourth highest. It borders Hertfordshire to the north and five other London boroughs, Harrow and Brent to the west, Camden and Haringey to the south-east, the borough was formed in 1965 from parts of the counties of Middlesex and Hertfordshire. The local authority is Barnet London Borough Council, based in Hendon, the Act did not include a name for the new borough. A joint committee of the due to be amalgamated suggested Northgate or Northern Heights. Keith Joseph, the Minister of Housing and Local Government, eventually chose Barnet, the place name Barnet is derived from the Old English bærnet meaning Land cleared by burning. The area covered by the borough has a long history. Evidence of 1st-century Roman pottery manufacturing has been found at Brockley Hill and Roman coins from the 3rd, both sites are on the Roman road Watling Street from London and St Albans which now forms the western border of the borough. Hendon is mentioned in the Domesday Book of 1086, but the districts of Barnet, Edgware, in 1471 the Battle of Barnet was fought in Monken Hadley, just within the present boroughs boundary. It was here that Yorkist troops led by King Edward IV killed the Kingmaker Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick and his brother, John Neville, individual articles describe the history and development of the districts of Church End, East Finchley, Edgware, Golders Green and North Finchley. The residents of London Borough of Barnet are represented at Westminster by Members of Parliament for three parliamentary constituencies, Chipping Barnet is represented by Theresa Villiers. Finchley and Golders Green is represented by Mike Freer, Hendon, in 2010 the most marginal Conservative-held seat in London with a majority of 106 votes, is represented by Matthew Offord. The borough is divided into 21 wards, each with 3 councillors, following the local government election on 4 May 2006 the Conservative party gained a working majority and full control of the council. Mike Freer became leader of the council on 11 May 2006, replacing Brian Salinger as Conservative group leader, Barnet had £27.4 million invested in Icelandic banks Glitnir and Landsbanki when they collapsed October 2008. A report showed that Barnet Council failed to correct procedures when depositing the money. Campaigning on parking, he beat Conservative politician Brian Coleman at the 2012 London Assembly election overturning a 20,000 vote deficit and turning this into a 21,000 vote majority. In 2009, the authority started to introduce a new model of local government delivery in the borough, called Future Shape, the first stages of Future Shape were agreed by the councils cabinet in July 2009. The mainly public-sector union UNISON commissioned its own report on the involved in Future Shape
London Borough of Barnet
–
Hendon town hall, still used by Barnet council
London Borough of Barnet
London Borough of Barnet
–
Golders Hill Park in Barnet
28.
Diversification (strategy)
–
Diversification is a corporate strategy to enter into a new market or industry which the business is not currently in, whilst also creating a new product for that new market. This is most risky section of the Ansoff Matrix, as the business has no experience in the new market, note, The notion of diversification depends on the subjective interpretation of “new” market and “new” product, which should reflect the perceptions of customers rather than managers. Indeed, products tend to create or stimulate new markets, new markets promote product innovation, product diversification involves addition of new products to existing products either being manufactured or being marketed. Expansion of the product line with related products is one such method adopted by many businesses. Adding tooth brushes to tooth paste or tooth powders or mouthwash under the brand or under different brands aimed at different segments is one way of diversification. These are either brand extensions or product extensions to increase the volume of sales, generally, the final strategy involves a combination of these options. This combination is determined in function of opportunities and consistency with the objectives. There are three types of diversification, concentric, horizontal, and conglomerate and this means that there is a technological similarity between the industries, which means that the firm is able to leverage its technical know-how to gain some advantage. For example, a company that manufactures industrial adhesives might decide to diversify into adhesives to be sold via retailers, the technology would be the same but the marketing effort would need to change. It also seems to increase its share to launch a new product that helps the particular company to earn profit. For instance, the addition of ketchup and sauce to the existing Maggi brand processed items of Food Specialities Ltd. is an example of technological-related concentric diversification. The company adds new products or services that are often technologically or commercially unrelated to current products and this strategy tends to increase the firms dependence on certain market segments. For example, a company that was making notebooks earlier may also enter the pen market with its new product, horizontal diversification is desirable if the present customers are loyal to the current products and if the new products have a good quality and are well promoted and priced. Moreover, the new products are marketed to the economic environment as the existing products. Horizontal integration occurs when a firm enters a new business at the stage of production as its current operations. For example, Avons move to market jewellery through its sales force involved marketing new products through existing channels of distribution. An alternative form of that Avon has also undertaken is selling its products by mail order, in both cases, Avon is still at the retail stage of the production process. According to Calori and Harvatopoulos, there are two dimensions of rationale for diversification, the first one relates to the nature of the strategic objective, Diversification may be defensive or offensive
Diversification (strategy)
–
This article includes a
list of references, but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient
inline citations. Please help to
improve this article by
introducing more precise citations. (December 2010)
29.
Telecommunication
–
Telecommunication is the transmission of signs, signals, messages, writings, images and sounds or intelligence of any nature by wire, radio, optical or other electromagnetic systems. Telecommunication occurs when the exchange of information between communication participants includes the use of technology and it is transmitted either electrically over physical media, such as cables, or via electromagnetic radiation. Such transmission paths are divided into communication channels which afford the advantages of multiplexing. The term is used in its plural form, telecommunications. Early means of communicating over a distance included visual signals, such as beacons, smoke signals, semaphore telegraphs, signal flags, other examples of pre-modern long-distance communication included audio messages such as coded drumbeats, lung-blown horns, and loud whistles. Zworykin, John Logie Baird and Philo Farnsworth, the word telecommunication is a compound of the Greek prefix tele, meaning distant, far off, or afar, and the Latin communicare, meaning to share. Its modern use is adapted from the French, because its use was recorded in 1904 by the French engineer. Communication was first used as an English word in the late 14th century, in the Middle Ages, chains of beacons were commonly used on hilltops as a means of relaying a signal. Beacon chains suffered the drawback that they could pass a single bit of information. One notable instance of their use was during the Spanish Armada, in 1792, Claude Chappe, a French engineer, built the first fixed visual telegraphy system between Lille and Paris. However semaphore suffered from the need for skilled operators and expensive towers at intervals of ten to thirty kilometres, as a result of competition from the electrical telegraph, the last commercial line was abandoned in 1880. Homing pigeons have occasionally used throughout history by different cultures. Pigeon post is thought to have Persians roots and was used by the Romans to aid their military, frontinus said that Julius Caesar used pigeons as messengers in his conquest of Gaul. The Greeks also conveyed the names of the victors at the Olympic Games to various cities using homing pigeons, in the early 19th century, the Dutch government used the system in Java and Sumatra. And in 1849, Paul Julius Reuter started a service to fly stock prices between Aachen and Brussels, a service that operated for a year until the gap in the telegraph link was closed. Sir Charles Wheatstone and Sir William Fothergill Cooke invented the telegraph in 1837. Also, the first commercial electrical telegraph is purported to have constructed by Wheatstone and Cooke. Both inventors viewed their device as an improvement to the electromagnetic telegraph not as a new device, samuel Morse independently developed a version of the electrical telegraph that he unsuccessfully demonstrated on 2 September 1837
Telecommunication
–
A satellite communication antenna at the biggest facility for satellite communication in Raisting, Bavaria, Germany
Telecommunication
–
Visualization from the
Opte Project of the various routes through a portion of the Internet.
Telecommunication
–
A replica of one of
Chappe's semaphore towers.
Telecommunication
–
Optical fiber provides cheaper bandwidth for long distance communication.
30.
Market capitalization
–
Market capitalization is used by the investment community in ranking the size of companies, as opposed to sales or total asset figures. It is also used in ranking the size of stock exchanges. In performing such rankings, the market capitalizations are calculated at some significant date, the total capitalization of stock markets or economic regions may be compared with other economic indicators. In 2014 and 2015, global market capitalization was US$68 trillion and US$67 trillion, respectively. Market cap is given by the formula M C = N × P, where MC is the capitalization, N is the number of shares outstanding. For example, if company has 4 million shares outstanding. If the closing price per share rises to $21, the cap becomes $84 million. If it drops to $19 per share, the cap falls to $76 million. This is in contrast to mercantile pricing where purchase price, average price, traditionally, companies were divided into large-cap, mid-cap, and small-cap. The terms mega-cap and micro-cap have also come into common use. Different numbers are used by different indexes, there is no definition of, or full consensus agreement about. The cutoffs may be defined as rather than in nominal dollars. Market cap reflects only the equity value of a company and it is important to note that a firms choice of capital structure has a significant impact on how the total value of a company is allocated between equity and debt. A more comprehensive measure is enterprise value, which gives effect to outstanding debt, preferred stock, for insurance firms, a value called the embedded value has been used
Market capitalization
–
The
New York Stock Exchange on
Wall Street, the world's largest
stock exchange per total market capitalization of its listed companies.
31.
East End of London
–
The East End of London, also known simply as the East End, is an area of Central and East London, England, east of the Roman and medieval walls of the City of London, and north of the River Thames. The relevance of Strypes reference to the Tower was more than geographical, the East End was the major part of an area called the Tower Division, which owed military service to the Tower of London. Later, as the East End grew and the Tower Division contracted, the area was notorious for its deep poverty, overcrowding and associated social problems. This has led to the East End’s history of political activism. Another major theme of East End history has been that of migration, Irish weavers, Ashkenazi Jews and, in the 20th century, Bangladeshis. The East End lies east of the Roman and medieval walls of the City of London, Aldgate Pump on the edge of the City is the symbolic start of the East End and, on the river, Tower Bridge is also sometimes also described in these terms. Beyond these references though, the East End has no official or popularly accepted boundaries, a common preference is to include the modern borough of Tower Hamlets, together with the former parish and borough of Shoreditch. This version makes the East End conterminous with the Tower Division of Middlesex under the borders that area had in the 19th century when the East End completed the process of urbanisation, an alternative definition is based solely on the modern borough of Tower Hamlets. Parts of the old parish and borough of Hackney are sometimes included, while others include areas east of the Lea such as West Ham, East Ham, Leyton, knew not the way to the East End. The East End began with the growth of London beyond the walls, along the Roman Roads leading from Bishopsgate and Aldgate. Building accelerated in the 16th century, and the area that would become known East End began to take shape. The relevance of Strypes reference to the Tower was more than geographical, the East End was the major part of an area called the Tower Division, which had its roots in the Bishop of Londons historic Manor of Stepney and owed military service to the Tower of London. Later, as the East End grew and the Tower Division contracted, for a very long time the East End was physically separated from the Londons western growth by the open spaces known as Moorfields. Shoreditchs boundary with the parish of St Lukes ran through the Moorfields countryside becoming, on urbanisation and that line, with very slight modifications, has also become the boundary of the modern London Boroughs of Hackney and Islington. From the beginning, the East End has always contained some of the poorest areas of London, the main reasons for this include the following, the medieval system of copyhold, which prevailed throughout the East End, into the 19th century. Essentially, there was little point in developing land that was held on short leases, the siting of noxious industries, such as tanning and fulling downwind outside the boundaries of the City, and therefore beyond complaints and official controls. Historically, the East End is arguably conterminous with the Manor of Stepney and this manor was held by the Bishop of London, in compensation for his duties in maintaining and garrisoning the Tower of London. Further ecclesiastic holdings came about from the need to enclose the marshes, Edward VI passed the land to the Wentworth family, and thence to their descendants, the Earls of Cleveland
East End of London
–
1882 Reynolds Map of the East End. Development has now eliminated the open fields pictured on the map.
East End of London
–
1745
Rocque Map of the East End. London is expanding, but there are still large areas of fields to the east of the City.
East End of London
–
Ogilby & Morgan's map of the City of London (1673). "A Large and Accurate Map of the City of London. Ichnographically describing all the Streets, Lanes, Alleys, Courts, Yards, Churches, Halls, & Houses &c. Actually Surveyed and Delineated by
John Ogilby, His Majesties Cosmographer.".
East End of London
–
William Booth founded the Salvation Army, in Whitechapel, in 1878
32.
Tooting
–
Tooting is a district of South London, England, forming part of the Wandsworth borough. It is located 5 miles south south-west of Charing Cross, Tooting has been settled since pre-Saxon times. The name is of Anglo-Saxon origin but the meaning is disputed and it could mean the people of Tota, in which context Tota may have been a local Anglo-Saxon chieftain. Alternatively it could be derived from an old meaning of the verb to tout, there may have been a watchtower here on the road to London and hence the people of the look-out post. The Romans built a road, which was later named Stane Street by the English, from London to Chichester, Tooting High Street is built on this road. In Saxon times, Tooting and Streatham was given to the Abbey of Chertsey, later, Suene, believed to be a Viking, may have been given all or part of the land. In 933, King Athelstan of England is thought to have confirmed lands including Totinge to Chertsey Abbey and its people were called to render £4 per year to their overlords. Later in the Norman period, it came into the possession of the De Gravenel family, until minor changes in the 19th century it consisted of 2 km2. Upper Tooting, or Tooting Bec, appears as a held by the Abbey of Hellouin Bec, in Normandy. Its domesday assets were 5 hides and it had 5 1⁄2 ploughlands and so was assessed as rendering £7. As with many of South Londons suburbs, Tooting developed during the late Victorian period, some development occurred in the Edwardian era but another large spurt in growth happened during the 1920s and 30s. 1902, Tooting Library opened as a one-storey structure, a second storey was added in 1906. In 2012 the library was rebuilt,2003, Redevelopment of St Georges Hospital buildings completed. The Member of Parliament for Tooting is Dr. Rosena Allin-Khan, following the election of her predecessor Sadiq Khan to the role of Mayor of London in May 2016. Since the parliamentary constituency of Tooting was founded, it has always been a seat held by the Labour Party, Tooting is positioned on the Northern line—with stations at the top and the bottom of the hill that slopes down the High Street, Tooting Bec and Tooting Broadway. Tooting is also served by rail at Tooting railway station providing a direct link south to Sutton via Wimbledon. It also has bus links, with routes to and from Central London, Croydon, Sutton and Kingston amongst others. Tooting Broadway tube station is currently being considered by TfL as a stop on the future Crossrail 2 development, Tooting railway station Mitcham Eastfields railway station Balham railway station Haydons Road railway station Totterdown Fields estate was designated a conservation area, on the 19 September 1978
Tooting
–
Tooting Broadway tube sign
Tooting
–
Sun over Tooting Common
33.
Edgware
–
Edgware is a district of north London, in the London Borough of Barnet. Edgware is centred 10 miles north of Charing Cross and has its own commercial centre, Edgware has a generally suburban character, typical of the rural-urban fringe. It was an ancient parish in the county of Middlesex, the community benefits from some elevated woodland on a high ridge marking the Hertfordshire border of gravel and sand. Edgware is identified in the London Plan as one of the capitals 35 major centres, in 2011, Edgware had a population of 76,056. Edgware is principally a shopping and residential area and one of the termini of the Northern line. Edgware succeeds to the identity of the ancient parish in the county of Middlesex, Edgware is a Saxon name meaning Ecgis weir. Ecgi was a Saxon and the weir relates to a pond where Ecgis people caught fish, Edgware parish formed part of Hendon Rural District from 1894. It was abolished in 1931 and formed part of the Municipal Borough of Hendon until 1965, the Romans made pottery at Brockley Hill, thought by some to be the site of Sulloniacis. Canons Park, to the north-west, was developed as an estate by James Brydges, Edgware was identified in 2008 as a major centre for preferred development in the London Plan. Until the 20th century there were no major rises in the population of Edgware, in 1425–26 the manor of Edgware had three free and 29 customary tenants in the parish, and in 1525–26 the numbers were two or three free and 26 customary tenants. In 1547 there were 120 communicants in the parish, in 1597 there were between 60 and 70 houses in the parish, and 44 more in the village of Edgware but on the west side of Watling Street and therefore in the parish of Little Stanmore. In 1599 there were six free and 25 customary tenants of the manor within Edgware, in 1642 in the Civil War the protestation oath of 1641 was taken by 103 adult males. In 1664 there were 73 houses in the parish, but the tax of 1672 gives only 66. There were said to be 69 houses in the village in 1766 and 76 houses in 1792, at the first census in 1801 the population was 412. Ten years later the losses had been more than made good, by 1921 the population had grown to 1,516, but the great infilling of the southern part of Edgware after 1924 caused the most spectacular increase. In 1931 the population was 5,352, this had increased to 17,513 by 1951, as well as Christian and subsequent settling of other religious groups, Edgwares development coincided with that of its Jewish community, currently forming the largest single religious group. In the 2001 Census, 36% of Edgware residents give their religion as Jewish, 28% Christian, 9% Hindu, the Jewish community in Edgware has constructed its own Eruv. According to the 2011 census, Edgware ward of Barnet was 60% white, 13% was Indian and 7% Black African
Edgware
–
Aerial view of Edgware from Station Road; facing North towards
Broadfields and
Elstree.
Edgware
–
Hanukkah menorah outside
Edgware tube station, 2006
Edgware
–
Station Road. Here, all buses climb up the hill towards the station and the shops. St Margaret of Antioch church can be seen in the background.
Edgware
–
Edgware bus station.
34.
St Albans
–
St Albans /sənt ˈɔːlbənz/, /seɪn. / is a city in Hertfordshire, England, and the major urban area in the City and District of St Albans. It lies east of Hemel Hempstead and west of Hatfield, about 19 miles north-northwest of London,8 miles southwest of Welwyn Garden City and 11 miles south-southeast of Luton. St Albans was the first major town on the old Roman road of Watling Street for travellers heading north and it is a historic market town and is now a dormitory town within the London commuter belt and the Greater London Built-up Area. St Albans takes its name from the first British saint, Alban, Alban met a Christian priest fleeing from his persecutors and sheltered him in his house, where he became so impressed with the priests piety that he converted to Christianity. When the authorities searched Albans house, he put on the priests cloak, consequently, he was sentenced to endure the punishments that were to be inflicted upon the priest, unless he renounced Christianity. Alban refused and was taken for execution, in later legends, his head rolled downhill after execution and a well sprang up where it stopped. The name Verulamium is Celtic, meaning settlement over or by the marsh, the town was on Prae Hill,2 km to the west of modern St Albans, now covered by the village of St. Michaels, Verulamium Park and the Gorhambury Estate. It is believed that the capital was moved to the site by Tasciovanus. Cunobelinus may have constructed Beech Bottom Dyke, an earthwork near the settlement whose significance is uncertain. It grew steadily, by the early 3rd century, it covered an area of about 125 acres, behind a deep ditch and wall. Verulamium contained a forum, basilica and a theatre, much of which were damaged during two fires, one in 155 and the other in around 250, one of the few extant Roman inscriptions in Britain is found on the remnants of the forum. The town was rebuilt in stone rather than timber at least twice over the next 150 years, occupation by the Romans ended between 400 and 450. St Alban was probably buried outside the city walls in a Roman cemetery near the present Cathedral and his hillside grave became a place of pilgrimage. Recent investigation has uncovered a basilica there, indicating the oldest continuous site of Christian worship in Great Britain, in 429 Germanus of Auxerre visited the church and subsequently promoted the cult of St Alban. More remains under the agricultural land which have never been excavated were for a while seriously threatened by deep ploughing. After the Roman withdrawal the town, became the centre of the territory or regio of the Anglo-Saxon Waeclingas tribe, St Albans Abbey and the associated Anglo-Saxon settlement were founded on the hill outside the Roman city where it was believed St Alban was buried. An archaeological excavation in 1978, directed by Martin Biddle, failed to find Roman remains on the site of the chapter house. The medieval town grew on the hill to the east of Wæclingacaester where the Benedictine Abbey of St Albans was founded by Ulsinus in 793, there is some evidence that the original site was higher up the hill than the present building, which was begun in 1077
St Albans
–
View of the west end of St Albans Abbey Church
St Albans
–
The early 15th century Clock Tower
St Albans
–
St Albans: French Row (to the left), Market Place (to the right), St Peter's Street and the tower of St Peter's Church (centre)
St Albans
–
Remains of Roman wall
35.
Maldon, Essex
–
Maldon is a town on the Blackwater estuary in Essex, England. It is the seat of the Maldon District and starting point of the Chelmer and Blackwater Navigation and it is most renowned for Maldon Sea Salt which is produced in the area. The place-name Maldon is first attested in 913 in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, maldons name comes from Mael meaning monument or cross and dun meaning hill, so translates as monument on the hill. East Saxons settled the area in the 5th century and the area to the south is known as the Dengie Peninsula after the Dæningas. It became a significant Saxon port with a hythe or quayside, evidence of imported pottery from this period has been found in archaeological digs. From 958 there was a royal mint issuing coins for the late Anglo-Saxon and it was one of the only two towns in Essex, and King Edward the Elder is thought to have lived here while combating the Danish settlers who had overrun North Essex and parts of East Anglia. A Viking raid was beaten off in 924, but in another raid in 991 the defenders were defeated in the Battle of Maldon and it became the subject of the celebrated Old English poem The Battle of Maldon. The battle is commemorated by a window in St Marys Church, according to the Domesday Book there were 54 households and an estimated 180 townsmen in 1086. The town still had the mint and supplied a warhorse and warship for the service in return for its privileges of self-government. The town was awarded a charter by Henry II in 1171, stating the rights of the town as well as defining its borders, the towns All Saints Church, unique in England in having a triangular tower, dates from around this period. While the precise building date is unknown, the church existed by 1180, a Charter of Richard I of December 1189 confirms certain grants to Beeleigh Abbey, including the Church of Blessed Peter in Maldon and the Church of All Saints in the same town. St Marys Church, on the Hythe Quay has a grade 1 listed Norman nave from 1130, there were strong urban traditions, with two members elected to the Commons and three guilds which hosted lavish religious plays until they were suppressed by Puritans in 1576. Then, until 1630, professional actors were invited to perform plays, from 1570 to about 1800 a rival tradition of inviting prominent clergy to visit the town also existed. In 1629 a series of riots took place, led by the wife of a local butcher. The Plume Library is to be found at St Peters Church, only the original tower survives, the rest of the building having been rebuilt by Thomas Plume to house his library and what was Maldon Grammar School. Maldon was chosen as one of the sites of a planned French invasion of Britain in 1744. However, the French invasion fleet was wrecked in storms, in the church of All Saints is a memorial window to George Washington, whose great-great grandfather, Lawrence Washington, is buried here. Unveiled by an American diplomat on 5 July 1928, the window displays Saint Nicholas with the Mayflower, Saint George, at the top are the arms of the Washington family, and the arms of the USA, England, Scotland and Wales
Maldon, Essex
–
Maldon viewed from the north east
Maldon, Essex
–
The tower of St Peter's Church
Maldon, Essex
–
View of Maldon in 1851
Maldon, Essex
–
Maldon railway station in 1851.
36.
Tiverton, Devon
–
Tiverton is a town in the English county of Devon and the main commercial and administrative centre of the Mid Devon district. The built-up area had a population of 19,544 in 2011, the towns name is conjectured to derive from Twy-ford-ton or Twyverton, meaning the town on two fords, and was historically referred to as Twyford. The town stands at the confluence of the rivers Exe and Lowman, human occupation in the area dates back to the Stone Age, with many flint tools found in the area. Countess Gytha of Wessex controlled the town in 1066 and the Domesday Book indicates that William the Conqueror was its tenant-in-chief in 1086, Tiverton was also the seat of the court of the hundred of Tiverton. It was the site chosen by Henry I for a Norman castle, Tiverton Castle first built in 1106 as a motte-and-bailey type. Isabella also controlled the Port of Topsham, Devon, through much of Tivertons woollen exports were shipped. Every seven years there is a Perambulation of the Town Leat ceremony to clear the path of the Leat, the leat can be seen in Castle Street, where it runs down the centre of the road, and at Coggans Well, in Fore Street. Tiverton owes its growth and prosperity to the wool trade. Many wealthy wool merchants added to the towns heritage, peter Blundell, another wealthy merchant, who died in 1601, bequeathed the funds and land for Blundells School to educate local children. It was founded in Tiverton in 1604, and relocated to its present location on the outskirts of town in 1882, john Waldron founded Waldrons Almshouses, on Wellbrook Street, and his elaborate chest tomb survives in St Peters Church. In about 1600 there were two fires in the town, the first in 1596, allegedly started in a frying pan. The second, in 1612, was known as the fire because a dog fight had distracted people who were supposed to be looking after a furnace. During the English Civil War in 1645 Tiverton Castle, held by the Royalists, was the scene of a brief siege by Thomas Fairfaxs Parliamentarian forces. The Parliamentarian forces entered Tiverton under Major General Massey on 15 October and they left a defending force in the castle and church. Fairfax arrived from Cullompton on 17 October, set up his artillery, on Sunday Fairfax had several great pieces of artillery brought up, ready for a renewed barrage on Monday, which commenced at 7 a. m. The siege was ended when a shot broke one of the drawbridge chains. Fairfax then set up his quarters in Tiverton due to the inclement weather. He was joined there in December 1645 by Oliver Cromwell and they left to lay siege to Exeter in January 1646
Tiverton, Devon
–
View from the bridge over the Exe which looks towards the historic
St Peter's church.
Tiverton, Devon
–
The new Tiverton Library and council offices
Tiverton, Devon
–
The Tiverton and Mid Devon Gazette' s former newsroom on Bampton Street.
37.
Express Dairies
–
Express Dairies is a former brand of Dairy Crest, that specialised almost entirely in home deliveries of milk and other dairy products. The company was founded by George Barham in 1864 as the Express County Milk Supply Company, the major creamery and milk bottling plant was located just south of South Acton railway station on the North London Line. This gave easy and equal access for milk trains from both the Great Western Railway and the Southern Railway, the company was purchased by Grand Metropolitan in 1969, and sold in 1991 to Northern Foods. It was demerged from Northern Foods in 1998, and purchased a 51% controlling stake in Claymore Dairies Ltd of Scotland, Express Dairies acquired Star Dairies Food Service Ltd. and certain assets of Star Dairies International Ltd for £3.5 million in February 1999. In June the UK liquid milk operations of Glanbia plc were acquired for £100 million, Express Dairies announced a joint venture in Northern Ireland with Golden Vale plc in November 2000 that created Dale Farm Dairies Ltd, although that was sold in October 2001. Express Dairies disposed of its UHT business and Frome creamery in July 2002, following a period of poor profitability, the business was acquired in 2003 by Arla Foods, who in turn sold it on to Dairy Crest in July 2006. Dairy Crest sold its deliveries business to Creamline Dairies in 2013, the chairmans new son-in-law, American citizen and ex-US Navy sailor Patrick Galvani had been studying retailing before coming to the UK, particularly supermarkets. Galvani made a pitch to the board, which resulted in Britains first supermarket opening in Streatham, while the average British retailer was taking £98/week, the average take at Premier was £1, 000/week. The company developed an estate footprint of similar 2,500 square feet + retail outlets, after Galvani resigned over a dispute to take Green Shield Stamps, in 1964 the chain was sold to Unilevers Mac Fisheries chain for £1million. The cash income allowed Express to develop and launch marketing for long-life milk
Express Dairies
–
A Premier Supermarket, 1963
Express Dairies
–
An Express Dairies Morrison Marsden
milk float
38.
Premier Supermarkets
–
Express Dairies is a former brand of Dairy Crest, that specialised almost entirely in home deliveries of milk and other dairy products. The company was founded by George Barham in 1864 as the Express County Milk Supply Company, the major creamery and milk bottling plant was located just south of South Acton railway station on the North London Line. This gave easy and equal access for milk trains from both the Great Western Railway and the Southern Railway, the company was purchased by Grand Metropolitan in 1969, and sold in 1991 to Northern Foods. It was demerged from Northern Foods in 1998, and purchased a 51% controlling stake in Claymore Dairies Ltd of Scotland, Express Dairies acquired Star Dairies Food Service Ltd. and certain assets of Star Dairies International Ltd for £3.5 million in February 1999. In June the UK liquid milk operations of Glanbia plc were acquired for £100 million, Express Dairies announced a joint venture in Northern Ireland with Golden Vale plc in November 2000 that created Dale Farm Dairies Ltd, although that was sold in October 2001. Express Dairies disposed of its UHT business and Frome creamery in July 2002, following a period of poor profitability, the business was acquired in 2003 by Arla Foods, who in turn sold it on to Dairy Crest in July 2006. Dairy Crest sold its deliveries business to Creamline Dairies in 2013, the chairmans new son-in-law, American citizen and ex-US Navy sailor Patrick Galvani had been studying retailing before coming to the UK, particularly supermarkets. Galvani made a pitch to the board, which resulted in Britains first supermarket opening in Streatham, while the average British retailer was taking £98/week, the average take at Premier was £1, 000/week. The company developed an estate footprint of similar 2,500 square feet + retail outlets, after Galvani resigned over a dispute to take Green Shield Stamps, in 1964 the chain was sold to Unilevers Mac Fisheries chain for £1million. The cash income allowed Express to develop and launch marketing for long-life milk
Premier Supermarkets
–
A Premier Supermarket, 1963
Premier Supermarkets
–
Express Dairies
39.
Hillards
–
Hillards plc was a small supermarket chain from the North of England, bought out in a hostile takeover by Tesco in 1987. The company was founded by John Wesley Hillard in 1885 in the West Yorkshire town of Cleckheaton, the first shop was opened in Lion Chambers there and shortly after 1900 there were 20 shops operating as Lion Stores. By 1951 there were over 70 stores and by 1968 it had warehouse size stores in Wakefield, Lincoln, in 1970 the trade name Lion Stores was dropped in favour of Hillards and in 1972 the Company was first listed on the London Stock Exchange. Peter Hartley, a grandson of the founder, became Executive Chairman in 1983 and in May 1987, following a hostile bid, the business was acquired by Tesco for £220m
Hillards
–
Hillards
40.
William Low
–
William Low was a chain of supermarkets based in Dundee, Scotland, until it was bought out by Tesco for £257m in 1994. As a group it was smaller than most of its competitors and often served small towns, although it still had several large supermarkets, including two in Dundee, and two in Perth. Most towns in the Tayside region had at least one large William Low store and it had branches throughout Scotland, North East England, Cumbria and Yorkshire. Tesco had to compete with a takeover bid from competitor J Sainsbury for the chain and. Prior to this, there were only around 17 Tesco branches in Scotland, at one stage, the company also ran a chain of frozen food stores known as Lowfreeze. Lowfreeze was sold in 1987 to Bejam, with Bejam being sold to rival Iceland in 1989, the Company was founded by William Rettie and James Low in 1868. Jamess brother, William, joined the shop in 1870, taking over the some years later. William Retties grandson, Philip, joined the company in 1948, becoming managing director in 1958, Wm Low almost doubled in size between 1976 and 1984 with sustained expansion and increased store sizes. In 1984, Wm Low attempted but failed to take over Hintons, in 1985, Wm Low took over Laws Stores at a cost of £7.1 million. Laws had a group based in the north-east of England with a portfolio of smaller stores than Wm Low. Wm Low proceeded to close unprofitable Laws stores in 1986, Wm Low attempted to take over Budgens, a move described by Budgens as a friendly merger and which had looked to be a done deal. Also in 1989, James Millar of Wm Low approached John Apthorp, in 1987, Wm Low had sold its frozen food chain, Lowfreeze, to Bejam for £3.8 million. It was Wm Lows aim to achieve a total of 61 stores and 959,000 sq ft of sales area by the end of the 1994 financial year. Expansion into the north and midlands of England was a priority, amid huge publicity for price cuts on over 500 items, customers took their sleeping bags to await the opening of the store and claim their hamper, champagne and flowers. This was the companys foray into direct competition with Sainsbury, Wm Low was one of the market leaders in Scotland in terms of market share, which was 7. 4% in 1981, rising to 10. 4% in 1984 and then 12. 7% in 1986. It then started to fall until the 1994 takeover by Tesco, J Sainsbury launched a counter-bid of £210 million but this would have led to a break up of the Wm Low portfolio as they had intended to maintain the best stores and dispose of the rest. The Scottish market leader at the time, The Argyll Group - Safeway - announced in July 1994 that it would not be making a bid for Wm Low. Sainsbury was keen to gain a foothold in Scotland, having only 3 stores in Scotland at the time of the bid
William Low
–
Wm Low store in
Whitehaven
William Low
–
William Low plc
41.
Dundee
–
Dundee, officially the City of Dundee, is Scotlands fourth-largest city and the 51st-most-populous built-up area in the United Kingdom. The mid-year population estimate for 2015 was 148,210 which gave Dundee a population density of 2, 477/km2 or 6, 420/sq mi and it lies within the eastern central Lowlands on the north bank of the Firth of Tay, which feeds into the North Sea. Under the name of Dundee City, it one of the 32 council areas used for local government in Scotland. Historically part of Angus, the city developed into a burgh in the late 12th century, rapid expansion was brought on by the Industrial Revolution, particularly in the 19th century when Dundee was the centre of the global jute industry. This, along with its major industries gave Dundee its epithet as the city of jute, jam. Biomedical and technological industries have arrived since the 1980s, and the city now accounts for 10% of the United Kingdoms digital-entertainment industry, Dundee has two universities — the University of Dundee and the Abertay University. In 2014 Dundee was recognised by the United Nations as the UKs first UNESCO City of Design for its contributions to fields including medical research, comics. A unique feature of Dundee is that its two football clubs Dundee United and Dundee F. C. have stadiums all but adjacent to each other. With the decline of industry, the city has adopted a plan to regenerate. The name Dundee is made up of two parts, the common Celtic place-name element dun, meaning fort, and a part that may derive from a Celtic element, cognate with the Gaelic dè. The situation of the town and its promotion by Earl David as a trading centre led to a period of prosperity, the earldom was passed down to Davids descendants, amongst whom was John Balliol. The town became a Royal Burgh on Johns coronation as king in 1292, the town and its castle were occupied by English forces for several years during the First War of Independence and recaptured by Robert the Bruce in early 1312. The original Burghal charters were lost during the occupation and subsequently renewed by Bruce in 1327, the burgh suffered considerably during the conflict known as the Rough Wooing of 1543 to 1550, and was occupied by the English forces of Andrew Dudley from 1547. In 1548, unable to defend the town against an advancing Scottish force, in 1645, during the Wars of the Three Kingdoms, Dundee was again besieged, this time by the Royalist Marquess of Montrose. The town was destroyed by Parliamentarian forces led by George Monck in 1651. The town played a role in the establishment of the Jacobite cause when John Graham of Claverhouse. The town was held by the Jacobites in the 1715–16 rising, many in Scotland, including many in Dundee, regarded him as the rightful king. The economy of mediaeval Dundee centred on the export of raw wool, expansion of the whaling industry was triggered by the second Bounty Act, introduced in 1750 to increase Britains maritime and naval skill base
Dundee
–
Top:
Tay Rail Bridge, Middle:
RRS Discovery and
City Centre, Bottom left:
Magdalen Yard Bandstand, Bottom right:
University of Dundee.
Dundee
–
The original
Tay Bridge (from the south) the day after the disaster. The collapsed section can be seen near the northern end
Dundee
–
Dundee City Chambers, where the city council meets
42.
Loyalty card
–
Loyalty programs are structured marketing strategies designed by merchants to encourage customers to continue to shop at or use the services of businesses associated with each program. These programs exist covering most types of business, each one having varying features, Loyalty cards relate to the loyalty business model. Cards typically have a barcode, magstripe or RFID chip that can be easily scanned, small keyring cards which serve as key fobs bring convenience in carrying and ease of access. By presenting such a card, purchasers typically earn the right either to a discount on the current purchase, hence the card is the visible means of implementing a type of what economists call a two-part tariff. Application forms for cards usually entail agreements by the store concerning customer privacy, the store uses aggregate data internally as part of its marketing research. Over time the data can reveal, for example, a given customers favorite brand of beer, or whether he or she is a vegetarian. One can regard loyalty programs as a form of centralized virtual currency, one with unidirectional cash flow, since reward points can be exchanged into a good or service, b2B loyalty programs reward businesses for their purchase of goods and services from suppliers. For information on historical loyalty programs, see Loyalty marketing history, in the U. S. several major supermarket and fish market chains, and the three major pharmacy chains, require the cards in order for customers to receive the advertised loyalty price. Many retailers allow accumulation of fuel discounts, some have tie-ins with airline frequent-flyer programs, and some agree to donate a percentage of sales to a designated charity. Most notably, Walmart does not have a loyalty card plan though anyone who purchases a gift card can generally get a 3 cent discount per gallon of gas at the stations located on Walmart premises. The practice is common among book and music retailers, from large chains to independent retailers, Best Buy and Sears offer loyalty programs that offer points redeemable for dollar-amount discounts after accumulating a set number of points along with other discounts from time to time. Independent hardware stores such as Ace Hardware and True Value added customer loyalty programs in order to more effectively against larger chains as well as gather customer data. Customers with an association with a particular brand feel benefits for being part of the program, aces program also offers customers a way at the time of purchase to get items at a price which would normally require completing a mail-in rebate. Almost all major chains have cards that allow guests to earn either points or airline miles. All major U. S. airlines also offer rewards credit cards, other travel related reward programs include SeaMiles, with points that can be redeemed for cruises. Some American retailers have not implemented club cards, including grocery stores Whole Foods, Publix, between 2007 and 2013, Albertsons, Shaws, Acme Markets, and Jewel-Osco eliminated their loyalty cards in favor of discounts for all shoppers. Max & Ermas has a loyalty program called Good Neighbor Rewards, customers are rewarded based on their number of visits by either 5%, 10%, or 15% and are periodically given additional rewards by way of free items added to their loyalty card electronically. Truck stop chain Pilot Travel Centers program Driver Payback Points rewards truck drivers for fueling up by giving them points that can be used for purchase inside the store
Loyalty card
–
Various loyalty cards
43.
Clubcard
–
Tesco Clubcard is the loyalty card of leading British supermarket chain Tesco. In 1993 Terry Leahy asked the Tesco Marketing team to investigate the potential of loyalty cards, in the past Tesco had run Green Shield Stamps as a promotional tool which rewarded people for visits and spend but gained no customer information. The initial team led by Grant Harrison, researched programmes across the world, the key change since the days of Green Shield Stamps was the ability to cost effectively track individual customer behaviour using a magnetic stripe card. In 1994 Harrison attended a conference where Clive Humby from marketing firm dunnhumby was speaking, dunnhumby was already working with clients such as Cable & Wireless and BMW, and Harrison approached them to help with the loyalty card project. Successful trials throughout 1994 led to the Tesco board asking Harrison, in January 1995, Frank Riolfo, a former member of the Royal Army Medical Corps, attempted to blackmail Tesco, forcing the introduction of the previously trialed discount card. Threatening to inject AIDS-infected blood into stock, Riolfo demanded the company make loyalty cards available to customers, the cards, he specified, were to contain magnetic strips allowing them to secretly function as ATM cash withdrawal cards. Coded copies of the PIN code were published under his instruction in National newspapers, Clubcard was subsequently launched nationally with a Direct Marketing campaign by Evans Hunt Scott, Terry Hunts advertising agency. Hundreds of customers, including Riolfos wife, signed up to the scheme, Riolfo and his wife then toured the country withdrawing cash until they were eventually caught on 22 April 1995. Frank Riolfo pleaded guilty and was jailed for six years, after appeal, little coverage of these events remains online, although they were fictionalised by performance poet Alexander Velky as The Marketing Genius of Frank Riolfo. The loyalty card scheme was not discontinued, in late 2000 Robert Edward Dyer made a similar attempt at extortion involving Clubcards with a magnetic strip for ATM withdrawals. Dyer sent several letter bombs, one of which exploded when the recipient opened it, david Sainsbury, then chairman of J Sainsbury plc, rejected the idea of introducing a similar scheme. However, the effect that Clubcard had on Sainsburys sales led to the reversal of that decision, the scheme was again relaunched in 2008 with all seven million members once again being sent new design cards and key fobs. The Tesco Clubcard scheme was introduced into the Republic of Ireland almost immediately after Tescos acquisition of Power Supermarkets Limited and it is an extension of the UK scheme, not a separate scheme, so Irish Clubcards can be used in UK stores. In 2007, Tesco Clubcard was first introduced in all Tesco Extra stores in Malaysia, in Malaysia, every two Ringgit spent earn 1 Clubcard point. Within two weeks of the launch of Clubcard in all Tesco stores in Malaysia, there were over 800,000 applications, the Tesco Clubcard scheme was introduced into Polish Tesco Stores in 2008, and SR Slovakia at the end of 2009. As of September 2010, these markets have 1. 5m and 850,000 cardholders respectively, though operating in a similar fashion to the UK scheme it is independent, so Irish and British Clubcards can not be used in Slovak or Polish stores. In Slovakia every one euro spent is 1 Clubcard point, Clubcard was launched in the Czech Republic and Hungary in August and September 2010. When shopping at Tesco or using Tesco services, Clubcard holders receive one point for every £1 they spend, holders can also get extra points on special offers
Clubcard
–
A new Tesco Clubcard alongside an old-style Clubcard Key fob
Clubcard
–
The Tesco Clubcard logo
44.
Terry Leahy
–
Sir Terence Patrick Terry Leahy is a British businessman, previously the CEO of Tesco, the largest British retailer and the third-largest retailer in the world measured by revenues. He now lives in Cuffley, Hertfordshire, with his wife, Alison, born in Belle Vale, Liverpool to Irish immigrants, Leahy grew up in a prefabricated home in Endbrook Road. His father, a merchant seaman, was injured in World War II, Leahy attended Our Lady of the Assumption Primary School, L25. He passed the 11+ exam and earned a scholarship to attend St. Edwards College and he credits these institutions as providing scaffolding for ascent out of an impoverished background. He began working and went on to study at the University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology where he gained his BSc in Management Sciences, following his then girlfriend to London, he applied to become a product manager for Turkey Foil but was turned down. He applied for a job at Tesco, but lost out to another candidate, after that candidate was quickly reassigned upwards, Leahy returned to Tesco in 1979 as a marketing executive. Tesco was a resolute market follower of the two leading brands, Marks & Spencer as the worlds most profitable retailer, and Sainsburys as the worlds most profitable food retailer. Leahy was appointed to the board in 1992, and in 1995 Tesco became the UKs biggest retailer, Leahy became chief executive in 1997, on the retirement of Lord MacLaurin who wanted to appoint a successor to lead international expansion and increased market share. Tesco stretched its lead as the UKs largest retailer and also internationally, Leahy continued to visit a Tesco store somewhere every week. Following Tescos announcement of £2 billion in profits in April 2005, during his tenure, he increased the companys UK market share from 20pc to 30pc. On 8 June 2010, Tesco announced that Leahy was to retire as executive in March 2011. Leahy has been paid £8. 42m in performance related bonuses since his departure from Tesco, since then he has focused on startup investments. Sir Terry joined B&M Retails Board as Chairman in December 2012, sir Terry is a senior adviser to CD&R. He is also currently a Director of Blackcircles. com, Leahy was chosen as Britains Business Leader of the Year in 2003 and the Fortune European Businessman of the Year for 2004. Leahy was granted the freedom of the city of Liverpool and knighted in 2002, in 2010 “The Tablet” named him as one of Britain’s most influential Roman Catholics. He was given an honorary Doctor of Science degree from Cranfield University on 7 June 2007, Leahy is an Everton Football Club supporter and is a special advisor to the club. He is also part of a ground move to Kirkby which would have a new ground with a Tesco supermarket, a hotel. Sir Terry is the author of ‘Management in 10 Words’ published by Random House Business Books on 7 June 2012
Terry Leahy
–
Sir Terry Leahy
45.
Associated British Foods
–
Associated British Foods plc is a British multinational food processing and retailing company whose headquarters are in London, United Kingdom. Its ingredients division is the worlds second-largest producer of sugar and bakers yeast and a major producer of other ingredients including emulsifiers, enzymes. Its grocery division is a manufacturer of both branded and private label grocery products and includes the brands Mazola, Ovaltine, Ryvita, Jordans. Associated British Foods is listed on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE100 Index, the company was founded by Canadian W. Garfield Weston in 1935, initially as Food Investments Limited, with the name changing to Allied Bakeries Limited a month later. In 1960 the name was changed again to Associated British Foods, in 1963 the Company acquired Fine Fare, a leading British supermarket chain. Following the death of the founder in 1978, control of the company was passed on to his son Garry, the company sold Fine Fare in 1986 and in 1991 went on to acquire British Sugar. In 1997 ABF sold its operations in Northern Ireland and the Republic to Tesco. These businesses were, Quinnsworth and Crazy Prices in the Republic of Ireland and Stewarts Supermarket Limited and this sale also included the Stewarts Winebarrel off-licence chain, Lifestyle Sports & Leisure Ltd, Kingsway Fresh Foods and Daily Wrap Produce. In May 1994, bakery chain Greggs acquired the Bakers Oven chain from the company In 2000 the company sold its interests in Burtons Biscuits. On 26 March 2011 Associated British Foods, and its parent company Wittington Investments, were targeted over tax avoidance by UK Uncut during anti-cuts protests, the protest took the form of a mass sit-in in Fortnum & Mason. In February 2013, the firm was forced to deny “illegal, actionAid said Zambia Sugar, a unit of AB Foods, had made profits of $123 million since 2007 but had paid virtually no corporate tax in Zambia. In October 2013, the company denied being involved in unscrupulous uses of land, George G. Weston, Chief Executive Officer. Michael Jay, Baron Jay of Ewelme, Independent non-executive director, some 54. 5% of ABF is owned by Wittington Investments. Wittington Investments also owns Fortnum & Mason and Heal & Son, George G. Weston became chief executive of ABF on 1 April 2005, and Galen Weston, the chief executive of George Weston Ltd. is a non-executive director. Garth Weston is Regional President of AB Mauri
Associated British Foods
–
Old Argo laundry starch box, photographed at
Edmonds Historical Museum.
Associated British Foods
–
Associated British Foods plc
46.
Quinnsworth
–
Tesco Ireland is the Irish arm of supermarket group Tesco and controlled 28% of the grocery market as recently as 2012. There are 148 Tesco stores in operation in Ireland, several petrol stations are also operated by the company, as well as an internet shopping service, Tesco. ie. In 2007 the company launched its mobile service, Tesco Mobile. Tesco Ireland operated a number of 24-hour stores but have abandoned 24-hour opening as of 2014 with all stores closed from 12 midnight to 6 am. Tescos profit margins in the Republic are the companys highest in the according to retail industry analysts in London. Tescos Irish profit margin, was 9.3 per cent in 2008 and is projected to rise to 9.5 per cent by the end of 2009 and this makes the Irish operation Tescos most successful worldwide in margin terms. Tescos Irish profit margin is all the more remarkable given that the company sells a much larger volume of higher margin non-food items at its UK stores, the company was founded as Quinnsworth by Pat Quinn in 1966, and was later sold to Power Supermarkets. During the 1970s the slogan used was Lets get it all together at Quinnsworth, Power Supermarkets Ltd. became the parent company but used Quinnsworth as its marketing name. The company became a wholly owned subsidiary of Associated British Foods plc, Quinnsworth is remembered for their choice of store sites, their most memorable act was the addition of the phrase Yellow Pack to the retailing lexicon. Towards the end of Quinnsworths life, Yellow Pack was replaced by K. V. I, label as the low-cost generic grocery brand, and a high quality generic line called Premium Choice modeled after Loblaws Presidents Choice. Crazy Prices was a used by Quinnsworth on some of its larger outlets. These were known for their cheap prices, Crazy Prices was one of the first retailers in Ireland to introduce late night opening on Wednesdays, dubbing this night Crazy Night and running special in-store promotions. Until the mid-1990s, most Irish retailers only opened late one night a week, KVI branding was Crazy Prices equivalent to the Quinnsworth Yellow pack. It came in red and white striped packaging. On 6 May 1997, Tesco acquired the retailing and supply chain operations of Associated British Foods - with the exception of Primark - for £643 million. The grocery businesses acquired were those held by Comar Limited in the Republic of Ireland, Comar was the parent company of Powers Supermarkets Ltd and Crazy Prices in the Republic of Ireland. Stewarts Supermarkets included Crazy Prices in Northern Ireland, the Northern Ireland operations were folded into Tescos core UK business, while the Republic of Ireland operations became Tesco Ireland. Lifestyle Sports was demerged in 1997 via a management buy-out of seven directors, Stewarts Wine Barrel was sold to United Wine Merchants
Quinnsworth
–
Tesco Metro in
Temple Bar, Dublin.
Quinnsworth
–
Tesco Ireland Limited
Quinnsworth
–
Tesco Superstore in
Killarney.
47.
Stewarts Supermarkets
–
Tesco PLC is a British multinational grocery and general merchandise retailer with headquarters in Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire, England, United Kingdom. It is the third largest retailer in the world measured by profits and it has stores in 12 countries across Asia and Europe and is the grocery market leader in the UK, Ireland, Hungary, Malaysia and Thailand. Tesco was founded in 1919 by Jack Cohen as a group of market stalls and his business expanded rapidly, and by 1939 he had over 100 Tesco stores across the country. This broadening of its appeal was successful, and saw the chain grow from 500 stores in the mid-1990s to 2,500 stores fifteen years later, Tesco is listed on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE100 Index. It had a capitalization of approximately £18.1 billion as of 22 April 2015. Jack Cohen, the son of Jewish migrants from Poland, founded Tesco in 1919 when he began to sell war-surplus groceries from a stall at Well Street Market, Hackney, the Tesco brand first appeared in 1924. The name came about after Jack Cohen bought a shipment of tea from Thomas Edward Stockwell and he made new labels using the initials of the suppliers name, and the first two letters of his surname, forming the word TESCO. Tesco was floated on the London Stock Exchange in 1947 as Tesco Stores Limited, the first self-service store opened in St Albans in 1956, and the first supermarket in Maldon in 1956. In 1961 Tesco Leicester made an appearance in the Guinness Book of Records as the largest store in Europe, during the 1950s and the 1960s Tesco grew organically, and also through acquisitions, until it owned more than 800 stores. The company purchased 70 Williamsons stores,200 Harrow Stores outlets,212 Irwins stores,97 Charles Phillips stores, Jack Cohens business motto was pile it high and sell it cheap, to which he added an internal motto of YCDBSOYA which he used to motivate his sales force. In May 1987, Tesco completed its takeover of the Hillards chain of 40 supermarkets in the North of England for £220 million. In 1994, the took over the supermarket chain William Low after fighting off Sainsburys for control of the Dundee-based firm. This paved the way for Tesco to expand its presence in Scotland, Tesco introduced a loyalty card, branded Clubcard in 1995, and later an Internet shopping service. Overseas operations were introduced the same year, Terry Leahy assumed the role of Chief Executive on 21 February 1997, the appointment having been announced on 21 November 1995. The deal was approved by the European Commission on 6 May 1997, in July 2001 Tesco became involved in internet grocery retailing in the USA when it obtained a 35% stake in GroceryWorks. In 2002 Tesco purchased 13 HIT hypermarkets in Poland and it also made a major move into the UK convenience store market with its purchase of T & S Stores, owner of 870 convenience stores in the One Stop, Dillons and Day & Nite chains in the UK. In June 2003 Tesco purchased the C Two-Network in Japan and it also acquired a majority stake in Turkish supermarket chain Kipa. In January 2004 Tesco acquired Adminstore, owner of 45 Cullens, Europa, in Thailand, Tesco Lotus was a joint venture of the Charoen Pokphand Group and Tesco, but facing criticism over the growth of hypermarkets CP Group sold its Tesco Lotus shares in 2003
Stewarts Supermarkets
–
A branch of Tesco built inside the
Hoover Building in
Perivale, London (now a listed building)
Stewarts Supermarkets
–
Tesco PLC
Stewarts Supermarkets
–
The first ever self-service Tesco store in
St Albans,
Hertfordshire. The store has since relocated.
Stewarts Supermarkets
–
Potters Bar Tesco
48.
Tesco bomb campaign
–
In November, Sally claimed to have placed a pipe bomb in a garden in the Ferndown area of Dorset. Police eventually mounted an operation on the postbox to which several of the extortion letters had been traced and identified Sally as Robert Edward Dyer. He was sentenced to 16-years imprisonment on 12 June 2001, later reduced to 12 on appeal, a number of similar extortion attempts against supermarket chains and other businesses and subsequent attacks on Tesco have since been compared to Dyers campaign by the media. The letter demanded that Tesco give away Clubcards, modified for use in cash machines, over the following days, Dorset Police received two other letters, threatening to send bombs to Tesco customers if the demands were not met. The police investigation into the campaign, codenamed Operation Hornbill, was one of the most secretive ever undertaken by Dorset Police and they received a third letter on 29 August 2000, in which Sally claimed to have prepared letter bombs to send to Tescos customers. After receiving the letter, the police attempted to communicate with Sally by covertly taking out a classified advert in the Bournemouth Daily Echo to buy more time. During James meeting, he was informed that a bomb had exploded in a suburb of Bournemouth. In a documentary about the investigation in 2009, James said There was a knock at the door, the atmosphere of the meeting changed. Clearly there was a risk and the threat was very real, Jean Evans, the woman who opened the letter bomb, was taken to hospital with minor injuries and a bomb disposal team from the British Army was dispatched to the scene. The device had used a party popper to detonate gunpowder inside the envelope, a further seven of the packages were delivered to the homes of Tesco customers. Another threatening letter was sent in October, threatening to attack Tesco customers with pipe bombs if the demands were not met, the letter contained a cipher which allowed the police to communicate with Sally in code through cryptic adverts in the Bournemouth Daily Echo. James contacted the editor of the Echo and the police were allowed to place the messages in the Echo, disguised as Mensa puzzles, the box was placed under surveillance and, eventually, the October letter was traced back to that box. The footage from the operation was reviewed, but the image was of poor quality. They discovered that they could not produce sufficient cards by 12 December, approximately 100,000 clubcards, modified for use in ATMs, were eventually produced, but none were distributed. At the end of November, Sally sent another letter, telling the police that he had planted a bomb in a garden in the Ferndown area, the claim prompted the mobilisation of hundreds of police officers to the area, but no bomb was found. The police received another letter from Sally on 7 December, once again, the letter was traced back to the Bradpole road postbox, where the surveillance operation had continued. The operation had captured good-quality footage of all the users of the postbox that day, but, as it was close to Christmas, royal Mail regulations meant that detectives could not open or delay the letters, so they made enquiries with the recipients to identify the senders. They eventually managed to identify all but a number of the senders
Tesco bomb campaign
–
A Tesco store in Bournemouth
49.
One Stop (Tesco)
–
Tesco PLC is a British multinational grocery and general merchandise retailer with headquarters in Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire, England, United Kingdom. It is the third largest retailer in the world measured by profits and it has stores in 12 countries across Asia and Europe and is the grocery market leader in the UK, Ireland, Hungary, Malaysia and Thailand. Tesco was founded in 1919 by Jack Cohen as a group of market stalls and his business expanded rapidly, and by 1939 he had over 100 Tesco stores across the country. This broadening of its appeal was successful, and saw the chain grow from 500 stores in the mid-1990s to 2,500 stores fifteen years later, Tesco is listed on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE100 Index. It had a capitalization of approximately £18.1 billion as of 22 April 2015. Jack Cohen, the son of Jewish migrants from Poland, founded Tesco in 1919 when he began to sell war-surplus groceries from a stall at Well Street Market, Hackney, the Tesco brand first appeared in 1924. The name came about after Jack Cohen bought a shipment of tea from Thomas Edward Stockwell and he made new labels using the initials of the suppliers name, and the first two letters of his surname, forming the word TESCO. Tesco was floated on the London Stock Exchange in 1947 as Tesco Stores Limited, the first self-service store opened in St Albans in 1956, and the first supermarket in Maldon in 1956. In 1961 Tesco Leicester made an appearance in the Guinness Book of Records as the largest store in Europe, during the 1950s and the 1960s Tesco grew organically, and also through acquisitions, until it owned more than 800 stores. The company purchased 70 Williamsons stores,200 Harrow Stores outlets,212 Irwins stores,97 Charles Phillips stores, Jack Cohens business motto was pile it high and sell it cheap, to which he added an internal motto of YCDBSOYA which he used to motivate his sales force. In May 1987, Tesco completed its takeover of the Hillards chain of 40 supermarkets in the North of England for £220 million. In 1994, the took over the supermarket chain William Low after fighting off Sainsburys for control of the Dundee-based firm. This paved the way for Tesco to expand its presence in Scotland, Tesco introduced a loyalty card, branded Clubcard in 1995, and later an Internet shopping service. Overseas operations were introduced the same year, Terry Leahy assumed the role of Chief Executive on 21 February 1997, the appointment having been announced on 21 November 1995. The deal was approved by the European Commission on 6 May 1997, in July 2001 Tesco became involved in internet grocery retailing in the USA when it obtained a 35% stake in GroceryWorks. In 2002 Tesco purchased 13 HIT hypermarkets in Poland and it also made a major move into the UK convenience store market with its purchase of T & S Stores, owner of 870 convenience stores in the One Stop, Dillons and Day & Nite chains in the UK. In June 2003 Tesco purchased the C Two-Network in Japan and it also acquired a majority stake in Turkish supermarket chain Kipa. In January 2004 Tesco acquired Adminstore, owner of 45 Cullens, Europa, in Thailand, Tesco Lotus was a joint venture of the Charoen Pokphand Group and Tesco, but facing criticism over the growth of hypermarkets CP Group sold its Tesco Lotus shares in 2003
One Stop (Tesco)
–
A branch of Tesco built inside the
Hoover Building in
Perivale, London (now a listed building)
One Stop (Tesco)
–
Tesco PLC
One Stop (Tesco)
–
The first ever self-service Tesco store in
St Albans,
Hertfordshire. The store has since relocated.
One Stop (Tesco)
–
Potters Bar Tesco
6,553 stores (2017)[1]
1
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