1.
Naturalism (literature)
–
Naturalism is a literary movement that emphasizes observation and the scientific method in the fictional portrayal of reality. Novelists writing in the naturalist mode include Émile Zola, Thomas Hardy, Theodore Dreiser, Stephen Crane, Naturalism began as a branch of literary realism, and realism had favored fact, logic, and impersonality over the imaginative, symbolic, and supernatural. Dreiser, Crane, and Norris were also journalists, and thus attempted to immerse themselves in the world of fact via the assumption of detached observation. Although they considered themselves realists, naturalistic authors selected particular parts of reality, misery, corruption, vice, disease, poverty, prostitution, racism and they were criticized for being pessimistic and for concentrating excessively on the darker aspects of life. The novel would be an experiment where the author could discover and analyze the forces, or scientific laws, that behavior, and these included emotion, heredity. The paradox of naturalism is that it holds two contrary or conflicting views, human behavior is the result of free will, and yet also determined by natural laws, Naturalism Naturalism Philosophical naturalism Sociological naturalism Naturalism in 19th-century French literature Realism in the visual arts
Naturalism (literature)
–
Émile Zola exemplified nineteenth century literary naturalism.
2.
Naturalism (theatre)
–
Naturalism is a movement in European drama and theatre that developed in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. It refers to theatre that attempts to create an illusion of reality through a range of dramatic, zola’s term for naturalism is la nouvelle formule. The three primary principles of naturalism are first, that the play should be realistic, and the result of a study of human behavior. The characters should be flesh and blood, their motivations and actions should be grounded in their heredity, the presentation of a naturalistic play, in terms of the setting and performances, should be realistic and not flamboyant or theatrical. The single setting of Miss Julie, for example, is a kitchen, second, the conflicts in the play should be issues of meaningful, life-altering significance — not small or petty. And third, the play should be simple — not cluttered with complicated sub-plots or lengthy expositions, darwinian understandings pervade naturalistic plays, especially in the determining role of the environment on character, and as motivation for behavior. Naturalism was first advocated explicitly by Émile Zola in his 1880 essay entitled Naturalism on the Stage, Naturalistic writers were influenced by the theory of evolution of Charles Darwin. They believed that ones heredity and social environment determine ones character, whereas realism seeks only to describe subjects as they really are, naturalism also attempts to determine scientifically the underlying forces influencing the actions of its subjects. Naturalistic works are opposed to romanticism, in subjects may receive highly symbolic, idealistic. They often include uncouth or sordid subject matter, for example, Émile Zolas works had a frankness about sexuality along with a pervasive pessimism, Naturalistic works exposed the dark harshness of life, including poverty, racism, sex, prejudice, disease, prostitution, and filth. As a result, Naturalistic writers were frequently criticized for being too blunt
Naturalism (theatre)
–
Photograph of the first production in Stockholm of
August Strindberg's 1888 naturalistic play
Miss Julie in November 1906, at The People's Theatre
3.
Novel
–
A novel is any relatively long piece of written narrative fiction, normally in prose, and typically published as a book. The genre has also described as possessing, a continuous. This view sees the novels origins in Classical Greece and Rome, medieval, early modern romance, the latter, an Italian word used to describe short stories, supplied the present generic English term in the 18th century. The romance is a closely related long prose narrative, Romance, as defined here, should not be confused with the genre fiction love romance or romance novel. Other European languages do not distinguish between romance and novel, a novel is le roman, der Roman, il romanzo, a novel is a long, fictional narrative which describes intimate human experiences. Most European languages use the word romance for extended narratives, fictionality is most commonly cited as distinguishing novels from historiography. However this can be a problematic criterion, historians would also invent and compose speeches for didactic purposes. Novels can, on the hand, depict the social, political and personal realities of a place and period with clarity. Even in the 19th century, fictional narratives in verse, such as Lord Byrons Don Juan, Alexander Pushkins Yevgeniy Onegin, vikram Seths The Golden Gate, composed of 590 Onegin stanzas, is a more recent example of the verse novel. Both in 12th-century Japan and 15th-century Europe, prose fiction created intimate reading situations, on the other hand, verse epics, including the Odyssey and Aeneid, had been recited to a select audiences, though this was a more intimate experience than the performance of plays in theaters. A new world of Individualistic fashion, personal views, intimate feelings, secret anxieties, conduct and gallantry spread with novels, the novel is today the longest genre of narrative prose fiction, followed by the novella, short story, and flash fiction. However, in the 17th century critics saw the romance as of epic length, the length of a novel can still be important because most literary awards use length as a criterion in the ranking system. Urbanization and the spread of printed books in Song Dynasty China led to the evolution of oral storytelling into consciously fictional novels by the Ming dynasty, parallel European developments did not occur for centuries, and awaited the time when the availability of paper allowed for similar opportunities. By contrast, Ibn Tufails Hayy ibn Yaqdhan and Ibn al-Nafis Theologus Autodidactus are works of didactic philosophy, in this sense, Hayy ibn Yaqdhan would be considered an early example of a philosophical novel, while Theologus Autodidactus would be considered an early theological novel. Epic poetry exhibits some similarities with the novel, and the Western tradition of the novel back into the field of verse epics. Then at the beginning of the 18th century, French prose translations brought Homers works to a wider public, longus is the author of the famous Greek novel, Daphnis and Chloe. Romance or chivalric romance is a type of narrative in prose or verse popular in the circles of High Medieval. In later romances, particularly those of French origin, there is a tendency to emphasize themes of courtly love
Novel
–
Madame de Pompadour spending her afternoon with a book, 1756.
Novel
Novel
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Paper as the essential carrier:
Murasaki Shikibu writing her
The Tale of Genji in the early 11th century, 17th-century depiction
Novel
–
Chaucer reciting
Troilus and Criseyde: early-15th-century manuscript of the work at
Corpus Christi College, Cambridge
4.
Play (theatre)
–
A play is a form of literature written by a playwright, usually consisting of dialogue between characters, intended for theatrical performance rather than just reading. Plays are performed at a variety of levels, from Broadway, Off-Broadway, regional theater, to Community theatre, there are rare dramatists, notably George Bernard Shaw, who have had little preference as to whether their plays were performed or read. The term play can refer to both the works of playwrights and to their complete theatrical performance. Comedies are plays which are designed to be humorous, comedies are often filled with witty remarks, unusual characters, and strange circumstances. Certain comedies are geared toward different age groups, comedies were one of the two original play types of Ancient Greece, along with tragedies. An example of a comedy would be William Shakespeares play A Midsummer Nights Dream, a generally nonsensical genre of play, farces are often overacted and often involve slapstick humor. An example of a farce includes William Shakespeares play The Comedy of Errors, a satire play takes a comic look at current events people while at the same time attempting to make a political or social statement, for example pointing out corruption. An example of a satire would be Nikolai Gogols The Government Inspector, satire plays are generally one of the most popular forms of comedy, and often considered to be their own genre entirely. This is a genre that explored relationships between men and women, and was considered risqué in its time, however, since restoration comedy dealt with unspoken aspects of relationships, it created a type of connection between audience and performance that was more informal and private. It is commonly agreed that restoration comedy has origins in Molière’s theories of comedy, the inconsistency between restoration comedy’s morals and the morals of the era is something that often arises during the study of this genre. This may give clues as to why, despite its original success, however, in recent years, it has become a topic of interest for theatre theorists, who have been looking into theatre styles that have their own conventions of performance. These plays contain darker themes such as death and disaster, often the protagonist of the play has a tragic flaw, a trait which leads to their downfall. Tragic plays convey all emotions and have extremely dramatic conflicts, tragedy was one of the two original play types of Ancient Greece. Some examples of tragedies include William Shakespeares Hamlet, and also John Websters play The Duchess of Malfi and these plays focus on actual historical events. They can be tragedies or comedies, but are neither of these. History as a genre was popularized by William Shakespeare. Examples of historical plays include Friedrich Schillers Demetrius and William Shakespeares King John, ballad opera, a popular theatre style at the time, was the first style of musical to be performed in the American colonies. The first musical of American origin was premiered in Philadelphia in 1767, and was called “The Disappointment”, however, around the 1920s, theatre styles were beginning to be defined more clearly
Play (theatre)
–
A children's play depicting
The Nativity
5.
Le Figaro
–
Le Figaro is a French daily morning newspaper founded in 1826 and published in Paris. The oldest national daily in France, Le Figaro is one of the two French newspapers of record, along with Le Monde, and is one of the most widely respected newspapers in the world. In 2012, the paper had a circulation of 330,952 copies per issue. The paper is published in the format, switching from a broadsheet in 2009. The newspaper is owned by Le Figaro Group, whose publications include TV Magazine and Evene, the companys chairman is Serge Dassault, whose Dassault Group has controlled the paper since 2004. Le Figaro was founded as a weekly in 1826, taking its name and motto from Le Mariage de Figaro. Its motto, from Figaros monologue in the final act, is Sans la liberté de blâmer. In 1833, editor Nestor Roqueplan fought a duel with a Colonel Gallois, who was offended by an article in Le Figaro, albert Wolff, Émile Zola, Alphonse Karr and Jules Claretie were among the papers early contributors. It was published irregularly until 1854, when it was taken over by Hippolyte de Villemessant. In 1866 Le Figaro became a daily newspaper and its first daily edition, that of 16 November 1866, sold 56,000 copies, having highest circulation of any newspaper in France. In 1922, Le Figaro was purchased by perfume millionaire François Coty, abel Faivre did cartoons for the paper. By the start of World War II, Le Figaro had become Frances leading newspaper, after the war it became the voice of the upper middle class, and continues to maintain a conservative position. In 1975, Le Figaro was bought by Robert Hersants Socpresse, in 1999, the Carlyle Group obtained a 40% stake in the paper, which it later sold in March 2002. Dassault owns 80% of the paper, in 2006, Le Figaro was banned in Egypt and Tunisia for publishing articles allegedly insulting Islam. Le Figaro switched to Berliner format in 2009, the paper has published The New York Times International Weekly on Friday since 2009, an 8-page supplement featuring a selection of articles from The New York Times translated into French. In 2010, Lefigaro. fr created a section called Le Figaro in English, Le Figaro has traditionally held a conservative editorial stance, becoming the voice of the French upper and middle classes. His son Olivier Dassault is a member of the French National Assembly, Dassault has remarked in an interview in 2004 on the public radio station France Inter that newspapers must promulgate healthy ideas and that left-wing ideas are not healthy ideas. They requested more pluralism and honesty and accused the paper of one-sided political reporting, mougeotte had previously said that Le Figaro would do nothing to embarrass the government and the right
Le Figaro
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Front page of Le Figaro, August 4, 1914
Le Figaro
–
First issue, 15 January 1826
Le Figaro
–
Figaro Illustré 01-08-1906
Le Figaro
–
Logo during the 1820s
6.
Paris
–
Paris is the capital and most populous city of France. It has an area of 105 square kilometres and a population of 2,229,621 in 2013 within its administrative limits, the agglomeration has grown well beyond the citys administrative limits. By the 17th century, Paris was one of Europes major centres of finance, commerce, fashion, science, and the arts, and it retains that position still today. The aire urbaine de Paris, a measure of area, spans most of the Île-de-France region and has a population of 12,405,426. It is therefore the second largest metropolitan area in the European Union after London, the Metropole of Grand Paris was created in 2016, combining the commune and its nearest suburbs into a single area for economic and environmental co-operation. Grand Paris covers 814 square kilometres and has a population of 7 million persons, the Paris Region had a GDP of €624 billion in 2012, accounting for 30.0 percent of the GDP of France and ranking it as one of the wealthiest regions in Europe. The city is also a rail, highway, and air-transport hub served by two international airports, Paris-Charles de Gaulle and Paris-Orly. Opened in 1900, the subway system, the Paris Métro. It is the second busiest metro system in Europe after Moscow Metro, notably, Paris Gare du Nord is the busiest railway station in the world outside of Japan, with 262 millions passengers in 2015. In 2015, Paris received 22.2 million visitors, making it one of the top tourist destinations. The association football club Paris Saint-Germain and the rugby union club Stade Français are based in Paris, the 80, 000-seat Stade de France, built for the 1998 FIFA World Cup, is located just north of Paris in the neighbouring commune of Saint-Denis. Paris hosts the annual French Open Grand Slam tennis tournament on the red clay of Roland Garros, Paris hosted the 1900 and 1924 Summer Olympics and is bidding to host the 2024 Summer Olympics. The name Paris is derived from its inhabitants, the Celtic Parisii tribe. Thus, though written the same, the name is not related to the Paris of Greek mythology. In the 1860s, the boulevards and streets of Paris were illuminated by 56,000 gas lamps, since the late 19th century, Paris has also been known as Panam in French slang. Inhabitants are known in English as Parisians and in French as Parisiens and they are also pejoratively called Parigots. The Parisii, a sub-tribe of the Celtic Senones, inhabited the Paris area from around the middle of the 3rd century BC. One of the areas major north-south trade routes crossed the Seine on the île de la Cité, this place of land and water trade routes gradually became a town
Paris
–
In the 1860s Paris streets and monuments were illuminated by 56,000 gas lamps, making it literally "The City of Light."
Paris
Paris
–
Gold coins minted by the Parisii (1st century BC)
Paris
–
The
Palais de la Cité and
Sainte-Chapelle, viewed from the Left Bank, from the
Très Riches Heures du duc de Berry (month of June) (1410)
7.
Pont Neuf
–
The Pont Neuf is the oldest standing bridge across the river Seine in Paris, France. Its name, which was given to distinguish it from older bridges that were lined on both sides with houses, has remained after all of those were replaced. The bridge is composed of two spans, one of five arches joining the left bank to the Île de la Cité. Today the tip of the island is the location of the Square du Vert-Galant, as early as 1550, Henry II was asked to build a bridge here because the existing Pont Notre-Dame was overloaded, but the expense was too much at the time. In February 1578, the decision to build the bridge was made by Henry III who laid its first stone in 1578, further design changes were made during the summer of 1579. First, the number of arches was changed from eight and four to seven, second, it was decided to allow houses to be built on the bridge. This required the widening of the bridge, the remaining piers were built over the next nine years. After a long delay beginning in 1588, due to political unrest, the bridge was opened to traffic in 1604 and completed in July 1606. It was inaugurated by Henri IV in 1607, like most bridges of its time, The Pont Neuf is constructed as a series of many short arch bridges, following Roman precedents. The bridge had heavy traffic from the beginning, it was for a time the widest bridge in Paris. In 1885, one of the piers of the arm was undermined. A major restoration of the Pont Neuf was begun in 1994 and was completed in 2007, the mascarons are the stone masks,381 in number, each being different and which decorate the sides of the bridge. They represent the heads of forest and field divinities from ancient mythology, as well as satyrs, the mascarons remained in place until 1851-1854, when the bridge was completely rebuilt. At that time six of the original mascarons from the 16th century were placed in the Musée Carnavalet, eight other originals were first placed in the Musée national du Moyen Âge, and are now in the French National Museum of the Renaissance in the Château dÉcouen. Fontenelle made sixty-one masks which are found on the side of the bridge between the right bank and the Île de la Cité. After his death, Giambolognas assistant Pietro Tacca completed the statue and it was destroyed in 1792 during the French Revolution, but was rebuilt in 1818, following the restoration of the Bourbon monarchy. Bronze for the new statue was obtained with the bronze from a statue of Louis Charles Antoine Desaix, as well as from the statue of Napoleon in Place Vendôme, the new statue was cast from a mold made using a surviving cast of the original. The last Grand Master of the Knights Templar, Jacques de Molay, was burned at the stake on March 18,1314, on the Île aux Juifs, the execution was ordered by Philippe le Bel after Jacques retracted all of his previous confessions, which outraged Philip
Pont Neuf
–
Pont Neuf at sunset.
Pont Neuf
–
Painting of the Pont Neuf project as approved by
King Henry III in 1578. The bridge was ultimately completed in 1607 with a less ornate design.
Pont Neuf
–
The Pont Neuf in 1615
Pont Neuf
–
The Pont Neuf in 1763
8.
Eponym
–
An eponym is a person, place, or thing for whom or for which something is named, or believed to be named. For example, Elizabeth I of England is the eponym of the Elizabethan era, recent usage, especially in the recorded-music industry, also allows eponymous to mean named after its central character or creator. In ancient Greece, the eponymous archon was the highest magistrate in classical Athens, Eponymous archons served a term of one year which took the name of that particular archon. Later historians provided yet another case of eponymy by referring to the period of Fifth-century Athens as The Age of Pericles after its most influential statesman Pericles. In Ptolemaic Egypt, the head priest of the Cult of Alexander, the Hebrew Bible explains the origins of peoples through individuals who bear their name. In most cases, the experiences and behavior of the ancestor is meant to indicate the characteristics of the people who take their name, in ancient Rome, one of the two formal ways of indicating a year was to cite the two annual consuls who served in that year. For example, the year we know as 59 BC would have described as the consulship of Marcus Calpurnius Bibulus and Gaius Julius Caesar. Under the empire, the consuls would change as often as two months, but only the two consuls at the beginning of the year would lend their names to that year. During the Christian era, itself eponymous, many households used eponymous dating by regnal years. The Roman Catholic Church, however, eventually used the Anno Domini dating scheme based on the birth of Christ on both the public and royalty. Government administrations may become referred to eponymously, such as Kennedys Camelot, British monarchs have become eponymous throughout the English-speaking world for time periods, fashions, etc. Elizabethan, Georgian, Victorian, and Edwardian are examples of these, trends Political trends or movements often become eponymous with a government leader. Examples include Jacksonian democracy, Stalinism, Maoism, Obamacare, in intellectual property law an eponym can refer to a generic trademark or brand name, a form of metonymy, such as aspirin, heroin and thermos in the United States. In geography, places and towns can also be given a name through a relationship to an important figure. Peloponnesus, for instance, was said to derive its name from the Greek hero Pelops, in historical times, new towns have often been named after their founders, discoverers, or notable individuals. In science and technology, discoveries and innovations are often named after the discoverer or a figure influential in their advance, examples are Avogadros number, the Diesel engine, meitnerium, Alzheimers disease, and the Apgar score. For a different view of the process see Stiglers law of eponymy, the term is also applied to music, usually with regard to record titles, where it is prevalent and leads to confusion. For example, Bad Companys first album was entitled Bad Company, titled a 1988 compilation album Eponymous
Eponym
–
The mythological Greek hero
Orion is the eponym of the
constellation Orion, shown here, and thus indirectly of the
Orion spacecraft.
9.
Four temperaments
–
Four temperaments is a proto-psychological theory that suggests that there are four fundamental personality types, sanguine, choleric, melancholic, and phlegmatic. Most formulations include the possibility of mixtures of the types, temperament theory has its roots in the ancient four humors theory. It may have origins in ancient Egypt or Mesopotamia, but it was the Greek physician Hippocrates who developed it into a medical theory. He believed certain human moods, emotions and behaviors were caused by an excess or lack of fluids, blood, yellow bile, black bile. Next, Galen developed the first typology of temperament in his dissertation De temperamentis and he classified them as hot/cold and dry/wet taken from the four elements. There could also be balance between the qualities, yielding a total of nine temperaments, the word temperament itself comes from Latin temperare, to mix. In the ideal personality, the characteristics or warm-cool and dry-moist were exquisitely balanced. In four less ideal types, one of the four qualities was dominant over all the others, in the remaining four types, one pair of qualities dominated the complementary pair, for example, warm and moist dominated cool and dry. These latter four were the temperamental categories Galen named sanguine, choleric, melancholic and phlegmatic after the bodily humors, each was the result of an excess of one of the humors that produced, in turn, the imbalance in paired qualities. In his Canon of Medicine, Persian polymath Avicenna extended the theory of temperaments to encompass emotional aspects, mental capacity, moral attitudes, self-awareness, movements and dreams. Nicholas Culpeper, described the humours as acting as governing principles in bodily health, with astrological correspondences, Culpeper proposed that, while some people had a single temperament, others had an admixture of two, a primary and secondary temperament. Hans Eysenck was one of the first psychologists to analyze personality differences using a psycho-statistical method, by pairing the two dimensions, Eysenck noted how the results were similar to the four ancient temperaments. Examples are DiSC assessment, social styles, and a theory that adds a fifth temperament and they were renamed as Artisan, Guardian, Idealist, and Rational. Rather than using extroversion and introversion and task/people focus, like theories, KTS mapped the temperaments to Sensing and Intuition with a new pair category, cooperative. When Role-Informative and Role-Directive, and finally E/I are factored in, finally, the Interaction Styles of Linda V. Modern medical science has rejected the theories of the four temperaments, in Waldorf education and anthroposophy, the temperaments are believed to help understand personality. Christian writer Tim LaHaye has attempted to repopularize the ancient temperaments through his books, writer Florence Littauer describes the four personality types in her book Personality Plus. See also Two-factor models of personality, in 1946 George Balanchine choreographed a ballet he titled The Four Temperaments, set to music he commissioned from Paul Hindemith
Four temperaments
–
Choleric, melancholic, sanguine, and phlegmatic temperaments
Four temperaments
–
Choleric, sanguine, melancholic, and phlegmatic temperaments: 17c., part of the
Grande Commande.
Four temperaments
–
Phlegmatic by Lespagnandelle, part of the
Grande Commande,
Palace of Versailles.
10.
Four Temperaments
–
Four temperaments is a proto-psychological theory that suggests that there are four fundamental personality types, sanguine, choleric, melancholic, and phlegmatic. Most formulations include the possibility of mixtures of the types, temperament theory has its roots in the ancient four humors theory. It may have origins in ancient Egypt or Mesopotamia, but it was the Greek physician Hippocrates who developed it into a medical theory. He believed certain human moods, emotions and behaviors were caused by an excess or lack of fluids, blood, yellow bile, black bile. Next, Galen developed the first typology of temperament in his dissertation De temperamentis and he classified them as hot/cold and dry/wet taken from the four elements. There could also be balance between the qualities, yielding a total of nine temperaments, the word temperament itself comes from Latin temperare, to mix. In the ideal personality, the characteristics or warm-cool and dry-moist were exquisitely balanced. In four less ideal types, one of the four qualities was dominant over all the others, in the remaining four types, one pair of qualities dominated the complementary pair, for example, warm and moist dominated cool and dry. These latter four were the temperamental categories Galen named sanguine, choleric, melancholic and phlegmatic after the bodily humors, each was the result of an excess of one of the humors that produced, in turn, the imbalance in paired qualities. In his Canon of Medicine, Persian polymath Avicenna extended the theory of temperaments to encompass emotional aspects, mental capacity, moral attitudes, self-awareness, movements and dreams. Nicholas Culpeper, described the humours as acting as governing principles in bodily health, with astrological correspondences, Culpeper proposed that, while some people had a single temperament, others had an admixture of two, a primary and secondary temperament. Hans Eysenck was one of the first psychologists to analyze personality differences using a psycho-statistical method, by pairing the two dimensions, Eysenck noted how the results were similar to the four ancient temperaments. Examples are DiSC assessment, social styles, and a theory that adds a fifth temperament and they were renamed as Artisan, Guardian, Idealist, and Rational. Rather than using extroversion and introversion and task/people focus, like theories, KTS mapped the temperaments to Sensing and Intuition with a new pair category, cooperative. When Role-Informative and Role-Directive, and finally E/I are factored in, finally, the Interaction Styles of Linda V. Modern medical science has rejected the theories of the four temperaments, in Waldorf education and anthroposophy, the temperaments are believed to help understand personality. Christian writer Tim LaHaye has attempted to repopularize the ancient temperaments through his books, writer Florence Littauer describes the four personality types in her book Personality Plus. See also Two-factor models of personality, in 1946 George Balanchine choreographed a ballet he titled The Four Temperaments, set to music he commissioned from Paul Hindemith
Four Temperaments
–
Choleric, melancholic, sanguine, and phlegmatic temperaments
Four Temperaments
–
Choleric, sanguine, melancholic, and phlegmatic temperaments: 17c., part of the
Grande Commande.
Four Temperaments
–
Phlegmatic by Lespagnandelle, part of the
Grande Commande,
Palace of Versailles.
11.
Plot (narrative)
–
Plot refers to the sequence of events inside a story which affect other events through the principle of cause and effect. The causal events of a plot can be thought of as a series of sentences linked by, Plots can vary from simple structures such as in a traditional ballad to complex interwoven structures sometimes referred to as an imbroglio. The term plot can serve as a verb and refer to a planning future actions in the story. In the narrative sense, the highlights the important points which have important consequences within the story. The term is similar in meaning to the term storyline, english novelist E. M. Forster described plot as the cause-and-effect relationship between events in a story. According to Forster, The king died, and then the queen died, is a story, while The king died, as a result, according to Dibell, the plot can be described numerically as 1→3 while the story can be described as 1→2→3. A story orders events from beginning to end in a time sequence, teri Shaffer Yamada agrees that a plot does not include memorable scenes within a story which do not relate directly to other events but only major events that move the action in a narrative. Another example of a scene which is not part of the plot occurs in the 1980 film The Empire Strikes Back. A fabula is the events in the world, whereas a syuzhet is a perspective of those events. Formalist followers eventually translated the fabula/syuzhet to the concept of story/plot and this definition is usually used in narratology, in parallel with Forsters definition. The fabula is what happened in chronological order, in contrast, the syuzhet means a unique sequence of discourse that was sorted out by the author. That is, the syuzhet can consist of picking up the events in non-chronological order, for example, fabula is <a1, a2, a3, a4, a5, …, an>, syuzhet is <a5, a1. He also believed that the events of the plot must causally relate to one another as being necessary or probable. Of the utmost importance is the ability to arouse emotion in the psyche of the audience. Acts are connected by two points or turning points, with the first turning point connecting Act I to Act II. The conception of the structure has been attributed to American screenwriter Syd Field who described plot structure in this tripartite way for film analysis. In his Poetics, Aristotle considered plot the most important element of drama—more important than character, for example. A plot must have, Aristotle says, a beginning, a middle, and an end, of the utmost importance to Aristotle is the plots ability to arouse emotion in the psyche of the audience
Plot (narrative)
–
Plot and Story. Plot is the cause‐and‐effect sequence of events in a story.
12.
Louis Ulbach
–
Louis Ulbach was a French writer. He was encouraged to take up a career by Victor Hugo. He became dramatic critic of the Temps, and attracted attention by a series of letters addressed to Le Figaro over the signature of “Ferragus, ”. As Ferragus, he called the novel Thérèse Raquin putrid in a long diatribe and he edited the Revue de Paris until its suppression in 1858, and in 1868 he founded a paper, La Cloche, which was suppressed in 1869 for its hostility to the empire. Ulbach was imprisoned for six months, and when on his release he revived the paper he got into trouble both with the commune and the government, and was imprisoned in 1871-1872. In 1878 he was librarian of the arsenal, and died in Paris on 16 April 1889. Gloriana, poems Lettres à Jacques Souffrant, ouvrier Philosophie maçonnique Argine Piquet LAmour et la mort, short stories Suzanne Duchemin Écrivains et hommes de lettres, Le Parti catholique, MM. de Montalembert, de Falloux, Veuillot. M. E. Quinet Les Roués sans le savoir, short stories Les Secrets du diable, short stories La Voix du sang Pauline Foucault Histoire dune mère et de ses enfants
Louis Ulbach
–
Louis Ulbach, ca. 1865
13.
Royal National Theatre
–
The Royal National Theatre in London is one of the United Kingdoms three most prominent publicly funded performing arts venues, alongside the Royal Shakespeare Company and the Royal Opera House. Internationally, it is known as the National Theatre of Great Britain, from its foundation in 1963 until 1976, the company was based at the Old Vic theatre in Waterloo. The current building is located next to the Thames in the South Bank area of central London, in addition to performances at the National Theatre building, the National Theatre company tours productions at theatres across the United Kingdom. Since 1988, the theatre has been permitted to call itself the Royal National Theatre, the theatre presents a varied programme, including Shakespeare and other international classic drama, and new plays by contemporary playwrights. Each auditorium in the theatre can run up to three shows in repertoire, thus widening the number of plays which can be put on during any one season. In June 2009, the theatre began National Theatre Live, a programme of simulcasts of live productions to cinemas, first in the United Kingdom, the programme began with a production of Phèdre, starring Helen Mirren, which was screened live in 70 cinemas across the UK. NT Live productions have since been broadcast to over 1,000 venues in 35 countries around the world, the NT had an annual turnover of approximately £87 million in 2012–13, of which earned income made up 80%. Support from Arts Council England provided 20% of income, and the remaining 7% came from a mixture of companies, individuals, trusts, in 1847, a critic using the pseudonym Dramaticus published a pamphlet describing the parlous state of British theatre. Production of serious plays was restricted to the patent theatres, at the same time, there was a burgeoning theatre sector featuring a diet of low melodrama and musical burlesque, but critics described British theatre as driven by commercialism and a star system. There was a demand to commemorate serious theatre, with the Shakespeare Committee purchasing the playwrights birthplace for the nation demonstrating a recognition of the importance of serious drama, the following year saw more pamphlets on a demand for a National Theatre from London publisher Effingham William Wilson. The situation continued, with a renewed call every decade for a National Theatre, attention was aroused in 1879 when the Comédie-Française took a residency at the Gaiety Theatre, described in The Times as representing the highest aristocracy of the theatre. This still left the capital without a national theatre and this work was interrupted by World War I. The play was part of the campaign to build a National Theatre. Still, the Government tried to apply unacceptable conditions to save money, attempting to force the amalgamation of the publicly supported companies. In July 1962, with agreements reached, a board was set up to supervise construction. The National Theatre Company opened on 22 October 1963 with Hamlet, the current building was designed by architects Sir Denys Lasdun and Peter Softley and structural engineers Flint & Neill and contains three stages, which opened individually between 1976 and 1977. The construction work was carried out by Sir Robert McAlpine, the Company was to remain at the Old Vic until 1977, when construction of the Olivier was complete. The National Theatre building houses three separate auditoria, additionally, a temporary structure was added in April 2013 and closed in May 2016
Royal National Theatre
–
The National Theatre from Waterloo Bridge
Royal National Theatre
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Denys Lasdun's building for the National Theatre – an "urban landscape" of interlocking terraces responding to the site at King's Reach on the River Thames to exploit views of
St Paul's Cathedral and
Somerset House.
Royal National Theatre
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Laurence Olivier was the first artistic director of the Royal National Theatre, in 1963. Shown in a photograph by
Carl Van Vechten, 1939
Royal National Theatre
–
Facing east; towards the
City of London, from
Waterloo Bridge. Showing
St. Paul's, and other major City buildings – to the right, the illuminated National Theatre.
14.
Quantum Theatre
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Quantum Theatre is a professional theatre company that produces experimental productions in non-traditional performance spaces around the Pittsburgh area. Founded in 1990 by Karla Boos, the aims to incorporate influences from world culture. The theatre has been mentioned in American Theatre Magazine and Stage Directions Magazine, the students then create a performance to be showcased at a rehearsal for a Quantum production
Quantum Theatre
–
Quantum Theatre
15.
Carnegie Free Library of Braddock
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The Braddock Carnegie Library in Braddock, Pennsylvania, is the first Carnegie Library in the United States. The building was dedicated by Carnegie in person at ceremonies on March 30,1889, circulation of books also began that month. An addition in more Richardson Romanesque style by Longfellow, Alden & Harlow followed in 1893, the Carnegie foundation provided a grant of $357,782 for its construction. Like some of the other early Carnegie libraries, the building housed various recreational facilities for its users, a bathhouse in the basement, originally accessed by a tunnel under the front entrance, provided Carnegies millworkers with a place to shower before using the facilities. Now re-purposed as a studio, the tiled walls and floor remain. At least in the years, the athletic/recreational facilities were available to members of the Carnegie Club who paid a modest quarterly fee. Employees of any Carnegie-owned company received a 50% discount, which in 1903 amounted to $1/quarter, three sets of decorative cast-iron panels with elements that include a shield and oak leaves are located below the first-floor bay-front windows of the Halsey Wood façade. Two specimens of Q robur now flank the entryway steps, the Library remained in continuous use from 1889 to 1974, when neglect of the structure and lack of funds for repair, particularly of the roof, forced its closure. It was slated for demolition in the late 1970s when a group of residents for whom the Library had represented a positive influence in their youth. Initially re-opening a single room as a library in 1983, with kerosene heat. Currently, library services for adults have largely moved to the first floor, in the basement space originally occupied by a bathhouse, the Bathhouse Ceramics Studio offers pottery lessons to the community. Work on the Music Hall continues, with restoration of the floor, kane Co. seats the current focus. The building has been used in several cinematic productions, the earliest known, Tony Bubas music video from ~1982 of Frenchy Burritos cover of the Robert Johnson classic, Terraplane Blues, was filmed in the gymnasium. In early Dec 2014, the Library was the location for filming sequences of Dr. Bennet Omalus office in Concussion, with Will Smith,3, Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, Digital Resource Library, pp. 737–740
Carnegie Free Library of Braddock
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Braddock Carnegie Library
Carnegie Free Library of Braddock
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Neo-medieval cast iron newel posts flank the staircase of the original 1889 section of the building.
Carnegie Free Library of Braddock
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Children's Library, created from part of former stacks area and opened March, 2012.
Carnegie Free Library of Braddock
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May 17, 2013: Re-decking the floor of the Music Hall continues with completion of the West Bank. Deteriorated Ponderosa Pine flooring is being replaced with more durable hickory, matching the original curved pattern but adding 6"/row. The original 1893 Thos. Kane Co. seats will be restored and widened in the process.
16.
Riverside Studios
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It is planned to reopen in 2018. Under the ownership of Jack Buchanan, the company produced films as The Happiest Days of Your Life and Father Brown. In 1954, the studio was acquired by the British Broadcasting Corporation for its television service, the facility was in continuous use until the early 1970s, the rooftop camera position providing one of the highlights of the annual University Boat Race each Easter Saturday. An influential gallery area also flourished, under the direction of Milena Kalinovska who joined in 1982, Channel 4s opening night launch party was held at the Studios in 1982. During the 1980s, the Riverside was also home to Motley Theatre Design Course, following repeated financial crises, and the directorship of David Gothard, Riverside pulled in its horns. William Burdett-Coutts was appointed Artistic Director of Riverside Studios in 1993, Studios 1 and 3 were lucratively used once more in the 1990s for broadcasting, including the Chris Evans vehicle TFI Friday. CD, UK was broadcast from Riverside from 2003 until 2006, later projects included the BBCs Mighty Truck of Stuff and Channel 4s T4 and Popworld. In 2014 Riverside Studios started undergoing a new redevelopment, due for completion in 2018. London builder Mount Anvil, working in conjunction with A2 Dominion, demolished the old Riverside Studios, as part of the redevelopment a new riverside walkway will be created to connect the Thames Path to Hammersmith Bridge. It played regular host to the London Taiwanese, Italian, Polish, tom Robinson hosted live recording sessions for his BBC Radio 6 Music radio show, show Introducing. in Studio 3. Riverside Studios – official site Riverside TV Studios Ltd The Riverside Story Riverside Studios history
Riverside Studios
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Riverside Studios
Riverside Studios
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Riverside Studios at night
Riverside Studios
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Panorama of the terrace at Riverside Studios
17.
Edinburgh Fringe Festival
–
The Edinburgh Festival Fringe is the worlds largest arts festival, which in 2016, spanned 25 days and featured 50,266 performances of 3,269 shows in 294 venues. Established in 1947 as an alternative to the Edinburgh International Festival, it takes place annually in Edinburgh, Scotlands capital and it is an open access performing arts festival, meaning there is no selection committee, and anyone may participate, with any type of performance. The Fringe has often showcased experimental, challenging or controversial works that might not be invited to a more conservative arts festival, the Fringe board of directors is drawn from members of the Festival Fringe Society, who are often Fringe participants themselves – performers or administrators. Elections are held once a year, in August, and Board members serve a term of four years, the Board appoints the Fringe Chief Executive, who is currently Shona McCarthy and assumed the role in March 2016. The Chief Executive operates under the chair, currently Professor Sir Timothy OShea, the Fringe started life when eight theatre companies turned up uninvited to the inaugural Edinburgh International Festival in 1947. With the official festival using the major venues, these companies took over smaller. Seven performed in Edinburgh, and one undertook a version of the morality play Everyman in Dunfermline Abbey, about 20 miles north. These groups aimed to take advantage of the large assembled theatre crowds to showcase their own alternative theatre, although at the time it was not recognised as such, this was the first Edinburgh Festival Fringe. This meant that two defining features of the future Fringe were established at the very beginning – the lack of invitations to perform. I am afraid some of us are not going to be at home during the evenings. The word fringe had in fact used in a review of Everyman in 1947. Late night revues, which would become a feature of Fringes, the first one was the New Drama Groups After The Show, a series of sketches taking place after Donald Pleasences Ebb Tide, in 1952. Among the talent to appear in early Fringe revues were Ned Sherrin in 1955, due to many reviewers only being able to attend Fringe events late night after the official festival was finished, the Fringe came to be seen as being about revues. It was a few years before an official programme for the Fringe was created. John Menzies compiled a list of shows under the title Other Events in their omnibus festival brochure and this was funded by participating companies and was entitled Additional Entertainments, since the name Fringe was still not yet in regular usage. It also used a strange cover motif, a first attempt was made to provide a central booking service in 1955 by students from the university, although it lost money, which was blamed on those who had not taken part. Formal organisation progressed in 1959, with the formation of the Festival Fringe Society, the push for such an organisation was led by Michael Imison, director of Oxford Theatre Group. A constitution was drawn up, in which the policy of not vetting or censoring shows was set out, nineteen companies participated in the Fringe in that year
Edinburgh Fringe Festival
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A street performer on the High Street in 2010
Edinburgh Fringe Festival
–
1971 Festival Fringe Club Membership Card
Edinburgh Fringe Festival
–
John Bishop performing at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe.
Edinburgh Fringe Festival
–
Street performer in the
High Street in 2013
18.
Roundabout Theater at Studio 54
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Studio 54 is a former nightclub and currently a Broadway theatre located at 254 West 54th Street, between Eighth Avenue and Broadway in Manhattan, New York City. The building, originally built as the Gallo Opera House, opened in 1927, after which it changed several times, eventually becoming CBS radio. Later, the building, renamed after its location, housed a world-famous nightclub, in 1984, Fleischman sold the club, which continued to operate until 1991. Since November 1998, it has served as a venue for productions of the Roundabout Theatre Company, a separate restaurant and nightclub, Feinsteins/54 Below, operates in the basement of the building. Designed by famed architect Eugene De Rosa, the venue opened in 1927 as the Gallo Opera House, named for its owner and it later reopened under new ownership as The New Yorker, but continued failing to attract sufficient crowds. The New Yorker Theatre saw its final production, Medicine Show, end in May 1940, in 1943, CBS purchased the theatre, renaming it Studio 52. CBS named its studios in order of purchase, the number 52 was unrelated to the street on which it was located, during these years, CBS used the theater for radio broadcasts. From the 1940s to the mid 1970s, CBS used the location as a radio and TV stage that housed such shows as Whats My Line. The $64,000 Question, Video Village, Password, To Tell the Truth, Beat the Clock, The Jack Benny Show, Ive Got a Secret, Ted Mack and the Original Amateur Hour, the soap opera Love of Life was produced there until 1975. In 1976, CBS moved most of its broadcast operations to the Ed Sullivan Theater and the CBS Broadcast Center, the Ed Sullivan Theater once had access to Studio 52 through an access door, which was concrete-blocked during the theaters 1993 renovation for Late Show with David Letterman. When CBS began marketing the building in 1976, various parties in the art, male model Uva Harden tried to get gallery owner Frank Lloyd to finance the club, until Lloyd lost a $9 million lawsuit to the estate of the artist Mark Rothko, the Rothko Case. In 1977, the theater was transformed into a nightclub called Studio 54 by Steve Rubell and Ian Schrager and they operated the company as Broadway Catering Corp. It took only six weeks to transform the theater into a nightclub, Rubell and Schrager hired Scott Bromley as architect, Ron Doud as interior designer and Brian Thompson as lighting designer. Where formerly all clubs had very dark, at Studio 54 the crowd could be lit brightly. Within a month of opening, the New York State Liquor Authority raided Studio 54 for selling liquor without a license, the owners of the nightclub said the incident was a misunderstanding. The next night the club reopened, serving fruit juice and soda instead of liquor, prior to the raid, the nightclub had been using daily caterers permits, which enabled the nightclub to serve alcohol but were intended for weddings or political events. The State had denied the permit for the night and raided the nightclub. The nightclub had been using these permits while waiting for its license to be processed
Roundabout Theater at Studio 54
–
W.P.A. Theatre of Music
Roundabout Theater at Studio 54
–
Studio 54 logo designed by Gilbert Lesser
Roundabout Theater at Studio 54
–
Studio 54 in April 2008
Roundabout Theater at Studio 54
–
Studio 54 at MGM Grand in Las Vegas
19.
BBC
–
The British Broadcasting Corporation is a British public service broadcaster headquartered at Broadcasting House in London, England. The total number of staff is 35,402 when part-time, flexible, the BBC is established under a Royal Charter and operates under its Agreement with the Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport. The fee is set by the British Government, agreed by Parliament, and used to fund the BBCs radio, TV, britains first live public broadcast from the Marconi factory in Chelmsford took place in June 1920. It was sponsored by the Daily Mails Lord Northcliffe and featured the famous Australian Soprano Dame Nellie Melba, the Melba broadcast caught the peoples imagination and marked a turning point in the British publics attitude to radio. However, this public enthusiasm was not shared in official circles where such broadcasts were held to interfere with important military and civil communications. By late 1920, pressure from these quarters and uneasiness among the staff of the licensing authority, the General Post Office, was sufficient to lead to a ban on further Chelmsford broadcasts. But by 1922, the GPO had received nearly 100 broadcast licence requests, John Reith, a Scottish Calvinist, was appointed its General Manager in December 1922 a few weeks after the company made its first official broadcast. The company was to be financed by a royalty on the sale of BBC wireless receiving sets from approved manufacturers, to this day, the BBC aims to follow the Reithian directive to inform, educate and entertain. The financial arrangements soon proved inadequate, set sales were disappointing as amateurs made their own receivers and listeners bought rival unlicensed sets. By mid-1923, discussions between the GPO and the BBC had become deadlocked and the Postmaster-General commissioned a review of broadcasting by the Sykes Committee and this was to be followed by a simple 10 shillings licence fee with no royalty once the wireless manufactures protection expired. The BBCs broadcasting monopoly was made explicit for the duration of its current broadcast licence, the BBC was also banned from presenting news bulletins before 19.00, and required to source all news from external wire services. Mid-1925 found the future of broadcasting under further consideration, this time by the Crawford committee, by now the BBC under Reiths leadership had forged a consensus favouring a continuation of the unified broadcasting service, but more money was still required to finance rapid expansion. Wireless manufacturers were anxious to exit the loss making consortium with Reith keen that the BBC be seen as a service rather than a commercial enterprise. The recommendations of the Crawford Committee were published in March the following year and were still under consideration by the GPO when the 1926 general strike broke out in May. The strike temporarily interrupted newspaper production and with restrictions on news bulletins waived the BBC suddenly became the source of news for the duration of the crisis. The crisis placed the BBC in a delicate position, the Government was divided on how to handle the BBC but ended up trusting Reith, whose opposition to the strike mirrored the PMs own. Thus the BBC was granted sufficient leeway to pursue the Governments objectives largely in a manner of its own choosing, supporters of the strike nicknamed the BBC the BFC for British Falsehood Company. Reith personally announced the end of the strike which he marked by reciting from Blakes Jerusalem signifying that England had been saved, Reith argued that trust gained by authentic impartial news could then be used
BBC
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BBC Television Centre at
White City, West London, which opened in 1960 and closed in 2013
BBC
–
BBC Pacific Quay in
Glasgow, which was opened in 2007
BBC
–
BBC New Broadcasting House, London which came into use during 2012–13.
BBC
–
The headquarters of the BBC at
Broadcasting House in
Portland Place, London, England. This section of the building is called 'Old Broadcasting House'.
20.
Sonia Dresdel
–
Sonia Dresdel was an English actress, whose career ran between the 1940s and 1970s. She was born Lois Obee in Hornsea, East Riding of Yorkshire, England and her performance in the lead role of Ibsens Hedda Gabler at the Westminster Theatre in 1942 was legendary. It was the performance on which her reputation was founded, for a decade Dresdel was regarded as one of Englands foremost stage actresses. Her leading role in the 1947 film While I Live also gained her a deal of acclaim. In the film she plays Julia Trevelyan, a living in a lonely cliff top house in Cornwall. Her best remembered role is as Mrs. Baines in the version of Graham Greenes The Fallen Idol. The film received Academy Awards nominations for Best Director and Best Screenplay and she died of undisclosed causes, aged 66. According to the critic Philip Hope-Wallace, Dresdel was an actress of high definition with a power to take an audience by the wrist. She had terrific personality and was underused and misused. She would have been the Lady Macbeth of all Lady Macbeths, the World Owes Me a Living as Eve Heatherley While I Live as Julia Trevelyan This Was a Woman as Sylvia Russell The Fallen Idol as Mrs. Briggs Dixon of Dock Green as Mrs
Sonia Dresdel
–
in
The Clouded Yellow (1950)
21.
Simone Signoret
–
Simone Signoret was a French cinema actress often hailed as one of Frances greatest film stars. She became the first French person to win an Academy Award, in her lifetime she also received two Césars, three BAFTAs, an Emmy, a Cannes Film Festival Award, the Silver Bear for Best Actress awards, a NBR Award and a Golden Globe nomination. Signoret was born Simone Henriette Charlotte Kaminker in Wiesbaden, Germany, to André and Georgette Kaminker and her mother, Georgette, from whom she acquired her stage name, was a French Catholic. Signoret grew up in Paris in an atmosphere and studied English, German. During the German occupation of France, Signoret mixed with an group of writers and actors who met at a café in the Saint-Germain-des-Prés quarter. By this time, she had developed an interest in acting and was encouraged by her friends, including her lover, Daniel Gélin and she took her mothers maiden name for the screen to help hide her Jewish roots. Signorets sensual features and earthy nature led to type-casting and she was seen in roles as a prostitute. She won considerable attention in La Ronde, a film which was banned briefly in New York as immoral and she won further acclaim, including an acting award from the British Film Academy, for her portrayal of another prostitute in Jacques Beckers Casque dor. She appeared in notable films in France during the 1950s, including Thérèse Raquin, directed by Marcel Carné, Les Diaboliques. In 1958, Signoret acted in the English independent film, Room at the Top, which won her numerous awards including the Best Female Performance Prize at Cannes and the Academy Award for Best Actress. She was the only French cinema actress to receive an Oscar until Juliette Binoche in 1997 and Marion Cotillard in 2008, and she was offered films in Hollywood, but turned them down, continuing to work in France and England—notably opposite Laurence Olivier in Term of Trial —until 1965. In 1962, Signoret translated Lillian Hellmans play The Little Foxes into French for a production in Paris that ran for six months at the Theatre Sarah-Bernhardt and she played the Regina role as well. Hellman was displeased with the production, although the translation was approved by scholars selected by Hellman, Signorets memoirs, Nostalgia Isnt What It Used To Be, were published in 1978. She also wrote a novel, Adieu Volodya, published in 1985, Signoret first married filmmaker Yves Allégret, with whom she had a daughter Catherine Allégret, herself an actress. Her second marriage was to the Italian-born French actor Yves Montand in 1951, Signoret died of pancreatic cancer in Autheuil-Authouillet, France, aged 64. She was buried in Père Lachaise Cemetery in Paris and Yves Montand was later buried next to her, the play charted the deteriorating relationship between Signoret and Marilyn Monroe during the filming of Lets Make Love. Unable to achieve the recognition of Oscar-winning Signoret, Monroe begins an affair with Signorets husband, singer Nina Simone took her last name from Simone Signoret
Simone Signoret
–
Simone Signoret
Simone Signoret
–
Simone Signoret with
Laurence Harvey in
Room at the Top; the film established her as an international actress.
22.
Brian Cox (actor)
–
Brian Denis Cox, CBE is a Scottish actor who works with the Royal Shakespeare Company, where he gained recognition for his portrayal of King Lear. He is also best known for appearing in The Bourne Identity, The Bourne Supremacy, X2, Braveheart, Rushmore, Rise of the Planet of the Apes, Troy and he was the first actor to portray Hannibal Lecter on film in the 1986 feature film Manhunter. Cox was born in Dundee, the son and youngest of five children. He is from a working class Roman Catholic family, of Irish and Scottish descent and his mother, Mary Ann Guillerline, was a spinner who worked in the jute mills and suffered several nervous breakdowns during Coxs childhood. His father, Charles McArdle Campbell Cox, was a butcher and later a shopkeeper, Cox was brought up by his four elder sisters. He joined Dundee Repertory Theatre at the age of 14, Cox was educated at St Marys Forebank Primary School, followed by St Michaels Junior Secondary School, which he left at the age of 15. After working at Dundee Repertory Theatre for a couple of years, he went to school from the age of 17 to 19. I’m old enough to have seen it and watched it and, yes, in 1978, he played King Henry II of England in the acclaimed BBC2 drama serial The Devils Crown, following which he starred in many other television dramas. His first film appearance was as Leon Trotsky in Nicholas and Alexandra in 1971, Cox is an accomplished Shakespearean actor, spending seasons with both the Royal Shakespeare Company and the National Theatre in the 1980s and 1990s. His work with the RSC included an acclaimed performance as the title character in Titus Andronicus. Cox said later that his performance in Titus Andronicus was the greatest stage performance Ive ever given, later Cox portrayed Burgundy opposite Laurence Olivier in the title role of King Lear. He went on to play King Lear at the National Theatre, in 1986, during the production of Manhunter, while Cox was playing Hannibal Lecktor, Anthony Hopkins was playing King Lear on stage at the National Theatre. Five years later, during the production of The Silence of the Lambs in which Hopkins took over as the correctly named Lecter, at the time, the two actors shared the same agent. In 1984, he played the Royal Ulster Constabulary officer Inspector Nelson in the Royal Courts production of Rat in the Skull, in 1993 he appeared as British spymaster Major Hogan in two episodes of the British television series Sharpe. In the same year, he was seen in an episode of Inspector Morse, where he portrayed Michael Steppings, a retired bookmaker whose daughter is in a permanent coma. In 1994, he played the role of Colonel Grushko, a policeman who sees greed and rapacity in Russias new mood, in Grushko and his most famous appearances include Rob Roy, Braveheart, The Ring, X2, Troy and The Bourne Supremacy. In 2001, he received acclaim for his performance as a pedophile in Michael Cuestas L. I. E. He won a Satellite Award for Best Actor - Motion Picture Drama, and was nominated for an Independent Spirit Award for Best Lead Actor and he has played more sympathetic characters, such as Edward Nortons father in 25th Hour
Brian Cox (actor)
–
Cox at the
2011 Toronto International Film Festival
Brian Cox (actor)
–
Cox with
Paula Sage receiving her BAFTA award
Brian Cox (actor)
–
Governance
23.
Alan Rickman
–
Alan Sidney Patrick Rickman was an English actor and director known for playing a variety of roles on stage and on screen. Rickman trained at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art in London and his first big television part came in 1982, but his big break was as the Vicomte de Valmont in the stage production of Les Liaisons Dangereuses in 1985, for which he was nominated for a Tony Award. Rickman gained wider notice for his performances as Hans Gruber in Die Hard. L. OHara in An Awfully Big Adventure, Dr. Rickman died of cancer on 14 January 2016 at the age of 69. His final film roles are as Lieutenant General Frank Benson in the thriller Eye in the Sky, and the voice of Absolem, Rickman was born in West London, to a working-class family, the son of Margaret Doreen Rose, a housewife, and Bernard William Rickman. Rickmans father was a worker, house painter and decorator. His ancestry was English, Irish and Welsh, his father was Catholic, Rickmans family also included brothers David and Michael, and sister Sheila. When he was eight years old, Rickmans father died of cancer, leaving his mother to raise him. She married again in 1960, but divorced Rickmans stepfather after three years, before he met Rima Horton at 19, he stated that his first crush was at 10 years old to a girl named Amanda at sports day. As a child, he excelled at calligraphy and watercolour painting, after leaving Latymer, he attended Chelsea College of Art and Design and then the Royal College of Art. He wrote to request an audition with the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art, while there, he studied Shakespeare and supported himself by working as a dresser for Sir Nigel Hawthorne and Sir Ralph Richardson. In 1978, he performed with the Court Drama Group, gaining parts in Romeo and Juliet and A View from the Bridge, while working with the Royal Shakespeare Company, he was cast in As You Like It. He appeared in The Barchester Chronicles, the BBCs adaptation of Trollopes first two Barchester novels, as the Reverend Obadiah Slope. Rickman was given the lead, the Vicomte de Valmont, in the 1985 Royal Shakespeare Company production of Christopher Hamptons adaptation of Les Liaisons Dangereuses. After the RSC production transferred to Broadway in 1987, Rickman received both a Tony Award nomination and a Drama Desk Award nomination for his performance, Rickmans career was filled with a wide range of roles. Alfred Blalock in HBOs Something the Lord Made and the mad monk Rasputin in the HBO biopic Rasputin, Dark Servant of Destiny, for which he won a Golden Globe and an Emmy. His performance as the Sheriff of Nottingham in Robin Hood, Prince of Thieves also earned him praise as one of the best actors to portray a villain in films, Rickman took issue with being typecast as a villain, even though he was known for playing unsympathetic characters. His portrayal of Severus Snape, the master in the Harry Potter series, was dark
Alan Rickman
–
Alan Rickman after a seminar at the
John Golden Theater in November 2011
Alan Rickman
–
Rickman in December 2009
Alan Rickman
–
Rickman at the 2007
Tribeca Film Festival
Alan Rickman
–
Alan Rickman posing for a fan after a performance of
John Gabriel Borkman in 2011
24.
BBC Radio 4
–
BBC Radio 4 is a radio station owned and operated by the British Broadcasting Corporation that broadcasts a wide variety of spoken-word programmes including news, drama, comedy, science and history. It replaced the BBC Home Service in 1967, the station controller is Gwyneth Williams, and the station is part of BBC Radio and the BBC Radio department. The station is broadcast from the BBCs headquarters at Broadcasting House and it is also available through Freeview, Sky, Virgin Media and on the Internet. It is notable for its news bulletins and programmes such as Today and The World at One, BBC Radio 4 is the second most popular British domestic radio station by total hours, after Radio 2 – and the most popular in London and the South of England. It recorded its highest audience, of 11 million listeners, in May 2011 and was UK Radio Station of the Year at the 2003,2004 and 2008 Sony Radio Academy Awards and it also won a Peabody Award in 2002 for File On 4, Export Controls. Costing £71.4 million, it is the BBCs most expensive national radio network and is considered by many to be its flagship. There is no comparable British commercial network, Channel 4 abandoned plans to launch its own speech-based digital radio station in October 2008 as part of a £100m cost cutting review, in 2010 Gwyneth Williams replaced Mark Damazer as Radio 4 controller. Damazer became Master of St Peters College, Oxford, music and sport are the only fields that largely fall outside the stations remit. It broadcasts occasional concerts, and documentaries related to forms of both popular and classical music, and the long-running music-based Desert Island Discs. As a result, for around 70 days a year listeners have to rely on FM broadcasts or increasingly DAB for mainstream Radio 4 broadcasts – the number relying solely on long wave is now a small minority. The cricket broadcasts take precedence over on-the-hour news bulletins, but not the Shipping Forecast, as well as news and drama, the station has a strong reputation for comedy, including experimental and alternative comedy, many successful comedians and comedy shows first appearing on the station. The BBC Home Service was the predecessor of Radio 4 and broadcast between 1939 and 1967 and it had regional variations and was broadcast on medium wave with a network of VHF FM transmitters being added from 1955. Radio 4 replaced it on 30 September 1967, when the BBC renamed many of its radio stations. For a time during the 1970s Radio 4 carried regional news bulletins Monday to Saturday and these were broadcast twice at breakfast, at lunchtime and an evening bulletin was aired at 5. 55pm. There were also programme variations for the parts of England not served by BBC Local Radio stations and these included Roundabout East Anglia, a VHF opt-out of the Today programme broadcast from BBC Easts studios in Norwich each weekday from 6.45 am to 8.45 am. Roundabout East Anglia came to an end in 1980, when local services were introduced to East Anglia with the launch of BBC Radio Norfolk. All regional news bulletins broadcast from BBC regional news bases around England ended in August 1980 apart from in the south west, in September 1991 it was decided that the main Radio 4 service would be on FM as coverage had extended to cover almost all of the UK. Opt-outs were transferred to long wave, currently Test Match Special, extra shipping forecasts, The Daily Service, long wave very occasionally opts out at other times, such as to broadcast special services, the most recent being when Pope Benedict XVI visited Britain in 2010
BBC Radio 4
–
Logo of Radio 4 until 2007
BBC Radio 4
–
BBC Radio 4
25.
Anna Massey
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Anna Raymond Massey, CBE was an English actress. Massey was born in Thakeham, Sussex, England, the daughter of British actress Adrianne Allen and her brother, Daniel Massey, was also an actor. She was the niece of Vincent Massey, a Governor General of Canada and she then left the cast in London to repeat her performance in New York in October 1956. In the 1990s she appeared with Alan Bennett in a reading of T. S. Eliots. Several of her film roles were in mystery thrillers. She made her debut in the Scotland Yard film Gideons Day, as Sally. The director was her godfather John Ford and she played a potential murder victim in Michael Powells cult thriller Peeping Tom and appeared in Otto Premingers Bunny Lake Is Missing. In 1972, she played the role of the barmaid Babs in Alfred Hitchcocks penultimate film Frenzy, in the documentary on the films DVD release, Massey mentioned that she originally auditioned for the much smaller role of the secretary Monica, a part for which Jean Marsh was cast. She also noted that her characters scenes in Frenzy were performed by body doubles. Massey appeared with her brother Daniel playing deadly siblings in the horror film The Vault of Horror and she had roles in the British comedy series The Darling Buds of May and The Robinsons. With Imelda Staunton, she co-devised and starred as Josephine Daunt in Daunt and she was the narrator of This Sceptred Isle on BBC Radio 4, a history of Britain from Roman times which ran for more than 300 fifteen-minute episodes. In 2009, she appeared in a new radio version of The Killing of Sister George. One of Masseys assets as an actress was her extraordinary voice, although Masseys parts were varied, her cut-glass English accent conveyed a cold and repressed character on screen. Michael Billington of The Guardian characterised her work as being informed by stillness, in the New Years Honours List published 31 December 2004 she was created a Commander of the Order of the British Empire for services to drama. The couple had one son, writer and illustrator David Huggins, at an August 1988 dinner party held at the home of their mutual friend, Joy Whitby, she met Russian-born metallurgist Uri Andres, who had been based at Imperial College, London since 1975. The couple were married from November 1988 until her death in 2011, Massey was quoted as saying, Theatre eats up too much of your family life. I have a grandson and a husband and Id rather I was able to be a granny, Massey died from cancer on 3 July 2011, aged 73
Anna Massey
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Massey in
Bunny Lake Is Missing (1965)
26.
Charlotte Riley
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Charlotte Riley is an English actress. She is known for her roles as Sarah Hurst in Easy Virtue, Riley was born in Grindon, Stockton-on-Tees, England. She comes from County Durham and attended Teesside High School from the age of 9 until 18, in 2004, Riley won the Sunday Times Playwriting Award for Shaking Cecilia, which she co-wrote with Tiffany Wood. She appeared in Edge of Tomorrow, starring Tom Cruise and Emily Blunt and she also appeared onstage at the Royal Court Theatre production of The Priory, by Michael Wynne. She co-starred in London Has Fallen, the sequel to the 2013 film Olympus Has Fallen and she also portrayed Arabella Strange in the miniseries adaptation of Jonathan Strange & Mr Norrell. She became engaged to English actor Tom Hardy in 2010, Riley and Hardy worked together on Wuthering Heights and The Take. The couple married in July 2014, in October 2015, their first child was born. Charlotte Riley at the Internet Movie Database
Charlotte Riley
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Riley at the premiere of Edge of Tomorrow in May 2014
27.
Thirst (2009 film)
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Thirst is a 2009 South Korean horror film written, produced and directed by Park Chan-wook. It is loosely based on the novel Thérèse Raquin by Émile Zola, the film tells the story of a Catholic priest—who is in love with his friend’s wife—turning into a vampire through a failed medical experiment. Park has stated, This film was originally called The Bat to convey a sense of horror, after all, it is about vampires. But it is more than that. It is about passion and a love triangle, I feel that it is unique because it is not just a thriller, and not merely a horror film, but an illicit love story as well. The film won the Jury Prize at the 2009 Cannes Film Festival and it is the first mainstream Korean film to feature full-frontal male nudity. Sang-hyun is a Catholic priest who volunteers at the hospital, providing ministry to the patients and he is well respected for his unwavering faith and dedicated service, but he secretly suffers from feelings of doubt and sadness. Sang-hyun volunteers to participate in an experiment to find a vaccine for the deadly Emmanuel Virus, although the experiment fails, and Sang-hyun is infected with the seemingly fatal disease, he makes a complete and rapid recovery after receiving a blood transfusion. News of his marvelous recovery quickly spreads among the parishioners of Sang-hyun’s congregation. Soon, thousands flock to Sang-Hyun’s services. Among the new churchgoers are Kang-woo, Sang-hyun’s childhood friend, Kang-woo invites his old friend to join the weekly mahjong night at his house, and there, Sang-hyun finds himself attracted to Kang-woo’s wife, Tae-ju. Sang-hyun later relapses into his illness and wakes in dire need of shelter from the sunlight, at first, Sang-hyun feels a new-found vigor but soon he is aghast to find himself drinking blood from a comatose patient. After attempting to kill himself, Sang-hyun finds himself drawn to human blood. To make matters worse, the symptoms of EV return and only seem to go away when he has drunk blood, desperately trying to avoid committing a murder, Sang-hyun resorts to stealing blood transfusion packs from the hospital. Tae-ju, who lives with her ill husband and overprotective mother-in-law, Lady Ra and she is drawn to Sang-hyun and his odd new physicality, including his inability to resist his desires. The two begin an affair, but when Tae-ju discovers the truth about Sang-hyun, she retreats in fear, when Sang-hyun pleads with her to run away with him, she turns him down, suggesting that they kill her husband instead. When Sang-hyuns superior at the monastery requests some vampire blood so that his eyes may heal and he may see the world before dying and he moves into Lady Ras house so that he may secretly be with Tae-ju. Sang-hyun notices bruises on Tae-ju and assumes her husband is the cause, Sang-hyun decides to kill Kang-woo during a fishing trip with the couple
Thirst (2009 film)
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Korean theatrical poster
28.
In Secret
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In Secret, previously titled Thérèse, is a 2013 American erotic thriller film written and directed by Charlie Stratton. Based on Émile Zolas 1867 classic novel Thérèse Raquin, the film stars Elizabeth Olsen, Tom Felton, Oscar Isaac and it was screened in the Special Presentation section at the 2013 Toronto International Film Festival. The film received a release on February 21,2014. Thérèse spends her days confined behind the counter of a small shop, after she meets her husbands alluring friend Laurent LeClaire, she embarks on an illicit affair that leads to tragic consequences. Camille soon dies during an outing on the lake with Laurent and Therese, Madame Raquin finds it difficult to come to terms with her sons death and is incapacitated by a stroke. To escape being sentenced for murder, Laurent and Therese choose to take their own lives and they drink poison mixed with champagne, Elizabeth Olsen as Thérèse Raquin Lily Laight as young Thérèse Tom Felton as Camille Raquin, Thérèses husband and first cousin. Dimitrije Bogdanov as young Camille Oscar Isaac as Laurent LeClaire, a friend and co-worker of Camille who seduces his wife. Jessica Lange as Madame Raquin, Camilles mother and Thérèses aunt, matt Lucas as Olivier Shirley Henderson as Suzanne Mackenzie Crook as Grivet John Kavanagh as Inspector Michaud Kate Winslet was attached for a long time to star in the lead role of Thérèse Raquin. Jessica Biel then replaced her, with Gerard Butler as Laurent, in fall 2011, Elizabeth Olsen was announced as a replacement in the lead role. Glenn Close was originally cast as Madame Raquin, but dropped out and was replaced by Jessica Lange, on May 9,2012, principal photography began in Belgrade, Serbia and Budapest, Hungary. On review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds a 47% rating, with a score of 5. 5/10. The consensus states, Although it benefits from a strong cast, In Secrets stars cant totally compensate for the movies sodden pacing, despite mixed reviews, Langes performance has received critical acclaim. Avi Offer from NYC Movie Guru proclaimed Lange as. one of the greatest actresses of our time, delivers a mesmerizing, magnificent performance, david Lee Dallas from Slant Magazine called Langes characters latent severity dangerous and surprising. Michael OSullivan from The Washington Post noted that Subtlety may not be this films strong suit, dustin Putman of the Washington D. C. Area Film Critics Association felt Lange is more vulnerable than the figures she usually plays. Jessica Herdon of Associated Press added that Lange. going from agonized to helpless, joshua Rothkopf from Time Out New York wrote. Jessica Lange, as rare as a unicorn these days, seizes on the role of a grieving mother with two taloned hands. If there are any tremors of shame to be felt here, odie Henderson praises Lange on her ability to. The perfect line of lunacy to toe, which In Secret requires for her characters arc, also, Emma Myers from Film Comment described her ability to a looming presence that shifts from despicable to sympathetic and back again
In Secret
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Theatrical release poster
29.
Elizabeth Olsen
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Elizabeth Chase Lizzie Olsen is an American actress. She is known for her roles in the films Silent House, Liberal Arts, Godzilla, Avengers, Age of Ultron and Captain America, Civil War. For her role in the critically acclaimed Martha Marcy May Marlene and she is the younger sister of actresses and fashion designers Mary-Kate Olsen and Ashley Olsen. Olsen was born in Sherman Oaks, California, the daughter of Jarnette Jarnie, a manager, and David Dave Olsen. She is the sister of twins Mary-Kate and Ashley Olsen. Her oldest brother is named Trent Olsen, and she has two younger half-siblings as well, in 1996, Olsens parents were divorced. The Olsens have Norwegian ancestry on their fathers side and English ancestry on their mothers side, as a child, Olsen received ballet and singing lessons. She attended Campbell Hall School in North Hollywood, California from kindergarten through grade 12, after graduation, she enrolled at New York Universitys Tisch School of the Arts. In 2009, Olsen spent a semester studying in Moscow, Russia at the Moscow Art Theatre School through the MATS program at the Eugene ONeill Theater Center. Having appeared in her sisters videos, when she was in the fourth grade and she auditioned for the film Spy Kids. Olsen almost quit acting in 2004 due to the media frenzy surrounding Mary-Kates eating disorder, 2011–13 Olsens breakout role came in 2011, when she appeared in the film Martha Marcy May Marlene. The film, along with Olsens performance, received critical acclaim and she next appeared in the horror film remake Silent House, in which she played the role of Sarah. The film received mixed reviews, although Olsens performance was again praised. Olsen also appeared in the music video The Queen by Carlotta and starred in a comedy-drama film Peace, Olsen filmed the movie Red Lights during mid-2011, which was released in the U. S. on July 13,2012. She starred in Josh Radnors film Liberal Arts, which was released on January 22,2012, in January 2013, Olsen was nominated for the BAFTA Rising Star Award. Olsen as well landed a role in 2013 adaptation of Émile Zolas 1867 classic novel Thérèse Raquin, alongside Tom Felton, Oscar Isaac. In 2014, Olsen starred in Legendarys reboot Godzilla, opposite Bryan Cranston and Aaron Taylor-Johnson, Olsen joined the Marvel Cinematic Universe playing the character of Scarlet Witch in Avengers, Age of Ultron, the 2015 sequel to The Avengers. She first appeared as the character in a scene of the film Captain America, The Winter Soldier, alongside her Godzilla co-star Taylor-Johnson
Elizabeth Olsen
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Olsen at the 2014
San Diego Comic-Con International
Elizabeth Olsen
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Olsen at the
2011 Toronto International Film Festival debut of
Martha Marcy May Marlene
Elizabeth Olsen
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Olsen at the 2013 San Diego Comic-Con International
30.
Jessica Lange
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Jessica Phyllis Lange is an American actress who has received worldwide acclaim for her work in film, theater, and television. In 2016, Lange became the twenty-second thespian in history to achieve the Triple Crown of Acting, Lange was discovered by producer Dino De Laurentiis while modeling part-time for the Wilhelmina modelling agency. She made her film debut in his 1976 remake of the 1933 action-adventure classic King Kong, for which she won her first Golden Globe Award. In 2010, she won her first Primetime Emmy Award for her portrayal of Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis famed aunt, Big Edie, in addition to acting, Lange is a photographer with three published works. She has also been a parent and currently holds a Goodwill Ambassador position for UNICEF, specializing in HIV/AIDS in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Lange was born in Cloquet, Minnesota, on April 20,1949 and her father, Albert John Lange, was a teacher and traveling salesman, and her mother, Dorothy Florence, was a housewife. She has two sisters, Ann and Jane, and a younger brother, George. Her paternal ancestry originates in Germany and the Netherlands, while her maternal ancestry originates in Finland, due to the nature of her fathers professions, her early home life was chaotic. Her family moved over a dozen times to various towns and cities in Minnesota before settling back down in her hometown, in 1967, she received an art scholarship to study art and photography at the University of Minnesota, where she met and began dating Spanish photographer Paco Grande. After the two married in 1971, Lange left college to pursue a bohemian lifestyle, opting to travel throughout the United States. The couple then moved to Paris, where they drifted apart, while in Paris, Lange studied mime theatre under the supervision of Étienne Decroux, and joined the Opéra-Comique as a dancer. While sharing an apartment with Jerry Hall and Grace Jones, she was discovered by fashion illustrator Antonio Lopez, in 1973, she returned to the States and began work in New York City as a waitress at the Lions Head Tavern in Greenwich Village. While modelling, Lange was discovered by Hollywood producer Dino De Laurentiis, who was looking to cast his next leading lady, Lange made her professional film debut in 1976s King Kong, beating out actresses Meryl Streep and Goldie Hawn for the role of damsel in distress. However, renowned film critic Pauline Kael praised her, noting, Lange went on to win the 1976 Golden Globe Award for New Star of the Year. She would remain a favorite of Kaels, who would comment, She has a facial structure that the camera yearns for. A year later, she was contacted by director Bob Rafelson regarding a project on which he was working with Jack Nicholson, after his meeting with Lange, he wrote her name down on a piece of paper, placed it in an envelope, and sealed it. After several meetings and auditions with other actresses, the choice was between Lange and Meryl Streep. In the end, Rafelson offered Lange the lead role opposite Nicholson in his remake of the film noir
Jessica Lange
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Lange at the
66th Primetime Emmy Awards
Jessica Lange
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Lange in December 2008.
Jessica Lange
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Lange in 2013 at the
Paley Center for Media for
American Horror Story: Asylum.
31.
Oscar Isaac
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Oscar Isaac is a Guatemalan-American actor and musician. In 2006, he portrayed Saint Joseph, husband of Mary and he also portrayed José Ramos-Horta, former president of East Timor, in the Australian film Balibo for which he won the AACTA Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role. He appeared in Star Wars, The Force Awakens, as X-wing pilot Poe Dameron and he also headlined the HBO miniseries Show Me a Hero, as politician Nick Wasicsko in 2015, which earned him the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Miniseries or Television Film. In 2016, Time named Isaac one of the 100 most influential people in the world on the annual Time 100 list, Óscar Isaac Hernández Estrada was born in Guatemala, to a Guatemalan mother, María Eugenia Estrada Nicolle, and a Cuban pulmonologist father, Óscar Gonzalo Hernández-Cano. Isaacs family settled in the U. S. when he was five months old and he has described his evangelical Protestant upbringing as very Christian. Isaac liked to cause trouble at the grade school, Westminster Christian. “I set off a fire extinguisher in the gym, defaced a mural, just stupid stuff and he liked to make kids laugh. At one point, his teacher had to screen off his desk from the rest of the class with a piece of cardboard, Isaacs entry into professional acting began at the Area Stage Company, Miami Beach, when Artistic Director John Rodaz cast him in a play. He also acted in Miami-based City Theatres Summer Shorts short play festival in 2000–2001, while in Miami, he played lead guitar and sang vocals for a ska-punk band The Blinking Underdogs. Other band members included Nick Speck, Bill Sommer, Alan Mills, Keith Cooper, the band enjoyed some success, opening for Green Day and the Mighty Mighty Bosstones Isaac spent his musical years living a straight edge lifestyle. Isaac, however, put his music to the side after being accepted to the famed Juilliard Schools acting program, while a student there, he worked on one of his first films, All About the Benjamins. Isaac graduated from the Juilliard School in New York City, where he was part of the Drama Divisions Group 34, Isaac made his acting debut in the 1998 crime drama Illtown, credited as Pool Boy. Next, he appeared briefly in 2002s All About the Benjamins and made an appearance on the television series Law & Order, Isaac garnered recognition in his first major film role in 2006 as Joseph in the biblical epic The Nativity Story, opposite Keisha Castle-Hughes. He appeared as Romeo in the Public Theaters Shakespeare in the Park performances of Romeo and Juliet, Isaac was awarded the Australian Film Institute Award for Best Supporting Actor of 2009, for his role as José Ramos-Horta in Balibo. He had a role in Guerrilla, Part Two of the Che Guevara biopic Che. Isaac played King John in the 2010 historical film Robin Hood and he portrayed a security guard in the Madonna-directed film W. E. and starred in the crime drama Drive, both of which were released in September 2011. He had a role in 10 Years, in which he played a musician and he performed his own song Never Had in the film. Never Had and You Aint Goin Nowhere were included in the movies soundtrack, the film won the Grand Prix at the 2013 Cannes Film Festival
Oscar Isaac
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Oscar Isaac at the 2015
San Diego Comic-Con International.
Oscar Isaac
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Oscar Isaac performing at
Universidad Francisco Marroquín, February 2015.
32.
Tom Felton
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Thomas Andrew Tom Felton is an English actor. Felton began appearing in commercials when he was eight years old for such as Commercial Union. He made his debut in the role of Peagreen Clock in The Borrowers and he portrayed Louis T. Leonowens in Anna. He rose to prominence for his role as Draco Malfoy in the film adaptions of the best-selling Harry Potter fantasy novels by J. K. His performances in Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince and Harry Potter, following the conclusion of the series in 2011, Felton appeared in the 2011 film Rise of the Planet of the Apes, a reboot of the Planet of the Apes series. He had roles in the minor films From the Rough and The Apparition, starred as James Ashford in the critically acclaimed drama film Belle, followed by roles in In Secret. Feltons 2016 films include the biblical drama Risen, alongside Joseph Fiennes. He portrays Julian Albert / Doctor Alchemy on The Flash, Felton was born in Epsom, the son of Sharon and Peter Felton. He was educated at West Horsleys Cranmore School, until the age of thirteen and he then attended The Howard of Effingham School which is a high school that is located in Effingham that specialises in Sciences. Felton is a singer and was part of a choir at the age of seven and he was a member of four school choirs and was given the chance to be part of the Guildford Cathedral Choir. He has three brothers, Ashley, Jonathan and Chris. Felton is the youngest of four sons, Felton began acting in adverts for companies such as Commercial Union and Barclaycard. In 1995, he performed the voice of James in the television series Bugs, Felton played witness Thomas Ingham opposite Clive Owen in Second Sight in 1999. Feltons role of Louis T. Leonowens in the film Anna, Felton made an appearance in the episode Hide and Seek of Second Sight 2 followed in 2000. The Guildford Cathedral Choir also offered him a position, by autumn 2001, Felton had become known internationally for his portrayal of Draco Malfoy, the bully, enemy and foil of Harry Potter in Harry Potter and the Philosophers Stone. He appeared in all of the Harry Potter films, before landing the part of Malfoy, Felton had auditioned to play Harry Potter and Ron Weasley. Of the four actors who succeeded in getting the main roles. Thereafter Feltons schedule began to fill with the work of filming the first four films, premieres and he also received the Disney Channels Kids Awards for Best DVD for Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets on 22 September 2003
Tom Felton
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Felton at the premiere of
Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2 in July 2011
Tom Felton
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Felton as
Draco Malfoy
Tom Felton
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Felton at the 2010 San Diego Comic-Con
33.
Tobias Picker
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Tobias Picker is an American composer who writes in a range of genres, orchestral, opera and chamber works. He has received commissions, especially for operas, and in 2010 composed his first ballet on commission. Picker was born in New York City and he began composing at the age of eight and his parents arranged for him to study at the Manhattan School of Music, and The Juilliard School. He attended college at Princeton University and his principal teachers were Charles Wuorinen, Elliott Carter and Milton Babbitt. Picker received his first commissions while still in his late teens, by the age of thirty, Picker had earned numerous awards and honors, including the Joseph H. Bearns Prize, a Charles Ives Scholarship, and a Guggenheim Fellowship. In 1992, he received the prestigious Award in Music from the American Academy of Arts, from 1985–1990 Picker was the first composer-in-residence of the Houston Symphony. He has also served as composer-in-residence for such major festivals as the Santa Fe Chamber Music Festival. Tobias Picker was inducted into the American Academy of Arts and Letters in May 2012, Tobias Picker’s music is published exclusively by Schott Music Corporation. His piano concerto Keys to the City is recorded on Chandos with his cello concerto, following this Chandos release, BBC Music Magazine proclaimed Picker’s recent music “one of the glories of the current musical scene. ”The Encantadas features texts drawn from Herman Melville’s descriptions of the Galápagos Islands. It was recorded on Virgin Classics by the Houston Symphony Orchestra with narration by Sir John Gielgud. Other works include Tres sonetos de amor, settings of Neruda love poems in versions for baritone and orchestra, and voice and piano, and The Blue Hula, Picker’s complete orchestral catalogue includes three symphonies, four piano concertos and concertos for violin, viola, cello and oboe. Picker has also composed chamber works. In 2009, the American String Quartet commissioned and premiered his String Quartet No.2 at Merkin Concert Hall in New York. In that same year, the pianist Ursula Oppens premiered Pickers Four Etudes for Ursula and Three Nocturnes for Ursula at Baisly Powell Elebash Recital Hall, also in New York. Emmeline, The Santa Fe Opera commissioned and produced the premiere of Picker’s first opera. The premiere recording was released on CD by Albany Records, fantastic Mr. Fox, His second opera was an adaptation of Roald Dahl’s book, commissioned and premiered by the Los Angeles Opera. Picker has written two more versions of work, a version for Chamber Ensemble of seven instruments was premiered by Opera Holland Park in 2010. A version with reduced orchestration was written for the English Touring Opera, thérèse Raquin, Pickers third opera was commissioned by a consortium of companies, including The Dallas Opera, San Diego Opera, and the Opéra de Montréal
Tobias Picker
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Contents
34.
Thou Shalt Not (musical)
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Thou Shalt Not is a musical based on Émile Zolas novel Thérèse Raquin with music and lyrics by Harry Connick Jr. and an adapted book by David Thompson. The musical deals with the involved in the breaking of several Commandments. It ran on Broadway in 2001, after 22 previews which had been delayed a week due to the September 11,2001 attacks, the musical opened at the Plymouth Theatre on October 25,2001. It ran until January 6,2002 with 85 performances, simultaneously glorious and fatally flawed, this is one Broadway failure that belongs on everybodys must-see list. The Hamilton Spectator deemed it a fabulous failure, under the direction of Susan Stroman, the creative team included Thomas Lynchs scenic design, William Ivey Longs costumes, Scott Lehrers sound design, and Peter Kaczorowskis lighting design. The cast starred Craig Bierko, Norbert Leo Butz, Debra Monk, the jazz pianist Laurent LeClaire returns to New Orleans from World War II and runs into his old friend Camille Raquin who is a frail man with an overprotective mother. Camille is married to his own cousin, Therese, Laurent falls in love with Therese, they become lovers, and conspire to kill her husband. Laurent murders Camille, who is pushed over the side of a rowboat, the news of his death sends Camilles mourning mother into a crippling stroke. After waiting a year, Laurent marries his friends widow, but every time he tries to touch her, in time, Therese is driven into madness and suicide, and Laurent kills himself. Stromans late husband, Mike Ockrent, had asked his employees to recommend material to be adapted into musicals during his two year deal at Warner Bros. His assistant recommended the Zola novel, and began developing the idea in detail with the production executive, later, when Warner Bros. passed on this, the idea and notes that were developed by Ockrent staff members were give to Stroman. Her original impulse was to make it into a ballet, but decided against it, Zolas novel from Paris in the 19th century, is updated to 1946-47 New Orleans in the 9th Ward, outside of the French Quarter. David Thompson explains, New Orleans is sort of a cousin to Paris. Not in all ways, but culturally and we were looking for a way for this piece to have an American sensibility to it, while retaining some of the European flavor, which New Orleans has. And the other thing that was important was to find a reason to have music a part of the story,25, when he was accidentally hit in the larynx during a fight scene. He finished the show and went to the opening party, spokesman Philip Rinaldi said at the time. It was just a thing that happened. The staging of the scene was not altered
Thou Shalt Not (musical)
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Poster from the production
35.
Harry Connick, Jr.
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Joseph Harry Fowler Connick Jr. is an American singer, big band leader, talk show host and actor. He has sold over 28 million albums worldwide, Connick is ranked among the top 60 best-selling male artists in the United States by the Recording Industry Association of America, with 16 million in certified sales. He has had seven top 20 US albums, and ten number-one US jazz albums, Connicks best-selling album in the United States is his Christmas album When My Heart Finds Christmas. His highest-charting album is his release Only You, which reached No.5 in the US and he has won three Grammy Awards and two Emmy Awards. He played Graces husband, Leo Markus, on the NBC sitcom Will & Grace from 2002 to 2006, Connick began his acting career as a tail gunner in the World War II film Memphis Belle. He played a killer in Copycat, before being cast as a fighter pilot in the blockbuster Independence Day. Connicks first role as a man was in Hope Floats with Sandra Bullock. His first thriller film since Copycat came in the film Basic with John Travolta, additionally, he played the violent ex-husband in Bug, before two romantic comedies, P. S. I Love You, and the man in New in Town with Renée Zellweger. In 2011, he appeared in the family film Dolphin Tale as Dr. Clay Haskett, Harry Connick Jr. was born and raised in New Orleans, Louisiana. His mother, Anita Frances, was a lawyer and judge in New Orleans and, later and his father, Joseph Harry Fowler Connick Sr. was the district attorney of Orleans Parish from 1973 to 2003. His parents also owned a record store, Connicks father is a Catholic of Irish, English, and German ancestry. Connicks mother, who died from cancer, was Jewish. Connick has a sister, Suzanna, the siblings were raised in the Lakeview neighborhood of New Orleans, Connick is a first cousin of both Jefferson Parish District Attorney, Paul Connick, and State Representative Patrick Connick. Connicks musical talents soon came to the fore when he started learning the keyboards at age three, playing publicly at age five, and recording with a jazz band at ten. The song was Im Just Wild About Harry and this was recorded for a Japanese documentary called Jazz Around the World. The clip was shown in a Bravo special, called Worlds of Harry Connick. His musical talents were developed at the New Orleans Center for Creative Arts and under the tutelage of Ellis Marsalis Jr. Connick attended Jesuit High School, Isidore Newman School, Lakeview School, and the New Orleans Center for Creative Arts, all in New Orleans
Harry Connick, Jr.
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Harry Connick, Jr. in 2014
Harry Connick, Jr.
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Harry Connick, Junior in concert,
Savannah, Georgia, Feb 27, 2007
Harry Connick, Jr.
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Harry Connick Junior and
Renée Zellweger at the
Rachael Ray show, January 30, 2009.
Harry Connick, Jr.
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Musicians' Village in
New Orleans, August 20, 2007
36.
James M. Cain
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James Mallahan Cain was an American author and journalist. Cain vehemently opposed labeling, but he is associated with the hardboiled school of American crime fiction and is seen as one of the creators of the roman noir. Several of his crime novels inspired successful movies, Cain was born into an Irish Catholic family in Annapolis, Maryland. The family moved to Chestertown, Maryland, in 1903, in 1910, Cain graduated from Washington College, where his father, James W. Cain, served as president. By 1914 Cain had decided to become a writer and he began working as a journalist for the Baltimore American and then the Baltimore Sun. Cain was drafted into the United States Army and spent the year of World War I in France writing for an army magazine. Upon returning to the United States, Cain continued working as a journalist, writing editorials for the New York World and a play, a short story and he briefly served as the managing editor of The New Yorker and later worked mainly on screenplays and novels. His first novel, The Postman Always Rings Twice, was published in 1934, Two years later Double Indemnity was serialized in Liberty magazine. In his novel The Moth, music is important in the life of the main character, cains fourth wife, Florence Macbeth, was a retired opera singer. For Algiers Cain received a credit for additional dialogue, and he had story credits for other films and this idea was dubbed the Cain plan in the media. The plan was denounced as communist by some writers, who formed the American Writers Association to oppose it, James T. Farrell was the foremost of these opponents. The Saturday Review printed a debate between Cain and Farrell in November 1946, Farrell argued that the commercial Hollywood writers would control the market and keep out independents. In his reply, Cain argued that his opponents understood the issue incorrectly as freedom versus control and it is fear of reprisals from publishers, Cain said, that is the real cause of opposition from well-to-do writers. Although Cain worked vigorously to promote the Authority, it did not gain support. Cain was married to Mary Clough in 1919 and that marriage ended in divorce, and he soon married Elina Sjösted Tyszecka. Cain never had any children of his own, but he was close to Elinas two children from a previous marriage, in 1944 Cain married the film actress Aileen Pringle, but the marriage was a tempestuous union and dissolved in a bitter divorce two years later. His fourth marriage, to Florence Macbeth, lasted until her death in 1966, Cain continued writing up to his death, at the age of 85. He published many novels from the late 1940s onward, but none achieved the financial, hard-Boiled Books, Four crime writers from Maryland
James M. Cain
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James M. Cain
37.
Playwrights Horizons
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Playwrights Horizons was founded in 1971 at the Clark Center Y by Robert Moss, before moving to 42nd Street where it has been instrumental in the revitalization of Theater Row. The current building was built on the site of a former burlesque, andré Bishop served as Artistic Director from 1981 to 1991, followed by Don Scardino who served through 1995. In its 43 years, Playwrights Horizons has worked with over 375 writers and is the recipient of numerous awards, in Trousers, March of the Falsettos, and Falsettoland – William Finn The Dining Room – A. R. Official website Playwrights Horizons Mainstage Theatre at the Internet off-Broadway Database Peter Jay Sharp Theatre at the Internet off-Broadway Database
Playwrights Horizons
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Playwrights Horizons
38.
Williamstown Theatre Festival
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The theatre festival was conceived as a way to use the Adams Memorial Theatre on the Williams campus for a resident summer theatre company. At the request of Renzi and Bryant, established Actress and Broadway Theatre World Award winner Marcia Henderson, nikos Psacharopoulos, a professor at Yale Drama School and a co-founder, became the executive artistic director and guided the company for over thirty years. He mentored his associates and assistant directors, such as Tom Brennan, Arvin Brown, Keith Fowler, Peter H. Hunt, Paul Weidner and he attracted well-known actors including E. G. Marshall, Frank Langella, Rosemary Harris, Blythe Danner, and he has managed to achieve a national theater. Following a 35th season run by a troika of Peter H. Hunt, Austin Pendleton and George Morfogen, Hunt was named Artistic Director for the 36th season, ritchie was succeeded in 2005 by Roger Rees. Former WTF resident director Nicholas Martin served as Artistic Director from 2008-2010, former Associate Producer Jenny Gersten led the Festival from 2011-2014 and Mandy Greenfield assumed the role of Artistic Director in September 2014. In 2002, the American Theater Wing awarded WTF Americas highest theatrical honor, the festival transferred several successful shows to Broadway, including One Mo Time, Hedda Gabler, The Man Who Had All the Luck, and The Bridges of Madison County. Williamstown Theatre Festival official website Williamstown Theatre Festival at the Internet Broadway Database
Williamstown Theatre Festival
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'62 Center for Theatre & Dance
39.
La Jolla Playhouse
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La Jolla Playhouse is a not-for-profit, professional theatre on the campus of the University of California, San Diego. La Jolla Playhouse was founded in 1947 by Gregory Peck, Dorothy McGuire, in 1983, it was revived under the leadership of Des McAnuff. It is supported, in part, by grants from the National Endowment for the Arts, the California Arts Council, the City of San Diego, and it was announced on April 10,2007 that Christopher Ashley would succeed McAnuff as Artistic Director. La Jolla Playhouse provides a number of opportunities for children, teens. In addition, the Performance Outreach Program annually brings a professional, world-premiere production to schools, libraries, there are additional summer theater opportunities through the La Jolla Playhouse Conservatory, YP@LJP summer camps, student matinees, and many other in-school workshops and classes. As a Page To Stage workshop, a production will feature sets and costumes. After the performance, audience feedback sessions will provide insight and suggestion for both the team and the actors. In the five years since the program began, two Page To Stage Productions have gone on to win Tony Awards, 1981-1991, Alan Levey 1992-2004, Terry Dwyer 2005-2008, Steven Libman 2009- Current, Michael S
La Jolla Playhouse
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La Jolla Playhouse
40.
Paul Giamatti
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Paul Edward Valentine Giamatti is an American character actor and producer. He has won two Golden Globe Awards, a Primetime Emmy Award and four Screen Actors Guild Awards, Giamatti was born June 6,1967, in New Haven, Connecticut, the youngest of three children. His father, A. Bartlett Giamatti, was a Yale University professor who became president of the university. His mother, Toni Marilyn Giamatti, was a homemaker and English teacher who taught at Hopkins School and had previously acted. His paternal grandfathers family were Italian immigrants from Telese Terme, the surname was originally spelled Giammattei. The rest of Giamattis ancestry is German, Dutch, English, French, Irish and his paternal grandmother had deep roots in New England, dating back to the colonial era. His brother, Marcus, is also an actor, and his sister, Giamatti was first educated at The Foote School and later graduated from Choate Rosemary Hall in 1985. He attended Yale University, where he was elected to the Skull and he was active in the undergraduate theater scene, working alongside fellow actors and Yale students Ron Livingston and Edward Norton. He graduated in 1989 with a degree in English, and went on to earn a Master of Fine Arts degree from the Yale School of Drama. In 1997, Giamatti landed in his first high-profile role as Kenny Pig Vomit Rushton in the adaptation of Howard Sterns Private Parts. Stern praised Giamattis performance often on his program, calling for him to be nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor. In 1998, Giamatti appeared in a number of supporting roles in the films, The Truman Show, Saving Private Ryan. In 1999, he played Bob Zmuda and Tony Clifton in Miloš Formans Andy Kaufman biopic, Giamatti later continued steadily during the early 2000s by appearing in major studio releases including Big Mommas House, Planet of the Apes and Big Fat Liar. In 2003, Giamatti began to earn critical acclaim after his role in the film American Splendor. In 2004, Giamatti gained mainstream recognition and fame with the 2004 independent romantic comedy Sideways and his portrayal of a depressed writer vacationing in the Santa Barbara wine country garnered him a Golden Globe nomination and an Independent Spirit Award. Following the commercial success of Sideways, Giamatti appeared in Cinderella Man and he was nominated for a Golden Globe and won the Screen Actors Guild Award for Best Supporting Actor - Motion Picture. Giamatti had his first major role in a movie in the 2007 film Shoot Em Up, while also starring in The Nanny Diaries. That same year, he starred in the independent film Pretty Bird, Giamatti received his second Golden Globe win for his role in the 2010 film, Barneys Version
Paul Giamatti
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Giamatti at the
2013 Toronto International Film Festival.
Paul Giamatti
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Giamatti at the
2010 Toronto International Film Festival
41.
David Esbjornson
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Esbjornson was the artistic director of Seattle Repertory Theatre in Seattle, Washington, but left that position in summer 2008. For seven years he was director of New York City’s Classic Stage Company. He holds an MFA from New York University, and a BA in Theatre, Esbjornson has staged Shakespeare’s Much Ado About Nothing in Central Park and Larry Kramer’s The Normal Heart, both at New York City’s Joseph Papp Public Theater. Other recent credits include the world premieres of Edward Albee’s Tony Award-winning play The Goat, other world premieres include Suzan-Lori Parks’ In the Blood for the Public Theater, and Part 1 of Tony Kushner’s Homebody/Kabul for the Chelsea Center in London. Recent productions directed by Esbjornson include the Maria Irene Fornes plays Mud and Drowning for the Signature Theatre, hedda Gabler, Summer and Smoke and The Great Gatsby for the Guthrie Theater, and the musical Eliot Ness in Cleveland for the Cleveland Play House. Esbjornson has served as a resident director at the O’Neill Playwrights Conference, New Harmony Project, and he received a 1989 NEA-TCG Directing Fellowship, and is on the Board of ART/NY. Esbjornson is the chair of the Mason Gross School of the Arts Theater Department and he succeeds Israel Hicks, who died in 2010. Classic Stage Company received the Lucille Lortel Award for Body of Work in 1999 at the end of Esbjornson’s tenure as artistic director
David Esbjornson
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David Esbjornson
42.
Leslie Hope
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Leslie Ann Hope is a Canadian actress, best known for her role as Teri Bauer on the Fox television series 24. Hope was born on May 6,1965 in Halifax, Nova Scotia, to Ann and she has one brother named Stephen. She graduated from St. Michaels University School at Victoria, British Columbia in 1982. Hope was married to writer and actor Jamie Angell from 1994 to 1996, with whom she has a son named MacKenzie, and to cinematographer, producer, Hope has appeared in many Canadian and American films and television series. Her first film role was in the Canadian film Ups and Downs, in 1981, in 1987, she played the role of Madeleine Henry in the TV miniseries War and Remembrance. In 1993, she starred in Paris, France, directed by Gerard Ciccoritti and she later played the role of Teri Bauer in the first season of 24. Hope starred in George A. Romeros film Bruiser, on television, she appeared in Star Trek, Deep Space Nine as Kira Nerys mother Kira Meru and in the Gemini Award-winning series Human Cargo. Currently, Hope plays attorney Joan Luss, a passenger of Regis Airlines Flight 753. She also has recurring roles in the crime series NCIS as Secretary of the Navy Sarah Porter, Leslie Hope at the Internet Movie Database Leslie Hope on Twitter
Leslie Hope
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Hope at the 2011
San Diego Comic-Con International
43.
PubMed Identifier
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PubMed is a free search engine accessing primarily the MEDLINE database of references and abstracts on life sciences and biomedical topics. The United States National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health maintains the database as part of the Entrez system of information retrieval, from 1971 to 1997, MEDLINE online access to the MEDLARS Online computerized database primarily had been through institutional facilities, such as university libraries. PubMed, first released in January 1996, ushered in the era of private, free, home-, the PubMed system was offered free to the public in June 1997, when MEDLINE searches via the Web were demonstrated, in a ceremony, by Vice President Al Gore. Information about the journals indexed in MEDLINE, and available through PubMed, is found in the NLM Catalog. As of 5 January 2017, PubMed has more than 26.8 million records going back to 1966, selectively to the year 1865, and very selectively to 1809, about 500,000 new records are added each year. As of the date,13.1 million of PubMeds records are listed with their abstracts. In 2016, NLM changed the system so that publishers will be able to directly correct typos. Simple searches on PubMed can be carried out by entering key aspects of a subject into PubMeds search window, when a journal article is indexed, numerous article parameters are extracted and stored as structured information. Such parameters are, Article Type, Secondary identifiers, Language, publication type parameter enables many special features. As these clinical girish can generate small sets of robust studies with considerable precision, since July 2005, the MEDLINE article indexing process extracts important identifiers from the article abstract and puts those in a field called Secondary Identifier. The secondary identifier field is to store numbers to various databases of molecular sequence data, gene expression or chemical compounds. For clinical trials, PubMed extracts trial IDs for the two largest trial registries, ClinicalTrials. gov and the International Standard Randomized Controlled Trial Number Register, a reference which is judged particularly relevant can be marked and related articles can be identified. If relevant, several studies can be selected and related articles to all of them can be generated using the Find related data option, the related articles are then listed in order of relatedness. To create these lists of related articles, PubMed compares words from the title and abstract of each citation, as well as the MeSH headings assigned, using a powerful word-weighted algorithm. The related articles function has been judged to be so precise that some researchers suggest it can be used instead of a full search, a strong feature of PubMed is its ability to automatically link to MeSH terms and subheadings. Examples would be, bad breath links to halitosis, heart attack to myocardial infarction, where appropriate, these MeSH terms are automatically expanded, that is, include more specific terms. Terms like nursing are automatically linked to Nursing or Nursing and this important feature makes PubMed searches automatically more sensitive and avoids false-negative hits by compensating for the diversity of medical terminology. The My NCBI area can be accessed from any computer with web-access, an earlier version of My NCBI was called PubMed Cubby
PubMed Identifier
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PubMed
44.
Project Gutenberg
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Project Gutenberg is a volunteer effort to digitize and archive cultural works, to encourage the creation and distribution of eBooks. It was founded in 1971 by Michael S. Hart and is the oldest digital library, most of the items in its collection are the full texts of public domain books. The project tries to make these as free as possible, in long-lasting, as of 3 October 2015, Project Gutenberg reached 50,000 items in its collection. The releases are available in plain text but, wherever possible, other formats are included, such as HTML, PDF, EPUB, MOBI, most releases are in the English language, but many non-English works are also available. There are multiple affiliated projects that are providing additional content, including regional, Project Gutenberg is also closely affiliated with Distributed Proofreaders, an Internet-based community for proofreading scanned texts. Project Gutenberg was started by Michael Hart in 1971 with the digitization of the United States Declaration of Independence, Hart, a student at the University of Illinois, obtained access to a Xerox Sigma V mainframe computer in the universitys Materials Research Lab. Through friendly operators, he received an account with an unlimited amount of computer time. Hart has said he wanted to back this gift by doing something that could be considered to be of great value. His initial goal was to make the 10,000 most consulted books available to the public at little or no charge and this particular computer was one of the 15 nodes on ARPANET, the computer network that would become the Internet. Hart believed that computers would one day be accessible to the general public and he used a copy of the United States Declaration of Independence in his backpack, and this became the first Project Gutenberg e-text. He named the project after Johannes Gutenberg, the fifteenth century German printer who propelled the movable type printing press revolution, by the mid-1990s, Hart was running Project Gutenberg from Illinois Benedictine College. More volunteers had joined the effort, all of the text was entered manually until 1989 when image scanners and optical character recognition software improved and became more widely available, which made book scanning more feasible. Hart later came to an arrangement with Carnegie Mellon University, which agreed to administer Project Gutenbergs finances, as the volume of e-texts increased, volunteers began to take over the projects day-to-day operations that Hart had run. Starting in 2004, an online catalog made Project Gutenberg content easier to browse, access. Project Gutenberg is now hosted by ibiblio at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Italian volunteer Pietro Di Miceli developed and administered the first Project Gutenberg website and started the development of the Project online Catalog. In his ten years in this role, the Project web pages won a number of awards, often being featured in best of the Web listings, Hart died on 6 September 2011 at his home in Urbana, Illinois at the age of 64. In 2000, a corporation, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Long-time Project Gutenberg volunteer Gregory Newby became the foundations first CEO, also in 2000, Charles Franks founded Distributed Proofreaders, which allowed the proofreading of scanned texts to be distributed among many volunteers over the Internet
Project Gutenberg
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Michael Hart (left) and Gregory Newby (right) of Project Gutenberg, 2006
Project Gutenberg
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Project Gutenberg
Project Gutenberg
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Formats
45.
LibriVox
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On 6 August 2016, the project completed project number 10,000. Most releases are in the English language, but many works are also available. There are multiple affiliated projects that are providing additional content, LibriVox is closely affiliated with Project Gutenberg from where the project gets some of its texts, and the Internet Archive that hosts their offerings. LibriVox was started in August 2005 by Montreal-based writer Hugh McGuire, who set up a blog, the first recorded book was The Secret Agent by Joseph Conrad. LibriVox is an invented word inspired by Latin words liber in its genitive form libri and vox, the word was also coined because of other connotations as liber also means child and free, independent, unrestricted. As the LibriVox forum says it, We like to think LibriVox might be interpreted as child of the voice, finally, the other link we like is library so you could imagine it to mean Library of Voice. There has been no decision or consensus by LibriVox founders or the community of volunteers for a single pronunciation of LibriVox and it is accepted that any audible pronunciation is accurate. LibriVox is a volunteer-run, free content, Public Domain project and it has no budget or legal personality. The development of projects is managed through an Internet forum, supported by an admin team, in early 2010, LibriVox ran a fundraising drive to raise $20,000 to cover hosting costs for the website of about $5, 000/year and improve front- and backend usability. Volunteers can choose new projects to start, either recording on their own or inviting others to join them, once a volunteer has recorded his or her contribution, it is uploaded to the site, and proof-listened by members of the LibriVox community. Finished audiobooks are available from the LibriVox website, and MP3, recordings are also available through other means, such as iTunes, and, being free of copyright, they are frequently distributed independently of LibriVox on the Internet and otherwise. LibriVox only records material that is in the domain in the United States. Because of copyright restrictions, LibriVox produces recordings of only a number of contemporary books. These have included, for example, the 9/11 Commission Report and it contains much popular classic fiction, but also includes less predictable texts, such as Immanuel Kants Critique of Pure Reason and a recording of the first 500 digits of pi. The collection also features poetry, plays, religious texts and non-fiction of various kinds, in January 2009, the catalogue contained approximately 55 percent fiction and drama,25 percent non-fiction and 20 percent poetry. By the end of 2016, the most viewed item was The Adventures of Tom Sawyer in a 2006 solo recording by John Greenman, around 90 percent of the catalogue is recorded in English, but recordings exist in 31 languages altogether. Chinese, French and German are the most popular languages other than English amongst volunteers, LibriVox has garnered significant interest, in particular from those interested in the promotion of volunteer-led content and alternative approaches to copyright ownership on the Internet. It has received support from the Internet Archive and Project Gutenberg, intellectual freedom and commons proponent Mike Linksvayer described it in 2008 as perhaps the most interesting collaborative culture project this side of Wikipedia
LibriVox
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Hugh McGuire, founder of LibriVox
46.
Interior (Degas)
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Interior, also known as The Rape, is an oil painting on canvas by Edgar Degas, painted in 1868–1869. Described as the most puzzling of Degass major works, it depicts a confrontation by lamplight between a man and a partially undressed woman. The theatrical character of the scene has led art historians to seek a source for the composition. Even the paintings title is uncertain, acquaintances of the artist referred to it either as Le Viol or Intérieur, the painting is housed in the Philadelphia Museum of Art. His new direction was apparent by the time he exhibited Steeplechase—The Fallen Jockey in the Salon of 1866. Degas probably intended to submit Interior for exhibition in the Salon of 1869, but it was not shown publicly until June 1905, Degas referred to the work in 1897 as mon tableau de genre, which suggests that he considered the painting anomalous among his works. Interior has been described as the most theatrical of all Degass compositions of modern life, in addition to the mysterious subject-matter, this stage-like effect is presumably one of the chief reasons why scholars have repeatedly tried to identify a literary source for the painting. Various Naturalist novels have been put forward for consideration, in 1976, art historian Theodore Reff published his conjecture that Interior depicts a scene from Zolas novel Thérèse Raquin. This idea has been widely, but not universally, accepted by other scholars, Thérèse Raquin, published in 1867, tells the story of a young orphan whose aunt has forced her to marry her sickly son, Camille Raquin. Thérèse enters into an affair with one of Camilles friends, Laurent, later, on their wedding night, Thérèse and Laurent find their relationship poisoned by guilt. A bright fire was burning in the grate, casting golden patches that danced over the ceiling, the room was thus illuminated by a brilliant, vacillating glow which dimmed the lamp set on a table. A gentle warmth lingered in the air, with soft odors, Thérèse was sitting in a low chair, to the right of the fireplace. Chin in hand, she was staring fixedly at the dancing flames, wearing a lace-edged petticoat and bed-jacket, she looked particularly pale in the bright firelight. Her jacket had slipped from one shoulder which showed pink through the locks of her black hair, Laurent took a few steps, not speaking. He removed his jacket and vest, in shirtsleeves, he glanced again at Thérèse, who had not stirred. Then he noticed the pink shoulder, and bent down to press his trembling lips against that bit of bare skin, the young woman pulled her shoulder away, turning around abruptly. She stared at Laurent with a gaze so strangely mingling repugnance and dread that he stepped back, troubled and uneasy, as if overcome with terror and disgust himself. Reff attributed certain elements in the painting that are not mentioned in the text to artistic license, in 2007, Felix Krämer published an article in which he took issue with Reffs conclusions
Interior (Degas)
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Interior
Interior (Degas)
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Paul Gavarni, Les Lorettes, plate 5, lithograph published in Le Charivari, October 2, 1841
47.
Zandalee
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The film was directed by Sam Pillsbury. Although the film played theatrically in some countries, it was released straight to video in the United States, the film steals liberally from Émile Zolas novel and play Thérèse Raquin. Zandalee and Thierrys marriage has hit a snag and seems to be eroding due to his lack of passion, zan needs to explore, while Thierry wants to withdraw, and has become more and more distant and impotent in their relationship. He used to be a poet, but now has taken over the communications business after the death of his father. As time goes on, Thierry has to sell the business and he is emotionally adrift as his dreams give way to disillusionment. Johnny, an artist painter by trade, has been working for Thierrys business to support his paintings. Johnny also sells and mules cocaine for a drug dealer as another source of income for himself. Having not seen each other in a while, the two run in to each other at a bachelors party, after the party, Thierry brings Johnny home to meet Zandalee and his grandmother Tatta. While talking about old times, Johnny offers to paint a portrait of Thierry at their home, later, in another scene, after finishing the painting, Johnny shows it to Thierry, Zandalee and Tatta. While they go off to other rooms and sensing Zandalees frustration and vulnerability and their sexual liaisons continue to occur in various places including her laundry room a top a washing machine while Thierry and guests are having dinner. Thierry soon suspects the two are having an affair, as the affair intensifies, Johnny meets Zandalee in a church and asks her to leave her husband. However, Zandalee feels that she must never abandon her true love Thierry and she and Thierry re-commit themselves to each other, but Johnny, now obsessed with her, will not be brushed off that easily. He tracks them to their spot in the Bayou. All of this puts the three on a collision course with a tragic sequence of events. In one scene, Johnny, in a rage rips up some of his paintings and he also consumes some of the cocaine he is supposed to sell, which gets him in trouble with his supplier. The drug dealer flees from the scene of the crime, leaving behind Johnny, now alone, as he cradles, the movie ends with him walking in front of the church with the lifeless Zandalee in his arms. Originally rated NC-17 by the Motion Picture Association of America, Zandalee had its rating surrendered before release, there is both the original unrated and uncut version and an R rated version. The international version has a few scenes which help explain the characters a bit better than the U. S. versions
Zandalee
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Home video release poster
48.
Les Rougon-Macquart
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Les Rougon-Macquart is the collective title given to a cycle of twenty novels by French writer Émile Zola. Early in his life, Zola discovered the work of Honoré de Balzac and this had a profound impact on Zola, who decided to write his own, unique cycle. However, in 1869, he explained in Différences entre Balzac et moi, why he would not make the kind of book as Balzac, In one word. My work, mine, will be something else entirely, I dont want to describe the contemporary society, but a single family, showing how the race is modified by the environment. My big task is to be strictly naturalist, strictly physiologist, as a naturalist writer, Zola was highly interested by science and especially the problem of heredity and evolution. He notably read and mentioned the work of the doctor Prosper Lucas, Claude Bernard and this led him to think that people are heavily influenced by heredity and their environment. He intended to prove this by showing how these two factors could influence the members of a family, in a letter to his publisher, Zola stated his goals for the Rougon-Macquart, 1° To study in a family the questions of blood and environments. 2° To study the whole Second Empire, from the coup détat to nowadays, since his first goal was to show how heredity can affect the lives of descendants, Zola started working on the Rougon-Macquart by drawing the family tree for the Rougon-Macquart. Though it was to be modified many times over the years, with some members appearing or disappearing, the original tree shows how Zola planned the whole cycle before writing the first book. The tree provides the name and date of birth of each member, along with properties of his heredity and his life, The prepotency. It is part of a theory that tries to determine how heredity transmits traits through generations. Zola apply this theory to the state of his protagonists and uses terms from the work of the doctor Lucas, Election du père, Election de la mère. Physical likeness, Whether the member looks like his mother or his father, biographical information, his job and important facts of his life. Additionally, for still living at the end of Le Docteur Pascal. Otherwise, the date of death is included, soldat To study the Second Empire, Zola thought of each novel as a novel about a specific aspect of the life in his time. For example, in the list he made in 1872, he intended to make a novel, a novel about the defeat, a scientific novel. The first three ideas led to Son Excellence Eugène Rougon, La Débâcle, and Le Docteur Pascal, however, the last idea would never be made into a book. Indeed, at the beginning, Zola didnt know exactly how many books he would write, in the first letter to his publisher, he mentioned ten episodes
Les Rougon-Macquart
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Preface of
La Fortune des Rougon, the first book of the serie
Les Rougon-Macquart
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Zola, with the book of the Rougon-Macquart under his arm, salutes the statue of
Balzac.
Les Rougon-Macquart
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Letter by Zola to his publisher
Les Rougon-Macquart
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An early tree showing the heredity. Each family has a color, and each child is influenced by one or more families.
. PMID 3101806. doi:10.1136/bmj.294.6566.198.
Therese Raquin public domain audiobook at LibriVox
