1.
Irving Cummings
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Irving Camisky was an American movie actor, director, producer and writer. Cummings was born in New York City and he is the father of the screenwriter and producer Irving Cummings, Jr. Cummings started his acting career in his late teens on Broadway stage, and appeared with the legendary Lillian Russell. He entered into movies in 1909 and quickly became a leading man. Both films are available on home video, as well as The Round-Up. Around that time, he started to direct action movies and occasional comedies, in 1934, Cummings directed Grand Canary, and in 1929, he was nominated for an Academy Award for his direction of In Old Arizona. Cummings was known for the big splashy 1930s Technicolor musicals with popular leading ladies such as Betty Grable, Alice Faye, Carmen Miranda, in 1943, as part of the 50th anniversary of the birth of the motion picture industry, Cummings was awarded the Thomas A. Edison Foundation Gold Medal for outstanding achievement in the arts and sciences, Irving Cummings at the Internet Movie Database Irving Cummings at the Internet Broadway Database
2.
Darryl F. Zanuck
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Darryl Francis Zanuck was an American film producer and studio executive, he earlier contributed stories for films starting in the silent era. He played a part in the Hollywood studio system as one of its longest survivors. He earned three Academy Awards as producer for Best Picture during his tenure, but was responsible for many more, Zanuck was born in Wahoo, Nebraska, the son of Louise and Frank Zanuck, who owned and operated a hotel in Wahoo. Zanuck was of part Swiss descent and was raised a Protestant, at age six, Zanuck and his mother moved to Los Angeles, where the better climate could improve her poor health. At age eight, he found his first movie job as an extra, in 1918, despite being sixteen, he deceived a recruiter, joined the United States Army, and served in France with the Nebraska National Guard. Upon returning to the US, he worked in many jobs while seeking work as a writer. He found work producing movie plots, and sold his first story in 1922 to William Russell and he moved into management in 1929, and became head of production in 1931. In 1933, Zanuck left Warners over a dispute with studio head Jack L. Warner. A few days later, he partnered with Joseph Schenck to form 20th Century Pictures, Inc. with financial help from Josephs brother Nicholas Schenck, mayer, President and Studio head of Loews, Inc and its subsidiary Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, along with William Goetz and Raymond Griffith. 20th Century released its material through United Artists, after a dispute with United Artists over stock ownership, Schenck and Zanuck negotiated and bought out the bankrupt Fox studios in 1935 to form Twentieth Century-Fox Film Corporation. Zanuck was Vice President of Production of this new studio and took an approach, closely involving himself in scripts. When the U. S. who was chauffeured by limousine to Long Island each morning from a luxury Manhattan hotel. Appalled by such privileged cosseting, Zanuck stormed down to Washington, D. C. and into the War Department, demanding a riskier assignment from Chief of Staff and he even persuaded Lord Mountbatten to allow him along on a secret coastal raid across the Channel to occupied France. The daring nighttime attack on a German radar site was a success, navy even before the U. S. entered the war, and he was horrified to discover himself drafted into Zanucks Africa unit. Cant I ever get away from you, I bet if I die and go to heaven, youll be waiting for me under a sign reading Produced by Darryl F. Zanuck. Unlike Col. Warner, most colonels from the studio system—Col, Frank Capra, Col. Anatole Litvak, Col. Hal Roach—were actually doing their cinematic jobs, often, like Zanuck, under enemy fire. Nonetheless, when Col. Zanuck was named in this investigation in 1944, whatever the reason, despite having published his own first-person account of his wartime adventures he resigned. Zanuck returned to Twentieth Century-Fox in 1944 and he avoided the studio and instead read books at home, surrounded by his growing family, and caught up on all the films he had missed while overseas in his private screening room
3.
George Seaton
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George Seaton was an American screenwriter, playwright, film director and producer, and theatre director. Seaton was born George Stenius in South Bend, Indiana, of Swedish descent and he grew up in a Detroit Jewish neighborhood, and described himself as a Shabas goy. So he went on to learn Hebrew in an Orthodox Jewish Yeshiva and was bar mitzvahed. Seaton moved to Detroit after graduating from college to work as an actor on radio station WXYZ. John L. Barrett played The Lone Ranger on test broadcasts of the series in early January 1933, in later years he claimed to have devised the cry Hi-yo, Silver because he couldnt whistle for his horse as the script required. Seaton, along with writer and friend Robert Pirosh, joined Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer as a contract writer in 1933. His first major credit was the Marx Brothers comedy A Day at the Races in 1937. But Not Goodbye, Seatons 1944 Broadway debut as a playwright, closed after only 23 performances, in 1967 he returned to Broadway to direct the Norman Krasna play Love in E Flat, which was a critical and commercial flop. The musical Heres Love, adapted from his screenplay for Miracle on 34th Street by Meredith Willson, Seaton won the Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay twice, for Miracle on 34th Street and The Country Girl, and was nominated for Oscars three additional times. He received The Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award in 1961 and he directed 1970s blockbuster hit Airport, which earned 10 Oscar nominations, including one for Seatons screenplay. Seaton died of cancer in Beverly Hills, California in 1979, Airport Showdown George Seaton at the Internet Movie Database George Seaton Papers at the Wisconsin Center for Film and Theater Research
4.
Bess Meredyth
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Bess Meredyth was a film writer and silent film actress. The wife of film director Michael Curtiz, Meredyth wrote The Affairs of Cellini and she was one of the 36 founders of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Meredyth began her involvement in performing and writing from an early age and her father was the manager at a local theatre, and she studied piano throughout her childhood. After encouragement from her English teacher, Meredyth also pursued fiction writing, at the age of 13, she approached the local newspaper editor about writing a fiction column. Each story she wrote for the paper earned her a dollar, Meredyth began her career in show business in vaudeville as a comedian. She most often sang or performed monologues while accompanying herself on the piano, Meredyth began her screen career as an extra at D. W. Griffiths Biograph Studios in New York, before moving to Los Angeles in 1911. Meredyth worked as an actress for five years, supplanting her income with screenwriting, while most of this work was as an extra, her most prominent role was the titular character in the 4-reel Bess the Detectress serials. Meredyth met Wilfred Lucas in 1911 when he encouraged her to screen acting. The year after, the two worked together on the film A Sailors Heart, the first of many artistic collaborations and they were eventually given their production unit at Universal Studios, in which they produced the 30-reel long Trey of Hearts serials. Meredyth and Lucas had one child together, television writer John Meredyth Lucas and they divorced in 1927, following her return from supervising Ben Hur In 1918, Meredyth and Lucas traveled to Australia to work with Australian sportsman Snowy Baker. They made three films together, The Man from Kangaroo, The Jackeroo of Coolabong and The Shadow of Lightning Ridge and she was arguably the first professional screenwriter to work in Australia. Meredyth and director Michael Curtiz met soon after his arrival in the United States and they were married in 1929 and unsuccessfully attempted to start a production unit at MGM studios in 1946. Though often uncredited, Meredyth contributed to several of Curtizs projects, most notably, Curtiz reportedly called Meredyth for input several times a day while working on his most successful film, Casablanca. Meredyth and Curtiz separated twice, once in 1941, and again in 1960, however, they remained in contact after this separation, and Curtiz included Meredyth in his will upon his death in 1962. Throughout her time at MGM studios, Meredyth had mainly worked under Irving Thalberg, upon his death in 1936, the new MGM executives dropped Meredyths contract. Rather than re-entering as a writer, as the new executives offered. Despite this announcement, she has three credits after her retirement, The Mark of Zorro, That Night in Rio. Bess Meredyth at the Internet Movie Database Bess Meredyth at the Women Film Pioneers Project
5.
Don Ameche
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Don Ameche was an American actor and voice artist. After touring in vaudeville, he featured in many biographical films and he continued to appear on Broadway, as well as on radio and TV, where he was host and commentator for International Showtime, covering circus and ice-shows all over Europe. Ameche was married to his wife Honore for 54 years, Ameche won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his performance in Cocoon. Ameche was born Dominic Felix Amici in Kenosha, Wisconsin on May 31,1908 and his father, Felice Amici, was a bartender from Italy from Montemonaco, Ascoli Piceno, Marche. His mother, Barbara Etta Hertel, was of Scottish, Irish and he had three brothers, Umberto, James, and Louis, and four sisters, Elizabeth, Catherine, Mary and Anna. Ameche attended Marquette University, Loras College, and the University of Wisconsin, Ameche had intended to study law, but he found theatricals more interesting and decided on a stage career. He was instrumental in forming and leading the group the year before play began. Ameche was married to Honore Prendergast from 1932 until her death in 1986, one, Ron Ameche, owned a restaurant, Ameches Pumpernickel in Coralville, Iowa. He had two daughters, Connie and Bonnie, Ameches younger brother, Jim Ameche, was also a well-known actor. His brother Bert was an architect who worked for the U. S. Navy in Port Hueneme, California, and then the U. S. Postal Service in Los Angeles, California. He enjoyed the experience and got a lead in Jerry For Short in New York, followed by a tour in vaudeville with Texas Guinan until she dropped him from the act. He made his debut in 1935, and by the late 1930s, had established himself as a major actor in Hollywood. He appeared in films as Alexanders Ragtime Band, and as the title character in The Story of Alexander Graham Bell. In the 1940 film Go West, Groucho Marx proclaims, Telephone and this is 1870, Don Ameche hasnt invented the telephone yet. While in the 1941 film Ball of Fire, Barbara Stanwycks character discusses the ameche slang usage, Do you know what this means, another highlight was co-starring with Gene Tierney in Ernst Lubitschs Heaven Can Wait in 1943, a film nominated for the Academy Award for Best Picture. In 1940, he was voted the 21st-most-popular star in Hollywood, in 1944 he reportedly earned $247,677 for 1943, making him the second highest earner at 20th Century Fox after Spyros Skouras. Ameche played so many roles based on people that on one of his radio broadcasts, Fred Allen joked. Soon afterwards, in Its in the Bag. which starred Allen, Ameche and fellow veteran actor Ralph Bellamy were eventually cast in John Landis Trading Places in 1983, playing rich brothers intent on ruining an innocent man for the sake of a one-dollar bet
6.
Alice Faye
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Alice Faye was an American actress and singer, described by the The New York Times as one of the few movie stars to walk away from stardom at the peak of her career. She is often associated with the Academy Award–winning standard Youll Never Know, born Alice Jeane Leppert in New York City, she was the daughter of a New York police officer of German descent, Charles Leppert, and his Irish-American wife, Alice Leppert. Fayes entertainment career began in vaudeville as a girl before she moved to Broadway. By this time, she had adopted her name and first reached a radio audience on Rudy Vallées The Fleischmanns Yeast Hour. Faye got her first major break in 1934, when Lilian Harvey abandoned the lead role in a film version of George Whites 1935 Scandals. Hired first to perform a number with Vallee, Faye ended up as the female lead. She became a hit with audiences of the 1930s, particularly when Fox production head Darryl F. Zanuck made her his protégée. He softened Faye from a show girl to a youthful, yet somewhat motherly, figure. Faye also received a makeover, going from a version of Jean Harlow to a wholesome appearance, in which her platinum hair. In 1938, Faye was cast as the lead in In Old Chicago. Zanuck initially resisted casting Faye, as the role had been written for Jean Harlow. The film was memorable for its twenty-minute ending, a recreation of the Great Chicago Fire. Her co-stars in that film were Tyrone Power and Don Ameche, Faye, Power, and Ameche were reunited for the 1938 release Alexanders Ragtime Band, which was designed to showcase more than twenty Irving Berlin songs, Faye again received strong reviews. One of the most expensive films of its time, it became one of the most successful musicals of the 1930s. By 1939, Faye was named one of the top ten box office draws in Hollywood and that year, she made Rose of Washington Square with Tyrone Power. Although a big hit, the film was based on the real life of comedian Fanny Brice and Brice sued Fox for stealing her story. Because of her status, Fox occasionally placed Faye in films that were put together more for the sake of making money than showcasing Fayes talents. Films like Tail Spin and Barricade were more dramatic in nature than regular Faye films, but, due to her immense popularity, none of the films that she made in the 1930s and 1940s lost money
7.
Carmen Miranda
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Carmen Miranda, GCIH • OMC was a Portuguese-born Brazilian samba singer, dancer, Broadway actress, and film star who was popular from the 1930s to the 1950s. Nicknamed The Brazilian Bombshell, Carmen Miranda is noted for her signature fruit hat outfit she wore in her American films, as a young woman, Miranda worked in a boutique designing hats before ultimately recording her first album with composer Josué de Barros in 1929. Throughout the 1930s, Miranda performed on Brazilian radio stations and appeared in five Brazilian sound films known as chanchadas, which celebrated Brazilian music, dance, and carnival culture. In 1939, Lee Shubert, a Broadway businessman, offered Carmen Miranda an eight-week contract to perform in The Streets of Paris on Broadway after seeing her at Cassino da Urca, in Rio de Janeiro. In 1940, she made her first Hollywood film, Down Argentine Way, with Don Ameche and Betty Grable, her exotic clothing and Latin accent became her trademark. In the same year, she was voted the third most popular personality in the United States and was invited to sing and dance for President Franklin Roosevelt, along with her group, Bando da Lua. In 1943, Miranda starred in Busby Berkleys The Gangs All Here, by 1945, she was the highest paid woman in the United States. Miranda made a total of fourteen Hollywood films between 1940 and 1953, though hailed as a talented performer, her popularity waned by the end of World War II. She later grew to resent the stereotypical Brazilian Bombshell image she cultivated and attempted to free of it with limited success. Carmen Miranda was the first Latin American star to be invited to imprint her hands and feet in the courtyard of Graumans Chinese Theatre and she became the first South American to be honored with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. She is considered the precursor of Brazils Tropicalismo cultural movement of the 1960s, a museum was later constructed in Rio de Janeiro in her honor, and in 1995 she was the subject of the acclaimed documentary Carmen Miranda, Bananas is My Business. Carmen Miranda was born Maria do Carmo Miranda da Cunha in Várzea da Ovelha e Aliviada and she was the second daughter of José Maria Pinto da Cunha and Maria Emília Miranda. In 1909 when she was ten months old, her father emigrated alone to Brazil and settled in Rio de Janeiro and her mother followed in 1910 with their daughters Olinda and Maria do Carmo. Maria do Carmo, later Carmen, never returned to Portugal, in Brazil, her parents had four more children, Amaro, Cecília, Aurora and Óscar. She was christened Carmen by her father because of his love for the opera comique and this passion for opera influenced his children, and Mirandas love for singing and dancing at an early age. She went to school at the Convent of Saint Therese of Lisieux and her father did not approve of her plans to enter show business. However, her mother supported her and was beaten when her husband discovered Miranda had auditioned for a radio show and she had previously sung at parties and festivals in Rio. Her older sister Olinda contracted tuberculosis and was sent to Portugal for treatment, Miranda went to work in a tie shop at age 14 to help pay her sisters medical bills
8.
Mack Gordon
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Mack Gordon was an American composer and lyricist of songs for the stage and film. He was nominated for the best original song Oscar nine times in eleven years and that song has proved among his most enduring, and remains popular in films and television commercials to this day. At Last is another of his best-known songs, Gordon was born in Warsaw and moved to New York City as a child. He appeared as an actor and singer in the late 1920s and early 1930s. He formed a partnership with English pianist Harry Revel that lasted throughout the 1930s, in the 1940s he worked with a string of other composers including Harry Warren. The Internet Movie Database states that Gordons songs have used in the soundtrack of over 100 films. His close friendship with many of his artists and his ability to write lyrics that were timeless allowed him to one of the most famous members of the world of music. Thus there is no surprise that his exhibit in the Songwriters Hall of Fame says he is arguably one of the most successful lyricists to write for the screen. He was entombed in Corridor of Immortality at Home of Peace Cemetery
9.
Harry Warren
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Harry Warren was an American composer and lyricist. Warren was the first major American songwriter to write primarily for film and he was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Song eleven times and won three Oscars for composing Lullaby of Broadway, Youll Never Know and On the Atchison, Topeka and the Santa Fe. He wrote the music for the first blockbuster film musical, 42nd Street, choreographed by Busby Berkeley, over a career spanning four decades, Warren wrote more than 800 songs. Warren was one of Americas most prolific composers, and his songs have been featured in over 300 films. Warren was born Salvatore Antonio Guaragna, one of children of Italian immigrants Antonio and Rachel De Luca Guaragna. His father changed the name to Warren when Harry was a child. Although his parents could not afford lessons, Warren had an early interest in music. He also sang in the choir and learned to play the drums. He began to play the drums professionally by age 14 and dropped out of school at 16 to play with his godfathers band in a traveling carnival. He also played the piano in cafés and silent-movie houses, in 1918 he joined the U. S. Navy, where he began writing songs. Warren wrote over 800 songs between 1918 and 1981, publishing over 500 of them and they were written mainly for 56 feature films or were used in other films that used Warrens newly written or existing songs. His songs eventually appeared in over 300 films and 112 of Warner Bros, looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies cartoons. 42 of his songs were on the top ten list of the radio program Your Hit Parade,21 of these reached #1 on Your Hit Parade. Youll Never Know appeared 24 times and his song I Only Have Eyes for You is listed in the list of the 25 most-performed songs of the 20th Century, as compiled by the American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers. Warren was the director of ASCAP from 1929 to 1932 and he collaborated on some of his most famous songs with lyricists Al Dubin, Billy Rose, Mack Gordon, Leo Robin, Ira Gershwin and Johnny Mercer. In 1942 the Gordon-Warren song Chattanooga Choo-Choo, as performed by the Glenn Miller Orchestra and it was No.1 for nine weeks on the Billboard pop singles chart in 1941–1942, selling 1.2 million copies. Warrens first hit song was Rose of the Rio Grande, with lyrics by Edgar Leslie and he wrote a succession of hit songs in the 1920s, including I Love My Baby and Seminola in 1925, Where Do You Work-a John. And In My Gondola in 1926 and Nagasaki in 1928 and he worked for 20th Century Fox starting in 1940, writing with Mack Gordon
10.
20th Century Fox
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Twentieth Century Fox Film Corporation is an American film studio currently owned by 21st Century Fox. It is one of the Big Six major American film studios and is located in the Century City area of Los Angeles, the studio was formerly owned by News Corporation. 20th Century Fox is a member of the Motion Picture Association of America, in 2015, 20th Century Fox celebrated its 80th anniversary as a studio. Spyros Skouras, then manager of the Fox West Coast Theaters, the studios biggest star, Will Rogers, died in a plane crash weeks after the merger. Its leading female star, Janet Gaynor, was fading in popularity and promising leading men James Dunn, at first, it was expected that the new company was originally to be called Fox-20th Century, even though 20th Century was the senior partner in the merger. However, 20th Century brought more to the bargaining table besides Schenck and Zanuck, the new company, 20th Century-Fox Film Corporation, began trading on May 31,1935, the hyphen was dropped in 1985. Schenck became Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, while Kent remained as President, Zanuck became Vice President in Charge of Production, replacing Foxs longtime production chief Winfield Sheehan. The company established a training school. The contracts included an option for renewal for as long as seven years. For many years, 20th Century Fox claimed to have founded in 1915. For instance, it marked 1945 as its 30th anniversary, however, in recent years it has claimed the 1935 merger as its founding, even though most film historians agree it was founded in 1915. The companys films retained the 20th Century Pictures searchlight logo on their credits as well as its opening fanfare. Also on the Fox payroll he found two players who he built up into the studios leading assets, Alice Faye and seven-year-old Shirley Temple, favoring popular biographies and musicals, Zanuck built Fox back to profitability. Thanks to record attendance during World War II, Fox overtook RKO, while Zanuck went off for eighteen months war service, junior partner William Goetz kept profits high by going for light entertainment. The studios—indeed the industrys—biggest star was creamy blonde Betty Grable, in 1942, Spyros Skouras succeeded Kent as president of the studio. Together with Zanuck, who returned in 1943, they intended to make Foxs output more serious-minded. During the next few years, with pictures like The Razors Edge, Wilson, Gentlemans Agreement, The Snake Pit, Boomerang, and Pinky, Zanuck established a reputation for provocative, adult films. Fox also specialized in adaptations of best-selling books such as Ben Ames Williams Leave Her to Heaven, starring Gene Tierney and they also made the 1958 film version of South Pacific
11.
Technicolor
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Technicolor is the name applied to a series of color motion picture processes, the first version dating from 1916, and followed by improved versions over several decades. It was the major color process, after Britains Kinemacolor. As the technology matured it was used for less spectacular dramas. Occasionally, even a film noir—such as Leave Her to Heaven or Niagara —was filmed in Technicolor, Technicolor is the trademark for a series of color motion picture processes pioneered by Technicolor Motion Picture Corporation, now a division of the French company Technicolor SA. The Technicolor Motion Picture Corporation was founded in Boston in 1914 by Herbert Kalmus, Daniel Frost Comstock, the Tech in the companys name was inspired by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where both Kalmus and Comstock received their undergraduate degrees and were later instructors. Technicolor, Inc. was chartered in Delaware in 1921, most of Technicolors early patents were taken out by Comstock and Wescott, while Kalmus served primarily as the companys president and chief executive officer. The term Technicolor historically has been used to describe at least five concepts, Technicolor, Technicolor process or format, several custom image origination systems used in film production, culminating in the three-strip process in 1932. Technicolor IB printing, a process for making color motion picture prints that allows the use of dyes which are more stable, originally used for printing from color separation negatives photographed on black-and-white film in a special Technicolor camera. This meaning of the name applies to nearly all Wikipedia articles about films made from 1954 onward in which Technicolor is named in the credits, Technicolor originally existed in a two-color system. Because two frames were being exposed at the time, the film had to be photographed and projected at twice the normal speed. Exhibition required a special projector with two apertures, two lenses, and a prism that aligned the two images on the screen. The results were first demonstrated to members of the American Institute of Mining Engineers in New York on February 21,1917, the near-constant need for a technician to adjust the projection alignment doomed this additive color process. Only a few frames of The Gulf Between, showing star Grace Darmond, are known to exist today, convinced that there was no future in additive color processes, Comstock, Wescott, and Kalmus focused their attention on subtractive color processes. This culminated in what would eventually be known as Process 2, the difference was that the two-component negative was now used to produce a subtractive color print. Because the colors were present in the print, no special projection equipment was required. The frames exposed behind the filter were printed on one strip of black-and-white film. After development, each print was toned to a color nearly complementary to that of the filter, orange-red for the green-filtered images, the two prints, made on film stock half the thickness of regular film, were then cemented together back to back to create a projection print. The Toll of the Sea, which debuted on November 26,1922, the second all-color feature in Process 2 Technicolor, Wanderer of the Wasteland, was released in 1924
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Musical theatre
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Musical theatre is a form of theatrical performance that combines songs, spoken dialogue, acting, and dance. The story and emotional content of a musical – humor, pathos, love, anger – are communicated through the words, music, movement, since the early 20th century, musical theatre stage works have generally been called, simply, musicals. These were followed by the numerous Edwardian musical comedies and the theatre works of American creators like George M. Cohan. Musicals are performed around the world and they may be presented in large venues, such as big-budget Broadway or West End productions in New York City or London. Alternatively, musicals may be staged in smaller fringe theatre, Off-Broadway or regional theatre productions, musicals are often presented by amateur and school groups in churches, schools and other performance spaces. In addition to the United States and Britain, there are vibrant musical theatre scenes in continental Europe, Asia, Australasia, Canada, the three main components of a book musical are its music, lyrics and book. The interpretation of a musical is the responsibility of its team, which includes a director. A musicals production is also characterized by technical aspects, such as set design, costumes, stage properties, lighting. The creative team, designs and interpretations generally change from the production to succeeding productions. Some production elements, however, may be retained from the production, for example. There is no fixed length for a musical, while it can range from a short one-act entertainment to several acts and several hours in length, most musicals range from one and a half to three hours. Musicals are usually presented in two acts, with one intermission, and the first act is frequently longer than the second. A book musical is usually built four to six main theme tunes that are reprised later in the show. Several shorter musicals on Broadway and in the West End have been presented in one act in recent decades, moments of greatest dramatic intensity in a book musical are often performed in song. Proverbially, when the emotion becomes too strong for speech, you sing, typically, many fewer words are sung in a five-minute song than are spoken in a five-minute block of dialogue. Therefore, there is time to develop drama in a musical than in a straight play of equivalent length. Within the compressed nature of a musical, the writers must develop the characters, the material presented in a musical may be original, or it may be adapted from novels, plays, classic legends, historical events or films. On the other hand, many musical theatre works have been adapted for musical films, such as West Side Story, My Fair Lady, The Sound of Music, Oliver
13.
On the Riviera
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On the Riviera is a 1951 musical comedy film made by 20th Century Fox. It was directed by Walter Lang, produced by Sol C. Siegel from a screenplay by Valentine Davies and Phoebe and Henry Ephron, based on the play The Red Cat by Rudolph Lothar and Hans Adler. Having extensive production value, this is a musical, where all songs occur as stage performances. The film served as a vehicle for multi-talented Broadway veteran Danny Kaye and this was the third film version of the same story. The original was entitled Folies Bergère and starred Maurice Chevalier, Merle Oberon, the remake in 1941 was That Night in Rio and starred Don Ameche, Alice Faye and Carmen Miranda. It was nominated for two Academy Awards, for Best Music and Best Art Direction, the film follows Jack Martin as he is offered a large amount of money to impersonate his look alike, Henri Duran. Louise Cornet Ann Codee - Mme, periton Mari Blanchard - Eugenie On the Riviera at the Internet Movie Database On the Riviera at the TCM Movie Database On the Riviera at AllMovie
14.
Rio de Janeiro
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Rio de Janeiro, or simply Rio, is the second-most populous municipality in Brazil and the sixth-most populous in the Americas. The metropolis is anchor to the Rio de Janeiro metropolitan area, Rio de Janeiro is the capital of the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazils third-most populous state. Part of the city has designated as a World Heritage Site, named Rio de Janeiro. Founded in 1565 by the Portuguese, the city was initially the seat of the Captaincy of Rio de Janeiro, later, in 1763, it became the capital of the State of Brazil, a state of the Portuguese Empire. Rio stayed the capital of the pluricontinental Lusitanian monarchy until 1822 and this is one of the few instances in history that the capital of a colonising country officially shifted to a city in one of its colonies. Rio de Janeiro has the second largest municipal GDP in the country, the home of many universities and institutes, it is the second-largest center of research and development in Brazil, accounting for 17% of national scientific output according to 2005 data. The Maracanã Stadium held the finals of the 1950 and 2014 FIFA World Cups, the 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup, the city is divided into 33 administrative regions. Europeans first encountered Guanabara Bay on 1 January 1502, by a Portuguese expedition under explorer Gaspar de Lemos captain of a ship in Pedro Álvares Cabrals fleet, allegedly the Florentine explorer Amerigo Vespucci participated as observer at the invitation of King Manuel I in the same expedition. The region of Rio was inhabited by the Tupi, Puri, Botocudo, in 1555, one of the islands of Guanabara Bay, now called Villegagnon Island, was occupied by 500 French colonists under the French admiral Nicolas Durand de Villegaignon. Consequently, Villegagnon built Fort Coligny on the island when attempting to establish the France Antarctique colony, Rio de Janeiro was the name of Guanabara Bay. Until early in the 18th century, the city was threatened or invaded by several, mostly French, pirates and buccaneers, such as Jean-François Duclerc, on 27 January 1763, the colonial administration in Portuguese America was moved from Salvador to Rio de Janeiro. The kingdoms capital was transferred to the city, which, thus, as there was no physical space or urban structure to accommodate hundreds of noblemen who arrived suddenly, many inhabitants were simply evicted from their homes. The first printed newspaper in Brazil, the Gazeta do Rio de Janeiro, from the colonial period until the first independent decades, Rio de Janeiro was a city of slaves. There was an influx of African slaves to Rio de Janeiro, in 1819. In 1840, the number of slaves reached 220,000 people, the Port of Rio de Janeiro was the largest port of slaves in America. As a political center of the country, Rio concentrated the political-partisan life of the Empire and it was the main stage of the abolitionist and republican movements in the last half of the 19th century. Rio continued as the capital of Brazil after 1889, when the monarchy was replaced by a republic, until the early years of the 20th century, the city was largely limited to the neighbourhood now known as the historic city centre, on the mouth of Guanabara Bay. Expansion of the city to the north and south was facilitated by the consolidation and electrification of Rios streetcar transit system after 1905, though many thought that it was just campaign rhetoric, Kubitschek managed to have Brasília built, at great cost, by 1960
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Buenos Aires
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Buenos Aires is the capital and most populous city of Argentina. The city is located on the shore of the estuary of the Río de la Plata. The city of Buenos Aires is neither part of Buenos Aires Province nor the Provinces capital, rather, in 1880, after decades of political infighting, Buenos Aires was federalized and removed from Buenos Aires Province. The city limits were enlarged to include the towns of Belgrano and Flores, the 1994 constitutional amendment granted the city autonomy, hence its formal name, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires. Its citizens first elected a chief of government in 1996, previously, Buenos Aires is considered an alpha city by the study GaWC5. Buenos Aires quality of life was ranked 81st in the world and one of the best in Latin America in 2012 and it is the most visited city in South America, and the second-most visited city of Latin America. Buenos Aires is a top tourist destination, and is known for its preserved Spanish/European-style architecture, Buenos Aires held the 1st Pan American Games in 1951 as well as hosting two venues in the 1978 FIFA World Cup. Buenos Aires will host the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics and the 2018 G20 summit, Buenos Aires is a multicultural city, being home to multiple ethnic and religious groups. Several languages are spoken in the city in addition to Spanish, contributing to its culture, the hill was known to them as Buen Ayre, as it was free of the foul smell prevalent in the old city, which is adjacent to swampland. During the siege of Cagliari, the Aragonese built a sanctuary to the Virgin Mary on top of the hill, in 1335, King Alfonso the Gentle donated the church to the Mercedarians, who built an abbey that stands to this day. In the years after that, a story circulated, claiming that a statue of the Virgin Mary was retrieved from the sea after it miraculously helped to calm a storm in the Mediterranean Sea, the statue was placed in the abbey. Spanish sailors, especially Andalusians, venerated this image and frequently invoked the Fair Winds to aid them in their navigation, a sanctuary to the Virgin of Buen Ayre would be later erected in Seville. Pedro de Mendoza called the city Holy Mary of the Fair Winds, mendoza’s settlement soon came under attack by indigenous people, and was abandoned in 1541. For many years, the name was attributed to a Sancho del Campo, a second settlement was established in 1580 by Juan de Garay, who sailed down the Paraná River from Asunción. Garay preserved the name chosen by Mendoza, calling the city Ciudad de la Santísima Trinidad y Puerto de Santa María del Buen Aire. The short form Buenos Aires became the common usage during the 17th century, the usual abbreviation for Buenos Aires in Spanish is Bs. As. It is common as well to refer to it as B. A. or BA /ˌbiːˈeɪ/ bee-AY), while BA is used more by expats residing in the city, the locals more often use the abbreviation Baires, in one word. Seaman Juan Díaz de Solís, navigating in the name of Spain, was the first European to reach the Río de la Plata in 1516 and his expedition was cut short when he was killed during an attack by the native Charrúa tribe in what is now Uruguay
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J. Carrol Naish
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Joseph Patrick Carroll Naish, known professionally as J. Carrol Naish, was an American character actor. He was nominated twice for an Academy Award for film roles, born in New York City, Naish appeared on stage for several years before he began his film career. He began as a member of Gus Edwardss vaudeville troupe of child performers, after World War I, Naish formed his own song and dance act in Paris. He was traveling the globe from Europe to Egypt to Asia, naishs uncredited bit role in What Price Glory. launched his career in more than two hundred films. But are my eyes blind that I must fall to my knees to worship a maniac who has made of my country a concentration camp, must I kiss the hand that beats me, lick the boot that kicks me. NO. and for his performance as the title characters Hispanic father in the movie A Medal for Benny, for the latter film, he won the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor – Motion Picture. He often played villains from gangsters in numerous Paramount pictures to mad scientists, in the 1940s Naish was a supporting character in a number of horror films. He played Boris Karloffs assistant in House of Frankenstein, of Irish descent, he rarely played an Irishman, explaining, When the part of an Irishman comes along, nobody ever thinks of me. N. On radio, Naish starred as Luigi Basco on the popular CBS program Life with Luigi, luigis popularity resulted in a CBS television series of the same name, with Naish reprising his role. Naish was married to actress Gladys Heaney, they had one daughter, Naish died of emphysema on January 24,1973, at Scripps Memorial Hospital in La Jolla, California, three days after his 77th birthday. He is interred at Calvary Cemetery in East Los Angeles, California, for his contributions to television, he has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6145 Hollywood Boulevard. J. Carrol Naish at the Internet Movie Database J. Carrol Naish at the Internet Broadway Database
17.
S. Z. Sakall
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Szőke Szakáll, known as S. Z. Sakall, was a Hungarian stage and film character actor. The name he went by, Szőke Szakáll, is Hungarian for blonde beard and he appeared in many films including In the Good Old Summertime, Lullaby of Broadway, Christmas in Connecticut, and Casablanca, in which he played Carl, the head waiter. Chubby-jowled Sakall played numerous supporting roles in Hollywood musicals and comedies in the 1940s and 1950s and his rotund cuteness caused studio head Jack Warner to bestow on Sakall the nickname Cuddles. Warner asked that he be billed as S. Z. Cuddles Sakall in his later films and he became well known for using the phrase everything is hunky dunky. Szőke Szakáll was born Gärtner Sándor in Budapest, Hungary, to a Jewish family, the actor became a star of the Hungarian stage and screen in the 1910s and 1920s. At the beginning of the 1920s, he moved to Vienna, in the 1930s, he was, next to Hans Moser, the most significant representative of the Wiener Film, the Viennese light romantic comedy genre. He appeared in Familientag im Hause Prellstein, Ihre Majestät die Liebe, for a brief period during this time, he ran his own production company. When the Nazis came to power in Germany in 1933, Sakall was forced to return to Hungary and he was involved in over 40 movies in his native land. When Hungary joined the Axis in 1940, he left for Hollywood with his wife, many of Sakalls close relatives later died in Nazi concentration camps, including all three of his sisters and his niece, as well as his wifes brother and sister. Sakall began a career that included a succession of excitable theatrical impresarios, lovable European uncles. His first Hollywood role was in the comedy Its a Date with Deanna Durbin, the first big hit of his American career was Ball of Fire with Gary Cooper and Barbara Stanwyck. Later, he signed a contract with Warner Bros. where he had a number of small roles. Later the same year, at the age of 59, he portrayed his best remembered character, wallis signed Sakall for the role three weeks after filming had begun. When he was first offered the part, Sakall hated it, Sakall finally agreed to take the role provided they gave him four weeks of work. The two sides agreed on three weeks. He received $1,750 per week for a total of $5,250 and he actually had more screen time than either Peter Lorre or Sydney Greenstreet. Sakall appeared in 30 more movies after this, including Christmas in Connecticut with Barbara Stanwyck, Sakall appeared in four films released in 1948, the drama Embraceable You, followed by April Showers, Michael Curtizs Romance on the High Seas, and Whiplash. He was in four top movies in 1949, first Sakall played Felix Hofer in Doris Days second film, My Dream Is Yours
18.
Curt Bois
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Curt Bois was a German actor. He is best remembered for his performance as the pickpocket in Casablanca, Bois was born in Berlin and began acting in 1907, becoming one of the film worlds first child actors, with a role in the silent movie Bauernhaus und Grafenschloß. In 1909, he played the role in Der Kleine Detektiv. Bois performed in theatre, cabaret, musicals, silent films, in 1934, the Jewish Bois was forced to leave his home in Nazi Germany for the United States, where he found work on stage on Broadway. After World War II, Bois decided it was safe to return to Germany and he finished his life and career in Germany, first in the East, and then in the West. Bois acting career spanned eighty years and his final performance was in Der Himmel über Berlin. Bois died in Berlin, the city of his birth, at the age of ninety, john Holmstrom, The Moving Picture Boy, An International Encyclopaedia from 1895 to 1995, Norwich, Michael Russell,1996, pp. 18-19. Curt Bois at the Internet Movie Database Curt Bois biography from Thomas Staedelis index of German film stars and filmmakers from 1903–1945 Photographs of Curt Bois
19.
Leonid Kinskey
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Leonid Kinskey was a Russian-born film and television actor who enjoyed a long career. Kinskey is best known for his role as Sascha in the film Casablanca, Kinskey was born in St. Petersburg, Russia. He fled the Russian Revolution and acted on stage in Europe and he joined the road production of Al Jolsons musical Wonder Bar, before making his first film appearance, in Trouble in Paradise. His looks and accent helped him gain supporting roles in several movies and he replaced Leo Mostovoy because the latter was deemed not funny enough. Kinskey performed in episodes on no less than three dozen television series between the 1950s and early 1970s and his first appearances on the small screen were in 1954 on Passport to Danger, The Spike Jones Show, and Lux Video Theater. His final roles on television were in 1971, as a professor on the series Mayberry R. F. D, a mortician on OHara, U. S. Treasury, and as a deli butcher on the sitcom The Chicago Teddy Bears. In 1965, Kinskey was also in the episode of Hogans Heroes. He decided, however, not to join the cast when that went into formal production because he was not comfortable playing opposite people pretending to be Nazis. His second wife was actress Iphigenie Castiglioni, to whom he remained married until her death in 1963 and he was married to Tina York from 1983 to his death. He died of complications of a stroke in Fountain Hills, Arizona, Leonid Kinskey at the Internet Movie Database Leonid Kinskey at the Internet Broadway Database Leonid Kinskey at Find a Grave
20.
Frank Puglia
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Frank Puglia was an Italian film actor. Puglia had small, but memorable roles in films including Casablanca, Now, Voyager and he was originally cast as the undertaker, Bonasera, in Francis Ford Coppolas movie The Godfather, even participating in Marlon Brandos screen test, but he fell ill before filming could begin. He was replaced by Sicilian actor Salvatore Corsitto, born in Linguaglossa, Catania, Sicily, the actor started his career as a teen on stage in Italian operas. He emigrated to the U. S. in 1907 and he left from Naples on the ship Italia. In New York City he worked in a laundry before joining an Italian language theater group, while appearing on stage, he was discovered by D. W. Griffith, which began an acting career spanning over 150 films. He usually played ethnic types in films, and claimed to have learned English from reading newspapers and he died on October 25,1975 in South Pasadena, California, and he is buried in the Hollywood Forever Cemetery in Hollywood, California. On August 10,2016, he was celebrated in his hometown, Frank Puglia at Find a Grave Frank Puglia at the Internet Movie Database Films and TV. com TCMDb
21.
Maria Montez
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Her screen image was that of a hot-blooded Latin seductress, dressed in fanciful costumes and sparkling jewels. She became so identified with these adventure epics that she became known as The Queen of Technicolor, over her career, Montez appeared in 26 films,21 of which were made in North America and five in Europe. Montez was born María Antonia García Vidal de Santo Silas in Barahona and she was one of ten children born to Ysidoro García, who worked as the Spanish consul in Dominican Republic, and his wife Teresa. Montez was educated at the Sacred Heart Convent in Santa Cruz de Tenerife, in the mid-1930s, her father was appointed to the Spanish consulship in Belfast, Northern Ireland where the family moved. It was there that Montez met her first husband, William G. McFeeters and her fathers name was Isidoro Gracia and her mothers name was Teresa Vidal. On page 54, there is a copy of a fake made by Universal Pictures, where it says that Maria Montez was educated in Tenerife and that she lived in Ireland. Maria Montez lived the first 27 years of her life in the Dominican Republic, Montez was spotted by a talent scout while visiting New York. Her first film was The Invisible Woman and it was made for Universal Pictures, who signed her to a long term contract starting at $150 a week. She also appeared in Moonlight in Hawaii and Bombay Clipper and she had a small part in That Night in Rio, made at 20th Century Fox. Universal did not have a girl like other studios - an equivalent to Hedy Lamarr, Dorothy Lamour, Betty Grable. They decided to groom Maria Montez to take this role and she received a lot of publicity, Montez was also a keen self promoter. In the words of The Los Angeles Times she borrowed an old and she acted like a movie star. She leaned on the tradition set up by Nazimova and Theda Bara. She went in heavily for astrology and her name became synonymous with exotic enchantresses in sheer harem pantaloons. She took on a pose in her private life. One newspaper called her the best commissary actress in town, in the studio cafe, Maria puts on a real show. In June 1941 her contract with Universal was renewed, Montez graduated to leading parts with South of Tahiti, co-starring Brian Donlevy. She also replaced Peggy Moran in the role of The Mystery of Marie Roget
22.
The Hollywood Reporter
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Headquartered in Los Angeles, THR is part of the Hollywood Reporter-Billboard Media Group, a group of properties that includes Billboard and SpinMedia. It is owned by Eldridge Industries, a company owned by an executive of its previous owner. Under Janice Min, a faltering THR was relaunched in 2010 as a weekly print magazine with a revamped, continuously updated website, as well as mobile. THR was founded in 1930 by William R, billy Wilkerson as Hollywoods first daily entertainment trade newspaper. The first edition appeared on September 3,1930, and featured Wilkersons front-page Tradeviews column, the newspaper appeared Monday to Saturday for the first 10 years, except for a brief period, then Monday to Friday from 1940. Wilkerson ran the THR until his death in September 1962, although his final column appeared 18 months prior, from the late 1930s, Wilkerson used THR to push the view that the industry was a communist stronghold. In particular, he opposed the screenplay writers trade union, the Screen Writers Guild, in 1946 the Guild considered creating an American Authors Authority to hold copyright for writers, instead of ownership passing to the studios. Wilkerson devoted his Tradeviews column to the issue on July 29,1946 and he went to confession before publishing it, knowing the damage it would cause, but was apparently encouraged by the priest to go ahead with it. The column contained the first industry names, including Dalton Trumbo and Howard Koch, on became the Hollywood blacklist. Eight of the 11 people Wilkerson named were among the Hollywood Ten who were blacklisted after hearings in 1947 by the House Un-American Activities Committee. In 1997 THR reporter David Robb wrote a story about the newspapers involvement, for the blacklists 65th anniversary in 2012, the THR published a lengthy investigative piece about Wilkersons role, by reporters Gary Baum and Daniel Miller. The same edition carried an apology from Wilkersons son, W. R. Wilkerson III and he wrote that his father had been motivated by revenge for his thwarted ambition to own a studio. Wilkersons wife, Tichi Wilkerson Kassel, took over as publisher and she sold the paper on April 11,1988, to Affiliated Publications, parent company of Billboard Publications, for $26.7 million. Robert J. Dowling became THR president in 1988 and editor-in-chief, Dowling brought in Alex Ben Block as editor in 1990, and editorial quality of both news and specials steadily improved. Block and Teri Ritzer dampened much of the coverage and cronyism that had infected the paper under Wilkerson. After Block left, former editor at Variety, Anita Busch, was brought in as editor between 1999 and 2001. Busch was credited with making the paper competitive with Variety, tony Uphoff assumed the publisher position in November 2005. Uphoff was replaced in October 2006 by John Kilcullen, the publisher of Billboard, Kilcullen was a defendant in Billboards infamous dildo lawsuit, in which he was accused of race discrimination and sexual harassment
23.
Road to Zanzibar
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Road to Zanzibar is a 1941 Paramount Pictures comedy film starring Bing Crosby, Bob Hope, and Dorothy Lamour, and marked the second of seven picture in the popular Road to … series made by the trio. Paramount executives owned the rights to a story by Sy Bartlett titled Find Colonel Fawcett about two men trekking through the jungles of Madagascar. Thus reborn as a comedy and spoof of the genre, the film resembled its predecessor in every important way, with plot taking a back seat to gags. The film was so successful that further Road to, the flaming dummy sets the big tent on fire and everyone into a panic and the two of them flee. Their subsequent acts show Fearless doing more dangerous acts, usually getting injured, when Chuck brings the next great idea, wrestling a live octopus, Fearless finally balks and wants to go back to the states. At a fancy restaurant, theyre sent champagne by a wealthy man, the festive mood turns sour when the police show up, but Kimble bails them out. They decide to go home to the United States, but when Chuck goes to get the tickets Kimble invites him onto his yacht for a drink. Fearless is busy packing and when Chuck comes back, he finds out Chuck spent all their money, five thousand and it seems like a good deal, until they find out Kimble is an eccentric who would sign over anything and the deed is worthless. Furious at Chuck losing all their money, Fearless ends their partnership, later that evening, Fearless comes back with a fistful of money, claiming to have sold the diamond mine to some guy at a bar for SEVEN thousand. They start to leave only to be confronted by the same man, Fearless had inflated the story a little, so the Lebec and his huge bodyguard want Chuck and Fearless to accompany them to actually see the mine. Chuck and Fearless manage to escape and jump onto a boat, stranded, they are propositioned by Julia Quimby to help rescue her friend, Donna LaTour, from being sold at a slave auction. They bid 150 in local coin on her to rescue her, unbeknownst to both of them, Julia and Donna are also con-artists and take half of the payment to get food. Fearless is reluctant to go, but Chuck convinces him its the best way to hide out, on the safari, Donna romances Fearless, but hes unsure about her intentions, especially when she cuddles up to Chuck, who seems oblivious. Julia also doesnt like Donna romancing Chuck and casually throws around the name of Donnas boyfriend, as their journey continues, with the help of an announcer and a montage, Chuck and Fearless both vie for Donnas attention. During a moonlit canoe ride, Chuck proclaims his feelings and Donna realizes shes starting to fall for him too, Julia tells Donna it would be foolish to give up her wealthy boyfriend for a side show crooner. Chuck and Fearless continue to fight over Donna, with Chuck drugging Fearless and Fearless ripping up Chucks shirt, Donna finally confides to Fearless that despite her feelings for Chuck, her heart belongs to another. Thinking its him, Fearless agrees to tell Chuck, Chuck refuses to believe Fearless, who is practically skipping, but then Julia comes in and tell them both about the rich boyfriend. Chuck and Fearless finally learn theyve been had from the beginning and everything had been a set-up and they angrily run into the jungle to confront her
24.
Bing Crosby
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Harry Lillis Bing Crosby, Jr. was an American singer and actor. The first multimedia star, from 1931 to 1954 Crosby was a leader in sales, radio ratings. His early career coincided with technical recording innovations such as the microphone and this allowed him to develop a laid-back, intimate singing style that influenced many of the popular male singers who followed him, including Perry Como, Frank Sinatra, Dick Haymes, and Dean Martin. Also in 1948, the Music Digest estimated that Crosby recordings filled more than half of the 80,000 weekly hours allocated to recorded radio music, in 1963, Crosby received the first Grammy Global Achievement Award. He is one of only 33 people to have three stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, in the categories of motion pictures, radio, Crosby influenced the development of the postwar recording industry. He became the first performer to pre-record his radio shows and master his commercial recordings onto magnetic tape. In addition to his work with early tape recording, he helped to finance the development of videotape, bought television stations, bred racehorses, Crosby died at the age of 74 on October 14,1977, from a sudden heart attack in Alcobendas, Spain. Crosby was born on May 2,1903 in Tacoma, Washington, in 1906, Crosbys family moved to Spokane, and in 1913, Crosbys father built a house at 508 E. Sharp Avenue. The house now sits on the campus of Crosbys alma mater Gonzaga University and he was the fourth of seven children, brothers Larry, Everett, Ted, and Bob, and two sisters, Catherine and Mary Rose. His parents were Harry Lowe Crosby, Sr. a bookkeeper, Crosbys mother was a second generation Irish-American. In 1910, seven-year-old Harry Crosby Jr. was forever renamed, the Sunday edition of the Spokesman-Review published a feature called The Bingville Bugle. Written by humorist Newton Newkirk, The Bingville Bugle was a parody of a hillbilly newsletter filled with gossipy tidbits, minstrel quips, creative spelling, and mock ads. A neighbor, 15-year-old Valentine Hobart, shared Crosbys enthusiasm for The Bugle, and noting Crosbys laugh, took a liking to him, eventually, the last vowel was dropped and the nickname stuck. Crosby later described Jolsons delivery as electric, Crosby graduated from Gonzaga High School in 1920 and enrolled at Gonzaga University. He attended Gonzaga for three years, but did not earn a bachelors degree, as a freshman, he played on the universitys baseball team. The university granted him a doctorate in 1937. In 1923, Crosby was invited to join a new band composed of school students a few years younger than himself. Al Rinker, Miles Rinker, James Heaton, Claire Pritchard and Robert Pritchard, along with drummer Crosby, formed the Musicaladers, the group performed on Spokane radio station KHQ, but disbanded after two years
25.
Bob Hope
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Bob Hope KBE, KC*SG, KSS was an American comedian, vaudevillian, actor, singer, dancer, athlete, centenarian and author. With a career spanning nearly 80 years, Hope appeared in over 70 feature films and short films, in addition to hosting the Academy Awards 19 times, he appeared in many stage productions and television roles and was the author of 14 books. The song Thanks for the Memory is widely regarded as Hopes signature tune, born in Eltham, Kent, Hope arrived in America with his family at the age of four and grew up in Cleveland, Ohio. He began his career in business in the early 1920s, initially on stage. He was praised for his timing, specializing in one-liners and rapid-fire delivery of jokes. He also appeared in numerous specials for NBC television, starting in 1950, Hope participated in the sports of golf and boxing and owned a small stake in his hometown baseball team, the Cleveland Indians. He died at age 100 at his home in Toluca Lake, Hope was born in Eltham, Kent the fifth of seven sons. They married in April 1891 and lived at 12 Greenwood Street in Barry, before moving to Whitehall, Bristol, and then St George, Bristol. In 1908, the family emigrated to the United States aboard the SS Philadelphia and passed through Ellis Island on March 30,1908, before moving to Cleveland, from age 12, Hope earned pocket money by busking, singing, dancing, and performing comedy. He entered many dancing and amateur talent contests and won a prize in 1915 for his impersonation of Charlie Chaplin, for a time, he attended the Boys Industrial School in Lancaster, Ohio. As an adult, he donated sizable sums of money to the institution, Hope had a brief career as a boxer in 1919, fighting under the name Packy East. He had three wins and one loss and participated in a few staged charity bouts later in life, Hope worked as a butchers assistant and a lineman in his teens and early twenties. Hope also had a stint at Chandler Motor Car Company. Deciding on a business career, he and his girlfriend signed up for dancing lessons. Encouraged after they performed in an engagement at a club, Hope formed a partnership with Lloyd Durbin. Silent film comedian Fatty Arbuckle saw them perform in 1925 and found work with a touring troupe called Hurleys Jolly Follies. Within a year, Hope had formed an act called the Dancemedians with George Byrne, Hope and Byrne had an act as a pair of Siamese twins as well and danced and sang while wearing blackface before friends advised Hope that he was funnier as himself. In 1929, Hope informally changed his first name to Bob, in one version of the story, he named himself after racecar driver Bob Burman
26.
Embassy of Brazil, Washington, D.C.
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The Embassy of Brazil in Washington, D. C. is the diplomatic mission of Brazil to the United States. The Chancery of the Embassy is located at 3006 Massachusetts Avenue NW Washington D. C. in the Embassy Row neighborhood, the United States was the first country to recognize Brazils independence and the nations first legation was thus established in Washington. It was founded January 1,1824 when José Silvestre Rebello presented his credentials to President James Monroe, in 1905, the legation was raised to a full embassy. The embassy had several homes in the district until, in 1934, it purchased McCormick House, the Brazilians were the second nation to have an embassy on what is today Embassy Row. The manor today remains the ambassadorial residence, in 1971, a new chancery was constructed next door. The very modern structure was designed by Brazilian architect Olavo Redig de Campos, an extensive renovation of the Chancery of the Embassy ended in 2011. The Embassy ceased to have consular responsibilities since the creation, in 2008, of the Consulate-General of Brazil in Washington, DC, the Consular Section of the Embassy of Brazil in Washington, D. C. Each Consulate has its jurisdiction, which covers different areas of the country. C
27.
Motion Picture Association of America
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The Motion Picture Association of America is an American trade association that represents the six major Hollywood studios. It was founded in 1922 as the Motion Picture Producers and Distributors of America to advance the interests of its members. In its formative years it took on the role of devising guidelines for content which resulted in the creation of the Production Code. More recently, the MPAA has advocated for the picture and television industry through lobbying to protect creative content from piracy. The MPAA has long worked to curb copyright infringement, including recent attempts to limit the sharing of copyrighted works via peer-to-peer file-sharing networks, former Democratic Senator Chris Dodd is the chairman and CEO. The MPAA was founded as the Motion Picture Producers and Distributors of America in 1922 as an association of member motion picture companies. At its founding, MPPDA member companies produced approximately 70 to 80 percent of the made in the United States. Former Postmaster General Will H. Hays was named the associations first president, the MPPDA also instituted a code of conduct for Hollywoods actors in an attempt to govern their behavior offscreen. Finally, the sought to protect American film interests abroad by encouraging film studios to avoid racist portrayals of foreigners. From the early days of the association, Hays spoke out against public censorship, large portions of the public both opposed censorship, but also decried the lack of morals in movies. At the time of the MPPDAs founding, there was no censorship, but some state and municipal laws required movies to be censored. Thus, in locations in the US, films were often edited to comply with local laws regarding the onscreen portrayal of violence and sexuality. This resulted in publicity for the studios and decreasing numbers of theater goers. In 1929, more than 50 percent of American moviegoers lived in a location overseen by such a board, the Formula requested that studios send synopses of films being considered to the MPDDA for review. This effort largely failed, however, as studios were under no obligation to send their scripts to Hayss office, in 1927, Hays oversaw the creation of a code of Donts and Be Carefuls for the industry. This list outlined the issues that movies could encounter in different localities, Hays also created a Studio Relations Department with staff available to the studios for script reviews and advice regarding potential problems. In 1930, the MPPDA introduced the Production Code, sometimes called the Hays Code, the Code consisted of moral guidelines regarding what was acceptable to include in films. Unlike the Donts and Be Carefuls, which the studios had ignored, the Code incorporated many of the Donts and Be Carefuls as specific examples of what could not be portrayed
28.
Motion Picture Production Code
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The Motion Picture Production Code was the set of industry moral guidelines that was applied to most United States motion pictures released by major studios from 1930 to 1968. It is also known as the Hays Code, after Will H. Hays. Under Hays leadership, the MPPDA, later known as the Motion Picture Association of America, adopted the Production Code in 1930, the Production Code spelled out what was acceptable and what was unacceptable content for motion pictures produced for a public audience in the United States. From 1934 to 1954, the code was identified with Joseph Breen. In 1968, after years of minimal enforcement, the Production Code was replaced by the MPAA film rating system. In 1922, after several films and a series of off-screen scandals involving Hollywood stars. Many felt the industry had always been morally questionable. Political pressure was increasing, with legislators in 37 states introducing almost one hundred movie censorship bills in 1921, Hays was paid the then-lavish sum of $100,000 a year. Hays, Postmaster General under Warren G, Virginia followed suit the following year, with eight individual states having a board by the advent of sound film, but many of these were ineffectual. By the 1920s, the New York stage—a frequent source of subsequent screen material—had topless shows, performances filled with words, mature subject matters. Early in the sound system conversion process, it became apparent that what might be acceptable in New York would not be so in Kansas. Moviemakers were looking at the possibility that many states and cities would adopt their own codes of censorship, in 1927, Hays suggested to studio executives that they form a committee to discuss film censorship. This list consisted of eleven subjects best avoided and twenty-six to be handled very carefully, the list was approved by the Federal Trade Commission, and Hays created the Studio Relations Committee to oversee its implementation, however, there was still no way to enforce tenets. The controversy surrounding film standards came to a head in 1929, the Code enumerated a number of key points known as the Donts and Be Carefuls, In 1929, a Catholic layman, Martin Quigley and the Jesuit priest Father Daniel A. Lord created a code of standards and submitted it to the studios, Lord was particularly concerned with the effects of sound film on children, whom he considered especially susceptible to their allure. In February 1930, several studio heads—including Irving Thalberg of Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer —met with Lord, after some revisions, they agreed to the stipulations of the Code. One of the motivating factors in adopting the Code was to avoid direct government intervention. It was the responsibility of the SRC to supervise film production, on March 31, the MPPDA agreed it would abide by the Code
29.
Variety (magazine)
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Variety is a weekly American entertainment trade magazine and website owned by Penske Media Corporation. The last daily printed edition was put out on March 19,2013, Variety originally reported on theater and vaudeville. Variety has been published since December 16,1905, when it was launched by Sime Silverman as a weekly periodical covering vaudeville with its headquarters in New York City, on January 19,1907, Variety published what is considered the first film review in history. In 1933, Sime Silverman launched Daily Variety, based in Hollywood, Sime Silverman had passed on the editorship of the Weekly Variety to Abel Green as his replacement in 1931, he remained as publisher until his death in 1933 soon after launching the Daily. His son Sidne Silverman, known as Skigie, succeeded him as publisher of both publications, both Sidne and his wife, stage actress Marie Saxon, died of tuberculosis. Their only son Syd Silverman, born 1932, was the heir to what was then Variety Inc. Young Syds legal guardian Harold Erichs oversaw Variety Inc. until 1956, after that date Syd Silverman was publisher of both the Weekly Variety in New York and the Daily Variety in Hollywood, until the sale of both papers in 1987 to the Cahners Corp. In L. A. the Daily was edited by Tom Pryor from 1959 until 1988, for twenty years its editor-in-chief was Peter Bart, originally only of the weekly New York edition, with Michael Silverman running the Daily in Hollywood. Bart had worked previously at Paramount Pictures and The New York Times, in April 2009, Bart moved to the position of vice president and editorial director, characterized online as Boffo No More, Bart Up and Out at Variety. From mid 2009 to 2013, Timothy M. Gray oversaw the publication as Editor-in-Chief, after over 30 years of various reporter, in October 2014, Eller and Wallenstein were upped to Co-Editors in Chief, with Littleton continuing to oversee the trades television coverage. This dissemination comes in the form of columns, news stories, images, video, Cahners Publishing purchased Variety from the Silverman family in 1987. On December 7,1988, Barts predecessor, Roger Watkins, proposed, upon its launch, the new-look Variety measured one inch shorter with a washed-out color on the front. In October 2012, Reed Business Information, the periodicals owner, PMC is the owner of Deadline. com, which since the 2007–2008 Writers Guild of America strike has been considered Varietys largest competitor in online showbiz news. In October,2012, Jay Penske announced that the paywall would come down, the print publication would stay. A significant portion of the advertising revenue comes during the film-award season leading up to the Academy Awards. During this Awards Season, large numbers of colorful, full-page For Your Consideration advertisements inflate the size of Variety to double or triple its usual page count, paid circulation for the weekly Variety magazine in 2013 was 40,000. Each copy of each Variety issue is read by an average of three people, with a total readership of 120,000. Variety. com has 17 million unique monthly visitors, Variety is a weekly entertainment publication with a broad coverage of movies, television, theater, music and technology, written for entertainment executives
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Los Angeles Herald Examiner
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The Los Angeles Herald Examiner was a major Los Angeles daily newspaper, published Monday through Friday in the afternoon and in the morning on Saturdays and Sundays. It was part of the Hearst syndicate, the afternoon Herald-Express and the morning Examiner, both of which had been publishing in the city since the turn of the 20th century, merged in 1962. For a few years after this merger, the Herald Examiner claimed the largest afternoon-newspaper circulation in the country and it published its last edition on November 2,1989. At its peak in 1960, the Examiner had a circulation of 381,037 and it attracted the top newspapermen and women of the day. The Examiner flourished in the 1940s under the leadership of City Editor James H. Richardson, the Herald Examiner was the result of a merger with the Los Angeles Herald-Express in 1962. And the Herald-Express was the result of a merger between the Los Angeles Evening Express and Evening Herald in 1931, the Examiner, while founded as a pro-labor newspaper, moved to the far right over the decades. It was pro-law enforcement and was vehemently anti-Japanese during World War II and its editorials openly praised the mass deportation of Mexicans, including U. S. citizens, in the early 1930s, and was hostile to liberal movements and labor strikes during the Depression. Its coverage of the Zoot Suit Riots in Los Angeles during World War II also was particularly harsh on the Mexican-American community, much of its conservative rhetoric was minimized when Richardson retired in 1957. Underwood remained on staff following the merger in a management position. The Hearst Corporation decided to make the new Herald Examiner an afternoon paper, but readers’ tastes and demographics were changing. Following the merger between the Herald-Express and Examiner, readership of the morning Los Angeles Times soared to 757,000 weekday readers, the Herald Examiner’s circulation dropped from a high of 730,000 in mid-1960s to 350,000 in 1977. By the time the Herald Examiner folded in 1989 its circulation was 238,000, the Los Angeles Herald Examiner Building is located at the southwest corner of Broadway and 11th Streets in southern Downtown Los Angeles. The building was completed in 1914, and is a Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monument, fowler and Paegel arrived before police and observed the body. Fowler claimed in his autobiography that he knelt down to close Shorts eyes before Paegel began shooting pictures, City editor Richardson in his own autobiography had another, more mundane version of the Examiner obtaining the story. Whatever the facts were, the morning Examiner scooped the other Los Angeles newspapers by publishing an extra two hours before any of the afternoon newspapers hit the streets. By the late afternoon of January 15, an autopsy on Short was completed by the Los Angeles County Coroner’s Office, the victims fingerprints were scheduled to be airmailed to the FBI fingerprint identification division in Washington, D. C. Examiner Assistant Managing Editor Warden Woolard suggested to Los Angeles police Capt, jack Donahoe, who was chief of the department’s homicide division, that the victim’s fingerprints be transmitted to the FBI by using the Examiners new soundphoto machine. During the early morning hours of January 16, the International News Photo wire service received the prints via photo transmission from the Examiner, soon afterward, the FBI identified the victim as Elizabeth Short
31.
The New York Times
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The New York Times is an American daily newspaper, founded and continuously published in New York City since September 18,1851, by The New York Times Company. The New York Times has won 119 Pulitzer Prizes, more than any other newspaper, the papers print version in 2013 had the second-largest circulation, behind The Wall Street Journal, and the largest circulation among the metropolitan newspapers in the US. The New York Times is ranked 18th in the world by circulation, following industry trends, its weekday circulation had fallen in 2009 to fewer than one million. Nicknamed The Gray Lady, The New York Times has long been regarded within the industry as a newspaper of record. The New York Times international version, formerly the International Herald Tribune, is now called the New York Times International Edition, the papers motto, All the News Thats Fit to Print, appears in the upper left-hand corner of the front page. On Sunday, The New York Times is supplemented by the Sunday Review, The New York Times Book Review, The New York Times Magazine and T, some other early investors of the company were Edwin B. Morgan and Edward B. We do not believe that everything in Society is either right or exactly wrong, —what is good we desire to preserve and improve, —what is evil, to exterminate. In 1852, the started a western division, The Times of California that arrived whenever a mail boat got to California. However, when local California newspapers came into prominence, the effort failed, the newspaper shortened its name to The New-York Times in 1857. It dropped the hyphen in the city name in the 1890s, One of the earliest public controversies it was involved with was the Mortara Affair, the subject of twenty editorials it published alone. At Newspaper Row, across from City Hall, Henry Raymond, owner and editor of The New York Times, averted the rioters with Gatling guns, in 1869, Raymond died, and George Jones took over as publisher. Tweed offered The New York Times five million dollars to not publish the story, in the 1880s, The New York Times transitioned gradually from editorially supporting Republican Party candidates to becoming more politically independent and analytical. In 1884, the paper supported Democrat Grover Cleveland in his first presidential campaign, while this move cost The New York Times readership among its more progressive and Republican readers, the paper eventually regained most of its lost ground within a few years. However, the newspaper was financially crippled by the Panic of 1893, the paper slowly acquired a reputation for even-handedness and accurate modern reporting, especially by the 1890s under the guidance of Ochs. Under Ochs guidance, continuing and expanding upon the Henry Raymond tradition, The New York Times achieved international scope, circulation, in 1910, the first air delivery of The New York Times to Philadelphia began. The New York Times first trans-Atlantic delivery by air to London occurred in 1919 by dirigible, airplane Edition was sent by plane to Chicago so it could be in the hands of Republican convention delegates by evening. In the 1940s, the extended its breadth and reach. The crossword began appearing regularly in 1942, and the section in 1946
32.
Chicago Reader
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It was founded by a group of friends from Carleton College. The Reader is recognized as a pioneer among alternative weeklies for both its creative nonfiction and its commercial scheme, the Reader also developed a new kind of journalism, ignoring the news and focusing on everyday life and ordinary people. The Reader, as it is known, is dated every Thursday and distributed free on Wednesday and Thursday via street boxes. As of March 2009, the paper claimed more than 1,900 locations in the Chicago metropolitan area, Creative Loafing filed for bankruptcy in September 2008. In 2012, the Chicago Reader was acquired by Wrapports LLC, the Chicago Reader was founded by Robert A. Roth, who grew up in the Chicago suburb of Arlington Heights. His ambition was to start a publication for young Chicagoans like Bostons The Phoenix. Those papers were sold on newsstands but were given away, mostly on campuses. They scraped together about $16,000 in capital and published the first issue,16 pages, one year later, in its first anniversary issue, the Reader published an article titled What Kind of Paper is This, Anyway. In which it answered Questions weve heard over and over in the past year and this article reported that the paper had lost nearly $20,000 in its first ten months of operation but that the owners were confident it will work out in the end. It explained the rationale behind free circulation and the paper’s unconventional editorial philosophy, Why doesnt the Reader print news, Tom Wolfe wrote us, The Future of the newspaper lies in your direction, i. e. the sheet willing to deal with the way we live now. That sums up our thoughts quite well, we find street sellers more interesting than politicians, in its early years the Reader was published out of apartments shared by the owner-founders, Roth, McCamant, Rehwaldt and Yoder. The first apartment was in Hyde Park—the University of Chicago neighborhood on the side of Chicago—and the second was in Rogers Park on the far north side. Working for ownership in lieu of pay, the owner-founders ultimately owned more than 90% of the company, in 1975 the paper began to earn a profit, incorporated, and rented office space in the downtown area that later came to be known as River North. In 1979, a reporter for the Daily Herald of Arlington Heights, Illinois, in 1986, an article in the Chicago Tribune estimated the Reader’s annual revenues at $6.7 million. In 1996, Crains Chicago Business projected revenue of $14.6 million, the National Journal’s Convention Daily reported that the Reader was “an enormous financial success. It’s now as thick as many Sunday papers and is published in four sections that total around 180 pages. ”This report put the circulation at 138,000. Later in 1995 the papers Matches personal ads were made available on the Web, also in 1996 the Reader partnered with Yahoo to bring its entertainment listings online and introduced a Web site and an AOL user area built around its popular syndicated column The Straight Dope. The Reader became so profitable in the late 1990s that it added a suburban edition, The Reader’s Guide to Arts & Entertainment and it faced severe competitive pressure starting near the turn of the century, as some of its key elements became widely available online
33.
American Film Institute
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The American Film Institute is an American film organization that educates filmmakers and honors the heritage of the moving picture arts in America. AFI is supported by funding and public membership. The institute is composed of leaders from the film, entertainment, business, a board of trustees chaired by Sir Howard Stringer and a board of directors chaired by Robert A. Daly guide the organization, which is led by President and CEO Bob Gazzale. Prior leaders were founding director George Stevens, Jr. and Jean Picker Firstenberg. <ref>AFI Board of Trustees etc. American Film Institute. October 2014. Retrieved December 24,2014. </ref>Two years later, in 1967, AFI was established, supported by the National Endowment for the Arts, the Motion Picture Association of America and the Ford Foundation. The institute established a program for filmmakers known then as the Center for Advanced Film Studies. The institute moved to its current eight-acre Hollywood campus in 1981, the film training program grew into the AFI Conservatory, an accredited graduate school. AFI educates audiences and recognizes excellence through its awards programs and 10 Top 10 Lists. In 1969, the established the AFI Conservatory for Advanced Film Studies at Greystone. The first class included filmmakers Terrence Malick, Caleb Deschanel and Paul Schrader, mirroring a professional production environment, Fellows collaborate to make more films than any other graduate level program. Admission to AFI Conservatory is highly selective, with a maximum of 140 graduates per year, in 2013, Emmy and Oscar-winning director, producer and screenwriter James L. Brooks joined AFI as Artistic Director of the AFI Conservatory where he provides leadership for the film program. Brooks artistic role at the AFI Conservatory has a legacy that includes Daniel Petrie, Jr. Robert Wise. Award-winning director Bob Mandel served as Dean of the AFI Conservatory for nine years, jan Schuette took over as Dean in 2014. AFI Conservatorys alumni have careers in film, television and on the web and they have been recognized with all of the major industry awards – Academy Award, Emmy Award, guild awards, and the Tony Award. The AFI Catalog, started in 1968, is a web-based filmographic database, early print copies of this catalog may also be found at your local library. Each year the AFI Awards honor the ten outstanding films and ten outstanding television programs, the awards are a non-competitive acknowledgement of excellence. The Awards are announced in December and a luncheon for award honorees takes place the following January. The juries consisted of over 1,500 artists, scholars, critics and historians, with movies selected based on the films popularity over time, historical significance, citizen Kane was voted the greatest American film twice. AFI operates two film festivals, AFI Fest in Los Angeles, and AFI Docs in Silver Spring, Maryland, AFI Fest is the American Film Institutes annual celebration of artistic excellence
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Turner Classic Movies
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Turner Classic Movies is an American movie-oriented basic cable and satellite television network owned by the Turner Broadcasting System subsidiary of Time Warner. TCM is headquartered at the Techwood Campus in Atlanta, Georgias Midtown business district, historically, the channels programming consisted mainly of featured classic theatrically released feature films from the Turner Entertainment film library – which comprises films from Warner Bros. However, TCM now has licensing deals with other Hollywood film studios as well as its Time Warner sister company, Warner Bros. and occasionally shows more recent films. The channel is available in United States, Canada, United Kingdom, Ireland, Latin America, France, Spain, Nordic countries, Middle East, Africa and Asia-Pacific. In 1986, eight years before the launch of Turner Classic Movies, concerns over Turner Entertainments corporate debt load resulted in Turner selling the studio that October back to Kirk Kerkorian, from whom Turner had purchased the studio less than a year before. As part of the deal, Turner Entertainment retained ownership of MGMs library of films released up to May 9,1986, Turner Broadcasting System was split into two companies, Turner Broadcasting System and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and reincorporated as MGM/UA Communications Co. The film library of Turner Entertainment would serve as the form of programming for TCM upon the networks launch. After the library was acquired, MGM/UA signed a deal with Turner to continue distributing the pre-May 1986 MGM and to begin distributing the pre-1950 Warner Bros. film libraries for video release. Turner Classic Movies debuted on April 14,1994, at 6,00 p. m. Eastern Time, the date and time were chosen for their historical significance as the exact centennial anniversary of the first public movie showing in New York City. The first movie broadcast on TCM was the 1939 film Gone with the Wind, at the time of its launch, TCM was available to approximately one million cable television subscribers. AMC had broadened its content to feature colorized and more recent films by 2002. In the early 90s AMC abandoned its format, leaving TCM as the only movie-oriented cable channel to devote its programming entirely to classic films without commercial interruption. In 1996, Turner Broadcasting System merged with Time Warner, which besides placing Turner Classic Movies, in March 1999, MGM paid Warner Bros. and gave up the home video rights to the MGM/UA films owned by Turner to Warner Home Video. In 2008, TCM won a Peabody Award for excellence in broadcasting, in April 2010, Turner Classic Movies held the first TCM Classic Film Festival, an event – now held annually – at the Graumans Chinese Theater and the Graumans Egyptian Theater in Hollywood. In 2007, some of the films featured on TCM were made available for streaming on TCMs website. The networks programming season runs from February until the following March of each year when a retrospective of Oscar-winning and Oscar-nominated movies is shown, called 31 Days of Oscar. Turner Classic Movies presents many of its features in their original aspect ratio whenever possible – widescreen films broadcast on TCM are letterboxed on the standard definition feed. TCM also regularly presents widescreen presentations of films not available in the format on any video release
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IMDb
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In 1998 it became a subsidiary of Amazon Inc, who were then able to use it as an advertising resource for selling DVDs and videotapes. As of January 2017, IMDb has approximately 4.1 million titles and 7.7 million personalities in its database, the site enables registered users to submit new material and edits to existing entries. Although all data is checked before going live, the system has open to abuse. The site also featured message boards which stimulate regular debates and dialogue among authenticated users, IMDb shutdown the message boards permanently on February 20,2017. Anyone with a connection can read the movie and talent pages of IMDb. A registration process is however, to contribute info to the site. A registered user chooses a name for themselves, and is given a profile page. These badges range from total contributions made, to independent categories such as photos, trivia, bios, if a registered user or visitor happens to be in the entertainment industry, and has an IMDb page, that user/visitor can add photos to that page by enrolling in IMDbPRO. Actors, crew, and industry executives can post their own resume and this fee enrolls them in a membership called IMDbPro. PRO can be accessed by anyone willing to pay the fee, which is $19.99 USD per month, or if paid annually, $149.99, which comes to approximately $12.50 per month USD. Membership enables a user to access the rank order of each industry personality, as well as agent contact information for any actor, producer, director etc. that has an IMDb page. Enrolling in PRO for industry personnel, enables those members the ability to upload a head shot to open their page, as well as the ability to upload hundreds of photos to accompany their page. Anyone can register as a user, and contribute to the site as well as enjoy its content, however those users enrolled in PRO have greater access and privileges. IMDb originated with a Usenet posting by British film fan and computer programmer Col Needham entitled Those Eyes, others with similar interests soon responded with additions or different lists of their own. Needham subsequently started an Actors List, while Dave Knight began a Directors List, and Andy Krieg took over THE LIST from Hank Driskill, which would later be renamed the Actress List. Both lists had been restricted to people who were alive and working, the goal of the participants now was to make the lists as inclusive as possible. By late 1990, the lists included almost 10,000 movies and television series correlated with actors and actresses appearing therein. On October 17,1990, Needham developed and posted a collection of Unix shell scripts which could be used to search the four lists, at the time, it was known as the rec. arts. movies movie database
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