Textual criticism or textology of the Primary Chronicle or Tale of Bygone Years aims to reconstruct the original text by comparing extant witnesses. This has included the search for reliable textual w
Copy of the calling of the Varangians text as preserved in the Laurentian Codex
Varangians native lable name 07
Laurentian Codex (click for full PDF)
Hypatian Codex (click for full PDF)
Rus' chronicles
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The Rus' chronicles, or Russian chronicles, were the primary form of historical Old East Slavic literature in Kievan Rus' and its successors. Chronicles were composed from the 11th to the 18th centuri
Illustration from the illuminated 15th-century Radziwiłł Chronicle
The Chronicle (1887) by Alexander N. Novoskoltsev
Illustration from Christian Topography (Uvarov edition) captioned, "The world on the other side of the door"
Alexey Shakhmatov, classifier of the chronicles