1.
Paris
–
Paris is the capital and most populous city of France. It has an area of 105 square kilometres and a population of 2,229,621 in 2013 within its administrative limits, the agglomeration has grown well beyond the citys administrative limits. By the 17th century, Paris was one of Europes major centres of finance, commerce, fashion, science, and the arts, and it retains that position still today. The aire urbaine de Paris, a measure of area, spans most of the Île-de-France region and has a population of 12,405,426. It is therefore the second largest metropolitan area in the European Union after London, the Metropole of Grand Paris was created in 2016, combining the commune and its nearest suburbs into a single area for economic and environmental co-operation. Grand Paris covers 814 square kilometres and has a population of 7 million persons, the Paris Region had a GDP of €624 billion in 2012, accounting for 30.0 percent of the GDP of France and ranking it as one of the wealthiest regions in Europe. The city is also a rail, highway, and air-transport hub served by two international airports, Paris-Charles de Gaulle and Paris-Orly. Opened in 1900, the subway system, the Paris Métro. It is the second busiest metro system in Europe after Moscow Metro, notably, Paris Gare du Nord is the busiest railway station in the world outside of Japan, with 262 millions passengers in 2015. In 2015, Paris received 22.2 million visitors, making it one of the top tourist destinations. The association football club Paris Saint-Germain and the rugby union club Stade Français are based in Paris, the 80, 000-seat Stade de France, built for the 1998 FIFA World Cup, is located just north of Paris in the neighbouring commune of Saint-Denis. Paris hosts the annual French Open Grand Slam tennis tournament on the red clay of Roland Garros, Paris hosted the 1900 and 1924 Summer Olympics and is bidding to host the 2024 Summer Olympics. The name Paris is derived from its inhabitants, the Celtic Parisii tribe. Thus, though written the same, the name is not related to the Paris of Greek mythology. In the 1860s, the boulevards and streets of Paris were illuminated by 56,000 gas lamps, since the late 19th century, Paris has also been known as Panam in French slang. Inhabitants are known in English as Parisians and in French as Parisiens and they are also pejoratively called Parigots. The Parisii, a sub-tribe of the Celtic Senones, inhabited the Paris area from around the middle of the 3rd century BC. One of the areas major north-south trade routes crossed the Seine on the île de la Cité, this place of land and water trade routes gradually became a town
Paris
–
In the 1860s Paris streets and monuments were illuminated by 56,000 gas lamps, making it literally "The City of Light."
Paris
Paris
–
Gold coins minted by the Parisii (1st century BC)
Paris
–
The
Palais de la Cité and
Sainte-Chapelle, viewed from the Left Bank, from the
Très Riches Heures du duc de Berry (month of June) (1410)
2.
Geographic coordinate system
–
A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
Geographic coordinate system
–
Longitude lines are perpendicular and latitude lines are parallel to the equator.
3.
Stage Entertainment
–
Stage Entertainment is a live entertainment company founded by Dutch media tycoon and theatrical producer, Joop van den Ende. It is based in Amsterdam, Netherlands, Stage Entertainment is in business with offices and theatres in the Netherlands, Germany, Spain, the United Kingdom, the United States, Russia, France and Italy. The group produces musical shows in theatres, comprising licensed productions from international partners as well as original. Stage Entertainment is the largest theatre producer in Europe and owns, the company has approximately 3,000 employees and owns or operates theaters in the Netherlands, Germany, France, Spain, Italy and Russia. Stage Entertainment currently owns and operates or has long-term leases for a portfolio of theatres, in December 2014, Stage Entertainment announced that it had acquired Albert Verlinde Entertainment and its subsequent merger with its Dutch subsidiary, Joop van den Ende Theaterproducties. Productions that were currently running would continue to run under the banner of their companies until the end of the theatre season they opened. With the creation of TopTicketLine in 1990, Stage Entertainment established its own center for ticket sales. In June 2005, the company’s German subsidiary took over Ticket Online, in 2007, Stage Ticketing International was created—an independent ticketing company comprising all of Stage Entertainment’s ticketing activities. In the same year, this new subsidiary acquired See Tickets from Andrew Lloyd Webber’s Really Useful Group, subsequently, all of Stage Entertainments ticketing activities and companies operated under the name See Tickets. In 2010, See Tickets UK and See Tickets Germany were sold to CTS Eventim, in March 2014, Stage Entertainment sold its ticketing companies in Spain, the Netherlands, and France to CTS Eventim. CTS Eventim also assumed all ticketing activities for Stage Entertainment in Russia, in 2000, Stage Entertainment entered into a licensing agreement with Disney Theatrical Productions. This, together with Stage Entertainment’s collaboration in Europe with Littlestar, Mamma Mia. ’s production company, enabled the company to expand into Germany, Spain, Russia, France, Italy, Stage Entertainment sold New World Stages to The Shubert Organization in November 2014. In 2005 Stage Entertainment along with Dutch dance event organiser ID&T founded the company ID&T Germany, the joint venture was ended in 2006, and ID&T was later acquired by SFX Entertainment. In 2011 Stage Entertainment Touring Productions was created as a new Stage Entertainment division, Stage Entertainment has subsidiaries in the Netherlands, Germany, Spain, the United Kingdom, the United States, Russia, France and Italy. Stage Entertainment also owns and/or operates the following theatres where its productions are staged, Ice Age Live Ich war noch niemals in New York Ich will Spass. Those marked with two asterisks were Stella Entertainment AG productions that were continued by Stage Entertainment in 2002
Stage Entertainment
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Das Phantom der Oper (The Phantom of the Opera) in the Stage Palladium Theater, 2003
Stage Entertainment
–
Stage Entertainment
Stage Entertainment
–
Two theatres owned by Stage Entertainment in Hamburg. Stage Theater im Hafen (right) and the Stage Theater an der Elbe, which opened in 2014 (left)
4.
Seating capacity
–
Seating capacity is the number of people who can be seated in a specific space, in terms of both the physical space available, and limitations set by law. Seating capacity can be used in the description of anything ranging from an automobile that seats two to a stadium that seats hundreds of thousands of people. The International Fire Code, portions of which have adopted by many jurisdictions, is directed more towards the use of a facility than the construction. It specifies, For areas having fixed seating without dividing arms and it also requires that every public venue submit a detailed site plan to the local fire code official, including details of the means of egress, seating capacity, arrangement of the seating. Once safety considerations have been satisfied, determinations of seating capacity turn on the size of the venue. For sports venues, the decision on maximum seating capacity is determined by several factors, chief among these are the primary sports program and the size of the market area. Seating capacity of venues also plays a role in what media they are able to provide, in contracting to permit performers to use a theatre or other performing space, the seating capacity of the performance facility must be disclosed. Seating capacity may influence the kind of contract to be used, the seating capacity must also be disclosed to the copyright owner in seeking a license for the copyrighted work to be performed in that venue. Venues that may be leased for private functions such as ballrooms and auditoriums generally advertise their seating capacity, seating capacity is also an important consideration in the construction and use of sports venues such as stadiums and arenas. The seating capacity for restaurants is reported as covers, a restaurant that can seat 99 is said to have 99 covers, seating capacity differs from total capacity, which describes the total number of people who can fit in a venue or in a vehicle either sitting or standing. Use of the term public capacity indicates that a venue is allowed to more people than it can actually seat. Again, the total number of people can refer to either the physical space available or limitations set by law
Seating capacity
–
The
Indianapolis Motor Speedway has the largest seating capacity of any venue in the world.
Seating capacity
–
An aerial view of the
Melbourne Cricket Ground during the 1992
Cricket World Cup final packed with 90,000 people.
5.
Music hall
–
Music hall is a type of British theatrical entertainment that was popular from the early Victorian era circa 1850 and lasting until 1960. It involved a mixture of songs, comedy, speciality acts. The term is derived from a type of theatre or venue in which such entertainment took place and these theatres were designed chiefly so people could consume food and alcohol and smoke tobacco in the auditorium while the entertainment took place. This differed somewhat from the type of theatre, which until then seated the audience in stalls with a separate bar-room. By the mid-19th century, the halls cried out for many new, as a result, professional songwriters were enlisted to provide the music for a plethora of star performers, such as Marie Lloyd, Dan Leno, Little Tich, and George Leybourne. Music hall did not adopt its own unique style, the halls had recovered by the start of the First World War and were used to stage charity events in aid of the war effort. Music hall entertainment continued after the war, but became popular due to upcoming Jazz, Swing. Licensing restrictions had also changed, and drinking was banned from the auditorium, a new type of music hall entertainment had arrived, in the form of variety, and many music hall performers failed to make the transition. Deemed old fashioned and with the closure of many halls, music hall entertainment ceased, Music hall in London had its origins in entertainment provided in the new style saloon bars of public houses during the 1830s. These venues replaced earlier semi-rural amusements provided by fairs and suburban pleasure gardens such as Vauxhall Gardens and these latter became subject to urban development and became fewer and less popular. The saloon was a room where for a fee or a greater price at the bar, singing, dancing. The most famous London saloon of the days was the Grecian Saloon, established in 1825, at The Eagle,2 Shepherdess Walk. According to John Hollingshead, proprietor of the Gaiety Theatre, London, this establishment was the father and mother, later known as the Grecian Theatre, it was here that Marie Lloyd made her début at the age of 14 in 1884. It is still famous because of an English nursery rhyme, with the somewhat mysterious lyrics, Up and down the City Road In and out The Eagle Thats the way the money goesPop goes the weasel. Another famous song and supper room of this period was Evans Music-and-Supper Rooms,43 King Street, Covent Garden and this venue was also known as Evans Late Joys – Joy being the name of the previous owner. Other song and supper rooms included the Coal Hole in The Strand, the Cyder Cellars in Maiden Lane, Covent Garden, the music hall as we know it developed from such establishments during the 1850s and were built in and on the grounds of public houses. In a theatre, by contrast, the audience was seated in stalls, an exception to this rule was the Britannia Theatre, Hoxton which somehow managed to evade this regulation and served drinks to its customers. Though a theatre rather than a hall, this establishment later hosted music hall variety acts
Music hall
–
The Oxford Music Hall, ca. 1875
Music hall
–
The Eagle Tavern in 1830
Music hall
–
The interior of
Wilton's (here, being set for a wedding). The lines of tables give some idea of how early music halls were used as supper clubs.
Music hall
–
Interior of the
Canterbury Hall, opened 1852 in
Lambeth
6.
Alfred Butt
–
Sir Alfred Butt, 1st Baronet was a British theatre impresario, Conservative politician and racehorse owner and breeder. He continued as a theatre impresario until 1931, during the First World War, also, Butt became Director of Food Rationing at the Ministry of Food. He was knighted for his services to the ministry, and for his work for war charities and he was elected as Member of Parliament for Balham and Tooting in 1922. In 1929, he was created a baronet of Westminster in the County of London for his services to political and he was forced to resign from the Commons in June 1936 over a financial scandal. After this, Butt concentrated on horse racing and he subsequently joined the Palace Theatre, a music hall in Cambridge Circus, London, largely controlled by the Beyfus family and associates. He became company secretary of the Palace Theatre Limited in 1898 and he quickly advanced to the position of assistant manager, and when Charles Morton died in 1904, he became manager of the Palace. In 1906 he became managing director, a position he held for 14 years and he developed close links with the Orpheum Vaudeville Circuit and its associates in the United States, and brought numerous American stars to London. He also introduced British audiences to continental performers such as Anna Pavlova, VTCC became the second largest chain of music halls in the United Kingdom, second only to Moss Empires. Among their London theatres managed by Butt were the Globe and Queens Theatres, Butt became managing director of three West End theatres during the war, the Adelphi Theatre, the Empire Theatre and the Gaiety Theatre. He became joint owner and managing director of Londons Theatre Royal and he was knighted for his services to the Ministry, and for his work for war charities, in 1918. Butt was a supporter of the Conservative & Unionist Party, after standing unsuccessfully for the party at parliamentary elections at Walworth and Paddington North, he was elected as member of parliament for Balham and Tooting at the 1922 general election. In 1929 he was created a baronet of Westminster in the County of London for his services to political, with the end of his political career, Butt concentrated on his interest in the horse-racing industry. He purchased the Brook Stud near Newmarket and his two most successful horses were Steady Aim, winner of the Epsom Oaks, and Petition, winner of the Ascot New Stakes, both in 1946. The first marriage in 1908 was to Georgina Mary Say, who died in 1960 and his second marriage was to Wilhelmine Wahl later in 1960. He had one son, Kenneth Dudley Butt, from his first marriage, sir Alfred Butt died at his Newmarket home in December 1962, aged 84. He was cremated at Cambridge Crematorium
Alfred Butt
–
"
The Palace " Butt as caricatured in
Vanity Fair, December 1910
7.
World War I
–
World War I, also known as the First World War, the Great War, or the War to End All Wars, was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918. More than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, were mobilised in one of the largest wars in history and it was one of the deadliest conflicts in history, and paved the way for major political changes, including revolutions in many of the nations involved. The war drew in all the worlds great powers, assembled in two opposing alliances, the Allies versus the Central Powers of Germany and Austria-Hungary. These alliances were reorganised and expanded as more nations entered the war, Italy, Japan, the trigger for the war was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary, by Yugoslav nationalist Gavrilo Princip in Sarajevo on 28 June 1914. This set off a crisis when Austria-Hungary delivered an ultimatum to the Kingdom of Serbia. Within weeks, the powers were at war and the conflict soon spread around the world. On 25 July Russia began mobilisation and on 28 July, the Austro-Hungarians declared war on Serbia, Germany presented an ultimatum to Russia to demobilise, and when this was refused, declared war on Russia on 1 August. Germany then invaded neutral Belgium and Luxembourg before moving towards France, after the German march on Paris was halted, what became known as the Western Front settled into a battle of attrition, with a trench line that changed little until 1917. On the Eastern Front, the Russian army was successful against the Austro-Hungarians, in November 1914, the Ottoman Empire joined the Central Powers, opening fronts in the Caucasus, Mesopotamia and the Sinai. In 1915, Italy joined the Allies and Bulgaria joined the Central Powers, Romania joined the Allies in 1916, after a stunning German offensive along the Western Front in the spring of 1918, the Allies rallied and drove back the Germans in a series of successful offensives. By the end of the war or soon after, the German Empire, Russian Empire, Austro-Hungarian Empire, national borders were redrawn, with several independent nations restored or created, and Germanys colonies were parceled out among the victors. During the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, the Big Four imposed their terms in a series of treaties, the League of Nations was formed with the aim of preventing any repetition of such a conflict. This effort failed, and economic depression, renewed nationalism, weakened successor states, and feelings of humiliation eventually contributed to World War II. From the time of its start until the approach of World War II, at the time, it was also sometimes called the war to end war or the war to end all wars due to its then-unparalleled scale and devastation. In Canada, Macleans magazine in October 1914 wrote, Some wars name themselves, during the interwar period, the war was most often called the World War and the Great War in English-speaking countries. Will become the first world war in the sense of the word. These began in 1815, with the Holy Alliance between Prussia, Russia, and Austria, when Germany was united in 1871, Prussia became part of the new German nation. Soon after, in October 1873, German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck negotiated the League of the Three Emperors between the monarchs of Austria-Hungary, Russia and Germany
World War I
–
Clockwise from the top: The aftermath of shelling during the
Battle of the Somme,
Mark V tanks cross the
Hindenburg Line,
HMS Irresistible sinks after hitting a
mine in the
Dardanelles, a British
Vickers machine gun crew wears
gas masks during the Battle of the Somme,
Albatros D.III fighters of
Jagdstaffel 11
World War I
–
Sarajevo citizens reading a poster with the proclamation of the
Austrian annexation in 1908.
World War I
–
This picture is usually associated with the arrest of
Gavrilo Princip, although some believe it depicts Ferdinand Behr, a bystander.
World War I
–
Serbian Army
Blériot XI "Oluj", 1915.
8.
Essaouira
–
Essaouira, formerly known as Mogador, is a city in the western Moroccan economic region of Marrakesh-Safi, on the Atlantic coast. The modern name means the little rampart, a reference to the walls that still enclose part of the city. The name of the city is usually spelled Essaouira in Latin script, both spellings represent its name in Moroccan Arabic, ṣ-Ṣwiṛa. This is the diminutive of the noun ṣuṛ which means wall, the pronunciation with pharyngealized /ṣ/ and /ṛ/ is a typically Moroccan development. In Classical Arabic, the noun is sūr, diminutive suwayrah, hence the spelling of the name in Arabic script according to the classical pronunciation is السويرة al-Suwayrah. In the Berber language which is spoken by a proportion of the citys inhabitants, it is called Taṣṣort. In Moroccan Arabic, a single male inhabitant is called ṣwiṛi, plural ṣwiṛiyin, in the Berber language, a single male inhabitant is U-Taṣṣort, plural, Ayt Taṣṣuṛt, a single female inhabitant is Ult Taṣṣort, plural Ist Taṣṣort. Until the 1960s, Essaouira was generally known by its Portuguese name and this name is probably a corruption of the older Berber name Amaqdūl that is mentioned by the 11th-century geographer al-Bakrī. Archaeological research shows that Essaouira has been occupied since prehistoric times, the bay at Essaouira is partially sheltered by the island of Mogador, making it a peaceful harbor protected against strong marine winds. Essaouira has long considered as one of the best anchorages of the Moroccan coast. The Carthaginian navigator Hanno visited in the 5th century BC and established the trading post of Arambys and this dye colored the purple stripe in Imperial Roman Senatorial togas. A Roman villa was excavated on Mogador island, a Roman vase was found as well as coinage from the 3rd century CE. Most of the artifacts are now visible in the Sidi Mohammed ben Abdallah Museum, during the Middle Ages, a Muslim saint named Sidi Mogdoul was buried in Essaouira, probably giving its origin to the name Mogador. In 1506, the king of Portugal, D. Manuel I, ordered a fortress to be built there, four of them only had a short duration, Graciosa, São João da Mamora, Castelo Real of Mogador and Aguz. Two became permanent urban settlements, Santa Cruz do Cabo de Gué, following the 1541 Fall of Agadir, the Portuguese had to abandon most of their settlements between 1541 and 1550, although they were able to keep Ceuta, Tangier and Mazagan. The fortress of Castelo Real of Mogador fell to the resistance of the Regraga fraternity four years after its establishment. During the 16th century, powers including Spain, England, the Netherlands, Essaouira remained a haven for the export of sugar, molasses and the anchoring of pirates. France was involved in an attempt to colonize Mogador in 1629
Essaouira
–
Essaouira Sidi Megdoul
Essaouira
–
Coat of arms
Essaouira
–
Phoenician plate with red
slip, 7th century BCE, excavated in
Mogador island, Essaouira.
Sidi Mohammed ben Abdallah Museum.
Essaouira
–
Aegean amphora found in Essaouira, 3-4th century CE.
9.
Morocco
–
Morocco, officially known as the Kingdom of Morocco, is a sovereign country located in the Maghreb region of North Africa. Geographically, Morocco is characterized by a mountainous interior, large tracts of desert. Morocco has a population of over 33.8 million and an area of 446,550 km2 and its capital is Rabat, and the largest city is Casablanca. Other major cities include Marrakesh, Tangier, Tetouan, Salé, Fes, Agadir, Meknes, Oujda, Kenitra, a historically prominent regional power, Morocco has a history of independence not shared by its neighbours. Marinid and Saadi dynasties continued the struggle against foreign domination, the Alaouite dynasty, the current ruling dynasty, seized power in 1666. In 1912 Morocco was divided into French and Spanish protectorates, with a zone in Tangier. Moroccan culture is a blend of Arab, indigenous Berber, Sub-Saharan African, Morocco claims the non-self-governing territory of Western Sahara as its Southern Provinces. Morocco annexed the territory in 1975, leading to a war with indigenous forces until a cease-fire in 1991. Peace processes have thus far failed to break the political deadlock, Morocco is a constitutional monarchy with an elected parliament. The King of Morocco holds vast executive and legislative powers, especially over the military, foreign policy, the king can issue decrees called dahirs which have the force of law. He can also dissolve the parliament after consulting the Prime Minister, Moroccos predominant religion is Islam, and the official languages are Arabic and Tamazight. The Moroccan dialect, referred to as Darija, and French are also widely spoken, Morocco is a member of the Arab League, the Union for the Mediterranean, and the African Union. It has the fifth largest economy of Africa, the full Arabic name al-Mamlakah al-Maghribiyyah translates to Kingdom of the West, although the West in Arabic is الغرب Al-Gharb. The basis of Moroccos English name is Marrakesh, its capital under the Almoravid dynasty, the origin of the name Marrakesh is disputed, but is most likely from the Berber words amur akush or Land of God. The modern Berber name for Marrakesh is Mṛṛakc, in Turkish, Morocco is known as Fas, a name derived from its ancient capital of Fes. The English name Morocco is an anglicisation of the Spanish Marruecos, the area of present-day Morocco has been inhabited since Paleolithic times, sometime between 190,000 and 90,000 BC. During the Upper Paleolithic, the Maghreb was more fertile than it is today, twenty-two thousand years ago, the Aterian was succeeded by the Iberomaurusian culture, which shared similarities with Iberian cultures. Skeletal similarities have been suggested between the Iberomaurusian Mechta-Afalou burials and European Cro-Magnon remains, the Iberomaurusian was succeeded by the Beaker culture in Morocco
Morocco
–
Berber Roman King
Ptolemy of Mauretania.
Morocco
–
Flag
Morocco
–
Roman mosaic of Diana in
Volubilis.
Morocco
–
Morocco, Safi ceramic vessel Jobbana
10.
Woodrow Wilson
–
Thomas Woodrow Wilson was an American politician and academic who served as the 28th President of the United States from 1913 to 1921. Born in Staunton, Virginia, he spent his years in Augusta, Georgia and Columbia. In 1910, he was the New Jersey Democratic Partys gubernatorial candidate and was elected the 34th Governor of New Jersey, while in office, Wilson reintroduced the spoken State of the Union, which had been out of use since 1801. Leading the Congress that was now in Democratic hands, he oversaw the passage of progressive legislative policies unparalleled until the New Deal in 1933. The Federal Reserve Act, Federal Trade Commission Act, the Clayton Antitrust Act, through passage of the Adamson Act that imposed an 8-hour workday for railroads, he averted a railroad strike and an ensuing economic crisis. Upon the outbreak of World War I in 1914, Wilson maintained a policy of neutrality, Wilson faced former New York Governor Charles Evans Hughes in the presidential election of 1916. By a narrow margin, he became the first Democrat since Andrew Jackson elected to two consecutive terms, Wilsons second term was dominated by American entry into World War I. In April 1917, when Germany had resumed unrestricted submarine warfare and sent the Zimmermann Telegram, the United States conducted military operations alongside the Allies, although without a formal alliance. During the war, Wilson focused on diplomacy and financial considerations, leaving military strategy to the generals, loaning billions of dollars to Britain, France, and other Allies, the United States aided their finance of the war effort. On the home front, he raised taxes, borrowing billions of dollars through the publics purchase of Liberty Bonds. In his 1915 State of the Union Address, Wilson asked Congress for what became the Espionage Act of 1917, the crackdown was intensified by his Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer to include expulsion of non-citizen radicals during the First Red Scare of 1919–1920. Wilson staffed his government with Southern Democrats who implemented racial segregation at the Treasury, Navy and he gave department heads greater autonomy in their management. Following his return from Europe, Wilson embarked on a tour in 1919 to campaign for the treaty. The treaty was met with concern by Senate Republicans, and Wilson rejected a compromise effort led by Henry Cabot Lodge. Due to his stroke, Wilson secluded himself in the White House, disability having diminished his power, forming a strategy for re-election, Wilson deadlocked the 1920 Democratic National Convention, but his bid for a third-term nomination was overlooked. Wilson was a devoted Presbyterian and Georgist, and he infused his views of morality into his domestic and he appointed several well known radically progressive single taxers to prominent positions in his administration. His ideology of internationalism is now referred to as Wilsonian, an activist foreign policy calling on the nation to promote global democracy and he was the third of four children of Joseph Ruggles Wilson and Jessie Janet Woodrow. Wilsons paternal grandparents immigrated to the United States from Strabane, County Tyrone, Ireland and his mother was born in Carlisle, England, the daughter of Rev. Dr. Thomas Woodrow from Paisley, Scotland, and Marion Williamson from Glasgow
Woodrow Wilson
–
President Wilson in 1919
Woodrow Wilson
–
Wilson c. mid 1870s
Woodrow Wilson
–
Ellen Axson Wilson (1883)
Woodrow Wilson
–
daughters Jessie and Margaret
11.
Treaty of Versailles
–
The Treaty of Versailles was the most important of the peace treaties that brought World War I to an end. The Treaty ended the state of war between Germany and the Allied Powers and it was signed on 28 June 1919, exactly five years after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand. The other Central Powers on the German side of World War I signed separate treaties, although the armistice, signed on 11 November 1918, ended the actual fighting, it took six months of Allied negotiations at the Paris Peace Conference to conclude the peace treaty. The treaty was registered by the Secretariat of the League of Nations on 21 October 1919 and this article, Article 231, later became known as the War Guilt clause. The treaty forced Germany to disarm, make substantial territorial concessions, in 1921 the total cost of these reparations was assessed at 132 billion marks. On the other hand, prominent figures on the Allied side such as French Marshal Ferdinand Foch criticized the treaty for treating Germany too leniently, although it is often referred to as the Versailles Conference, only the actual signing of the treaty took place at the historic palace. Most of the negotiations were in Paris, with the Big Four meetings taking place generally at the Quai dOrsay, the First World War was fought across Europe, the Middle East, Africa and Asia. Countries beyond the war zones were also affected by the disruption of trade, finance. In 1917, two revolutions occurred within the Russian Empire, which led to the collapse of the Imperial Government, the American war aim was to detach the war from nationalistic disputes and ambitions after the Bolshevik disclosure of secret treaties between the Allies. The existence of these treaties tended to discredit Allied claims that Germany was the power with aggressive ambitions. On 8 January 1918, United States President Woodrow Wilson issued a statement that became known as the Fourteen Points and this speech outlined a policy of free trade, open agreements, democracy and self-determination. After the Central Powers launched Operation Faustschlag on the Eastern Front and this treaty ended the war between Russia and the Central powers and annexed 1,300,000 square miles of territory and 62 million people. During the autumn of 1918, the Central Powers began to collapse, desertion rates within the German army began to increase, and civilian strikes drastically reduced war production. On the Western Front, the Allied forces launched the Hundred Days Offensive, sailors of the Imperial German Navy at Kiel mutinied, which prompted uprisings in Germany, which became known as the German Revolution. The German government tried to obtain a settlement based on the Fourteen Points. Following negotiations, the Allied powers and Germany signed an armistice, the terms of the armistice called for an immediate evacuation of German troops from occupied Belgium, France, and Luxembourg within fifteen days. In addition, it established that Allied forces would occupy the Rhineland, in late 1918, Allied troops entered Germany and began the occupation. Both the German Empire and Great Britain were dependent on imports of food and raw materials, primarily from the Americas, the Blockade of Germany was a naval operation conducted by the Allied Powers to stop the supply of raw materials and foodstuffs reaching the Central Powers
Treaty of Versailles
–
Cover of the English version
Treaty of Versailles
–
The borders of Eastern Europe, as drawn up in Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Treaty of Versailles
–
The heads of the "
Big Four " nations at the Paris Peace Conference, 27 May 1919. From left to right:
David Lloyd George,
Vittorio Orlando , Georges Clemenceau, and
Woodrow Wilson.
Treaty of Versailles
–
German
Johannes Bell signs the Treaty of Versailles in the
Hall of Mirrors, with various Allied delegations sitting and standing in front of him.
12.
Franklin Delano Roosevelt
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Franklin Delano Roosevelt, commonly known as FDR, was an American statesman and political leader who served as the 32nd President of the United States from 1933 until his death in 1945. A Democrat, he won a record four presidential elections and emerged as a figure in world events during the mid-20th century. He directed the United States government during most of the Great Depression and he is often rated by scholars as one of the three greatest U. S. Presidents, along with George Washington and Abraham Lincoln. Roosevelt was born in 1882 to an old, prominent Dutch family from Dutchess County and he attended the elite educational institutions of Groton School, Harvard College, and Columbia Law School. At age 23 in 1905, he married Eleanor Roosevelt, and he entered politics in 1910, serving in the New York State Senate, and then as Assistant Secretary of the Navy under President Woodrow Wilson. In 1920, Roosevelt was presidential candidate James M. Coxs running mate and he was in office from 1929 to 1933 and served as a reform governor, promoting the enactment of programs to combat the depression besetting the United States at the time. In the 1932 presidential election, Roosevelt defeated incumbent Republican president Herbert Hoover in a landslide to win the presidency, Roosevelt took office while in the United States was in the midst of the worst economic crisis in its history. Energized by his victory over polio, FDR relied on his persistent optimism and activism to renew the national spirit. He created numerous programs to support the unemployed and farmers, and to labor union growth while more closely regulating business. His support for the repeal of Prohibition in 1933 added to his popularity, the economy improved rapidly from 1933–37, but then relapsed into a deep recession in 1937–38. The bipartisan Conservative Coalition that formed in 1937 prevented his packing the Supreme Court, when the war began and unemployment ended, conservatives in Congress repealed the two major relief programs, the WPA and CCC. However, they kept most of the regulations on business, along with several smaller programs, major surviving programs include the Securities and Exchange Commission, the Wagner Act, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation and Social Security. His goal was to make America the Arsenal of Democracy, which would supply munitions to the Allies, in March 1941, Roosevelt, with Congressional approval, provided Lend-Lease aid to Britain and China. He supervised the mobilization of the U. S. economy to support the war effort, as an active military leader, Roosevelt implemented a war strategy on two fronts that ended in the defeat of the Axis Powers and initiate the development of the worlds first atomic bomb. His work also influenced the creation of the United Nations. Roosevelts physical health declined during the war years, and he died 11 weeks into his fourth term. One of the oldest Dutch families in New York State, the Roosevelts distinguished themselves in other than politics. One ancestor, Isaac Roosevelt, had served with the New York militia during the American Revolution, Roosevelt attended events of the New York society Sons of the American Revolution, and joined the organization while he was president
Franklin Delano Roosevelt
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Roosevelt in 1933
Franklin Delano Roosevelt
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Roosevelt in 1884, 2 years old.
Franklin Delano Roosevelt
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The birthplace of FDR at Springwood.
Franklin Delano Roosevelt
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Roosevelt sailing with half-niece Helen and father James, 1899.
13.
Sergei Diaghilev
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Sergei Diaghilev was born to a wealthy and cultured family in Selishchi, Russia, his father, Pavel Pavlovich, was a cavalry colonel, but the familys money came mainly from vodka distilleries. After the death of Sergeis mother, his father married Elena Valerianovna Panaeva, the family lived in Perm but had an apartment in Saint Petersburg and a country estate in Bikbarda. In 1890, Sergeis parents went bankrupt, having for a time lived beyond their means. After graduating in 1892 he abandoned his dreams of composition, during his years at University, Diaghilevs cousin Dmitry Filosofov introduced him to a circle of art-loving friends who called themselves The Nevsky Pickwickians. They included Alexandre Benois, Walter Nouvel, Konstantin Somov, although not instantly received into the group, Diaghilev was aided by Benois in developing his knowledge of Russian and Western art. In two years, he had voraciously absorbed this new obsession and came to be respected as one of the most learned of the group, with financial backing from Savva Mamontov and Princess Maria Tenisheva, the group founded the journal Mir iskusstva. In 1899, Diaghilev became special assistant to Prince Sergei Mikhaylovich Volkonsky, in 1900–1901 Volkonsky entrusted Diaghilev with the staging of Léo Delibes ballet Sylvia, a favorite of Benois. The two collaborators concocted an elaborate plan that startled the established personnel of the Imperial Theatres. At the same time, some of Diaghilevs researchers hinted at his homosexuality as the cause for this conflict. However, his homosexuality had been known long before he was invited into the Imperial Theatres. In the following year he took a major exhibition of Russian art to the Petit Palais in Paris and it was the beginning of a long involvement with France. In 1907 he presented five concerts of Russian music in Paris and this led to an invitation to return the following year with ballet as well as opera, and thus to the launching of his famous Ballets Russes. The company included the best young Russian dancers, among them Anna Pavlova, Adolph Bolm, Vaslav Nijinsky, Tamara Karsavina and Vera Karalli, and their first night on 19 May 1909 was a sensation. During these years Diaghilevs stagings included several compositions by the late Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov, such as the operas The Maid of Pskov, May Night and his choreographer Michel Fokine often adapted the music for ballet. Diaghilev also worked with dancer and ballet master Léonide Massine, the artistic director for the Ballets Russes was Léon Bakst. Together they developed a complicated form of ballet with show-elements intended to appeal to the general public. The exotic appeal of the Ballets Russes had an effect on Fauvist painters, coco Chanel is said to have stated that Diaghilev invented Russia for foreigners. Perhaps Diaghilevs most notable composer-collaborator, however, was Igor Stravinsky, Diaghilev heard Stravinskys early orchestral works Fireworks and Scherzo fantastique, and was impressed enough to ask Stravinsky to arrange some pieces by Chopin for the Ballets Russes
Sergei Diaghilev
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Sergei Diaghilev
Sergei Diaghilev
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Portrait of Sergei Diaghilev by
Valentin Serov (1904)
Sergei Diaghilev
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Portrait of Serge Diaghilev with His Nanny, by
Léon Bakst (1906).
Sergei Diaghilev
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Diaghilev's gravestone,
Isola di San Michele,
Orthodox section,
Venice, Italy (April, 2011)
14.
Ballets Russes
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The Ballets Russes was an itinerant ballet company based in Paris that performed between 1909 and 1929 throughout Europe and on tours to North and South America. The company never performed in Russia, where the Revolution disrupted society, after its initial Paris season, the company had no formal ties there. It also introduced European and American audiences to tales, music, the influence of the Ballets Russes lasts to the present day. The French plural form of the name, “Ballets Russes, ” specifically refers to the company founded by Sergei Diaghilev and active during his lifetime. ”To add to the confusion, some publicity material spelt the name in the singular. The names “Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo” and “The Original Ballet Russe” refer to companies that formed after Diaghilevs death in 1929, Sergei Diaghilev, the companys impresario, was chiefly responsible for its success. He was uniquely prepared for the role, born into a wealthy Russian family of vodka distillers, he was accustomed to moving in the upper-class circles that provided the companys patrons and benefactors. In 1890 he enrolled at the Faculty of Law, St. Petersburg, from childhood, Diaghilev had been passionately interested in music. His ambition to become a composer was dashed when Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov told him he had no talent, in 1898, several members of The Pickwickians founded the journal Mir iskusstva under the editorship of Diaghilev. As early as 1902, Mir iskusstva included reviews of concerts, operas, the latter were chiefly written by Alexandre Benois, who exerted considerable influence on Diaghilevs thinking. Mir iskusstva also sponsored exhibitions of Russian art in St. Petersburg and its enormous success created a Parisian fascination with all things Russian. Diaghilev organized a 1907 season of Russian music at the Paris Opéra, in 1908, Diaghilev returned to the Paris Opéra with six performances of Mussorgskys opera Boris Godunov, starring basso Fyodor Chaliapin. The performances were a sensation, though the costs of producing grand opera were crippling, in 1909, Diaghilev presented his first Paris Saison Russe devoted exclusively to ballet. Most of this company were resident performers at the Imperial Ballet of Saint Petersburg. The first seasons featured a variety of works chiefly choreographed by Michel Fokine, including Le Pavillon dArmide, the Polovtsian Dances from Prince Igor, Les Sylphides. The season also included Le Festin, a set by several choreographers to music by several Russian composers. The Ballets Russes was noted for the standard of its dancers, most of whom had been classically trained at the great Imperial schools in Moscow. Their high technical standards contributed a great deal to the success in Paris. The Ballets Russes was even more remarkable for raising the status of the dancer, largely ignored by choreographers
Ballets Russes
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Ballet Russes by
August Macke, 1912
Ballets Russes
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Tamara Grigorieva, Irina Zarova, Alberto Alonso (as the Dwarf in front), Georges Skibine and Nicolas Ivangin in Pavane, Original Ballet Russe Australian tour
Ballets Russes
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Dimitri Rostoff as Malatesta in Francesca da Rimini, Original Ballet Russe, 1940
Ballets Russes
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Russian stamp:
Sergei Diaghilev
15.
Mistinguett
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Mistinguett was a French actress and singer, whose birth name was Jeanne Florentine Bourgeois. She was at one time the female entertainer in the world. The family moved to Soisy-sous-Montmorency where she spent her childhood, her parents worked as mattress-makers. At an early age Bourgeois aspired to be an entertainer and she began as a flower seller in a restaurant in her hometown, singing popular ballads as she sold blossoms. After taking classes in theatre and singing, she began her career as an entertainer in 1885, one day on the train to Paris for a violin lesson, she met Saint-Marcel, who directed the revue at the Casino de Paris. Bourgeois made her debut as Mistinguett at the Casino de Paris in 1895 and went on to appear in such as the Folies Bergère, Moulin Rouge. In 1919 her legs were insured for 500,000 francs, though Mistinguett never married, she had a son, Léopoldo João de Lima e Silva, by Brazilian diplomat Leopoldo de Lima e Silva, the latter was a grandson of the Duke of Caxias. She also had a relationship with Maurice Chevalier,13 years her junior. It is claimed that she and Chevalier informed the police in 1940 that singer/songwriter Charles Trenet was gay and she first recorded her signature song, Mon Homme, in 1916. It was popularised under its English title My Man by Fanny Brice and has become a standard in the repertoire of numerous pop, during a tour of the United States, Mistinguett was asked by Time magazine to explain her popularity. Her answer was, It is a kind of magnetism, I say Come closer and draw them to me. Mistinguett died in Bougival, France, at the age of 80, attended by her son and she is buried in the Cimetière Enghien-les-Bains, Île-de-France, France. Upon her death, writer Jean Cocteau observed in an obituary, Her voice, slightly off-key, was that of the Parisian street hawkers—the husky and she was of the animal race that owes nothing to intellectualism. She flattered a French patriotism that was not shameful and it is normal now that she should crumble, like the other caryatids of that great and marvelous epoch that was ours. Carosello del varietà Paris 1900 Rigolboche, lina Bourget Island of Love Mistinguett détective II Mistinguett détective Flower of Paris. Margot Panard et Mistinguett Sous la menace The Gold Chignon Doppia ferita, La Valse renversante, La Misérables – Époque 4, Cosette et Marius, Éponine Misérables – Époque 3, Cosette, Les. Éponine Misérables – Époque 2, Fantine, Les, Éponine Thénardier Misérables – Époque 1, Jean Valjean, Les. Fernande, dite La Glu Une bougie récalcitrante Parapluie, Le Vocation de Lolo, La À bas les hommes Bal costumé Coup de foudre, Le Folle de Penmarch, La
Mistinguett
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Mistinguett by
Nadar
Mistinguett
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Mistinguett in Moulin Rouge tenue in 1911
Mistinguett
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Mistinguett in the United States in 1924
Mistinguett
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Poster "Mistinguett Moulin Rouge", by Charles Gesmar, 1926
16.
The Phantom of the Opera (1986 musical)
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The Phantom of the Opera is a musical with music by Andrew Lloyd Webber and lyrics by Charles Hart with additions from Richard Stilgoe. Lloyd Webber and Stilgoe also wrote the book together. The musical opened in Londons West End in 1986, and on Broadway in 1988 and it won the 1986 Olivier Award and the 1988 Tony Award for Best Musical, and Michael Crawford won the Olivier and Tony Awards for Best Actor in a Musical. It is the longest running show in Broadway history by a margin, and celebrated its 10, 000th Broadway performance on 11 February 2012. It is the second longest-running West End musical, after Les Misérables, by 2011, it had been seen by over 130 million people in 145 cities across 27 countries, and continues to play in London and New York. In 1986, Lloyd Webber contacted Cameron Mackintosh, the co-producer of Cats and Song and Dance and he was aiming for a romantic piece, and suggested Gaston Lerouxs book The Phantom of the Opera as a basis. They screened both the 1925 Lon Chaney and the 1943 Claude Rains motion picture versions, but neither saw a way to make the leap from film to stage. Then with the Phantom, it was there, Lloyd Webber first approached Jim Steinman to write the lyrics because of his dark obsessive side, but he declined in order to fulfill his commitments on a Bonnie Tyler album. Alan Jay Lerner was then recruited, but he became ill after joining the project and was forced to withdraw. Richard Stilgoe, the lyricist for Starlight Express, wrote most of the lyrics for the production. Charles Hart, a young and then-relatively unknown lyricist, later many of the lyrics. Some of Stilgoes original contributions are still present in the final version, inspired in part by an earlier musical version of the same story by Ken Hill, Lloyd Webbers score is sometimes operatic in style but maintains the form and structure of a musical throughout. The full-fledged operatic passages are reserved principally for subsidiary characters such as Andre and Firmin, Carlotta, and Piangi. They are also used to provide the content of the operas that are taking place within the show itself, viz. Hannibal, Il Muto. Here, Lloyd Webber pastiched various styles from the operas of Meyerbeer through to Mozart and even Gilbert. These pieces are presented as musical fragments, interrupted by dialogue or action sequences in order to clearly define the musicals show within a show format. Maria Björnson designed the sets and over 200 costumes, including the elaborate gowns in the Masquerade sequence and her set designs, including the chandelier, subterranean gondola, and sweeping staircase, earned her multiple awards. A preview of the first act was staged at Sydmonton in 1985, starring Colm Wilkinson as the Phantom, Sarah Brightman as Kristin, and Clive Carter as Raoul
The Phantom of the Opera (1986 musical)
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Logo
17.
The Clash
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The Clash were an English punk rock band that formed in 1976 as part of the original wave of British punk. Along with punk, their music incorporated elements of reggae, dub, funk, ska, for most of their recording career the Clash consisted of Joe Strummer, Mick Jones, Paul Simonon and Nicky Topper Headon. Headon left the group in 1982, and internal friction led to Joness departure the following year, the group continued with new members, but finally disbanded in early 1986. The Clash achieved commercial success in the United Kingdom with the release of their debut album, The Clash. Their third album, London Calling, released in the UK in December 1979 and it was declared the best album of the 1980s a decade later by Rolling Stone. In 1982 they reached new heights of success with the release of Combat Rock and their final album, Cut the Crap, was released in 1985. The Clashs politicised lyrics, musical experimentation, and rebellious attitude had a influence on rock. They became widely referred to as The Only Band That Matters, originally a promotional slogan introduced by the record label. In January 2003, shortly after the death of Joe Strummer, in 2004, Rolling Stone Magazine ranked the Clash number 28 on their list of the 100 greatest artists of all time. Before the Clashs founding, the future members were active in different parts of the London music scene. John Graham Mellor sang and played guitar in the pub rock act the 101ers. Mick Jones played guitar in protopunk band London SS, which rehearsed for much of 1975 without ever playing a live show and recording only a single demo. London SS was managed by Bernard Rhodes, an associate of impresario Malcolm McLaren and a friend of the members of the McLaren managed band. Jones and his bandmates became friendly with Sex Pistols Glen Matlock and Steve Jones, among those who auditioned for London SS without making the cut were Paul Simonon, who tried out as a vocalist, and drummer Terry Chimes. Nicky Headon drummed with the band for a week, then quit, after London SS broke up in early 1976, Rhodes continued as Joness manager. In February, Jones saw the Sex Pistols perform for the first time, You knew straight away that was it, and it was a new scene, new values—so different from what had happened before. At the instigation of Rhodes, Jones contacted Simonon in March, soon Jones, Simonon on bass, Keith Levene on guitar and whoever we could find really to play the drums were rehearsing. Chimes was asked to audition for the new band and got the job, the band was still searching for a lead singer
The Clash
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The Clash performing in
Oslo in 1980. Left to right: Joe Strummer, Mick Jones, and Paul Simonon.
The Clash
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The "iconic" cover of London Calling
The Clash
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Graffiti commemorating Joe Strummer
18.
The Beat (British band)
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The Beat are a band founded in Birmingham, England, in 1978. Their music fuses ska, pop, soul, reggae and punk rock, the Beat, consisting of Dave Wakeling, Ranking Roger, Andy Cox, David Steele, Everett Morton, and Saxa a. k. a. The Beat were formed in Birmingham, England, in 1978, during a period of high unemployment, Ranking Roger, one of the bands vocalists, added a Jamaican vocal flavour to the bands sound with his toasting style. Jamaican saxophonist Saxa added a Jamaican ska instrumental sound, Saxa had played saxophone with Prince Buster, Laurel Aitken, and Desmond Dekker in the first wave of ska. He joined The Beat to record their first single, Tears of a Clown, a version of the Motown hit by Smokey Robinson. Notable singles from the first album included Cant Get Used to Losing You, Mirror In the Bathroom, Hands Off Shes Mine, the second Beat album, Whappen. was supported by extensive touring, including a US tour with The Pretenders and Talking Heads. The album yielded more UK hits, with All Out to Get You and Too Nice To Talk To, the Beat received support from modern rock radio stations such as KROQ-FM in Los Angeles, the now defunct KQAK The Quake 99FM in San Francisco and KYYX in Seattle. Although The Beats main fan base was in the United Kingdom, the band was popular in Australia, partly due to exposure on the radio station Triple J. The Beat had a following in North America, where the band was known as The English Beat for legal reasons. The Beat toured the world with artists such as David Bowie, The Clash, The Police, The Pretenders. Members of the band collaborated on stage with The Specials. Drummer Everett Morton and Saxa formed The International Beat along with the Birmingham-based singer, Tony Beet, the album was produced by Ranking Roger and he often guested with the band at some of their shows. The International Beat toured the United Kingdom and United States before calling it a day in 1992, Ranking Roger also briefly joined Mick Jones post-Clash band Big Audio Dynamite and performed at several live shows with the band. However, the broke up shortly after he joined when its last album was shelved by the record company. Save It for Later was featured on the album to 1996s Kingpin. Roger released his debut, a reggae-oriented album entitled Radical Departure. In the early 1990s, Roger joined members of The Specials to form Special Beat and they supported the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament. In 2001, Roger released another album, Inside My Head
The Beat (British band)
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The Beat in Truckee, California.
The Beat (British band)
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Ranking Roger and Everett Morton's reformation of The Beat in London in 2006.
19.
James Dean
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James Byron Dean was an American actor. The other two roles that defined his stardom were loner Cal Trask in East of Eden and surly ranch hand Jett Rink in Giant, Deans premature death in a car crash cemented his legendary status. He became the first actor to receive a posthumous Academy Award nomination for Best Actor, in 1999, the American Film Institute ranked him the 18th best male movie star of Golden Age Hollywood in AFIs 100 Years.100 Stars list. James Dean was born February 8,1931, at the Seven Gables apartment on the corner of 4th Street and McClure Street in Marion, Indiana and his parents were of mostly English ancestry, with smaller amounts of German, Irish, Scottish, and Welsh. Six years after his father had left farming to become a technician, Dean and his family moved to Santa Monica. He was enrolled at Brentwood Public School in the Brentwood neighborhood of Los Angeles, California, the family spent several years there, and by all accounts, Dean was very close to his mother. According to Michael DeAngelis, she was the only capable of understanding him. In 1938, she was struck with acute stomach pain. She died of cancer when Dean was nine years old. Unable to care for his son, Deans father sent him to live with Deans aunt Ortense and her husband, Marcus Winslow, on a farm in Fairmount, Indiana, Deans father served in World War II and later remarried. According to Billy J. Harbin, Dean had a relationship with his pastor. Their alleged sexual relationship was suggested in the 1994 book Boulevard of Broken Dreams, The Life, Times, in 2011, it was reported that Dean once confided in Elizabeth Taylor that he was sexually abused by a minister approximately two years after his mothers death. Other reports on Deans life also suggest that he was sexually abused by DeWeerd as a child or had a sexual relationship with him as a late teenager. Deans overall performance in school was exceptional and he was a popular student and he played on the baseball and varsity basketball teams, studied drama, and competed in public speaking through the Indiana High School Forensic Association. After graduating from Fairmount High School in May 1949, Dean moved back to California with his dog, Max and he enrolled in Santa Monica College and majored in pre-law. He transferred to UCLA for one semester and changed his major to drama and he pledged the Sigma Nu fraternity but was never initiated. While at UCLA, Dean was picked from a group of 350 actors to portray Malcolm in Macbeth, at that time, he also began acting in James Whitmores workshop. In January 1951, he dropped out of UCLA to pursue a career as an actor
James Dean
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Dean in Rebel Without a Cause
James Dean
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Dean in 1953
James Dean
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Dean in
East of Eden (1955)
James Dean
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Dean in 1955
20.
The Lion King (musical)
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The show is produced by Disney Theatrical Productions. On June 13,2006, the Broadway production moved to the Minskoff Theatre to make way for the version of Mary Poppins. It is Broadways third longest-running show in history and the highest grossing Broadway production of all time, the show debuted in the West Ends Lyceum Theatre on October 19,1999, and is still running. The cast of the West End production were invited to perform at the Royal Variety Performance in 1999 and 2008, as the sun rises, Rafiki the mandrill calls the animals to Pride Rock. She greets King Mufasa and Queen Sarabi before presenting their cub to the gathered animals, elsewhere, Mufasas brother, Scar, laments his lost chance at becoming king. Back at her baobab tree, Rafiki paints an image of the cub and asks the spirits to conjure the new princes name, time passes and Simba grows into a lively young cub. Mufasa shows Simba the Pride Lands from the top of Pride Rock, Mufasa warns Simba not to stray beyond the boundaries of the Pride Lands, pointing out a shadowy area in the distance. Zazu, a hornbill who acts as Mufasas advisor, arrives, Simba goes to see his uncle Scar. The scheming lion piques the cubs curiosity by mentioning the elephant graveyard, Simba arrives and asks his best friend, a female cub named Nala, to come with him to the elephant graveyard. He lies to the lionesses about where they are going, and Sarafina and Sarabi allow the cubs to go, Simba and Nala formulate a plan and manage to lose Zazu, while Simba brags about his future position. The cubs go to the graveyard and begin to explore, Zazu catches up, but they are confronted by three hyenas, Shenzi, Banzai and Ed. The hyenas intend to eat the trespassers and gloat about their find, Mufasa rescues the cubs and frightens off the hyenas. Mufasa is disappointed and angry at Simbas reckless disobedience, and explains the difference between bravery and bravado, Mufasa tells Simba about the great kings of the past and how they watch over everything from the stars. Mufasa says that he always be there for his son. Later he discusses Simbas behavior with Zazu, who reminds Mufasa that he had the tendency to get into trouble at Simbas age. Back at the elephant graveyard, Scar tells the hyenas of his plan to kill Mufasa and he raises an army of hyenas, promising that they will never go hungry again if they support him. Scar takes Simba to a gorge and tells him to wait there, on Scars signal, the hyenas start a wildebeest stampede into the gorge. Scar tells Mufasa that Simba is trapped in the gorge, Mufasa leaps into the stampede and manages to save his son, but as he tries to escape, Scar throws him off the cliff back into the stampede, killing him
The Lion King (musical)
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Hamburg, Germany: Theater im Hafen (since 2001), accessible by boat
The Lion King (musical)
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Poster from the
Broadway Production
The Lion King (musical)
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Actress Buyi Zama as Rafiki in Taiwan.
The Lion King (musical)
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Geoff Hoyle as
Zazu
21.
Mamma Mia!
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Mamma Mia. is a jukebox musical written by British playwright Catherine Johnson, based on the songs of ABBA, composed by Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus, former members of the band. The title of the musical is taken from the groups 1975 chart-topper Mamma Mia, Ulvaeus and Andersson, who composed the original music for ABBA, were involved in the development of the show from the beginning. Anni-Frid Lyngstad has been involved financially in the production and she has also been present at many of the premieres around the world, over 60 million people have seen the show, which has grossed $2 billion worldwide since its 1999 debut. A film adaptation starring Meryl Streep, Colin Firth, Pierce Brosnan, Amanda Seyfried, Christine Baranski, Stellan Skarsgård and Julie Walters was released in July 2008. As of 2016, the show has productions in Londons West End and its Broadway incarnation closed in September 2015 after a 14-year run, making it the eighth longest-running show in Broadway history. The show had its first regional production on May 27,2016 at the Barter Theatre in Abingdon, a typical performance of Mamma Mia. runs for approximately two hours and 30 minutes, plus a 15-minute intermission. Following the premiere of the musical in London in 1999, ABBA Gold topped the charts in the United Kingdom again and this musical was the brainchild of producer Judy Craymer. She met songwriters Björn Ulvaeus and Benny Andersson in 1983 when they were working with Tim Rice on Chess and it was the song The Winner Takes It All that suggested to her the theatrical potential of their pop songs. The songwriters were not enthusiastic, but they were not completely opposed to the idea, in 1997, Craymer commissioned Catherine Johnson to write the book for the musical. In 1998, Phyllida Lloyd became the director for the show, directed by Phyllida Lloyd with choreography by Anthony Van Laast, the original cast featured Siobhan McCarthy, Lisa Stokke, and Hilton McRae. Prior to the musicals Broadway engagement, it opened in Toronto at the Royal Alexandra Theatre in May 2000, the musical opened on Broadway at the Winter Garden Theatre on October 18,2001, after beginning previews on October 5. The director is Phyllida Lloyd with choreography by Anthony Van Laast, as of February 2017, it is the eighth longest-running Broadway show and the longest-running jukebox musical in Broadway history. On April 18,2013, it was announced that Mamma Mia. would transfer from its home at the Winter Garden Theatre to the Broadhurst Theatre later that year to make way for the adaptation of Rocky. The show played its final performance at the Winter Garden Theatre on October 19,2013 and it was announced on April 9,2015 that the show would close on September 5,2015. On April 21,2015, it was announced that show would play an additional week. Mamma Mia. played 5,773 performances on Broadway before closing, over 60 million people have seen the show worldwide and it has set the record for premiering in more cities faster than any other musical in history. The first city to produce the show after London was Toronto, the original cast included Louise Pitre as Donna and Tina Maddigan as Sophie, who both of them later reprised their roles in first US Tour and Broadway premiere. Mamma Mia. played in Las Vegas, opening at the Mandalay Bay in February 2003, in June 2005, Mamma Mia. played its 1000th performance in Las Vegas, becoming the longest-running West End/Broadway musical in Las Vegas
Mamma Mia!
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Mamma Mia! at the
Prince of Wales Theatre, the venue for Mamma Mia! in London between 2004-2012
Mamma Mia!
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The original home of Mamma Mia! The Prince Edward Theatre
Mamma Mia!
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Mamma Mia! made its North American debut at the
Royal Alexandra Theatre in
Toronto
Mamma Mia!
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Mamma Mia! on Broadway
22.
Sister Act (musical)
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Sister Act is a musical written by Bill and Cheri Steinkellner with additional book material by Douglas Carter Beane, with lyrics by Glenn Slater and music by Alan Menken. It is based on the hit 1992 film comedy of the same name, the 2009 West End production was produced by Stage Entertainment, Whoopi Goldberg, and Michael Reno for Sis Acts LLC. Goldberg is also a producer of the 2011 Broadway adaptation. Deloris is overjoyed as she believes her boyfriend is going to introduce her to a producer on that day. Hurt and frustrated, Deloris goes to her backup singers KT and LaRosa, about her dreams of stardom and she decides to break up with Shank and head out of Philadelphia to go fulfill her dreams on her own. However she gets to Shank just in time to see him and his made up of nephew TJ, Bones. Horrified, Deloris runs away and Shank orders his men to get her, Deloris runs to a police station and tells the desk chief, Eddie, about what happened. The two recognize each other as old friends from school with Deloris calling him Sweaty Eddie, Deloris joins the other nuns for dinner and after several comedic interactions with the overly perky Sister Mary Patrick, Deloris discovers how the other nuns got their calling from the Lord. They then ask Deloris to share her story with them and she lies, meanwhile, back in his nightclub, Shank is frustrated that he cannot find Deloris anywhere. He tells his goons how he will not stop until he finds, back at the convent Deloris is bored by the simple life of the nuns and decides to hit the town. She goes across the street to a bar, and is followed by Sister Mary Lazarus, Sister Mary Patrick. When the three nuns arrive they are shocked to find Sister Mary Clarence drinking and dancing, however they assume that she is attempting to save the lost souls in the bar, Deloris goes along with this idea and gets the whole bar dancing. However, the mood is quickly destroyed when Deloris recognises Shanks boys entering the bar. She tries to hide herself as they ask people in the bar if theyve seen Deloris, suddenly there is a fight in the bar which has to be broken up by Eddie and the Mother Superior, who orders the nuns to go back to the convent. She then confronts Deloris telling her that she must conform to the life of the nuns, Eddie agrees, telling Deloris that Shank has upped the price on her head, so she needs to be careful. Deloris storms back to the convent after being informed that she has to wake up at 5 a. m. Eddie, now alone with only the drunks and homeless on the street, sings of his desire to be cool, to let go, and impress Deloris. The following morning Deloris attends the choir practice and loudly admits that the choir sounds terrible and this prompts the Mother Superior to let Deloris lead the choir. Deloris does so and teaches the nuns how to sing in key and she also manages to break the quiet and timid Sister Mary Robert out of her shell. That Sunday, the choir perform an up-tempo hymn which to the struggling churchs surprise brings in more people, the Mother Superior, however, is horrified how the simple traditional choir she knew has changed and become modern
Sister Act (musical)
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Poster for the London production
Sister Act (musical)
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Dawnn Lewis in "Sister Act" at the
Pasadena Playhouse
23.
Beauty and the Beast (musical)
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Beauty and the Beast is a musical with music by Alan Menken, lyrics by Howard Ashman and Tim Rice, and book by Linda Woolverton. To revert back into his human form, the Beast must first earn the love of a bright. All eight songs from the film were reused in the musical. Original songwriter Menken composed six new songs for the production alongside lyricist Rice, Woolverton, who had written the films screenplay, adapted her own work into the musicals libretto, and specifically expanded upon the characterization of the Beast. Woolverton also expanded the storylines of the staff from servants who had already been transformed into household objects into humans who were gradually turning into inanimate objects. After completing tryouts in Houston, Beauty and the Beast premiered on Broadway on April 18,1994, starring Susan Egan and Terrence Mann as the eponymous Belle and Beast, respectively. The musical opened to mixed reviews from critics, but was a massive commercial success. Beauty ran on Broadway for 5,461 performances between 1994 and 2007, becoming Broadways tenth longest-running production in history, the musical has grossed more than $1.4 billion worldwide and played in thirteen countries and 115 cities. It has also become a choice for high school productions. The Walt Disney Company CEO Michael Eisner was hired to ensure the performance of the next animated projects. Eisner himself had been a major in college. Eager to redeem himself, Ashman agreed to work on Disneys animated film The Little Mermaid, upon release, The Little Mermaid was a massive critical and commercial success, garnering two Academy Awards, both of them for Ashman and Menkens original music. Disney established a successful period, during which Ashman and Menken became responsible for teaching the art of transforming traditional animated films into animated musicals. Before the film had even completed, executive vice president Ron Logan suggested to Eisner that he consider adapting Beauty and the Beast for Broadway. Beauty and the Beast became the last project on which Menken worked with Ashman, once again, Academy Awards were won for Ashman and Menkens music. Several critics noticed the films live musical potential, among them prolific New York Times theatre critic Frank Rich. Lamenting the Broadway selection at the time, Rich famously praised the duo for having written The best Broadway musical score of 1991. Than anything he had seen on Broadway in 1991, richs review would ultimately provide Eisner and Katzenberg with the confidence needed to seriously consider the film as a potential Broadway project
Beauty and the Beast (musical)
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Vocal Selections cover art
24.
Dance of the Vampires
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Dance of the Vampires is a musical remake of a 1967 Roman Polanski film of the same name. Polanski also directed the original German production of this musical, Music was composed by Jim Steinman and orchestrated by Steve Margoshes, and original German book and lyrics were written by Michael Kunze. This synopsis applies to the European and Japanese productions only, the Broadway version was heavily rewritten. In addition, portions of this synopsis may reflect changes to the European show. Naturally, the villagers are in denial and refuse to confirm his beliefs. After exploring the rooms upstairs in which they are staying, Alfred discovers and is smitten by Chagals beautiful seventeen-year-old daughter, Chagal is very protective of his child, going as far as boarding up her room so she wouldnt bathe around the two guests. That night, Alfred and Sarah sing of their attraction, while Chagal does some more fooling around with the maid. Unknown to Alfred, late at night Sarah is serenaded by a stranger, promising her eternal life. The next morning, the Professor bears witness to a small business exchange between Chagal and Koukol, a hideous hunchback living somewhere in the woods and he inquires about the odd man, but Chagal refuses to discuss the matter. He is about to bite the girl, but Alfred, who has been spying on Sarahs bathing ritual, Sarahs father spanks her and forbids her to ever go outside. However, later that night, Koukol arrives by the inn and she sneaks outside and discovers it to be a pair of expensive red boots. Alfred comes outside as well and professes his love to her, the two plan on running off together and Sarah asks Alfred to go back into the house to fetch her sponge. With Alfred gone, Sarah fantasizes about the fantastical, romantic vampire ball she could be missing and she runs off into the woods. Alfred starts a panic, Chagal and Rebecca rush outside, but its too late, Chagal wraps himself in garlic and runs into the woods after his daughter. The next morning, Chagals frozen body is found, Rebecca is devastated, Professor Abronsius discovers small puncture wounds all over the body, but the villagers, still in denial, assume they came from wolf bites. The Professor hands Rebecca a wooden stake and explains she must puncture Chagals heart in order to prevent him becoming a vampire. Hysterical, Rebecca chases him and Alfred out of the room, covering her husband with a bedsheet and swearing that she would never let anyone violate his corpse. In the middle of the night, Magda sneaks downstairs to look at Chagals corpse, expressing mixed feelings about his death, suddenly, Chagal sits up, now a vampire
Dance of the Vampires
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Dance of the Vampires Tanz der Vampire
25.
Cats (musical)
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Cats is a musical composed by Andrew Lloyd Webber, based on Old Possums Book of Practical Cats by T. S. Eliot, and produced by Cameron Mackintosh. Cats introduced the song standard Memory, the first performance of Cats was in 1981. Directed by Trevor Nunn and choreographed by Gillian Lynne, Cats first opened in the West End in 1981 and it won numerous awards, including Best Musical at both the Laurence Olivier Awards and the Tony Awards. The London production ran for years and the Broadway production ran for eighteen years. Actresses Elaine Paige and Betty Buckley became particularly associated with the musical, One actress, Marlene Danielle, performed in the Broadway production for its entire run. As of 2016, Cats is the show in Broadway history. Cats is the sixth-longest-running West End musical and it has been performed around the world many times and has been translated into more than 20 languages. In 1998, Cats was turned into a made-for-television film, composed by Andrew Lloyd Webber, the production of Cats is based on T. S. Eliots Old Possums Book of Practical Cats, which the composer recalled as having been a childhood favorite. Also, a song entitled The Moments of Happiness was taken from a passage in Eliots Four Quartets. Andrew Lloyd Webber began composing the songs in late 1977 and premiered the compositions at the Sydmonton Festival in 1980, the concert was attended by T. S. Eliots wife, Valerie Eliot and she loved the songs that Webber had composed. She gave her blessing for the songs to be adapted into a stage play. Rehearsals for the musical began in early 1981 at the New London Theatre, an unusual musical in terms of its construction, the overture incorporates a fugue and there are occasions when the music accompanies spoken verse. The show is told through music with virtually no spoken dialogue in between the songs. Dance is also a key element in the musical especially during the 10-minute Jellicle Ball dance sequence, the set, consisting of an oversized junk yard, remains the same throughout the show without any scene changes. Lloyd Webbers eclecticism is very strong here, musical genres range from classical to pop, music hall, jazz, rock, Cats premiered in the West End at the New London Theatre on May 11,1981. There was trouble initially as Judi Dench, cast in the role of Grizabella and she was replaced by Elaine Paige. It played a total of 8,949 performances in London and it held the record as Londons longest running musical until 8 October 2006, when it was surpassed by Les Misérables. The show made its debut on Broadway on 7 October 1982, on 19 June 1997, Cats became the longest-running musical in Broadway history with 6,138 performances
Cats (musical)
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Logo by
Really Useful Group
Cats (musical)
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The original 1981 London cast of Cats
Cats (musical)
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The
Jellicle cats gather every year to make the "Jellicle Choice", and decide which cat will ascend to the Heaviside Layer and come back to a new life.
Cats (musical)
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After addressing the gathering by singing "
Memory ",
Grizabella is chosen to be reborn into a new Jellicle life.
26.
List of concert halls
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A concert hall is a cultural building with a stage which serves as a performance venue and an auditorium filled with seats. In the 2010s, popular music such as music and traditional music such as folk music are also performed in these venues. Many concert halls exist as one of several halls or performance spaces within a performing arts center. In many towns, the hall is combined with a convention center. Concert halls typically also contain orchestral rehearsal rooms, many larger cities have both public and private concert halls. This list does not include other venues such as sports stadia, the list is organised alphabetically by geo-political region or continent and then by country within each region. See also Broadway Theatre for a listing of the theatres that support Broadway shows
List of concert halls
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The interior of the
Teatro Dal Verme in
Milan,
Italy, c. 1875
List of concert halls
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A modern orchestra concert hall: Philharmony in
Szczecin,
Poland
List of concert halls
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Ríos Reyna Hall, in the
Teresa Carreño Cultural Complex of
Caracas,
Venezuela
List of concert halls
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Carnegie Hall,
New York
27.
Music venue
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A music venue is any location used for a concert or musical performance. A music venue range in size and location, from an outdoor bandshell or bandstand or a hall to an indoor sports stadium. Typically, different types of venues host different genres of music, music venues may be either privately or publicly funded, and may charge for admission. An example of a publicly funded music venue is a park bandstand, a nightclub is a privately funded venue, venues like these often charge an entry fee to generate a profit. Music venues do not necessarily host live acts, disc jockeys at a discothèque or nightclub play recorded music through a PA system. Depending on the type of venue, the hours, location and length of performance may differ. Other attractions, such as art or social activities, may also be available. For example, at a bar or pub, the band may be playing live songs while drinks are being served. Some classes of venues may play live music in the background, music venues can be categorised in a number of ways. Typically, the genre of music played at the venue, whether it is temporary, the majority of music venues are permanent, however, there are temporary music venues. An example of a venue would be one constructed for a music festival. Music venues may be the result of private or public enterprises, some venues only promote acts of one particular genre and example of this are opera houses. Music venues can be categorised by size and capacity, a nightclub will often have a much smaller capacity than that of a stadium. Music venues are either outdoor or indoor, examples of outdoor venues include bandstands and bandshells, such outdoor venues provide minimal shelter for performing musicians and are usually located in parks. A temporary music festival is typically an outdoor venue, examples of indoor venues include public houses, nightclubs, coffee bars and stadia. Venues can play music, recorded music, or a combination of the two, depending on the event or time of day. A characteristic of every live music venue is that one or more stages are present. Venues may be unticketed, casual entry available on the door, or advance tickets only, a dress code may or may not apply
Music venue
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The
Sydney Opera House 's Concert Hall is an example of a large indoor classical music venue. It is home of the
Sydney Symphony Orchestra. The rest of the building contains other amenities common at such music venues, such as
cafés, restaurants, bars and retail outlets.
Music venue
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The annual
Dance Valley dance music festival in the Netherlands. Such music festivals typically include a large temporary stage, are held outdoors, and include other attractions such as food,
performance art and other social activities.
Music venue
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A bandstand is an example of a small outdoor venue. Bandstands are typically circular or semicircular structures that accommodate
musical bands performing outdoor concerts, providing shelter from the weather for the musicians.
Music venue
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The
Theatre of Dionysus in
Athens.
Greek tragedies often featured
choral music performed on-stage.
28.
France
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France, officially the French Republic, is a country with territory in western Europe and several overseas regions and territories. The European, or metropolitan, area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, Overseas France include French Guiana on the South American continent and several island territories in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans. France spans 643,801 square kilometres and had a population of almost 67 million people as of January 2017. It is a unitary republic with the capital in Paris. Other major urban centres include Marseille, Lyon, Lille, Nice, Toulouse, during the Iron Age, what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls, a Celtic people. The area was annexed in 51 BC by Rome, which held Gaul until 486, France emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages, with its victory in the Hundred Years War strengthening state-building and political centralisation. During the Renaissance, French culture flourished and a colonial empire was established. The 16th century was dominated by civil wars between Catholics and Protestants. France became Europes dominant cultural, political, and military power under Louis XIV, in the 19th century Napoleon took power and established the First French Empire, whose subsequent Napoleonic Wars shaped the course of continental Europe. Following the collapse of the Empire, France endured a succession of governments culminating with the establishment of the French Third Republic in 1870. Following liberation in 1944, a Fourth Republic was established and later dissolved in the course of the Algerian War, the Fifth Republic, led by Charles de Gaulle, was formed in 1958 and remains to this day. Algeria and nearly all the colonies became independent in the 1960s with minimal controversy and typically retained close economic. France has long been a centre of art, science. It hosts Europes fourth-largest number of cultural UNESCO World Heritage Sites and receives around 83 million foreign tourists annually, France is a developed country with the worlds sixth-largest economy by nominal GDP and ninth-largest by purchasing power parity. In terms of household wealth, it ranks fourth in the world. France performs well in international rankings of education, health care, life expectancy, France remains a great power in the world, being one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council with the power to veto and an official nuclear-weapon state. It is a member state of the European Union and the Eurozone. It is also a member of the Group of 7, North Atlantic Treaty Organization, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, the World Trade Organization, originally applied to the whole Frankish Empire, the name France comes from the Latin Francia, or country of the Franks
France
–
One of the
Lascaux paintings: a horse –
Dordogne, approximately 18,000 BC
France
–
Flag
France
–
The
Maison Carrée was a temple of the
Gallo-Roman city of Nemausus (present-day
Nîmes) and is one of the best preserved vestiges of the
Roman Empire.
France
–
With
Clovis ' conversion to Catholicism in 498, the
Frankish monarchy,
elective and
secular until then, became
hereditary and of
divine right.
29.
Palais Garnier
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The Palais Garnier is a 1, 979-seat opera house, which was built from 1861 to 1875 for the Paris Opera. The Paris Opera now mainly uses the Palais Garnier for ballet, the Palais Garnier has been called probably the most famous opera house in the world, a symbol of Paris like Notre Dame Cathedral, the Louvre, or the Sacré Coeur Basilica. This opinion is far from unanimous however, the 20th-century French architect Le Corbusier once described it as a lying art, the Palais Garnier is a building of exceptional opulence. The style is monumental and considered Second-Empire Beaux-Arts style with axial symmetry in plan and these include very elaborate multicolored marble friezes, columns, and lavish statuary, many of which portray deities of Greek mythology. The principal facade is on the side of the building, overlooking the Place de lOpéra. Fourteen painters, mosaicists and seventy-three sculptors participated in the creation of its ornamentation, the two gilded figural groups, Charles Gumerys LHarmonie and La Poésie, crown the apexes of the principal facades left and right avant-corps. They are both made of gilt copper electrotype, the facade also incorporates other work by Gumery, Alexandre Falguière, and others. On the left and right lateral returns of the front facade are busts of the librettists Eugène Scribe and Philippe Quinault, when the Empire fell, work stopped, leaving unfinished dressed stonework. It is covered by a 13.5 metre diameter dome, two pairs of obelisks marking the entrances of the Rotunda to the north and the south. The interior consists of interweaving corridors, stairwells, alcoves and landings allowing the movement of large numbers of people, rich with velvet, gold leaf, and cherubim and nymphs, the interior is characteristic of Baroque sumptuousness. The building features a ceremonial staircase of white marble with a balustrade of red and green marble. Its design was inspired by Victor Louiss grand staircase for the Théâtre de Bordeaux, the pedestals of the staircase are decorated with female torchères, created by Albert-Ernest Carrier-Belleuse. When they were first fixed in two months before the opening of the building it was obvious to Garnier that they were too dark for the space. With the help of two of his students, Pils had to rework the canvases while they were in place overhead on the ceiling and, at the age of 61, he fell ill. His students had to finish the work, which was completed the day before the opening and this hall 18 meters high,154 meters long and 13 meters wide was designed to act as a drawing room for Paris society. Its ceiling was painted by Paul-Jacques-Aimé Baudry and represents various moments in the history of music, the foyer opens into an outside loggia at each end of which are the Salon de la Lune and Salon du Soleil. The auditorium has a traditional Italian horseshoe shape and can seat 1,979, the stage is the largest in Europe and can accommodate as many as 450 artists. The canvas house curtain was painted to represent a draped curtain, complete with tassels, the ceiling area, which surrounds the chandelier, was originally painted by Jules Eugène Lenepveu
Palais Garnier
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The façade of the Palais Garnier opera house
Palais Garnier
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Plan of the Palais Garnier
Palais Garnier
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Gumery 's L'Harmonie (1869), atop the left
avant-corps of the façade, is 7.5 metres (25 ft) of gilt copper electrotype
Palais Garnier
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Facade of the Palais Garnier with labels indicating the locations of various sculptures
30.
La Cigale
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La Cigale is a theater at 120, boulevard de Rochechouart near Place Pigalle, in the 18th arrondissement of Paris. The theatre is part of a complex that is connected to Le Trabendo, the hall can accommodate 1389 people or 954 people. The floor of the orchestra has a platform that can tilt. The Inrockuptibles Festival takes place 20 years at La Cigale, La Cigale also hosts the Factory Festival. 1887, La Cigale is built on the site of the former cabaret Boule Noire which was demolished to make room for the new theatre, in those days it had room for about 1000 people and featured theatrical reviews. 1894, The theatre is remodeled and enlarged by architect Henry Grandpierre, during this period it features performances by luminaries such as Mistinguett, Maurice Chevalier, Yvonne Printemps, Arletty, Raimu, and Max Linder. 1920, The hall is given over to operettas, vaudeville, a cabaret opens in the basement of the facility in 1924, but only lasts for three years when it is temporarily replaced by a small music hall called La Fourmi. 1940, La Cigale is converted to a theater specializing in Kung-fu films. The auditorium is modernized and a system of hydraulics is added, the interior is redecorated by Philippe Starck. Corinne Mimram is appointed art and music director, entertainers who have performed at La Cigale include, Official website
La Cigale
–
La Cigale in 2008
