1.
Game show
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Alternatively, a gameshow can be a demonstrative program about a game. In the former, contestants may be invited from a pool of public applicants, on some shows, contestants compete against other players or another team, while other shows involve contestants playing alone for a reward or a high score. Game shows often reward players with prizes such as cash, trips and goods and services provided by the shows sponsor prize suppliers, One of the reasons that television broadcasters make game shows is because they are substantially less costly than producing scripted drama shows. Some TV game shows fall under the category of reality television, Television game shows descended from similar programs on radio. The very first television show, Spelling Bee, was broadcast in 1938. Truth or Consequences was the first game show to air on commercially licensed television and its first episode aired in 1941 as an experimental broadcast. Over the course of the 1950s, as began to pervade the popular culture. Daytime game shows would be played for lower stakes to target stay-at-home housewives, higher-stakes programs would air in primetime. During the late 1950s, high-stakes games such as Twenty One, however, the rise of quiz shows proved to be short-lived. In 1959, many of the higher stakes game shows were discovered to be rigged, an early variant of the game show, the panel game, survived the quiz show scandals. On shows like Whats My Line, ive Got A Secret and To Tell The Truth, panels of celebrities would interview a guest in an effort to determine some fact about them, in others, celebrities would answer questions. Panel games had success in primetime until the late 1960s, when they were dropped from television because of their perceived “low budget” nature. Panel games made a comeback in American daytime television in the 1970s through comedy-driven shows such as Match Game, mock the Week, QI and 8 Out of 10 Cats, all of which put a heavy emphasis on comedy, leaving the points as mere formalities. The focus on quick-witted comedians has resulted in ratings, which. Game shows remained a fixture of US daytime television through the 1960s after the quiz show scandals, lower-stakes games made a slight comeback in daytime in the early 1960s, examples include Jeopardy. Which began in 1964 and the version of The Match Game first aired in 1962. Lets Make a Deal began in 1963 and the 1960s also marked the debut of Hollywood Squares, Password, The Dating Game, though CBS gave up on daytime game shows in 1968, the other networks did not follow suit. Color television was introduced to the game genre in the late 1960s on all three networks
2.
Joseph Nathan Kane
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Joseph Nathan Kane was an American non-fiction writer and journalist, who wrote what the Chronicle of Higher Education calls some of the most widely used reference works in publishing history. Kane was the oldest of three born to Jewish parents. His father was Albert Kane and his mother was Hulda Ascheim and he grew up on the Upper West Side in New York City. He had a brother called Albert and a sister called Ann, Kanes grandfather on his mothers side was a wholesaler of woollens while his paternal grandfather was a composer. He in turn followed his fathers steps playing musical instruments. As a young boy he learned to play the mandolin as well as the violin, Kane attended Public School 10 in New York City where he was very interested in world geography. The school was located directly across the street from his home. Other alumni included Bennett Cerf and Richard Rodgers and it also educated many high court justices. Kane attended Townsend Harris High School, one of New York Citys elite public secondary schools, Kane went up to Columbia University at age 18 in 1917. There he had courses in theatre and journalism. Off campus he studied foreign languages and he then went to Columbia School of Engineering and earned a certificate in electrical engineering. He became a Morse Code operator and he enlisted in the army expecting to use his engineering skills in the First World War, however he never saw active service, having contracted influenza in the 1918 epidemic, which nearly killed him. Kane was first an editor for Academic Herald at Townsend Harris, there he interviewed many important people including John Wanamaker. Later he worked for the Jewish Press where he interviewed prominent people like H. G. Wells, Lord Balfour, Kane then began working at confectionery manager D. Auerbach & Sons of New York City at the end of the First World War as their export department manager. They took advantage of Kanes knowledge of geography, world currency, and his language abilities in French, German. He worked for Auerbach for only a year and then moved to Universal Export Corporation as their manager for two years. Kane began writing articles on export matters and created Kane Feature News Syndicate about 1920. For some 20 years he syndicated hundreds of articles to more than twenty publications and he additionally sold his articles to Exporters Digest and International Trade Review where he was editor for several years
3.
Hal March
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Hal March was an American comedian and actor. In 1944, March first came to note as part of a team with Bob Sweeney. The duo had their own show for a time and performed, in the early 1950s. He also partnered with actor/comic Tom DAndrea in the years of television in a series entitled The Soldiers. March and Mary Jane Croft co-starred in Too Many Cooks, a replacement program on CBS radio in 1950. The comedy centered on Douglas and Carrie Cook and their 10 children, earlier in his television career, he appeared on such shows as The George Burns and Gracie Allen Show, The Imogene Coca Show and I Love Lucy. In the summer of 1955, he joined John Dehner and Tom DAndrea in the 11-episode NBC summer series, The Soldiers, DAndrea temporarily left the William Bendix sitcom, The Life of Riley, for his chance at his own series. However, March was best known as the host of The $64,000 Question, in addition to his hosting duties, March also sang a version of the shows theme music in 1956, entitled Love Is the Sixty-Four Thousand Dollar Question. As a result of the quiz show scandals, the show was canceled and, with the exception of a few film roles such as Hear Me Good and Send Me No Flowers, to keep busy, he appeared on several sitcoms in 1966 that are still widely rerun today. He also made appearances on the sitcoms Hey, Landlord and The Lucy Show, March also starred in a 1961 unsold television pilot for a comedy called I Married a Dog, in which his life was constantly upset by his wifes pooch. He was awarded two stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, one for his work at 1560 Vine Street. Marchs career took a turn for the better in July 1969 when he began hosting the game show Its Your Bet, after completing approximately 13 weeks of taping, however, March complained that he was exhausted. Tests revealed that he had cancer, the result of years of chain smoking. March died in January 1970 in Los Angeles at age 49 and he is buried in Hillside Memorial Park Cemetery. March was married in 1956 to Candy Toxton, Toxton had two children, Steve March-Tormé and Melissa Tormé, from her previous marriage to Mel Tormé. Although he did not legally adopt them, March was stepfather to Steve and Melissa, Hal March at the Internet Movie Database Hal March at the Internet Broadway Database Hal March at Find a Grave
4.
Multiple-camera setup
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The multiple-camera setup, multiple-camera mode of production, multi-camera or simply multicam is a method of filmmaking and video production. Several cameras—either film or professional video cameras—are employed on the set and it is often contrasted with single-camera setup, which uses one camera. In this way, multiple shots are obtained in a single take without having to start and this is more efficient for programs that are to be shown a short time after being shot as it reduces the time spent film editing or video editing the footage. It is also a necessity for regular, high-output shows like daily soap operas. It also reduces the complexity of tracking continuity issues that crop up when the scene is reshot from the different angles and it is an essential part of live television. These can be hidden from just one camera but can be more complicated to set up. Another drawback is in film usage—a four-camera setup will use up to four times as much film per take, while shooting, the director and assistant director create a line cut by instructing the technical director to switch between the feed from the individual cameras. In the case of sitcoms with studio audiences, this cut is typically displayed to them on studio monitors. The line cut might be refined later in editing, as often the output from all cameras is recorded, both separately and as a combined reference display called the q split. The camera currently being recorded to the cut is indicated by a tally light controlled by a camera control unit on the camera as a reference both for the actors and the camera operators. When sound came into the picture multiple cameras were used to film sets at a single time. Early sound was recorded onto wax discs that could not be edited, the BBC routinely used multiple cameras for their live television shows from 1936 onward. Desilus innovation was to use 35mm film instead of 16mm and to film with a multiple-camera setup before a studio audience. In the late 1970s, Garry Marshall was credited with adding the fourth camera to the multi-camera set-up for his series Mork & Mindy, soon after, many productions followed suit and now having four cameras is the norm for multi-camera situation comedies. The multiple-camera method gives the director less control over each shot but is faster, in television, multiple-camera is commonly used for sports programs, news programs, soap operas, talk shows, game shows, and some sitcoms. Before the pre-filmed continuing series became the dominant dramatic form on American television, multiple cameras can take different shots of a live situation as the action unfolds chronologically and is suitable for shows which require a live audience. For this reason, multiple camera productions can be filmed or taped much faster than single camera, multiple-camera sitcoms were more simplified but have been compared to theatre work due to its similar set-up and use of theatre-experienced actors and crew members. The majority of British sitcoms and dramas from the 1950s to the early 1990s were made using four cameras, unlike the United States, the development of completed filmed programming, using the single camera method, was limited for several decades
5.
CBS
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CBS is an American commercial broadcast television network that is a flagship property of CBS Corporation. The company is headquartered at the CBS Building in New York City with major facilities and operations in New York City. CBS is sometimes referred to as the Eye Network, in reference to the iconic logo. It has also called the Tiffany Network, alluding to the perceived high quality of CBS programming during the tenure of William S. Paley. It can also refer to some of CBSs first demonstrations of color television, the network has its origins in United Independent Broadcasters Inc. a collection of 16 radio stations that was purchased by Paley in 1928 and renamed the Columbia Broadcasting System. Under Paleys guidance, CBS would first become one of the largest radio networks in the United States, in 1974, CBS dropped its former full name and became known simply as CBS, Inc. In 2000, CBS came under the control of Viacom, which was formed as a spin-off of CBS in 1971, CBS Corporation is controlled by Sumner Redstone through National Amusements, which also controls the current Viacom. The television network has more than 240 owned-and-operated and affiliated stations throughout the United States. The origins of CBS date back to January 27,1927, Columbia Phonographic went on the air on September 18,1927, with a presentation by the Howard Barlow Orchestra from flagship station WOR in Newark, New Jersey, and fifteen affiliates. Operational costs were steep, particularly the payments to AT&T for use of its land lines, in early 1928 Judson sold the network to brothers Isaac and Leon Levy, owners of the networks Philadelphia affiliate WCAU, and their partner Jerome Louchenheim. With the record out of the picture, Paley quickly streamlined the corporate name to Columbia Broadcasting System. He believed in the power of advertising since his familys La Palina cigars had doubled their sales after young William convinced his elders to advertise on radio. By September 1928, Paley bought out the Louchenheim share of CBS, during Louchenheims brief regime, Columbia paid $410,000 to A. H. Grebes Atlantic Broadcasting Company for a small Brooklyn station, WABC, which would become the networks flagship station. WABC was quickly upgraded, and the relocated to 860 kHz. The physical plant was relocated also – to Steinway Hall on West 57th Street in Manhattan, by the turn of 1929, the network could boast to sponsors of having 47 affiliates. Paley moved right away to put his network on a financial footing. In the fall of 1928, he entered talks with Adolph Zukor of Paramount Pictures. The deal came to fruition in September 1929, Paramount acquired 49% of CBS in return for a block of its stock worth $3.8 million at the time
6.
Black and white
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Black and white, often abbreviated B/W or B&W, and hyphenated black-and-white when used as an adjective, is any of several monochrome forms in visual arts. Black-and-white images are not usually starkly contrasted black and white and they combine black and white in a continuum producing a range of shades of gray. Even when most studios had the capability to make color films they were not heavily utilized as using the Technicolor process was expensive, for the years 1940–1966, a separate Academy Award for Best Art Direction was given for black-and-white movies along with one for color. Television, Television program was first transmitted in black-and-white, scottish inventor John Logie Baird demonstrated the worlds first color television transmission on July 3,1928 using a mechanical process. Some color broadcasts in the US began in the 1950s, with color becoming common in industrialized nations during the late 1960s. In the United States, the Federal Communications Commission settled on a color NTSC standard in 1953, color television became more widespread in the U. S. between 1963 and 1967, when the CBS and ABC networks joined NBC in broadcasting full color schedules. Canada began airing color television in 1966 while the United Kingdom began to use a different color system from July 1967 known as PAL. The Republic Of Ireland followed in 1970, in China, black and white television sets were the norm until as late as the 1990s, color TVs not outselling them until about 1989. While seldom used now, many consumer camcorders have the ability to record in black-and-white. Photography, Photographs were either black-and-white or shades of sepia, color photography was originally rare and expensive and again often containing inaccurate hues. Color photography became more common from the mid-20th century, Today, black-and-white is a niche market for photographers who use the medium for artistic purposes. This can take the form of film or digital conversion to grayscale. For amateur use certain companies such as Kodak manufactured black-and-white disposable cameras until 2009, also, certain films are produced today which give black-and-white images using the ubiquitous C41 color process. Printing press, Most American newspapers were black-and-white until the early 1980s, The New York Times, some claim that USA Today was the major impetus for the change to color. In the UK, color was only introduced from the mid-1980s. Even today, many newspapers restrict color photographs to the front, similarly, daily comic strips in newspapers were traditionally black-and-white with color reserved for Sunday strips. Sometimes color is reserved for the cover, magazines such as Jet magazine were either all or mostly black-and-white until the end of the 2000s when it became all-color. Manga are typically published in black-and-white although now it is part of its image, many school yearbooks are still entirely or mostly in black-and-white
7.
Monaural
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Monaural or monophonic sound reproduction is intended to be heard as if it were a single channel of sound perceived as coming from one position. Monaural recordings, like stereo, customarily use multiple microphones, fed into multiple channels on a recording console, in some cases the multitrack source is mixed down to a one track tape becoming one signal. However, today monaural recordings are usually mastered to be played on stereo and multi-track formats, monaural sound has been replaced by stereo sound in most entertainment applications. However, it remains the standard for communications, telephone networks. A few FM radio stations, particularly talk radio shows, choose to broadcast in monaural, as a monaural signal has a slight advantage in signal strength over a stereophonic signal of the same power. Monaural sound is normal on, Phonograph cylinders Disc records made before 1958, such as made for playing at a speed of 78 rpm and earlier 16 2⁄3, 33 1⁄3. Some FM radio stations that broadcast only spoken word or talk radio content in order to maximize their coverage area, examples of this would be the CBC Radio One stations on the FM dial. Sometimes listeners will not be convinced that the signal is strong since there is no ST or STEREO LED lit, subcarrier signals for FM radio, which carry leased content such as background music for businesses or a radio reading service for the blind. Background music services such as Seeburg 1000, satellite broadcasts by Muzak as well as the public systems such services are intended to be used with. At various times artists have preferred to work in mono, either in recognition of the limitations of the equipment of the era or because of simple preference. Many of Stanley Kubrick and Woody Allens movies were recorded in mono because of their directors preferences, monaural LP records were eventually phased out and no longer manufactured after the early 1970s, with a few exceptions. For example, Decca UK had a few double issues until the end of 1970-the last one being Tom Joness I Who Have Nothing, during the 1960s it was common for albums to be released as both monaural LPs and stereo LPs, occasionally with slight differences between the two. This was because many people owned mono record players that were incapable of playing stereo records, on 9 September 2009, The Beatles re-released a remastered box set of their mono output spanning the Please Please Me album to The Beatles. The set, simply called The Beatles in Mono, also includes a summary of the mono singles, B-sides. Also included were five tracks originally mixed for an unissued mono Yellow Submarine EP, Bob Dylan followed suit on October 19,2010 with The Original Mono Recordings, a box set featuring the mono releases from Bob Dylan to John Wesley Harding. When the initial run of the box set sold out, no more were pressed, unlike the Beatles, sometimes mono sound or monaural can simply refer to a merged pair of stereo channels - also known as collapsed stereo or folded-down stereo. Over time some devices have used mono sound amplification circuitry with two or more speakers since it can cut the cost of the hardware, some consumer electronics with stereo RCA outputs have a microswitch in the red RCA output that disables merging of stereo sound into the white RCA output. Common devices with this are VCRs, DVD/Blu-ray players, information appliances, set-top boxes, video game consoles sometimes have male RCA ends of cables with a proprietary multi-A/V plug on the other end, which prevents automatic stereo merging unless adapters are used
8.
NBC
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The National Broadcasting Company is an American commercial broadcast television network that is the flagship property of NBCUniversal, a subsidiary of Comcast. The network is part of the Big Three television networks, founded in 1926 by the Radio Corporation of America, NBC is the oldest major broadcast network in the United States. Following the acquisition by GE, Bob Wright served as executive officer of NBC, remaining in that position until his retirement in 2007. In 2003, French media company Vivendi merged its entertainment assets with GE, Comcast purchased a controlling interest in the company in 2011, and acquired General Electrics remaining stake in 2013. Following the Comcast merger, Zucker left NBC Universal and was replaced as CEO by Comcast executive Steve Burke, during a period of early broadcast business consolidation, radio manufacturer Radio Corporation of America acquired New York City radio station WEAF from American Telephone & Telegraph. Westinghouse, a shareholder in RCA, had an outlet in Newark, New Jersey pioneer station WJZ. This station was transferred from Westinghouse to RCA in 1923, WEAF acted as a laboratory for AT&Ts manufacturing and supply outlet Western Electric, whose products included transmitters and antennas. The Bell System, AT&Ts telephone utility, was developing technologies to transmit voice- and music-grade audio over short and long distances, the 1922 creation of WEAF offered a research-and-development center for those activities. WEAF maintained a schedule of radio programs, including some of the first commercially sponsored programs. In an early example of chain or networking broadcasting, the station linked with Outlet Company-owned WJAR in Providence, Rhode Island, AT&T refused outside companies access to its high-quality phone lines. The early effort fared poorly, since the telegraph lines were susceptible to atmospheric. In 1925, AT&T decided that WEAF and its network were incompatible with the companys primary goal of providing a telephone service. AT&T offered to sell the station to RCA in a deal that included the right to lease AT&Ts phone lines for network transmission, the divisions ownership was split among RCA, its founding corporate parent General Electric and Westinghouse. NBC officially started broadcasting on November 15,1926, WEAF and WJZ, the flagships of the two earlier networks, were operated side-by-side for about a year as part of the new NBC. On April 5,1927, NBC expanded to the West Coast with the launch of the NBC Orange Network and this was followed by the debut of the NBC Gold Network, also known as the Pacific Gold Network, on October 18,1931. The Orange Network carried Red Network programming, and the Gold Network carried programming from the Blue Network, initially, the Orange Network recreated Eastern Red Network programming for West Coast stations at KPO in San Francisco. The Orange Network name was removed from use in 1936, at the same time, the Gold Network became part of the Blue Network. In the 1930s, NBC also developed a network for shortwave radio stations, in 1927, NBC moved its operations to 711 Fifth Avenue in Manhattan, occupying the upper floors of a building designed by architect Floyd Brown
9.
The $128,000 Question
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The $128,000 Question is an American game show which aired from 1976–1978 in weekly syndication. This revival of The $64,000 Question was produced by Cinelar Associates, mike Darow hosted the first season with Alan Kalter as announcer, and the series was taped in New York City at CBS Ed Sullivan Theater. The second season moved production to Don Mills, Toronto, Ontario at Global Television Networks studios, alex Trebek became host, with model Sylvie Garant as his assistant, and Sandy Hoyt became the announcer. As on The $64,000 Question, each contestant was quizzed in a category which was his or her own area of expertise, in the first season, contestants selected categories from a board with several options. Once the contestant chose a category, a tape containing four questions was given to host Darow. For each question, Darow read it as the typewriter printed it onto a sheet of paper, after the contestant gave a response, the typewriter printed the correct answer. The first question was worth $64 for an answer. If a contestant continued on from $512, the question was worth $1,000. Game play remained the same as before, with each question displayed on the screen, once the contestant gave a response, the correct answer was displayed on the screen. If the contestant answered the $1,000 question correctly and elected to play on, once again, and from this point forward, answering correctly doubled the contestants money. If both multi-part questions were answered correctly, the contestant ended up with a total of $4,000, if the contestant was still in the game after seven questions had been asked, he/she was placed in an isolation booth onstage. Darow was handed an envelope containing a question with four or more parts, answering each part of the question correctly doubled his/her winnings to $8,000. If the contestant kept going from here, he/she would be back on the next program to play for $16,000 with another. After that, the contestant could potentially face two more questions depending on his/her willingness to press, the first was played for $32,000 and, if the contestant went on, he/she faced one last question. Answering it correctly won the contestant a total of $64,000, with the move to Toronto for the second season, the set and format were overhauled. A contestants field of expertise was chosen prior to the show, players entered the isolation booth beginning with the $4,000 question, and if they answered the second-to-last question correctly they received $24,000 cash and a car instead of an all-cash prize. 1976-1977 season, Robert Lipinski - Category, Wines Don Chu - Category, if the miss came on the $8,000 or $16,000 question, the contestant left with a new automobile. Four contestants won $64,000 during the first season, the semifinals consisted of three rounds of questions for each contestant, and contestants were asked four questions in each round
10.
CBS Radio
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CBS Radio is a radio broadcasting company owned by CBS Corporation. It is among the United States largest radio groups, operating 116 radio stations in 26 media markets. In 1999, Infinity became a division of Viacom, in 2005, Viacom spun CBS and Infinity Broadcasting back into a company. In 2016, CBS CEO Leslie Moonves stated that the company was exploring selling or spinning off CBS Radio. While the company announced its intent to perform a public offering. CBS Radio is one of the oldest units within CBS Corporation, however, the actual CBS Radio Network was launched in 1927, when CBS itself was known as United Independent Broadcasters. Columbia Records later joined in and that company was renamed the Columbia Phonographic Broadcasting System, in September 1927, Columbia Records sold the company to William S. Paley and in 1928, Paley streamlined the corporate name to Columbia Broadcasting System. It became a traded company twice, in 1986. Westinghouse Electric Corporation, which acquired CBS, Inc. in 1995, Westinghouse acquired American Radio Systems in 1997. In 1999, CBS Corporation was merged into Viacom, in August 2006, CBS Radio announced the sale of its 15 radio stations in Cincinnati, Ohio, Memphis, Tennessee, Austin, Texas, and Rochester, New York to Entercom Communications. This group deal was granted FCC approval in mid-November 2007 after it faced regulatory review and numerous challenges for over a year, several other stations, most in smaller markets, have also been sold to companies like Border Media Partners and Peak Media Corporation. On April 30,2008, CBS Radio and AOL entered a partnership and these stations were folded into the AOL Radio mobile app. On July 31,2008, CBS Radio announced that it would sell 50 more radio stations in 12 mid-size markets, on December 15,2008, CBS Radio and Clear Channel Communications reached an agreement to swap seven stations. The deal closed on April 1,2009, on December 20,2008, CBS Radio announced that it would sell the entire Denver cluster to Wilks Broadcasting for $19.5 Million, including KIMN, KWOF, and KXKL. On August 10,2009, CBS Radio announced that it would sell the entire Portland cluster to Alpha Broadcasting for $40 Million, the stations included in the sale are KCMD, KINK, KUFO, and KUPL. On February 4,2010, all CBS Radio stations, as well as AOL Radio, music Radio have restricted all non U. S. listeners from streaming online content. CBS Radio redirects to sister property Last. fm,2011 saw the biggest AC format removal of the company dropping AC for hot adult contemporary on Washington, D. C. s WIAD in March, followed by New York Citys WWFS on October 12. On August 1, WCFS-FM Chicago removed its AC format for all-news to simulcast WBBM, by November 2011, WLTE in Minneapolis/St
11.
Golden Age of Radio
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The old-time radio era, sometimes referred to as the Golden Age of Radio, was an era of radio programming in the United States during which radio was the dominant electronic home entertainment medium. It began with the beginning of broadcasting in the early 1920s and lasted until the 1950s. During this period radio was the only broadcast medium, and people regularly tuned into their favourite radio programs, according to a 1947 C. E. Hooper survey,82 out of 100 Americans were found to be radio listeners. Since this era, radio programming has shifted to a narrow format of news, talk, sports. It allowed subscribers to eavesdrop on live performances and hear news reports by means of a network of telephone lines. The development of radio eliminated the wires and subscription charges from this concept, on Christmas Eve 1906, Reginald Fessenden is said to have broadcast the first radio program, consisting of some violin playing and passages from the Bible. The first apparent published reference to the event was made in 1928 by H. P, davis, Vice President of Westinghouse, in a lecture given at Harvard University. In 1932 Fessenden cited the Christmas Eve 1906 broadcast event in a letter he wrote to Vice President S. M, Fessendens wife Helen recounts the broadcast in her book Fessenden, Builder of Tomorrows, eight years after Fessendens death. The issue of whether the 1906 Fessenden broadcast actually happened is discussed in Donna Halpers article In Search of the Truth About Fessenden and also in James ONeals essays. It was not until after the Titanic catastrophe in 1912 that radio for communication came into vogue. Radio was especially important during World War I as it was vital for air, after the war, numerous radio stations were born in the United States and set the standard for later radio programs. The first radio program was broadcast on August 31,1920 on the station 8MK in Detroit, owned by The Detroit News. This was followed in 1920 with the first commercial station in the United States, KDKA. The first regular entertainment programs were broadcast in 1922, and on March 10, Variety carried the front page headline, a highlight of this time was the first Rose Bowl being broadcast on January 1,1923 on the Los Angeles station KHJ. Several radio networks broadcast in the United States, airing programs nationwide and their distribution made the golden age of radio possible. The networks declined in the early 1960s, Mutual and NBC both closed down their operations in the 1980s, while ABC lasted until 2007 and CBS still operates its network as of 2016. Mutual, ABC and NBCs radio assets now reside with Cumulus Medias Westwood One division through numerous mergers, cBSs radio assets are in the process of being integrated with Entercom as of 2017. Mutual was run as a cooperative in which the stations owned the network
12.
Professor Quiz
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Professor Quiz was radios first true quiz program, broadcast with many different sponsors from 1936 to 1948 on CBS and ABC. The program featured Professor Quiz, his wife Betty and his son, the programs announcer was Robert Trout. It began May 9,1936, sponsored by George Washington Coffee, on a limited CBS hook-up from Washington, George Washington Coffee also sponsored Uncle Jims Question Bee, radios second quiz show which began four months after the debut of Professor Quiz. Arthur Godfrey was a host of the program in 1937, the series moved to ABC on January 24,1946, continuing until the last program on July 17,1948. Contestants who asked a question which Professor Quiz could not answer received $25 in silver dollars, the quizmaster, Professor Quiz, was Dr. Craig Earl, a pseudonym for Arthur E. Baird. Exercise and Expertise, How Early Broadcasting Promoted Health Education by Donna L. Halper
13.
Uncle Jim's Question Bee
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Uncle Jims Question Bee was a radio quiz program, hosted by Jim McWilliams, which began on the Blue Network in 1936 and continued until 1941. After the success of Professor Quiz, radios first quiz show which began four months earlier, three men and three women were chosen from the audience by the shows publicist, Adele Wesley, to become the contestants competing for the $25 prize money. Sponsored by George Washington Coffee, the program premiered September 26,1936. George Washington Coffee also sponsored Professor Quiz, the following year it was sponsored by Lever Brothers, as it moved to Tuesdays on CBS, where it was heard from June 18 to October 2,1940, as a summer replacement show for Big Town. It returned to the Blue Network for a run from October 8,1940, to July 8,1941, still sponsored by Lever Brothers, a special telecast of the show was shown on the formal commercial television debut of NBC. This one-time event was seen July 1,1941, preceding Truth or Consequences that evening as first commercial TV game show telecast, the program generated tie-in merchandising, including Uncle Jims Question Bee Game, which was given to both contestants and those who sent in questions. Listeners could also purchase a Q&A book, Uncle Jims Question Bee Quiz Book, Jim McWilliams was seen on the front cover
14.
Bob Hawk
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Bob Hawk was an American radio quizmaster and comic whose early work in radio set the standard for the man in the street” interviews. Born in Creston, Iowa on December 15,1907, Hawk began his career by reading poetry on the radio in Chicago, hawks mother was in part responsible for her sons eventual rise in broadcasting. When he won an elocution contest at the age of nine and she worked with him in poetry and dramatic reading as well as oration. Before he was a school graduate, his mother had entered him in 20 state and local competitions. Camel cigarettes sponsored several of his programs, including The Bob Hawk Show. During its last years on the air, the program was recorded and edited down to 30 minutes, Hawk wrote the questions for his quiz programs, and he often devised clever ones. One such trick question, Could a baseball game end in a tie without a man touching first base. Answer, Yes, if the game was played between two girl teams, Hawk failed to make the move to television, and in 1952, he was quoted in Time, Why should I beat my brains out in TV when radio is paying so well. At the time his radio show was rated in the top 12 radio shows nationally. Hawk died in Laguna Hills, California on July 4,1989, Time, Voice of the People, Monday, February 6,1939. Time, Mother Knows Best, Monday, September 29,1952
15.
Phil Baker (comedian)
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Phil Baker was a popular American comedian and emcee on radio. Baker was also an actor, composer, songwriter, accordionist. He was born on August 26,1896 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Baker went to school in Boston, and his first stage appearance was in a Boston amateur show. Baker began in playing the piano for violinist Ed Janis. This originally was a musical act with Baker on accordion and Bernie on violin. After breaking with Bernie shortly after World War I, Baker partnered with Sid Silvers up until 1928, Baker went on to pursue a successful solo career. His solo act included him singing, playing the accordion, telling jokes, with this act, Baker played the Palace Theatre in 1930 and 1931. In 1923, Baker appeared in an early DeForest Phonofilm short A Musical Monologue in which he played the accordion, Bernie also appeared in a DeForest Phonofilm Ben Bernie and All the Lads featuring Bernies band and pianist Oscar Levant. During World War I Baker served in the US Navy, Baker appeared with Carmen Miranda in the musical The Gangs All Here. On radio, he starred in his own series The Armour Jester on NBC. In the 1940s he appeared on Duffys Tavern on February 22,1944, and was the host of the quiz show Take It or Leave It, Phil Baker appeared briefly on television. In 1951 he hosted the quiz show Whos Whose, which was canceled after one episode. He was inducted into the Hollywood Walk of Fame with one star on February 8,1960 and he moved to Copenhagen, Denmark in 1960, where his second wife was born. Baker died on November 30,1963 in Copenhagen and he was married to Ingraad Erik, a Danish model, with whom he had two children, Philip and Lisa. Ingraad Erik Baker died in December 1997, bakers likeness was drawn in caricature by Alex Gard for the walls of Sardis, the New York City Theater District restaurant. That picture is now part of the collection of the New York Public Library and my Heaven on Earth Invitation to a Broken Heart Phil Baker at the Internet Movie Database Phil Baker at the Internet Broadway Database
16.
United States dollar
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The United States dollar is the official currency of the United States and its insular territories per the United States Constitution. It is divided into 100 smaller cent units, the circulating paper money consists of Federal Reserve Notes that are denominated in United States dollars. The U. S. dollar was originally commodity money of silver as enacted by the Coinage Act of 1792 which determined the dollar to be 371 4/16 grain pure or 416 grain standard silver, the currency most used in international transactions, it is the worlds primary reserve currency. Several countries use it as their currency, and in many others it is the de facto currency. Besides the United States, it is used as the sole currency in two British Overseas Territories in the Caribbean, the British Virgin Islands and Turks and Caicos Islands. A few countries use the Federal Reserve Notes for paper money, while the country mints its own coins, or also accepts U. S. coins that can be used as payment in U. S. dollars. After Nixon shock of 1971, USD became fiat currency, Article I, Section 8 of the U. S. Constitution provides that the Congress has the power To coin money, laws implementing this power are currently codified at 31 U. S. C. Section 5112 prescribes the forms in which the United States dollars should be issued and these coins are both designated in Section 5112 as legal tender in payment of debts. The Sacagawea dollar is one example of the copper alloy dollar, the pure silver dollar is known as the American Silver Eagle. Section 5112 also provides for the minting and issuance of other coins and these other coins are more fully described in Coins of the United States dollar. The Constitution provides that a regular Statement and Account of the Receipts and that provision of the Constitution is made specific by Section 331 of Title 31 of the United States Code. The sums of money reported in the Statements are currently being expressed in U. S. dollars, the U. S. dollar may therefore be described as the unit of account of the United States. The word dollar is one of the words in the first paragraph of Section 9 of Article I of the Constitution, there, dollars is a reference to the Spanish milled dollar, a coin that had a monetary value of 8 Spanish units of currency, or reales. In 1792 the U. S. Congress passed a Coinage Act, Section 20 of the act provided, That the money of account of the United States shall be expressed in dollars, or units. And that all accounts in the offices and all proceedings in the courts of the United States shall be kept and had in conformity to this regulation. In other words, this act designated the United States dollar as the unit of currency of the United States, unlike the Spanish milled dollar the U. S. dollar is based upon a decimal system of values. Both one-dollar coins and notes are produced today, although the form is significantly more common
17.
Catchphrase
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A catchphrase is a phrase or expression recognized by its repeated utterance. Such phrases often originate in popular culture and in the arts, some become the de facto or literal trademark or signature of the person or character with whom they originated, and can be instrumental in the typecasting of a particular actor. People are doing it to feel good about themselves, to make others laugh, to make themselves laugh and he found that all of the participants in his study had used film quotes in conversation at one point or another. They overwhelmingly cited comedies, followed distantly by dramas and action adventure flicks, horror films, musicals and childrens films were hardly ever cited. List of catchphrases List of political catchphrases List of exclamations by Robin Category, Catchphrases Barba, Catchy Phrases, over 2000 Catchy Slogans Ideas, Powerful Copy Connectors, Catchy Phrases for Business Tag lines, Magnetic Blog Triggers. Catchphrase, Slogan and Cliché, the origins and meanings of our favourite expressions, a Dictionary of Catch Phrases, American and British, from the sixteenth century to the present day Lanham, Maryland, Scarborough House,1992. Planet Simpson, How a Cartoon Masterpiece Documented an Era and Defined a Generation
18.
Warner Bros.
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Entertainment Inc. – colloquially known as Warner Bros. or Warner Bros. It is one of the Big Six major American film studios, Warner Bros. is a member of the Motion Picture Association of America. The companys name originated from the four founding Warner brothers, Harry, Albert, Sam, Jack, the youngest, was born in London, Ontario. The three elder brothers began in the theater business, having acquired a movie projector with which they showed films in the mining towns of Pennsylvania. In the beginning, Sam and Albert Warner invested $150 to present Life of an American Fireman and they opened their first theater, the Cascade, in New Castle, Pennsylvania, in 1903. When the original building was in danger of being demolished, the modern Warner Bros. called the current building owners, the owners noted people across the country had asked them to protect it for its historical significance. In 1904, the Warners founded the Pittsburgh-based Duquesne Amusement & Supply Company, in 1912, Harry Warner hired an auditor named Paul Ashley Chase. By the time of World War I they had begun producing films, in 1918 they opened the first Warner Bros. studio on Sunset Boulevard in Hollywood. Sam and Jack produced the pictures, while Harry and Albert, along with their auditor and now controller Chase, handled finance and distribution in New York City. During World War I their first nationally syndicated film, My Four Years in Germany, on April 4,1923, with help from money loaned to Harry by his banker Motley Flint, they formally incorporated as Warner Brothers Pictures, Incorporated. The first important deal was the acquisition of the rights to Avery Hopwoods 1919 Broadway play, The Gold Diggers, however, Rin Tin Tin, a dog brought from France after World War I by an American soldier, established their reputation. Rin Tin Tin debuted in the feature Where the North Begins, the movie was so successful that Jack signed the dog to star in more films for $1,000 per week. Rin Tin Tin became the top star. Jack nicknamed him The Mortgage Lifter and the success boosted Darryl F. Zanucks career, Zanuck eventually became a top producer and between 1928 and 1933 served as Jacks right-hand man and executive producer, with responsibilities including day-to-day film production. More success came after Ernst Lubitsch was hired as head director, lubitschs film The Marriage Circle was the studios most successful film of 1924, and was on The New York Times best list for that year. Despite the success of Rin Tin Tin and Lubitsch, Warners remained a lesser studio, Sam and Jack decided to offer Broadway actor John Barrymore the lead role in Beau Brummel. The film was so successful that Harry signed Barrymore to a contract, like The Marriage Circle. By the end of 1924, Warner Bros. was arguably Hollywoods most successful independent studio, as the studio prospered, it gained backing from Wall Street, and in 1924 Goldman Sachs arranged a major loan
19.
20th Century Fox
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Twentieth Century Fox Film Corporation is an American film studio currently owned by 21st Century Fox. It is one of the Big Six major American film studios and is located in the Century City area of Los Angeles, the studio was formerly owned by News Corporation. 20th Century Fox is a member of the Motion Picture Association of America, in 2015, 20th Century Fox celebrated its 80th anniversary as a studio. Spyros Skouras, then manager of the Fox West Coast Theaters, the studios biggest star, Will Rogers, died in a plane crash weeks after the merger. Its leading female star, Janet Gaynor, was fading in popularity and promising leading men James Dunn, at first, it was expected that the new company was originally to be called Fox-20th Century, even though 20th Century was the senior partner in the merger. However, 20th Century brought more to the bargaining table besides Schenck and Zanuck, the new company, 20th Century-Fox Film Corporation, began trading on May 31,1935, the hyphen was dropped in 1985. Schenck became Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, while Kent remained as President, Zanuck became Vice President in Charge of Production, replacing Foxs longtime production chief Winfield Sheehan. The company established a training school. The contracts included an option for renewal for as long as seven years. For many years, 20th Century Fox claimed to have founded in 1915. For instance, it marked 1945 as its 30th anniversary, however, in recent years it has claimed the 1935 merger as its founding, even though most film historians agree it was founded in 1915. The companys films retained the 20th Century Pictures searchlight logo on their credits as well as its opening fanfare. Also on the Fox payroll he found two players who he built up into the studios leading assets, Alice Faye and seven-year-old Shirley Temple, favoring popular biographies and musicals, Zanuck built Fox back to profitability. Thanks to record attendance during World War II, Fox overtook RKO, while Zanuck went off for eighteen months war service, junior partner William Goetz kept profits high by going for light entertainment. The studios—indeed the industrys—biggest star was creamy blonde Betty Grable, in 1942, Spyros Skouras succeeded Kent as president of the studio. Together with Zanuck, who returned in 1943, they intended to make Foxs output more serious-minded. During the next few years, with pictures like The Razors Edge, Wilson, Gentlemans Agreement, The Snake Pit, Boomerang, and Pinky, Zanuck established a reputation for provocative, adult films. Fox also specialized in adaptations of best-selling books such as Ben Ames Williams Leave Her to Heaven, starring Gene Tierney and they also made the 1958 film version of South Pacific
20.
Garry Moore
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Garry Moore was an American entertainer, comedic personality and game show host best known for his work in television. He began a career with the CBS network on radio in the 1940s and was a television host on several variety. After dropping out of school, Moore found success as a radio host. He was host to several daytime and prime time programs entitled The Garry Moore Show, and he was instrumental in furthering the career of comedic actress Carol Burnett. He became known for his bow ties and his crew cut fashion early in his career, after being diagnosed with throat cancer in 1976, Moore retired from the broadcasting industry, only making a few rare television appearances. He spent the last years of his life in Hilton Head, South Carolina and he died on November 28,1993, aged 78. Moore was born Thomas Garrison Morfit, III on January 31,1915, in Baltimore, Maryland and he attended Baltimore City College, but dropped out to pursue a career in radio and writing. Starting in 1937, he worked for Baltimore radio station WBAL as an announcer, writer, and actor/comedian. He used his name until 1940, when, while on the air announcing Club Matinee hosted by Ransom Sherman at NBC, Chicago. Garry Moore was the entry, which was submitted by a woman from Pittsburgh who received a prize of $100. It was on Club Matinee where he met his long-time friend, Moore headed Talent, Ltd. a variety program on Sunday afternoons in 1941. In the years followed, Moore appeared on numerous network radio shows. He started out as an announcer and then as support for broadcast personalities, from 1943-47, Durante and Moore had a joint show, with Moore as the straight man. Impressed with his ability to interact with audiences, CBS offered him his own show, starting in 1949, the one-hour daytime variety show The Garry Moore Show aired on CBS. Moore briefly returned to radio as host of NBCs Monitor in 1969, between 1947 and 1950, Moore began to make tentative steps into the new medium as a panelist and guest host on quiz and musical shows. On June 26,1950, he was rewarded with his own 30-minute CBS early-evening talk-variety TV program, The Garry Moore Show, until September 1950, it was also simulcast on radio. During 1950 and 1951, he hosted prime-time variety hour summer replacements for Arthur Godfrey and he appeared as a guest star on other programs including CBSs Faye Emersons Wonderful Town. During his run as a variety-show host, Moore was tapped to host CBS weekly prime-time TV panel show Ive Got a Secret and it premiered on June 19,1952
21.
Eddie Cantor
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Eddie Cantor, born Edward Israel Iskowitz, was an American illustrated song performer, comedian, dancer, singer, actor, and songwriter. Some of his hits include Makin Whoopee, Ida, Yes and we Have No Bananas, If You Knew Susie, Ma. Hes Makin Eyes at Me, Baby, Margie, and How Ya Gonna Keep em Down on the Farm and he also wrote a few songs, including Merrily We Roll Along, the Merrie Melodies Warner Bros. cartoon theme. His eye-rolling song-and-dance routines eventually led to his nickname, Banjo Eyes, in 1933, artist Frederick J. Garner caricatured Cantor with large round eyes resembling the drum-like pot of a banjo. Cantors eyes became his trademark, often exaggerated in illustrations, and his charity and humanitarian work was extensive, and he is credited with coining the phrase, and helping to develop the March of Dimes. He was awarded an honorary Academy Award in 1956 for distinguished service to the film industry, Cantor was born in New York City, the son of Russian-Jewish immigrants, Meta and Mechel Itzkowitz. The precise date of his birth is unknown and his mother died in childbirth one year after his birth, and his father died of pneumonia when Eddie was two, leaving him to be raised by his grandmother, Esther Kantrowitz. As a child, he attended Surprise Lake Camp, a misunderstanding when his grandmother signed him into school gave him her last name of Kantrowitz. Esther died on January 29,1917, two days before Cantor signed a contract with Florenz Ziegfeld, Jr. to appear in his Follies. Cantor had adopted the first name Eddie when he met his future wife Ida Tobias in 1913, Cantor and Ida were married in 1914. They had five daughters, Marjorie, Natalie, Edna, Marilyn, and Janet, several radio historians, including Gerald Nachman, have said that this gag did not always sit well with the girls. Natalies second husband was the actor Robert Clary and Janet married the actor Roberto Gari, Cantor was the second president of the Screen Actors Guild, serving from 1933 to 1935. He invented the title The March of Dimes for the campaigns of the National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis. It was a play on the The March of Time newsreels popular at the time and he began the first campaign on his radio show in January 1938, asking listeners to mail a dime to President Franklin D. Roosevelt. At that time, Roosevelt was the most notable American victim of polio, other entertainers joined in the appeal via their own shows, and the White House mail room was deluged with 2,680,000 dimes—a large sum at the time. Following the death of their daughter Marjorie at the age of 44, Ida died in August 1962 of cardiac insufficiency, and Eddie died on October 10,1964, in Beverly Hills, California, after suffering his second heart attack at age 72. He is interred in Hillside Memorial Park Cemetery in Culver City, by his early teens, Cantor began winning talent contests at local theaters and started appearing on stage. One of his earliest paying jobs was doubling as a waiter and performer, singing for tips at Carey Walshs Coney Island saloon and he made his first public appearance in Vaudeville in 1907 at New Yorks Clinton Music Hall
22.
Jack Paar
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Jack Harold Paar was an American author, radio and television comedian and talk show host, best known for his stint as host of The Tonight Show from 1957 to 1962. Time magazines obituary noted that, His fans would remember him as the fellow who split talk show history into two eras, Before Paar and Below Paar, Paar was born in 1918 in Canton, Ohio, the son of Lillian M. and Howard Paar. He moved with his family to Jackson, Michigan, approximately 40 miles south of Lansing, as a child he had a stuttering problem which he conquered. He contracted tuberculosis when he was 14, and left school at 16, Jack Paar, he recalled doing utility duty at WGAR in 1938 when Orson Welles broadcast his famous simulated alien invasion, The War of the Worlds over the CBS network. Attempting to calm possible panicked listeners, Paar announced, The world is not coming to an end, when have I ever lied to you. Paar was drafted into the military in 1943 during World War II and he was assigned to the U. S. O in the South Pacific to entertain the troops. He was a clever, wise cracking master of ceremonies whose impersonations of officers nearly got him into trouble, after World War II, Paar worked in radio as a fill-in on The Breakfast Club show and appeared as a panelist on The $64 Question. He got his big break when Jack Benny, who had been impressed by Paars U. S. O, performances, suggested that Paar serve as his 1947 summer replacement. Paar was enough of a hit on Bennys show that Bennys sponsor, American Tobacco Company decided to keep him on the air, the show was then terminated, earning Paar an enduring image as a spoiled kid. A profile of Paar by the Museum of Broadcast Communications suggests that Paar later emulated Bennys mannerisms. Paar also signed as a player for Howard Hughes RKO Pictures in the immediate post war period, appearing as the emcee in the movie Variety Time. He later recalled that RKO producers had trouble figuring out what kind of characters he could play, until one of the executives dubbed him, Kay Kyser. Paar projected a pleasant personality on film, and RKO called him back to emcee another filmed vaudeville show, Paar also appeared in the 1950 film, Walk Softly, Stranger, with Joseph Cotten. In 1951, he played Marilyn Monroes boyfriend in the 20th Century Fox film Love Nest, in 1956, he gave radio one more try, hosting a disc jockey effort, The Jack Paar Show, on ABC. Paar once described this show as so modest we did it from the basement rumpus room of our house in Bronxville and he guest starred twice in 1958 on Polly Bergens short-lived NBC comedy/variety show, The Polly Bergen Show. NBC asked Paar to succeed Steve Allen as host of The Tonight Show, Paar hosted the program from 1957 to 1962 during the peak of the series national attention. At first, the show was called Tonight Starring Jack Paar, Paar was often unpredictable, emotional, and principled. Paars emotional nature made the routine of putting together a 105-minute program difficult to continue for more than five years
23.
Quiz Kids
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Quiz Kids was a radio and TV series of the 1940s and 1950s. It continued on radio for the next 13 years. On television, the show was seen on NBC and CBS from July 6,1949 to July 5,1953, with Joe Kelly as quizmaster, the premise of the original show involved Kelly asking questions sent in by listeners and researched by Eliza Hickok and Rachel Stevenson. Kelly often said that he was not an intellectual, and that he could not have answered any of the questions without knowing the answer from his flash card, yet he was remarkably kind and affable, and put even novice young contestants at ease immediately. One of the first Quiz Kids was seven-year-old nature expert Gerard Darrow, for the initial premiere panel he was joined by Mary Ann Anderson, Joan Bishop, Van Dyke Tiers and Charles Schwartz. Panelists rotated, with the three top scorers each week joined by two others the following week, they were no longer eligible to participate once they reached the age of 16, in 1949-50 the program was expanded to New York, where a series of competitions determined the panelists. Students from the New York City area were chosen from questionnaires distributed to elementary schools and those chosen from the interviews competed weekly for Quiz Kid of the month, with the two weekly winners from each show going on to the monthly finals. Monthly winners later competed against each other on another panel, from which the winner was chosen. There were also parallel shows hosted by Durward Kirby, involving some of the same panelists, Norman Lane, age nine, was the winner of the monthly competitions and went on the air in Chicago in one show with the Chicago group. These notably included one where the Kids defeated a group of university professors from New York in general knowledge topics, mitchell, later a medical professor at Yale, had the special talent of perfect pitch, which made for interesting radio moments aside from answering straight questions. A television program, now in The Paley Center for Media in New York and Los Angeles, was filmed in 1950 with Milton Berle as guest host, one of the notable ex-Quiz Kids is the Nobel Prize-winning biologist James D. Watson. The series originated from WNAC-TV in Boston, the New Quiz Kids aired in Canada from 1978-1979 on Global Television Network, hosted by Terry David Mulligan. A later American revival aired from October 12,1981 to December 15,1982 on CBS Cable, the Quiz Kids Challenge, which featured a panel of three kids playing against three adults, aired in daily syndication from September 10 to December 28,1990. Jonathan Prince hosted this version while Johnny Gilbert served as announcer, bay Area Quiz Kids is a San Francisco-area high school quiz bowl, aired on KRON-TV. CBS owned-and-operated station KNXT/KCBS-TV in Los Angeles produced their own version, titled Kidquiz and this version aired for eight years on the station, usually prior to the start of CBS Saturday morning programming. An Australian radio program, after the American model, was first aired on Australian commercial radio in 1938, in 1942 John Dease began hosting Quiz Kids on Radio 2GB, that ran every Sunday evening until 14 October 1962 and transferred to ABC TV in March 1964. Whatever Happened to the Quiz Kids, perils and Profits of Growing Up Gifted. Smith, Carl W. Quiz Kids and the Crazy Question Mystery, Quiz Kids in The Internet Archives Old-Time Radio Collection The Quiz Kids
24.
Helena Rubinstein
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Helena Rubinstein was a Polish American businesswoman, art collector, and philanthropist. A cosmetics entrepreneur, she was the founder and eponym of Helena Rubinstein Incorporated cosmetics company, the existentialist philosopher Martin Buber was her cousin. She was also the cousin of Ruth Rappaports mother, diminutive at 4 ft.10 in. Rubinstein emigrated from Poland to Australia in 1902, with no money and her stylish clothes and milky complexion did not pass unnoticed among the towns ladies, however, and she soon found enthusiastic buyers for the jars of beauty cream in her luggage. She spotted a market where she began to make her own, fortunately for Rubinstein, a key ingredient of the cream, lanolin, was readily at hand. These sheep were the wealth of the nation and the Western Districts vast mobs of merinos produced the finest wool in the land, to disguise the lanolins pungent odour, Rubinstein experimented with lavender, pine bark and water lilies. Rubinstein had an out with her uncle, but after a stint as a bush governess began waitressing at the Winter Garden tearooms in Melbourne. There, she found a willing to stump up the funds to launch her Crème Valaze. Costing ten pence and selling for six shillings, it walked off the shelves as fast as she could pack it in pots, Sydney was next, and within five years Australian operations were profitable enough to finance a Salon de Beauté Valaze in London. As such, Rubinstein formed one of the worlds first cosmetic companies and her business enterprise proved immensely successful and later in life, she used her enormous wealth to support charitable institutions in the fields of education, art and health. In 1908, her sister Ceska assumed the Melbourne shops operation, in 1908, she married the Polish-born American journalist Edward William Titus in London. They had two sons, Roy Valentine Titus and Horace Titus and they eventually moved to Paris where she opened a salon in 1912. Her husband helped with writing the publicity and set up a publishing house, published Lady Chatterleys Lover. Rubinstein, who knew little French, asked a guest what the ambassador had said and he said, Your ancestors burned Joan of Arc. Rubinstein replied, Well, someone had to do it, at another fête, Marcel Proust asked her what makeup a duchess might wear. She summarily dismissed him because he smelt of mothballs, Rubinstein recollected later, How was I to know he was going to be famous. At the outbreak of World War I, she and Titus moved to New York City, where she opened a salon in 1915. This was the beginning of her vicious rivalry with the great lady of the cosmetics industry
25.
Chrysler
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FCA US is one of the Big Three American automobile manufacturers. FCA US has its headquarters in Auburn Hills, Michigan and sells vehicles worldwide under its flagship Chrysler brand, as well as the Dodge, Jeep, other major divisions include Mopar, its automotive parts and accessories division, and SRT, its performance automobile division. The Chrysler Corporation was founded by Walter Chrysler in 1925, out of what remained of the Maxwell Motor Company, Chrysler greatly expanded in 1928, when Mr. The brand diversification efforts were inspired by Mr. Chryslers time working for General Motors, in the 1960s the company expanded into Europe, by taking control of French, British and Spanish auto companies, Chrysler Europe was sold in 1978 to PSA Peugeot Citroën for $1. Chrysler struggled through the 1970s to adapt to changing markets, increased US import competition, the company began an engineering partnership with Mitsubishi Motors, and began selling Mitsubishi vehicles branded as Dodge and Plymouth in North America. By the late 1970s, Chrysler was on the verge of bankruptcy, New CEO Lee Iacocca was credited with returning the company to profitability in the 1980s. In 1985, Diamond-Star Motors was created, further expanding the Chrysler-Mitsubishi relationship, in 1987, Chrysler acquired American Motors Corporation, which brought the profitable Jeep brand under the Chrysler umbrella. Like the other Big Three automobile manufacturers, Chrysler was hit hard by the industry crisis of 2008–2010. On June 10,2009, Chrysler emerged from the proceedings with the United Auto Workers pension fund, Fiat S. p. A. The bankruptcy resulted in Chrysler defaulting on over $4 billion in debts, by May 24,2011, Chrysler finished repaying its obligations to the U. S. government five years early, although the cost to the American taxpayer was $1.3 billion. Over the next few years Fiat gradually acquired the other parties shares while removing much of the weight of the loans in a short period. On January 1,2014, Fiat S. p. A announced a deal to purchase the rest of Chrysler from the United Auto Workers retiree health trust. The deal was completed on January 21,2014, making Chrysler Group a subsidiary of Fiat S. p. A, in May 2014, Fiat Chrysler Automobiles, NV was established by merging Fiat S. p. A. into the company. This was completed in August 2014, Chrysler Group LLC remained a subsidiary until December 15,2014, when it was renamed FCA US LLC, to reflect the Fiat-Chrysler merger. The Chrysler company was founded by Walter Chrysler on June 6,1925, Walter Chrysler arrived at the ailing Maxwell-Chalmers company in the early 1920s. He was hired to overhaul the companys troubled operations, in late 1923 production of the Chalmers automobile was ended. In January 1924, Walter Chrysler launched the well-received Chrysler automobile, the Chrysler was a 6-cylinder automobile, designed to provide customers with an advanced, well-engineered car, but at a more affordable price than they might expect. The original 1924 Chrysler included an air filter, high compression engine, full pressure lubrication
26.
Revlon
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Revlon, Inc. is an American multinational cosmetics, skin care, fragrance, and personal care company founded in 1932 and based in New York City. Revlon was founded in the midst of the Great Depression,1932, by Charles Revson and his brother Joseph along with a chemist, Charles Lachman, who contributed the L in the Revlon name. Starting with a single product — a new type of nail enamel — the three founders pooled their resources and developed a manufacturing process. Using pigments instead of dyes, Revlon developed a variety of new shades of opaque nail enamel, in 1937, Revlon started selling the polishes in department stores and drug stores. In six years, the became a multimillion-dollar organization. By 1940, Revlon offered an entire line, and added lipstick to the collection. During World War II, Revlon created makeup and related products for the U. S. Army, by the end of the war, Revlon was listed as one of Americas top five cosmetic houses. Expanding its capabilities, the company bought Graef & Schmidt, a cutlery manufacturer seized by the government in 1943 because of German business ties and this acquisition made it possible for Revlon to produce its own manicure and pedicure instruments, instead of buying them from outside supply sources. In November 1955, Revlon went public, the IPO price was $12 per share, but it reached $30 per share within 8 weeks. In the 1960s, Revson segmented Revlon Inc into different divisions and he borrowed this strategy from General Motors. Other acquisitions, such as Ty-D-Bol, the maker of toilet cleansers, evan Picone, a womens sportswear manufacturer which came with a price tag of $12 million in 1962, was sold back to one of the original partners four years later for $1 million. However, the 1967 acquisition of U. S, vitamin and Pharmaceutical Corporation made Revlon a leader in diabetes drugs. The company began to market its products overseas at the end of the 1950s, by 1962, when Revlon debuted in Japan, there were subsidiaries in France, Italy, Argentina, Mexico, and Asia. Revlons entrance into the Japanese market was typical of its sales strategy. Instead of adapting its ads and using Japanese models, Revlon chose to use its basic U. S. advertising, Japanese women loved the American look, and the sales for 1962 came to almost $164 million. In 1968, Revlon introduced Eterna27, the first cosmetic cream with a precursor called Progenitin, as well as introducing the worlds first American fashion designer fragrance. Later, Revlon launched Braggi and Pub for men, and a line of wig maintenance products called Wig Wonder, in 1970, Revlon acquired the Mitchum line of deodorants. In 1971 Flex shampoo and conditioner was introduced, geared to the under-30 market, Charlie model Shelley Hack in Ralph Lauren clothes, personified the independent woman of the 1970s
27.
Hazel Bishop
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This template should only be used in the user namespace. Hazel Gladys Bishop was an American chemist and the founder of the cosmetics company Hazel Bishop and she was the inventor of the first long-lasting lipstick. She was born in Hoboken, New Jersey, one of two children of businessman Henry Bishop and his wife Mabel and her father ran a dozen successful enterprises that included numerous stores on Washington Street, which was the main concourse of Hoboken. During one Thanksgiving, her father brought Santa Claus to town on an elephant to advertise his candy emporium, according to her, the family talk around the dinner table was always about business. She attended Barnard College in New York, originally enrolling in pre-med and she would graduate in 1929 with a degree under pre-med, with plans on attending Columbia for her graduate medical studies. She would begin graduate classes that fall, however, the stock market crash that occurred in October of that same year lead to Bishops eventual halting of her academic career. In 1935, she working as research assistant to A. B. Cannon in a dermatological laboratory at the Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons. They would later launch the Almay hypoallergenic cosmetics line, in 1942, she worked as an organic chemist for Standard Oil Development Company, designing fuels for airplanes during World War II. During her time there she discovered the cause of deposits affecting superchargers of aircraft engines, in 1945, she joined the Socony Vacuum Oil Company until 1950. Bishop was inspired by Cannon, and begun conducting experiments on her own time with the idea of owning her own business, two ideas she worked on in the 1930s that did not make it to market included a pimple concealer and mentholated tissues. Aiming to appeal to a market, Bishop began experimenting in her own small kitchen with staining dyes, oils. The goal was a non-drying, smudge-proof, long-lasting lipstick that would not smear on clothing or cups, the resultant mixture, formed into a mold, was called No-Smear Lipstick. In 1950, she acquired some capital and founded Hazel Bishop Inc. with Alfred Berg to manufacture these long-lasting lipsticks, the lipstick debuted at Barnard College Club of New York in 1949 and in stores in 1950. The brand was unveiled in the summer of 1950 at Lord & Taylor, the product proved to be a success, selling out on its first day of launch. She then asked Raymond Spector, an advertiser, to help her market the lipstick to consumer s, in 1951, Bishop becoming the first woman to appear solo on the cover of Business Week. Bishops innovative use of bromom acids would set in motion what would be known as the lipstick wars, with competitors such as Revlon making their own versions of Bishops formula in an attempt to combat her impact on the cosmetics scene. The advent of the no smear lipstick would prove to be a success for Bishop, as her debut line would not only out on the first day. Sales by Hazel Bishop Inc. of its lipstick increased from $49,527 in 1950 to $10,100,682 in 1953 and she lost control of the company in 1954 in a proxy fight with majority stockholders, led by Spector
28.
This Is Your Life
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This Is Your Life is an American reality documentary series broadcast on NBC radio from 1948 to 1952, and on NBC television from 1952 to 1961. It was originally hosted by its creator and producer Ralph Edwards, in the program, the host would surprise guests and then take them through a retrospective of their lives in front of an audience, including appearances by colleagues, friends, and family. Edwards revived the show in 1971–1972, and Joseph Campanella hosted a version in 1983, Edwards returned for some specials in the late 1980s, before his death in 2005. The idea for This Is Your Life arose while Edwards was working on Truth or Consequences and he had been asked by the U. S. Army to do something for paraplegic soldiers at Birmingham General Hospital, a Van Nuys, Los Angeles, California Army rehabilitation hospital. Edwards received such positive feedback from the capsule narrative of the soldier he gave on Truth or Consequences that he developed This Is Your Life as a new radio show. In the show, Edwards would surprise each guest by narrating a biography of the subject, the show alternated in presenting the life stories of entertainment personalities and ordinary people who had contributed in some way to their communities. The host, consulting his red book, would narrate while presenting the subject with family members, friends, by the 1950s, the show was aired live before a theater audience. The guests were surprised by Ralph Edwards and confronted by the microphone, planning for the broadcast meant that some would find out in advance that they would be featured. For example, Carl Reiner later admitted that he knew beforehand about his appearance, stan Laurel of Laurel and Hardy was angered by being tricked into what would be the teams only American television appearance, on December 1,1954. Laurel later said, Oliver Hardy and I were always planning to do something on TV, but we never dreamed that we would make our television debut on an unrehearsed network program. I was damned if I was going to put on a free show for them. Lowell Thomas displayed obvious anger and embarrassment, when host Ralph Edwards tried to assure him that he would enjoy what was to come, Thomas replied, in 1993, Angie Dickinson refused to appear on a retrospective show. One of the subjects was Rev. Kiyoshi Tanimoto, a survivor of the atomic bombing of Hiroshima. During the episode Edwards introduced Tanimoto to Robert A. Lewis, the co-pilot of the Enola Gay, hanna Bloch Kohner, a Holocaust survivor, was a subject on May 27,1953. Roths story became the basis of her 1954 autobiography and 1955 film adaption, Ill Cry Tomorrow, farmer commented on her hospitalization by saying If someone is treated like a patient, theyre likely to act like one. Johnny Cash was caught off guard while filming a 1971 episode of The Johnny Cash Show. He had finished welcoming the audience to the stage when his wife, June Carter Cash, walked onstage and introduced Ralph Edwards, the taping thereafter turned into an episode of This is Your Life. He tried to keep his composure, but was seen to be nervous. It also fared well in the ratings during the 1950s, finishing at #11 in 1953–19954, #12 in 1954–1955, #26 in 1955–1956, #19 in 1957–1958, the episode on Hahn was also cited as an example of the limited research that the show was doing on its guests
29.
Studio 54
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Studio 54 is a former nightclub and currently a Broadway theatre, located at 254 West 54th Street, between Eighth Avenue and Broadway in Manhattan. The building, originally built as the Gallo Opera House, opened in 1927, after which it changed several times, eventually becoming CBS radio. Later, the building, renamed after its location, housed a world-famous nightclub, in 1984, Fleischman sold the club, which continued to operate until 1991. Since November 1998, it has served as a venue for productions of the Roundabout Theatre Company, a separate restaurant and nightclub, Feinsteins/54 Below, operates in the basement of the building. Designed by famed architect Eugene De Rosa, the venue opened in 1927 as the Gallo Opera House, named for its owner and it later reopened under new ownership as The New Yorker, but continued failing to attract sufficient crowds. The New Yorker Theatre saw its final production, Medicine Show, end in May 1940, in 1943, CBS purchased the theatre, renaming it Studio 52. CBS named its studios in order of purchase, the number 52 was unrelated to the street on which it was located, during these years, CBS used the theater for radio broadcasts. From the 1940s to the mid 1970s, CBS used the location as a radio and TV stage that housed such shows as Whats My Line. The $64,000 Question, Video Village, Password, To Tell the Truth, Beat the Clock, The Jack Benny Show, Ive Got a Secret, Ted Mack and the Original Amateur Hour, the soap opera Love of Life was produced there until 1975. In 1976, CBS moved most of its broadcast operations to the Ed Sullivan Theater and the CBS Broadcast Center, the Ed Sullivan Theater once had access to Studio 52 through an access door, which was concrete-blocked during the theaters 1993 renovation for Late Show with David Letterman. When CBS began marketing the building in 1976, various parties in the art, male model Uva Harden tried to get gallery owner Frank Lloyd to finance the club, until Lloyd lost a $9 million lawsuit to the estate of the artist Mark Rothko, the Rothko Case. In 1977, the theater was transformed into a nightclub called Studio 54 by Steve Rubell and Ian Schrager and they operated the company as Broadway Catering Corp. It took only six weeks to transform the theater into a nightclub, Rubell and Schrager hired Scott Bromley as architect, Ron Doud as interior designer and Brian Thompson as lighting designer. Where formerly all clubs had very dark, at Studio 54 the crowd could be lit brightly. Within a month of opening, the New York State Liquor Authority raided Studio 54 for selling liquor without a license, the owners of the nightclub said the incident was a misunderstanding. The next night the club reopened, serving fruit juice and soda instead of liquor, prior to the raid, the nightclub had been using daily caterers permits, which enabled the nightclub to serve alcohol but were intended for weddings or political events. The State had denied the permit for the night and raided the nightclub. The nightclub had been using these permits while waiting for its license to be processed
30.
Trenton, New Jersey
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Trenton is the capital city of the U. S. state of New Jersey and the county seat of Mercer County. It was briefly the capital of the United States, as of the 2010 United States Census, Trenton had a population of 84,913, making it the states 10th-largest municipality. The Census Bureau estimated that the population was 84,034 in 2014. Trenton dates back at least to June 3,1719, when mention was made of a constable being appointed for Trenton, while the area was still part of Hunterdon County. Boundaries were recorded for Trenton Township as of March 2,1720, a courthouse and jail were constructed in Trenton around 1720, Trenton became New Jerseys capital as of November 25,1790, and the City of Trenton was formed within Trenton Township on November 13,1792. Trenton Township was incorporated as one of New Jerseys initial group of 104 townships by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on February 21,1798, on February 22,1834, portions of Trenton Township were taken to form Ewing Township. The remaining portion of Trenton Township was absorbed by the City of Trenton on April 10,1837, portions of Ewing Township and Hamilton Township were annexed to Trenton on March 23,1900. The first settlement which would become Trenton was established by Quakers in 1679, in the then called the Falls of the Delaware, led by Mahlon Stacy from Handsworth, Sheffield. Quakers were being persecuted in England at this time and North America provided an opportunity to exercise their religious freedom, by 1719, the town adopted the name Trent-towne, after William Trent, one of its leading landholders who purchased much of the surrounding land from Stacys family. This name later was shortened to Trenton, during the American Revolutionary War, the city was the site of the Battle of Trenton, George Washingtons first military victory. On December 26,1776, Washington and his army, after crossing the icy Delaware River to Trenton, after the war, the Confederation Congress briefly met in Trenton in November and December 1784. Trenton became the capital in 1790, but prior to that year the New Jersey Legislature often met here. The city was incorporated in 1792, during the War of 1812, the United States Armys primary hospital was at a site on Broad Street. Throughout the 19th century, Trenton grew steadily, as European immigrants came to work in its pottery, in 1837, with the population now too large for government by council, a new mayoral government was adopted, with by-laws that remain in operation to this day. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city had an area of 8.155 square miles. Trenton is located near the geographic center of the state. However, Mercer County constitutes its own metropolitan area, formally known as the Trenton-Ewing MSA. Locals consider Trenton to be a part of an area called Central Jersey
31.
The George Burns and Gracie Allen Show
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The George Burns and Gracie Allen Show, sometimes called The Burns and Allen Show, is a half-hour television series broadcast from 1950 to 1958 on CBS. It stars George Burns and Gracie Allen, one of the most enduring acts in entertainment history, Burns and Allen were headliners in vaudeville in the 1920s, and radio stars in the 1930s and 1940s. Their situation comedy TV series received Emmy Award nominations throughout its eight-year run. A half-hour TV series broadcast October 12,1950 – September 22,1958, on CBS, The George Burns and Gracie Allen Show was initially staged live, in fall 1952, it became a weekly series filmed on the West Coast. From March 1953 through September 1958, The Burns and Allen Show aired Mondays at 8 pm ET, the show was an immediate success. Six episodes were produced live from the Mansfield Theatre in New York, the show relocated to the CBS Columbia Square facilities in Hollywood beginning with the seventh episode. Ever the businessman, Burns realized it would be efficient to do the series on film. With 291 episodes, the show had a network run through 1958. The sets were designed to look like the couples real-life residence, an establishing shot of the actual house on Maple Drive in Beverly Hills, California, was often used. Although extensively remodeled, that still exists today—including the study over the garage where George would escape from Gracies illogical logic. Burns lived in the house until his death in 1996, at the age of 100, the format had George watching all the action and breaking the fourth wall by commenting upon it to the viewers. Another running gag was Georges weekly firing of announcer Harry Von Zell after he turned up aiding, abetting, during the course of the eight-year run, the TV show had remarkable consistency in its cast and crew. The episodes were produced and directed by Ralph Levy, Frederick de Cordova, later director of NBCs The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson, the original writing staff consisted of Sid Dorfman, Harvey Helm, Paul Henning, and William Burns. Later writers included Nate Monaster, Jesse Goldstein, Norman Paul, the associate producer was Al Simon, the director of photography was Philip Tannura, A. S. C. and the editor was Larry Heath. The shows primary sponsor was Carnation Evaporated Milk, later alternating with B. F. Goodrich, Bea Benaderet carried over from the Burns and Allen radio show, portraying neighbor Blanche Morton, but over the course of the series, four different actors played her husband. The characters first name was Harry, the same first name as the real-life announcer Harry Von Zell, blanches husband Harry Morton was first portrayed by Hal March, then John Brown, and after that, Fred Clark, until 1953. He introduces Larry Keating, who enters, and then calls over Bea Benaderet to introduce the two saying, This is Larry Keating and he is going to be your husband now, the pair greet and chat briefly, complimenting each other on their previous work. George remarks that if they are going to be so nice to each other, Burns then gives a cue, Blanche resumes her position, and the scene continues where it stopped as if nothing had happened
32.
My Friend Irma (entertainment property)
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My Friend Irma, created by writer-director-producer Cy Howard, is a top-rated, long-run radio situation comedy that spawned a media franchise. It was so popular in the late 1940s that its success escalated to films, television, a comic strip, marie Wilson portrayed the title character, Irma Peterson, on radio, in two films and the television series. The radio series was broadcast on the Columbia network from April 11,1947 to August 23,1954, dependable, level-headed Jane Stacy began each weekly radio program by narrating a misadventure of her innocent, bewildered roommate, Irma, a scatterbrained stenographer from Minnesota. The two central characters were in their mid-twenties, Irma had her 25th birthday in one episode, she was born on May 5. After the two met in the first episode, they lived together in an apartment rented from their Irish landlady, irmas boyfriend Al was a deadbeat, barely on the right side of the law, who had not held a job in years. Only someone like Irma could love Al, whose nickname for Irma was Chicken, Al had many crazy get-rich-quick schemes, which never worked. Al planned to marry Irma at some future date so she could support him, Professor Kropotkin, the Russian violinist at the Princess Burlesque theater, lived upstairs. He greeted Jane and Irma with remarks like, My two little bunnies with one being an Easter bunny and the other being Bugs Bunny. The Professor insulted Mrs. OReilly, complained about his room, in 1953, Conried dropped from the cast and was replaced by Kenny Delmar as his cousin, Maestro Wanderkin. Irma worked for the lawyer, Mr. Clyde and she had such an odd filing system that once when Clyde fired her, he had to hire her back again because he couldnt find anything. Useless at dictation, Irma mangled whatever Clyde dictated, asked how long she had been with Clyde, Irma said, When I first went to work with him he had curly black hair, then it got grey, and now its snow white. I guess Ive been with him six months. Irma became less bright and more scatterbrained as the program evolved and she also developed a tendency to whine or cry whenever something went wrong, which was at least once every show. Jane had an inclination for her boss, millionaire Richard Rhinelander III. Another actor in the show was Bea Benaderet, the show was sponsored by Swan Soap, and Irma would usually make a silly remark about it so the name could be advertised. Frank Bingman was the announcer for Swan Soap, the program was also sponsored by ENNDS which got rid of breath and body odors and each tiny capsule was said to contain 100 mg of chlorophyll. The money was to go to the March of Dimes charity to fight polio, three businessmen bid $1,000, but the winner was the Coca-Cola Bottling Company of Fort Worth, Texas which bid $5,000. In 1946, writer Arthur Kurlan had worked with CBS Radio in an attempt to bring the premise and characters of the play and film, My Sister Eileen
33.
Wendy Barrie
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Wendy Barrie was a British-American film and television actress. Marguerite Wendy Jenkins was born in Hong Kong to English parents and her father was a successful lawyer and Kings Counsel, F. C. Jenkins. She received her education at a convent school in England and a school in Switzerland. While still in her teens, she began pursuing a career as an actress, helped by her red-gold hair and she adopted the stage name Wendy Barrie in honour of Peter Pan author J. M. Barrie, who was her godfather. She began her life in English theatre. In 1932, Barrie made her debut in the film Threads. In 1934, she appeared in Freedom of the Seas and was contracted by Fox Film Corporation for a directed by Scott Darling that was made in Britain. Loaned to MGM, Barrie starred opposite James Stewart in the 1936 film Speed, in 1939 she starred with Richard Greene and Basil Rathbone in the 20th Century Fox version of The Hound of the Baskervilles, and with Lucille Ball in RKOs Five Came Back. During the early 1940s, Barrie made several of The Saint and she made her final motion picture in 1954. Barry was a member of the cast of The Jack Haley Show on NBC and she was an assistant on the Star for a Night program on the Blue Network, and she was one of the quizmasters on Detect and Collect on CBS and ABC. In 1956, she had a disc jockey program, the Wendy Barrie Show and she also hosted a widely syndicated radio interview show into the mid-1960s. With the dawn of television, in the late 1940s, Barrie turned to roles in that medium, from 17 November 1948 to 9 February 1949, Barrie hosted Picture This on NBC. During 1948 and 1949, she hosted a DuMont Television Network comedy for children featuring a puppet called The Adventures of Oky Doky. However, she is best remembered by U. S. audiences as host of one of the first television talk shows and her pitching of Living Lipstick saw that product being sold out across the country. Barrie continued on local TV in New York City, on January 11,1954, a new The Wendy Barrie Show premiered from the studios of WHIO-TV in Dayton, simulcast on Taft Broadcastings WKRC-TV in Cincinnati and WTVN-TV in Columbus. Wendy Barries contract was terminated in October,1954 and it was dedicated February 8,1980. Barrie became a naturalized American citizen in 1942 and she was once engaged to infamous gangster Benjamin Bugsy Siegel, and at one time married to actor David Meyer. She died in Englewood, New Jersey, in 1978, aged 65 and she was buried in the Kensico Cemetery in Valhalla, New York
34.
Library of Congress
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The Library of Congress is the research library that officially serves the United States Congress and is the de facto national library of the United States. It is the oldest federal cultural institution in the United States, the Library is housed in three buildings on Capitol Hill in Washington, D. C. it also maintains the Packard Campus in Culpeper, Virginia, which houses the National Audio-Visual Conservation Center. The Library of Congress claims to be the largest library in the world and its collections are universal, not limited by subject, format, or national boundary, and include research materials from all parts of the world and in more than 450 languages. Two-thirds of the books it acquires each year are in other than English. The Library of Congress moved to Washington in 1800, after sitting for years in the temporary national capitals of New York. John J. Beckley, who became the first Librarian of Congress, was two dollars per day and was required to also serve as the Clerk of the House of Representatives. The small Congressional Library was housed in the United States Capitol for most of the 19th century until the early 1890s, most of the original collection had been destroyed by the British in 1814, during the War of 1812. To restore its collection in 1815, the bought from former president Thomas Jefferson his entire personal collection of 6,487 books. After a period of growth, another fire struck the Library in its Capitol chambers in 1851, again destroying a large amount of the collection. The Library received the right of transference of all copyrighted works to have two copies deposited of books, maps, illustrations and diagrams printed in the United States. It also began to build its collections of British and other European works and it included several stories built underground of steel and cast iron stacks. Although the Library is open to the public, only high-ranking government officials may check out books, the Library promotes literacy and American literature through projects such as the American Folklife Center, American Memory, Center for the Book, and Poet Laureate. James Madison is credited with the idea for creating a congressional library, part of the legislation appropriated $5,000 for the purchase of such books as may be necessary for the use of Congress. And for fitting up an apartment for containing them. Books were ordered from London and the collection, consisting of 740 books and 3 maps, was housed in the new Capitol, as president, Thomas Jefferson played an important role in establishing the structure of the Library of Congress. The new law also extended to the president and vice president the ability to borrow books and these volumes had been left in the Senate wing of the Capitol. One of the only congressional volumes to have survived was a government account book of receipts and it was taken as a souvenir by a British Commander whose family later returned it to the United States government in 1940. Within a month, former president Jefferson offered to sell his library as a replacement
35.
Wyatt Earp
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He is often regarded as the central figure in the shootout in Tombstone, although his brother Virgil was Tombstone city marshal and Deputy U. S. Marshal that day, and had far more experience as a sheriff, constable, marshal, and soldier in combat. He was at different times a constable, city policeman, county sheriff, Deputy U. S. Marshal, teamster, buffalo hunter, bouncer, saloon-keeper, gambler, brothel keeper, miner, Earp spent his early life in Iowa. In 1870, Earp married his first wife, Urilla Sutherland Earp and his third arrest was subject of a lengthy account in the Daily Transcript which referred to him as an old offender and nicknamed him the Peoria Bummer. By 1874 he had arrived in the boomtown of Wichita. On April 21,1875 he was appointed to the Wichita police force, in April 1876 he was dismissed from his position as a lawman following an altercation with a political opponent of his boss which led to him being fined $30. In 1876, he followed his brother James to Dodge City, Kansas, in winter 1878, he went to Texas to track down an outlaw and met John Doc Holliday, whom Earp later credited with saving his life. Earp moved constantly throughout his life from one boomtown to another and he left Dodge City in 1879 and moved to Tombstone with his brothers James and Virgil, where a silver boom was underway. There, the Earps clashed with a federation of outlaws known as the Cowboys. The conflict escalated over the year, culminating on October 26,1881 in the Gunfight at the O. K. Corral, in which the Earps. In the next five months, Virgil was ambushed and maimed, pursuing a vendetta, Wyatt, his brother Warren, Holliday, and others formed a federal posse that killed three of the Cowboys whom they thought responsible. Wyatt was never wounded in any of the gunfights in which he took part, unlike his brothers Virgil and James, or his friend, Doc Holliday, Earp was a lifelong gambler and was always looking for a quick way to make money. After leaving Tombstone, Earp went to San Francisco where he reunited with Josephine Earp and they joined a gold rush to Eagle City, Idaho, where they owned mining interests and a saloon. They left there to race horses and open a saloon during an estate boom in San Diego. They moved briefly to Yuma, Arizona before joining the Nome Gold Rush in 1899, in partnership with Charlie Hoxie they opened a two storey saloon called The Dexter and made an estimated $80,000. Returning to the lower 48, they opened another saloon in Tonopah, Nevada, in about 1911, Earp began working several mining claims in Vidal, California, retiring in the hot summers with Josephine to Los Angeles. Wyatt Earp died on January 13,1929 and he was known as a Western lawman, gunfighter, and boxing referee. He had a reputation for both his handling of the Fitzsimmons-Sharkey fight and his role in the O. K. Corral gun fight
36.
Cadillac
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Cadillac /ˈkædᵻlæk/, formally the Cadillac Motor Car Division, is a division of the U. S. -based General Motors that markets luxury vehicles worldwide. Its primary markets are the United States, Canada, and China, historically, Cadillac automobiles have always held a place at the top of the luxury field within the United States. In 2016, Cadillacs U. S. sales were 170,006 vehicles, Cadillac is among the oldest automobile brands in the world, second in America only to fellow GM marque Buick. The firm was founded from the remnants of the Henry Ford Company in 1902 and it was named after Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac, who founded Detroit, Michigan. The Cadillac crest is based on his coat of arms, by the time General Motors purchased the company in 1909, Cadillac had already established itself as one of Americas premier luxury carmakers. The complete interchangeability of its parts had allowed it to lay the foundation for the modern mass production of automobiles. It was at the forefront of advances, introducing full electrical systems, the clashless manual transmission. The brand developed three engines, with its V8 setting the standard for the American automotive industry and it won the trophy again in 1912 for incorporating electric starting and lighting in a production automobile. Cadillac was formed from the remnants of the Henry Ford Company, after a dispute between Henry Ford and his investors, Ford left the company along with several of his key partners in March 1902. Instead, Leland persuaded the pair to continue manufacturing automobiles using Lelands proven single-cylinder engine, a new company called the Cadillac Automobile Company was established on 22 August 1902, re-purposing the Henry Ford Company factory at Cass Street and Amsterdam Avenue. It was named after French explorer Antoine Laumet de La Mothe, sieur de Cadillac, Cadillacs first automobiles, the Runabout and Tonneau, were completed in October 1902. They were two-seat horseless carriages powered by a 10 hp single-cylinder engine and they were practically identical to the 1903 Ford Model A. Cadillac displayed the new vehicles at the New York Auto Show in January 1903, Cadillacs biggest selling point was precision manufacturing, and therefore, reliability, a Cadillac was simply a better-made vehicle than its competitors. Runabout Rear-entrance tonneau Special bodies The Cadillac Automobile Company merged with Leland & Faulconer Manufacturing, forming The Cadillac Motor Company in 1905. From its earliest years, Cadillac aimed for precision engineering and stylish luxury finishes, Cadillac was the first volume manufacturer of a fully enclosed car in 1906. Cadillac participated in the 1908 interchangeability test in the United Kingdom, in 1912, Cadillac was the first automobile manufacturer to incorporate an electrical system enabling starting, ignition, and lighting. Cadillac was purchased by the General Motors conglomerate in 1909, Cadillac became General Motors prestige division, devoted to the production of large luxury vehicles. It was positioned at the top of GMs vehicle hierarchy, above Buick, Oldsmobile, Oakland, in 1915, Cadillac introduced a 90-degree flathead V8 engine with 70 horsepower at 2400 rpm and 180 pound force-feet of torque, allowing its cars to attain 65 miles per hour
37.
United States Marine Corps
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The U. S. Marine Corps is one of the four armed service branches in the U. S. Department of Defense and one of the seven uniformed services of the United States. The current Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, the military officer in the U. S. Armed Forces, is a Marine Corps general, the Marine Corps has been a component of the U. S. Department of the Navy since 30 June 1834, working closely with naval forces for training, transportation, and logistics. The USMC operates posts on land and aboard sea-going amphibious warfare ships around the world, two battalions of Continental Marines were formed on 10 November 1775 in Philadelphia as a service branch of infantry troops capable of fighting for independence both at sea and on shore. The role of the Corps has since grown and evolved, expanding to aerial warfare and earning popular titles such as, Americas third air force, and, second land army. By the mid-20th century, the U. S. Marine Corps had become a major theorist of and its ability to rapidly respond on short notice to expeditionary crises gives it a strong role in the implementation and execution of American foreign policy. As of 2016, the USMC has around 182,000 active duty members and it is the smallest of the U. S. The USMC serves as an expeditionary force-in-readiness and this last clause, while seemingly redundant given the Presidents position as Commander-in-chief, is a codification of the expeditionary responsibilities of the Marine Corps. It derives from similar language in the Congressional acts For the Better Organization of the Marine Corps of 1834, in 1951, the House of Representatives Armed Services Committee called the clause one of the most important statutory – and traditional – functions of the Marine Corps. In addition to its duties, the Marine Corps conducts Visit, Board, Search, and Seizure operations, as well as missions in direct support of the White House. The Marine Band, dubbed the Presidents Own by Thomas Jefferson, Marines from Ceremonial Companies A & B, quartered in Marine Barracks, Washington, D. C. The Executive Flight Detachment also provides transport to Cabinet members. The relationship between the Department of State and the U. S. Marine Corps is nearly as old as the corps itself, for over 200 years, Marines have served at the request of various Secretaries of State. After World War II, an alert, disciplined force was needed to protect American embassies, consulates, in 1947, a proposal was made that the Department of War furnish Marine Corps personnel for Foreign Service guard duty under the provisions of the Foreign Service Act of 1946. A formal Memorandum of Agreement was signed between the Department of State and the Secretary of the Navy on December 15,1948, during the first year of the MSG program,36 detachments were deployed worldwide. Continental Marines manned raiding parties, both at sea and ashore, the Advanced Base Doctrine of the early 20th century codified their combat duties ashore, outlining the use of Marines in the seizure of bases and other duties on land to support naval campaigns. Throughout the late 19th and 20th centuries, Marine detachments served aboard Navy cruisers, battleships, Marine detachments served in their traditional duties as a ships landing force, manning the ships weapons and providing shipboard security. Marines would develop tactics and techniques of amphibious assault on defended coastlines in time for use in World War II, during World War II, Marines continued to serve on capital ships
38.
Cooking
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Cooking or cookery is the art, technology and craft of preparing food for consumption with the use of heat. The ways or types of cooking also depend on the skill, cooking is done both by people in their own dwellings and by professional cooks and chefs in restaurants and other food establishments. Cooking can also occur through chemical reactions without the presence of heat, such as in ceviche, preparing food with heat or fire is an activity unique to humans. It may have started around 2 million years ago, though evidence for it reaches no more than 1 million years ago. The expansion of agriculture, commerce, trade and transportation between civilizations in different regions offered cooks many new ingredients, New inventions and technologies, such as the invention of pottery for holding and boiling water, expanded cooking techniques. Some modern cooks apply advanced scientific techniques to food preparation to further enhance the flavor of the dish served, phylogenetic analysis suggests that human ancestors may have invented cooking as far back as 1.8 million to 2.3 million years ago. Re-analysis of burnt bone fragments and plant ashes from the Wonderwerk Cave, there is evidence that Homo erectus was cooking their food as early as 500,000 years ago. Evidence for the use of fire by Homo erectus beginning some 400,000 years ago has wide scholarly support. Archeological evidence, from 300,000 years ago, in the form of ancient hearths, earth ovens, burnt animal bones, and flint, are found across Europe, anthropologists think that widespread cooking fires began about 250,000 years ago, when hearths started appearing. More recently, the earliest hearths have been reported to be at least 790,000 years old, in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, food was a classic marker of identity in Europe. In the nineteenth-century Age of Nationalism cuisine became a symbol of national identity. Communication between the Old World and the New World in the Colombian exchange influenced the history of cooking, the Industrial Revolution brought mass-production, mass-marketing and standardization of food. Factories processed, preserved, canned, and packaged a wide variety of foods, in the 1920s, freezing methods, cafeterias and fast-food establishments emerged. Along with changes in food, starting early in the 20th century, governments have issued nutrition guidelines, the 1916 Food For Young Children became the first USDA guide to give specific dietary guidelines. Updated in the 1920s, these guides gave shopping suggestions for different-sized families along with a Depression Era revision which included four cost levels, in 1943, the USDA created the Basic Seven chart to make sure that people got the recommended nutrients. It included the first-ever Recommended Daily Allowances from the National Academy of Sciences, in 1956, the Essentials of an Adequate Diet brought recommendations which cut the number of groups that American school children would learn about down to four. In 1979, a guide called Food addressed the link between too much of certain foods and chronic diseases, but added fats, oils, most ingredients in cooking are derived from living organisms. Vegetables, fruits, grains and nuts as well as herbs and spices come from plants, while meat, eggs, mushrooms and the yeast used in baking are kinds of fungi
39.
Dwight D. Eisenhower
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Dwight David Ike Eisenhower was an American politician and Army general who served as the 34th President of the United States from 1953 until 1961. He was a general in the United States Army during World War II. He was responsible for planning and supervising the invasion of North Africa in Operation Torch in 1942–43, in 1951, he became the first Supreme Commander of NATO. Eisenhower was of mostly Pennsylvania Dutch ancestry and was raised in a family in Kansas by parents with a strong religious background. He graduated from West Point in 1915 and later married Mamie Doud, after World War II, Eisenhower served as Army Chief of Staff under President Harry S. Truman and then accepted the post of President at Columbia University. Eisenhower entered the 1952 presidential race as a Republican to counter the non-interventionism of Senator Robert A. Taft, campaigning against communism, Korea and he won in a landslide, defeating Democratic candidate Adlai Stevenson and temporarily upending the New Deal Coalition. Eisenhower was the first U. S. president to be constitutionally term-limited under the 22nd Amendment, Eisenhowers main goals in office were to keep pressure on the Soviet Union and reduce federal deficits. He ordered coups in Iran and Guatemala, Eisenhower gave major aid to help the French in the First Indochina War, and after the French were defeated he gave strong financial support to the new state of South Vietnam. Congress agreed to his request in 1955 for the Formosa Resolution, after the Soviet Union launched Sputnik in 1957, Eisenhower authorized the establishment of NASA, which led to the space race. During the Suez Crisis of 1956, Eisenhower condemned the Israeli, British and French invasion of Egypt and he also condemned the Soviet invasion during the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 but took no action. Eisenhower sent 15,000 U. S. troops to Lebanon to prevent the government from falling to a Nasser-inspired revolution during the 1958 Lebanon crisis. Near the end of his term, his efforts to set up a meeting with the Soviets collapsed because of the U-2 incident. On the domestic front, he covertly opposed Joseph McCarthy and contributed to the end of McCarthyism by openly invoking executive privilege and he otherwise left most political activity to his Vice President, Richard Nixon. Eisenhower was a conservative who continued New Deal agencies and expanded Social Security. Eisenhowers two terms saw considerable economic prosperity except for a decline in 1958. Voted Gallups most admired man twelve times, he achieved widespread popular esteem both in and out of office, since the late 20th century, consensus among Western scholars has consistently held Eisenhower as one of the greatest U. S. Presidents. The Eisenhauer family migrated from Karlsbrunn in the Saarland, to North America, first settling in York, Pennsylvania, in 1741, accounts vary as to how and when the German name Eisenhauer was anglicized to Eisenhower. Eisenhowers Pennsylvania Dutch ancestors, who were farmers, included Hans Nikolaus Eisenhauer of Karlsbrunn
