1.
The Amazing Race Asia 1
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The Amazing Race Asia is a reality television game show based on the American series, The Amazing Race. The first season of the show features ten teams of two, with a relationship, in a race around Asia and the Pacific Rim to win US$100,000. Applications were accepted through 31 March 2006, the season began on 9 November 2006 and the season finale aired on 1 February 2007. Malaysian workers Zabrina Fernandez & Joe Jer Tee were the winners of the race, AXN Asia, which airs the original American series, had received many written requests for an Asian production from local viewers. In July 2006, Singaporean television personality Allan Wu was introduced as the host of The Amazing Race Asia. Ricky Ow, General Manager of SPE Networks Asia described Wu as a big fan of The Amazing Race and felt that his good looks, over 1000 teams across Asia applied for the series, with registration accepted through 31 March 2006. Ultimately, ten teams were selected to participate in the race, host Allan Wu commented that the producers definitely took the time and did their homework to select the most diverse, entertaining, and controversial batch of contestants for our first season. The cast consisted of a few local media representatives or their relatives, Zabrina is a Ntv7 and Channel V television producer, as well as the sister of Malaysian film director Joshua Fernandez and Hitz. FM DJ JJ Fernandez. Aubrey is an actress who acted in local movies such as Prosti, Xerex, Sanib, A Beautiful Life and Gagamboy. Prashant is an Indian actor who starred in the Bollywood movie Aag, melody Chen later appeared in The Amazing Race 25 as a Pit Stop greeter in Singapores Leg 9. The first season of the show was supported by the following regional sponsors, ltd, AirAsia, Caltex, MSN, Nokia, and Bintan Lagoon Resort. Ford was a sponsor, while the series was also supported by Tourism Malaysia. The sponsors played a role in the series by providing prizes. In addition, AirAsia was the airline used by racers. To introduce the new series to an Asian audience, a promotional tour visited Seoul, Bangkok, Singapore, Kuala Lumpur, Manila, an additional episode, subtitled Memories was an after-race interview special that aired one week after the season finale. The following teams participated in the race, with their relationships at the time of filming, placements are listed in finishing order, A red team placement indicates that the team was eliminated. An underlined blue placement indicates that the team was the last to arrive at a Pit Stop in a non-elimination Leg of the race. The teams were forced to relinquish all of their money and were not allotted money for the next Leg, a green ƒ indicates that the team won a Fast Forward clue
2.
The Amazing Race Asia 3
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The Amazing Race Asia is a reality television game show based on the American series, The Amazing Race. The third installment of the show features ten teams of two with a relationship, in a race around Asia to win US$100,000. The season premiered on September 11,2008 and consists of 11 episodes, the season finale aired on November 20,2008. In 2009, the series was nominated for an International Emmy Award for Best Non-Scripted Entertainment, friends Vince Chung & Sam Wu, representing Hong Kong, were the winners of the race. Vince also becomes the first non-Asian by nationality to win the race, the third season of The Amazing Race Asia covered 21,600 kilometres in six countries. Route markers were coloured yellow and white in Vietnam to avoid confusion with the flag of South Vietnam. This season introduced the U-turn marker, while the Intersection was not included and this season, like the American versions Family Edition and Brazilian version, was the first to have had the entire Race take place in one continent, Asia. Unlike past seasons, this was the first race to not have the first leg as a non-elimination leg and this season also had the number of episodes decreased from 13 to 11. During filming, one crew member was even hospitalized. Applications for the season were due on March 3,2008. Interviews for semi-finalists and finalists were held sometime around March or April 2008, filming was expected to have taken place around the middle of 2008. This seasons cast include cousins, and a father & son team, like Season 2, the Race featured a large number of local media personalities or their relatives. Natalie is the winner of Miss Universe 2005 and also the wife of Thai tennis player Paradorn Srichaphan and her teammate, Pailin, is the runner-up in 2006 Miss Thailand Universe and also contested in Miss Earth 2006. William and Isaac are sports commentators and football agents for professional players in the Korean K-League, Vince is a leading stand-up comedian in Hong Kong, often performing and hosting at The TakeOut Comedy Club Hong Kong, and was a finalist in Hong Kongs first nationwide stand-up comedy competition. This season consists of three non-Asians, natalie and Vince are Canadians, and Geoff is from New Zealand. Additionally, Sam, who was originally from Singapore, is representing Hong Kong, tisha is of Canadian nationality but of Filipino ethnicity, Henry and Bernie are of Australian nationality but of Chinese ethnicity. Paula Taylor, one of the racers in Season 2, appeared as the local greeter in the first leg of the Race, kynt Cothron and Vyxsin Fialas audition video was shown on the Racers Revealed episode. But if we do an All Star version down the track you never know, the third season of The Amazing Race Asia had six official sponsors, they are Caltex, MASkargo, Nokia, Singha, Sony and Standard Chartered Bank
3.
The Amazing Race Asia
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The Amazing Race Asia is a reality game show based on the American series The Amazing Race. On 17 October 2005, CBS gave other countries the chance to franchise The Amazing Race, the Asian cable TV network AXN Asia was among the first to acquire the rights to produce a version for its territories. The show is produced by Australian television production company ActiveTV, for AXN, in association with Disney Media Distribution, the host for the show is Singapore based Chinese-American actor Allan Wu. The ultimate prize is US$100,000, whilst the American show gives away US$1,000,000, in mid 2016, it was announced that the series will return in late 2016 after a 6-year hiatus. Then it was produced by Sony Pictures Television in the revival series, the Amazing Race Asia is a reality television competition between ten teams of two in a race around the world. The first team to arrive at a Pit Stop is often awarded a prize while the last team is eliminated from the race. The final leg of each race is run by the last three remaining teams, and the first to arrive at the final destination wins the US$100,000 cash prize, each team is composed of two individuals who have some type of relationship to each other. A total of 80 participants have joined The Amazing Race Asia, because of the various languages spoken around Asia and the fact that the show is broadcast on an English-language network, participants are all required to be able to communicate in English. The contestants chosen to appear are from various Asian countries and not limited to one country of origin, from season 2 onwards, Japanese residents were eligible to participate, having been ineligible for season 1. Route Markers are yellow and red flags that mark the places where teams must go, Route Markers were, however, coloured yellow and white in the second leg of season 3 to avoid confusion with the flag of South Vietnam. Clues are found throughout the race in sealed envelopes, normally inside clue boxes and they give teams the information they need and tasks they need to do in order for them to progress through the race. Route Info, A general clue that may include a task to be completed by the team before they can receive their next clue, Detour, A choice of two tasks. Teams are free to choose either task or swap tasks if they find one too difficult. Roadblock, A task only one member can complete. Teams must choose which member will complete the task based on a clue about the task before fully revealing the details of the task. Fast Forward, A task that one team may complete, allowing that team to skip all remaining tasks. Teams may only claim one Fast Forward during the entire race, teams may only use their ability to yield another team once throughout the race. Intersection, Introduced in season 2, It indicates that two teams must complete tasks together until a clue indicates that they have been unintersected
4.
Reality television
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It differs from documentary television in that the focus tends to be on drama, personal conflict, and entertainment rather than educating viewers. The genre has various standard tropes, including confessionals used by cast members to express their thoughts, an early example of the genre was the 1991 Dutch series Nummer 28, which was the first show to bring together strangers and record their interactions. It then exploded as a phenomenon in the late 1990s and early 2000s with the success of the series Survivor, Idols. These shows and a number of others became global franchises, spawning local versions in dozens of countries, Reality television as a whole has become a fixture of television programming. There are grey areas around what is classified as reality television, Reality television has faced significant criticism since its rise in popularity. Much of the criticism has centered on the use of the word reality, Television formats portraying ordinary people in unscripted situations are almost as old as the television medium itself. Precedents for television that portrayed people in unscripted situations began in the late 1940s, queen for a Day was an early example of reality-based television. The 1946 television game show Cash and Carry sometimes featured contestants performing stunts, debuting in 1948, Allen Funts hidden camera show Candid Camera broadcast unsuspecting ordinary people reacting to pranks. In 1948, talent search shows Ted Macks Original Amateur Hour and Arthur Godfreys Talent Scouts featured amateur competitors, in the 1950s, game shows Beat the Clock and Truth or Consequences involved contestants in wacky competitions, stunts, and practical jokes. Confession was a show which aired from June 1958 to January 1959. The radio series Nightwatch tape-recorded the daily activities of Culver City, the series You Asked for It incorporated audience involvement by basing episodes around requests sent in by postcard from viewers. First broadcast in the United Kingdom in 1964, the Granada Television documentary Seven Up, broadcast interviews with a dozen ordinary 7-year-olds from a broad cross-section of society and inquired about their reactions to everyday life. Every seven years, a film documented the life of the same individuals during the period, titled the Up Series, episodes include 7 Plus Seven,21 Up. The program was structured as a series of interviews with no element of plot, however, it did have the then-new effect of turning ordinary people into celebrities. The first reality show in the modern sense may have been the series The American Sportsman, Another precursor may be considered Mutual of Omahas Wild Kingdom which aired from 1963 through 1988. This show featured zoologist Marlin Perkins traveling across the globe and illustrating the variety of animal life on the planet. Though mostly a travelogue, it was popular in syndication and new episodes were produced through the eighties. The 12-part 1973 PBS series An American Family showed a nuclear family going through a divorce, unlike many later reality shows, it was more or less documentary in purpose and style
5.
Game show
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Alternatively, a gameshow can be a demonstrative program about a game. In the former, contestants may be invited from a pool of public applicants, on some shows, contestants compete against other players or another team, while other shows involve contestants playing alone for a reward or a high score. Game shows often reward players with prizes such as cash, trips and goods and services provided by the shows sponsor prize suppliers, One of the reasons that television broadcasters make game shows is because they are substantially less costly than producing scripted drama shows. Some TV game shows fall under the category of reality television, Television game shows descended from similar programs on radio. The very first television show, Spelling Bee, was broadcast in 1938. Truth or Consequences was the first game show to air on commercially licensed television and its first episode aired in 1941 as an experimental broadcast. Over the course of the 1950s, as began to pervade the popular culture. Daytime game shows would be played for lower stakes to target stay-at-home housewives, higher-stakes programs would air in primetime. During the late 1950s, high-stakes games such as Twenty One, however, the rise of quiz shows proved to be short-lived. In 1959, many of the higher stakes game shows were discovered to be rigged, an early variant of the game show, the panel game, survived the quiz show scandals. On shows like Whats My Line, ive Got A Secret and To Tell The Truth, panels of celebrities would interview a guest in an effort to determine some fact about them, in others, celebrities would answer questions. Panel games had success in primetime until the late 1960s, when they were dropped from television because of their perceived “low budget” nature. Panel games made a comeback in American daytime television in the 1970s through comedy-driven shows such as Match Game, mock the Week, QI and 8 Out of 10 Cats, all of which put a heavy emphasis on comedy, leaving the points as mere formalities. The focus on quick-witted comedians has resulted in ratings, which. Game shows remained a fixture of US daytime television through the 1960s after the quiz show scandals, lower-stakes games made a slight comeback in daytime in the early 1960s, examples include Jeopardy. Which began in 1964 and the version of The Match Game first aired in 1962. Lets Make a Deal began in 1963 and the 1960s also marked the debut of Hollywood Squares, Password, The Dating Game, though CBS gave up on daytime game shows in 1968, the other networks did not follow suit. Color television was introduced to the game genre in the late 1960s on all three networks
6.
The Amazing Race
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The Amazing Race is a reality television game show in which teams of two people race around the world in competition with other teams. Clues provided in each leg lead the teams to the destination or direct them to perform a task. These challenges are related in some manner to the country wherein they are located or its culture, teams are progressively eliminated until three are left, at that point, the team that arrives first in the final leg is awarded the grand prize. Emmy-award-winning New Zealand television personality Phil Keoghan has been the host of the U. S. version of the show since its inception, the show has branched out to include a number of international versions following a similar format. Unless otherwise indicated, the seasons refer to the U. S. version of the series, typically, each cycle of the Race features eleven teams. Original Race rules required that teammates have had a relationship longer than three years, and no previous acquaintances with other racers during that cycle. The team format has varied in some seasons, four seasons featured an additional team of two, while the Family Edition featured ten teams of four players and included young children. Season 29 will feature 22 complete strangers who meet for the first time. Unseen by the viewer most of the time, teams are accompanied by an audio and video production crew that records the team as they race. The production crews are switched among teams each leg to avoid familiarity, at the beginning of each leg of the race, each team receives an allowance with their first clue, from which all expenses must be purchased during the Leg. Selected tasks have also required the teams to use their money to complete the task, however, teams are given a credit card which they must use to purchase airline tickets. While early seasons of the U. S. version of the allowed for teams to use the credit card to reserve flights outside of an airport or travel agency. Allowance money is given in the same currency as the shows nation regardless of location. In one exception, teams were given money in the currency of Vietnam at the start of that Leg, the amount of money varies from leg to leg, and has ranged from hundreds of dollars to nothing. Teams are allowed to any unused money for future race legs. If team members all of their money or have it taken away in a non-elimination leg. This includes borrowing money from other teams, begging from locals or selling their possessions, since season seven, teams have been prevented from begging at United States airports. Additionally, teams may not use their personal possessions to barter payment for services, however, the exact amount is not known, nor are the exact circumstances when it can be used
7.
United States dollar
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The United States dollar is the official currency of the United States and its insular territories per the United States Constitution. It is divided into 100 smaller cent units, the circulating paper money consists of Federal Reserve Notes that are denominated in United States dollars. The U. S. dollar was originally commodity money of silver as enacted by the Coinage Act of 1792 which determined the dollar to be 371 4/16 grain pure or 416 grain standard silver, the currency most used in international transactions, it is the worlds primary reserve currency. Several countries use it as their currency, and in many others it is the de facto currency. Besides the United States, it is used as the sole currency in two British Overseas Territories in the Caribbean, the British Virgin Islands and Turks and Caicos Islands. A few countries use the Federal Reserve Notes for paper money, while the country mints its own coins, or also accepts U. S. coins that can be used as payment in U. S. dollars. After Nixon shock of 1971, USD became fiat currency, Article I, Section 8 of the U. S. Constitution provides that the Congress has the power To coin money, laws implementing this power are currently codified at 31 U. S. C. Section 5112 prescribes the forms in which the United States dollars should be issued and these coins are both designated in Section 5112 as legal tender in payment of debts. The Sacagawea dollar is one example of the copper alloy dollar, the pure silver dollar is known as the American Silver Eagle. Section 5112 also provides for the minting and issuance of other coins and these other coins are more fully described in Coins of the United States dollar. The Constitution provides that a regular Statement and Account of the Receipts and that provision of the Constitution is made specific by Section 331 of Title 31 of the United States Code. The sums of money reported in the Statements are currently being expressed in U. S. dollars, the U. S. dollar may therefore be described as the unit of account of the United States. The word dollar is one of the words in the first paragraph of Section 9 of Article I of the Constitution, there, dollars is a reference to the Spanish milled dollar, a coin that had a monetary value of 8 Spanish units of currency, or reales. In 1792 the U. S. Congress passed a Coinage Act, Section 20 of the act provided, That the money of account of the United States shall be expressed in dollars, or units. And that all accounts in the offices and all proceedings in the courts of the United States shall be kept and had in conformity to this regulation. In other words, this act designated the United States dollar as the unit of currency of the United States, unlike the Spanish milled dollar the U. S. dollar is based upon a decimal system of values. Both one-dollar coins and notes are produced today, although the form is significantly more common
8.
Asian Civilisations Museum
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It is one of the pioneering museums in the region to specialise in pan-Asian cultures and civilisations. The museum specialises in the history of China, Southeast Asia, South Asia and West Asia. The museum first opened at the Old Tao Nan School building on 22 April 1997 at Armenian Street, with the restoration of the Empress Place Building, the museum established its new flagship museum there on 2 March 2003, rapidly expanding the collection to other areas of Asia. The Armenian Street branch closed for renovations on 1 January 2006 and reopened on 25 April 2008 as the Peranakan Museum, on September 16,2006, the Museum officially launched its new logo with a new slogan The Asian Civilisations Museum — Where Asian Cultures Come Alive. This new logo reflects the unique location by the historic Singapore River, the source and origin of Singapore multicultural society. The brown reflected image also alludes to the museum as a place for reflection, while the vibrant orange is a colour which represents activity. In late 2013, after undergoing a rebranding exercise, the Museum launched its new logo with a new slogan Singapores Museum of Asia, on September 16,2014, the Museum was named the top museum in Singapore and ranked ninth in Asia by TripAdvisor’s Travellers’ Choice awards. The Museum was the only Singapore museum ranked among Asia’s top 10 museums, on 15 November 2015, the Museum unveiled its new spaces after it started its revamp in 2014. The revamp is carried out in phases, Phase 1 was unveiled on 14 November 2015, Phase 2 was completed in April 2016, with further enhancements to follow. The Chinese collection is represented by fine Dehua porcelain figures, Taoist and Buddhistic statuary, export porcelain, calligraphy, the South Asian Galleries feature statuary from a broad spectrum of periods including some fine Chola bronzes. Of particularly note is the Chola bronze sculpture of Uma, the consort of Shiva, other areas of note include South Indian woodwork, Nepali-Tibetan bronzes, textiles, late medieval miniatures and colonial prints. The Southeast Asian collections are broad in scope and are rich in ethnological material, representing the aristocratic art of ancient Southeast Asia are Khmer sculptures, Javanese temple sculpture, later Buddhist art from Burma/Thailand and the Sinicised temple art of Vietnam. Peranakan gold, textiles, tribal ornament and theatrical masks are other strengths of the collection, certain gallery rooms are also used for temporary exhibitions. A recent exhibition included the display of the spectacular Bronze Age masks from Sanxingdui, Sichuan Province, the museum has a restaurant, Empress, featuring traditional Chinese dishes in a contemporary setting, and a cafe, Privé ACM, offering all day dining. There are ballrooms and halls available for functions, the museum shop has souvenirs and a wide range of books on Asian art
9.
Singapore
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Singapore, officially the Republic of Singapore, sometimes referred to as the Lion City or the Little Red Dot, is a sovereign city-state in Southeast Asia. It lies one degree north of the equator, at the tip of peninsular Malaysia. Singapores territory consists of one island along with 62 other islets. Since independence, extensive land reclamation has increased its size by 23%. During the Second World War, Singapore was occupied by Japan, after early years of turbulence, and despite lacking natural resources and a hinterland, the nation developed rapidly as an Asian Tiger economy, based on external trade and its workforce. Singapore is a global commerce, finance and transport hub, the country has also been identified as a tax haven. Singapore ranks 5th internationally and first in Asia on the UN Human Development Index and it is ranked highly in education, healthcare, life expectancy, quality of life, personal safety, and housing, but does not fare well on the Democracy index. Although income inequality is high, 90% of homes are owner-occupied, 38% of Singapores 5.6 million residents are permanent residents and other foreign nationals. There are four languages on the island, Malay, Mandarin, Tamil. English is its language, most Singaporeans are bilingual. Singapore is a multiparty parliamentary republic, with a Westminster system of unicameral parliamentary government. The Peoples Action Party has won every election since self-government in 1959, however, it is unlikely that lions ever lived on the island, Sang Nila Utama, the Srivijayan prince said to have founded and named the island Singapura, perhaps saw a Malayan tiger. There are however other suggestions for the origin of the name, the central island has also been called Pulau Ujong as far back as the third century CE, literally island at the end in Malay. In 1299, according to the Malay Annals, the Kingdom of Singapura was founded on the island by Sang Nila Utama and these Indianized Kingdoms, a term coined by George Cœdès were characterized by surprising resilience, political integrity and administrative stability. In 1613, Portuguese raiders burned down the settlement, which by then was part of the Johor Sultanate. The wider maritime region and much trade was under Dutch control for the following period, in 1824 the entire island, as well as the Temenggong, became a British possession after a further treaty with the Sultan. In 1826, Singapore became part of the Straits Settlements, under the jurisdiction of British India, prior to Raffles arrival, there were only about a thousand people living on the island, mostly indigenous Malays along with a handful of Chinese. By 1860 the population had swelled to over 80,000, many of these early immigrants came to work on the pepper and gambier plantations
10.
The Amazing Race (U.S. TV series)
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The Amazing Race is an American reality competition show in which typically eleven teams of two race around the world. Teams are progressively eliminated at the end of most legs, while the first team to arrive at the end of the final leg wins the prize of US$1 million. As the original version of the Amazing Race franchise, the CBS program has been running since 2001, the series was renewed for a 29th season, which premiered on March 30,2017. Numerous international versions have been developed following the core structure. The show was created by Elise Doganieri and Bertram van Munster, the show is produced by Earthview Inc. Jerry Bruckheimer Television for CBS Television Studios and ABC Studios. The series has been hosted by veteran New Zealand television personality Phil Keoghan since its inception, although it has moved around several prime time slots since its inception, the program has averaged about 10 million viewers per season. The Amazing Race is a reality competition, typically involving eleven teams of two, in a race around the world. The race cycle is divided into a number of legs, normally twelve, each leg ends with a Pit Stop, where teams are given a chance to rest and recover before starting the next leg twelve hours later. The first team to arrive at a Pit Stop is often awarded a prize such as a trip, some legs are non-elimination legs, where the last team to arrive may be penalized in the following leg. Some races have featured double-length legs, where the meet the host at what appears to be a Pit Stop. The final leg of each race is run by the last three remaining teams, and the first to arrive at the final destination wins the shows prize, the average length of each race is approximately 25 to 30 days. During each leg, teams follow clues from Route Markers—boxes containing clue envelopes marked in the red, yellow. Travel between destinations includes commercial and chartered airplanes, boats, trains, taxis, buses, and rented vehicles provided by the show, teams are required to pay for all expenses while traveling from a small stipend given to them at the start of each leg. Any money left unspent can be used in future legs of the race, the only exception is air travel, where teams are given a credit card to purchase economy-class fares. Some teams have used the tactic of begging to replenish lost money, clues may also describe a number of tasks that teams must complete before continuing to race. As such, teams are free and sometimes required to engage locals to help in any manner to decipher clues. Tasks are typically designed to highlight the culture of the country they are in. Such tasks include, Route Info, A general clue that may include a task to be completed by the team before they can receive their next clue, Detours, A choice of two tasks
11.
Japanese people
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Japanese people are an ethnic group native to Japan. Japanese people make up 98. 5% of the population of their country. Worldwide, approximately 129 million people are of Japanese descent, of these, people of Japanese ancestry who live in other countries are referred to as the Japanese diaspora. The term ethnic Japanese may also be used in some contexts to refer to ethnic groups, including the Yamato, Ainu. The Japanese language is a Japonic language that in the past was treated as a language isolate, the Japanese language has a tripartite writing system using Hiragana, Katakana, and Kanji. Domestic Japanese people use primarily Japanese for daily interaction, the adult literacy rate in Japan exceeds 99%. Japanese religion has traditionally been syncretic in nature, combining elements of Buddhism, Shinto, a polytheistic religion with no book of religious canon, is Japans native religion. Mahayana Buddhism came to Japan in the century and evolved into many different sects. Today, the largest form of Buddhism among Japanese people is the Jōdo Shinshū sect founded by Shinran, most Japanese people profess to believe in both Shinto and Buddhism. Japanese peoples religion functions mostly as a foundation for mythology, traditions, Christianity in Japan is among the nations minority religions. Just under 2%, or about 2.5 million, of Japans population are Christians, many Japanese practice Christianity in the diaspora in Brazil, which is home to the largest Japanese population outside Japan. About 60% of Japanese Brazilians are Roman Catholics, while 90% of Japanese Mexicans are Roman Catholic, certain genres of writing originated in and are often associated with Japanese society. These include the haiku, tanka, and I Novel, although modern writers generally avoid these writing styles, historically, many works have sought to capture or codify traditional Japanese cultural values and aesthetics. Twentieth-century Japanese writers recorded changes in Japanese society through their works, some of the most notable authors included Natsume Sōseki, Junichirō Tanizaki, Osamu Dazai, Yasunari Kawabata, Fumiko Enchi, Yukio Mishima, and Ryōtarō Shiba. In contemporary Japan, popular authors such as Ryū Murakami, Haruki Murakami, decorative arts in Japan date back to prehistoric times. Jōmon pottery includes examples with elaborate ornamentation, in the Yayoi period, artisans produced mirrors, spears, and ceremonial bells known as dōtaku. Later burial mounds, or kofun, preserve characteristic clay haniwa, beginning in the Nara period, painting, calligraphy, and sculpture flourished under strong Confucian and Buddhist influences from China. Among the architectural achievements of this period are the Hōryū-ji and the Yakushi-ji, after the cessation of official relations with the Tang dynasty in the ninth century, Japanese art and architecture gradually became less influenced by China
12.
Toronto
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Toronto is the most populous city in Canada and the provincial capital of Ontario. With a population of 2,731,571, it is the fourth most populous city in North America after Mexico City, New York City, and Los Angeles. A global city, Toronto is a centre of business, finance, arts, and culture. Aboriginal peoples have inhabited the area now known as Toronto for thousands of years, the city itself is situated on the southern terminus of an ancient Aboriginal trail leading north to Lake Simcoe, used by the Wyandot, Iroquois, and the Mississauga. Permanent European settlement began in the 1790s, after the broadly disputed Toronto Purchase of 1787, the British established the town of York, and later designated it as the capital of Upper Canada. During the War of 1812, the town was the site of the Battle of York, York was renamed and incorporated as the city of Toronto in 1834, and became the capital of the province of Ontario during the Canadian Confederation in 1867. The city proper has since expanded past its original borders through amalgamation with surrounding municipalities at various times in its history to its current area of 630.2 km2. While the majority of Torontonians speak English as their primary language, Toronto is a prominent centre for music, theatre, motion picture production, and television production, and is home to the headquarters of Canadas major national broadcast networks and media outlets. Toronto is known for its skyscrapers and high-rise buildings, in particular the tallest free-standing structure in the Western Hemisphere. The name Toronto is likely derived from the Iroquois word tkaronto and this refers to the northern end of what is now Lake Simcoe, where the Huron had planted tree saplings to corral fish. A portage route from Lake Ontario to Lake Huron running through this point, in the 1660s, the Iroquois established two villages within what is today Toronto, Ganatsekwyagon on the banks of the Rouge River and Teiaiagonon the banks of the Humber River. By 1701, the Mississauga had displaced the Iroquois, who abandoned the Toronto area at the end of the Beaver Wars, French traders founded Fort Rouillé on the current Exhibition grounds in 1750, but abandoned it in 1759. During the American Revolutionary War, the region saw an influx of British settlers as United Empire Loyalists fled for the British-controlled lands north of Lake Ontario, the new province of Upper Canada was in the process of creation and needed a capital. Dorchester intended the location to be named Toronto, in 1793, Governor John Graves Simcoe established the town of York on the Toronto Purchase lands, instead naming it after Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany. Simcoe decided to move the Upper Canada capital from Newark to York, the York garrison was constructed at the entrance of the towns natural harbour, sheltered by a long sandbar peninsula. The towns settlement formed at the end of the harbour behind the peninsula, near the present-day intersection of Parliament Street. In 1813, as part of the War of 1812, the Battle of York ended in the towns capture, the surrender of the town was negotiated by John Strachan. US soldiers destroyed much of the garrison and set fire to the parliament buildings during their five-day occupation, the sacking of York was a primary motivation for the Burning of Washington by British troops later in the war
13.
Canada
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Canada is a country in the northern half of North America. Canadas border with the United States is the worlds longest binational land border, the majority of the country has a cold or severely cold winter climate, but southerly areas are warm in summer. Canada is sparsely populated, the majority of its territory being dominated by forest and tundra. It is highly urbanized with 82 per cent of the 35.15 million people concentrated in large and medium-sized cities, One third of the population lives in the three largest cities, Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver. Its capital is Ottawa, and other urban areas include Calgary, Edmonton, Quebec City, Winnipeg. Various aboriginal peoples had inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years prior to European colonization. Pursuant to the British North America Act, on July 1,1867, the colonies of Canada, New Brunswick and this began an accretion of provinces and territories to the mostly self-governing Dominion to the present ten provinces and three territories forming modern Canada. With the Constitution Act 1982, Canada took over authority, removing the last remaining ties of legal dependence on the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Canada is a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy, with Queen Elizabeth II being the head of state. The country is officially bilingual at the federal level and it is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many other countries. Its advanced economy is the eleventh largest in the world, relying chiefly upon its abundant natural resources, Canadas long and complex relationship with the United States has had a significant impact on its economy and culture. Canada is a country and has the tenth highest nominal per capita income globally as well as the ninth highest ranking in the Human Development Index. It ranks among the highest in international measurements of government transparency, civil liberties, quality of life, economic freedom, Canada is an influential nation in the world, primarily due to its inclusive values, years of prosperity and stability, stable economy, and efficient military. While a variety of theories have been postulated for the origins of Canada. In 1535, indigenous inhabitants of the present-day Quebec City region used the word to direct French explorer Jacques Cartier to the village of Stadacona, from the 16th to the early 18th century Canada referred to the part of New France that lay along the St. Lawrence River. In 1791, the area became two British colonies called Upper Canada and Lower Canada collectively named The Canadas, until their union as the British Province of Canada in 1841. Upon Confederation in 1867, Canada was adopted as the name for the new country at the London Conference. The transition away from the use of Dominion was formally reflected in 1982 with the passage of the Canada Act, later that year, the name of national holiday was changed from Dominion Day to Canada Day
14.
Miss Chinese International Pageant
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Miss Chinese International Pageant or MCI for short, is an annual international beauty pageant, organized and broadcast by TVB, a leading network television station in Hong Kong. All delegates at the time of the pageant are between the ages at least of 17 and 25, with the age limit expanded to 27 in 2012. The delegates must be of at least partial Chinese descent, in 2009, a record number of 11 delegates came from Mainland China, more than one-third of the total contestant count. The number of China delegates has since decreased, with the 2013 pageant having only one Mainland Chinese delegate, the first two pageants were held in the fourth quarter of the calendar year. However, in 1990, TVB decided to shift the pageant date to the beginning of the year to coincide with Lunar New Year. But since Miss Chinese International Pageant 1989 was not held until mid-December, since then, the pageant was held late January or early February of every year. In 2010, the pageant reverted to being held in November, therefore, Christine Kuo, Miss Chinese International 2009 is the longest serving titleholder, having served 658 days from January 17,2009 to November 5,2010. Miss Hong Kong Pageant 2010 was held in August and Laus successor, Toby Chan, one year later, TVB announced that the 23rd Miss Chinese International Pageant would be delayed until January 15,2012, meaning that there would be no pageant held in 2011. This is the first time since 1990 a pageant would not be held during a calendar year. As with the year before, several regional titleholders from 2010 would not be able to enter Miss Chinese International Pageant 2012 as they have crowned their successors by the end of 2011. Delegates representing Canadian cities have won 11 of the 27 iterations of the competition, with Vancouver winning seven titles, delegates from pageant organizer Hong Kong have won thrice, but have recorded the most top three finishes with 17. Chung had also lied about her credentials, claiming to have a Masters Degree from Harvard University when she only has taken a course from Harvard Extension School. The title has yet to be filled since, list of beauty contests Miss Chinese International Pageant 2017 Official Page
15.
Paula Taylor
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Paula Taylor is a Thai actress, model and presenter. Taylor was born in Chulalongkorn hospital, Bangkok, Thailand, two weeks after she was born, the family returned to Australia. Her father is of British descent and her mother is of Thai descent and she grew up in Perth, Western Australia and at the age of 9, after her parents divorce, moved to Brisbane, Queensland. While visiting her family in Thailand, she was asked if she would be interested in doing some modelling and she started her career in several commercials and small Thai movies before becoming a regular VJ for Channel V Thailand. Discovered by television producer Tanawat Wansom, she rose to fame and became a sought-after television hostess. In 2006, she co-starred in the Thai romance comedy film The Memory, Taylor also participated in The Amazing Race Asia 2 with her childhood friend Natasha Monks. At the 9th leg they came in last but it was a non-elimination leg, in Leg 10, however, which was in Hungary, they came last for the second time, leading them to be the 6th eliminated pair. They finished 5th in the race, at the Amazing Race Asia 3, the first leg was in Thailand. She was with host Allan Wu as the local greeter, Taylor made her Hollywood debut starring opposite William Hurt and Cary Elwes in the 2011 film Hellgate. Due to her exposure in the Amazing Race Asia, her face and she currently resides in Thailand while traveling around the region for commercials and television guest appearances. In 2009 she landed the role in a film starring Filipino comedian Vic Sotto in Love On Line where she plays a version of herself. She was also a guest host on Eat Bulaga. in which Sotto is a regular and she appears on the Philippine TV Sunday variety show SOP. Taylor married Anglo-Chinese businessman Edward Buttery in December 2010. They have a daughter, Lyla Jane Buttery. and in 2015 Taylor gave birth the child name Luca Christopher Buttery in the UK. Yah Lop Tah by JR-Voy Sexy by Paradox Tell Me Your Name by Christian Bautista Maak Maai by Bie The Star The Official Fansite Paula Taylor at the Internet Movie Database
16.
Channel V
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Channel V is the brand name for multiple international music television networks owned by Fox Networks Group, fully owned subsidiaries of 21st Century Fox. Channel V Asia is the flagship of the Channel V network and it was founded after MTV Asia parted ways with the STAR TV Network. It was produced and operated from Mumbai from 1 January 1994 until 1 January 2002, since 1 January 2008, Channel V International has moved back to its original studio in Hong Kong, which is also the same studio of Channel V China and Taiwan. On February 15,2017, Channel V Asia will be renamed as Fox Music Asia with the word MUSIC in Gotham font, Channel V India is the Indian affiliate of Channel V. On July 1,2015, the channel discontinued music programming and started focusing on original content through fiction dailies, on June 30,2016 the channel discontinued fiction dailies and studio formats. On August 1,2016 the channel changed its look and logo, Channel V India currently is a music channel which plays the latest Indian and International hits catering to the tastes of the discerning Indian youth. The current shows on-air look at capturing all the different moods of the viewers and they are- Channel Australia was the Australian affiliate of Channel V. Channel Australia ceased broadcasting on February 26,2016, hits is the sister station of Channel V Australia, focusing more on Chart/Hit music without TV shows. It was formally known as Club V until January 12,2007, Angela Chow Andrew Günsberg Jabba James Mathison Chloe Maxwell Yumi Stynes David Wu REDIRECT Channel V Thailand is a music channel in Thailand and is the Thai affiliate of Channel V. It is a joint venture between STAR TV, GMM Media and TrueVisions and this channel is a joint venture with STAR TV, Fox International Channels, TV Xtreme Broadcasting Company and Northern Star Productions as network providers. Channel V Korea is the South Korean affiliate of Channel V, Channel V Mainland China is the Chinese affiliate of Channel V. It is broadcast free-to-air on AsiaSat 3S, Channel V switches between Simplified and Traditional Chinese with selected Channel V International programs airing with Chinese subtitles. Lisa S. Angela Chow Ruth Winona Tao David Wu Channel V Taiwan is the Taiwanese affiliate of Channel V and it started operating in Taiwan in 1994. On September 1,2012 it was rebranded as Fox Taiwan, best Student Council The Prince of Tennis Blackie Christine Fan Will Pan/Pan Weibo Max Schneider Sheryl Sheinafia Rafael Tanubrata Sam Tsui MTV Southeast Asia MYX VH1 Zing Channel V default site
17.
Citra Award for Best Supporting Actress
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The Citra Award for Best Supporting Actress is an award given at the Indonesian Film Festival to Indonesian actresses for their achievements in supporting roles. The Citra Awards, described by Screen International as Indonesias equivalent to the Oscars, are the countrys most prestigious film awards and they are intended to recognise Indonesian achievements in film and draw the publics interest to the cinema industry. Since 1986 the shortlist has remained at five selections, the Citra Awards, then known as the Indonesian Film Festival Awards, were first given at the IFF in early 1955, that years Best Supporting Actress was Endang Kusdiningsih for her role in Tarmina. Succeeding festivals were held in 1960 and 1967, from 1973 the IFF was held annually. This continued uninterrupted until after the 1992 IFF, when a decline in film production led the festival to be discontinued. It was reinstated as an event in 2004, after receiving funds from the Indonesian government. The most recent winner is Christine Hakim, who won a Citra Award at the 2015 IFF for her acting in Pendekar Tongkat Emas, a total of 68 actresses have been nominated for a Citra Award,26 of whom have won at least one. The most recognised actress at the IFF has been Nani Wijaya, only one other actress, Niniek L. Karim, has won multiple Citra Awards, whilst Rina Hasyim and Rima Melati have received at least five nominations. Seven films have seen multiple cast members receive nominations, four of which earned a win. As of 2013 Shanty is the actress to receive more than one nomination in a single year, in the 2007 ceremony she was nominated for her performances in Kala and Maaf
18.
Discovery Channel
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Discovery Channel is an American basic cable and satellite television channel that is the flagship television property of Discovery Communications, a publicly traded company run by CEO David Zaslav. S. Flagship channel and its various owned or licensed television channels internationally, programming on the flagship Discovery Channel in the U. S. A popular annual feature on the channel is Shark Week, which airs on Discovery during the summer months, as of February 2015, Discovery Channel is available to approximately 96,589,000 pay television households in the United States. John Hendricks founded the channel and its parent company, Cable Educational Network Inc. in 1982, several investors raised $5 million in start-up capital to launch the network. The Discovery Channel began broadcasting on June 17,1985 and it was initially available to 156,000 households and broadcast for 12 hours each day between 3 p. m. and 3 a. m. About 75 percent of its content had never been broadcast on U. S. television before. In its early years, the focus centered on educational programming in the form of cultural and wildlife documentaries. It also broadcast some Soviet programming during this time, including the news program Vremya, in 1988, the channel premiered the nightly program World Monitor. By 1990, the channel was available in over 50 million households, the drop in viewership was widely attributed to an over-reliance on a few hit series, such as Monster Garage and American Chopper. Some critics said such shows strayed from Discoverys intention of providing more educationally based shows aimed at helping viewers learn about the world around them, in 2005, Discovery changed its programming focus to include more popular science and historical themes. The networks ratings eventually recovered in 2006, the network was nominated for seven Primetime Emmy Awards that year for shows including The Flight that Fought Back and Deadliest Catch. In 2007, Discovery Channels top series included the Emmy Award- and Peabody Award-winning Planet Earth, Dirty Jobs, MythBusters, Discovery Channels 2008 lineup included Fight Quest and Smash Lab. On September 1,2010, 43-year-old James Jay Lee entered the Discovery Communications headquarters in Silver Spring, Maryland, Lee fired at least one shot and held several employees hostage, he was later shot dead by police. Lee had published criticisms of the network at Savetheplanetprotest. com, in December 2015, Discovery Communications launched its TV Everywhere service, Discovery Go, which features live and video-on-demand content from Discovery Channel and eight of its sister networks. Popular programs on the channel have included the Shark Week programming event, Deadliest Catch, MythBusters, How Its Made, Dirty Jobs, Cash Cab, Christopher Lowell won a Daytime Emmy Award in 2000 for The Christopher Lowell Show. After the 2007 victory with the Spaniard Alberto Contador, Discovery Channel discontinued the cycling sponsorship, Discovery Channel Radio was a radio network, whose programming consisted of audio versions of popular programs from the Discovery Communications family of television channels. Discovery Channel Radio was previously carried by XM Satellite Radio, until its removal from the provider in early September 2005, sirius Satellite Radio dropped Discovery Radio from its lineup on February 21,2007, it was also carried on both of Canadas major satellite radio services. Discovery Channel lent its brand to stores in malls and other locations across America
19.
Rovilson Fernandez
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Rovilson Fernandez is a Filipino-American model, host and magazine editor. He was born in 1973 in the US Naval base in Sasebo and his parents are of full Filipino descent, originally hailing from Dagupan, Philippines. He is the eldest of four children and he was raised in San Jose, California after his father, an electrical engineer in the US Navy, was restationed there when he was a toddler. Rovilson attended film school, fell in love with Asian Cinema, not finding any openings for directors, he suddenly found himself a travel show host for Lakbay TV. He hosted Gameplan on Studio 23 and works an editor for Maxim Philippines, together with Marc Nelson, he also hosted several television shows, including The Duke on AXN Asia, Dare Duo on QTV11, and currently Asias Got Talent, also on AXN Asia. Fernandez and his best buddy Marc Nelson are most noted for competing in the AXN reality show and they hold the record for the most consecutive leg placing, finishing 1st from leg 2 to leg 8 and leg 11. They finished in 3rd Place in Singapore, after Rovilson faltered at the final task and it involves arranging of flags of the countries they had visited. Ang Pinaka on GMA News TV, formerly QTV then later Q, ang Pinaka is a Top 10 Countdown infotainment show hosted by Rovilson Fernandez with Maey and Betong. Since 2011, Rovilson is the Philippine National Ambassador for WWF, other advocacies include National Peace Ambassador for OPAPP and Singaporean Tourism Ambassador
20.
United States Navy
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The United States Navy is the naval warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the seven uniformed services of the United States. The U. S. Navy is the largest, most capable navy in the world, the U. S. Navy has the worlds largest aircraft carrier fleet, with ten in service, two in the reserve fleet, and three new carriers under construction. The service has 323,792 personnel on duty and 108,515 in the Navy Reserve. It has 274 deployable combat vessels and more than 3,700 operational aircraft as of October 2016, the U. S. Navy traces its origins to the Continental Navy, which was established during the American Revolutionary War and was effectively disbanded as a separate entity shortly thereafter. It played a role in the American Civil War by blockading the Confederacy. It played the role in the World War II defeat of Imperial Japan. The 21st century U. S. Navy maintains a global presence, deploying in strength in such areas as the Western Pacific, the Mediterranean. The Navy is administratively managed by the Department of the Navy, the Department of the Navy is itself a division of the Department of Defense, which is headed by the Secretary of Defense. The Chief of Naval Operations is an admiral and the senior naval officer of the Department of the Navy. The CNO may not be the highest ranking officer in the armed forces if the Chairman or the Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. The mission of the Navy is to maintain, train and equip combat-ready Naval forces capable of winning wars, deterring aggression, the United States Navy is a seaborne branch of the military of the United States. The Navys three primary areas of responsibility, The preparation of naval forces necessary for the prosecution of war. The development of aircraft, weapons, tactics, technique, organization, U. S. Navy training manuals state that the mission of the U. S. Armed Forces is to prepare and conduct prompt and sustained combat operations in support of the national interest, as part of that establishment, the U. S. Navys functions comprise sea control, power projection and nuclear deterrence, in addition to sealift duties. It follows then as certain as that night succeeds the day, that without a decisive naval force we can do nothing definitive, the Navy was rooted in the colonial seafaring tradition, which produced a large community of sailors, captains, and shipbuilders. In the early stages of the American Revolutionary War, Massachusetts had its own Massachusetts Naval Militia, the establishment of a national navy was an issue of debate among the members of the Second Continental Congress. Supporters argued that a navy would protect shipping, defend the coast, detractors countered that challenging the British Royal Navy, then the worlds preeminent naval power, was a foolish undertaking. Commander in Chief George Washington resolved the debate when he commissioned the ocean-going schooner USS Hannah to interdict British merchant ships, and reported the captures to the Congress
21.
France
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France, officially the French Republic, is a country with territory in western Europe and several overseas regions and territories. The European, or metropolitan, area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, Overseas France include French Guiana on the South American continent and several island territories in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans. France spans 643,801 square kilometres and had a population of almost 67 million people as of January 2017. It is a unitary republic with the capital in Paris. Other major urban centres include Marseille, Lyon, Lille, Nice, Toulouse, during the Iron Age, what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls, a Celtic people. The area was annexed in 51 BC by Rome, which held Gaul until 486, France emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages, with its victory in the Hundred Years War strengthening state-building and political centralisation. During the Renaissance, French culture flourished and a colonial empire was established. The 16th century was dominated by civil wars between Catholics and Protestants. France became Europes dominant cultural, political, and military power under Louis XIV, in the 19th century Napoleon took power and established the First French Empire, whose subsequent Napoleonic Wars shaped the course of continental Europe. Following the collapse of the Empire, France endured a succession of governments culminating with the establishment of the French Third Republic in 1870. Following liberation in 1944, a Fourth Republic was established and later dissolved in the course of the Algerian War, the Fifth Republic, led by Charles de Gaulle, was formed in 1958 and remains to this day. Algeria and nearly all the colonies became independent in the 1960s with minimal controversy and typically retained close economic. France has long been a centre of art, science. It hosts Europes fourth-largest number of cultural UNESCO World Heritage Sites and receives around 83 million foreign tourists annually, France is a developed country with the worlds sixth-largest economy by nominal GDP and ninth-largest by purchasing power parity. In terms of household wealth, it ranks fourth in the world. France performs well in international rankings of education, health care, life expectancy, France remains a great power in the world, being one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council with the power to veto and an official nuclear-weapon state. It is a member state of the European Union and the Eurozone. It is also a member of the Group of 7, North Atlantic Treaty Organization, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, the World Trade Organization, originally applied to the whole Frankish Empire, the name France comes from the Latin Francia, or country of the Franks
22.
Aviva
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Aviva plc /ˈævɪvə/ is a British multinational insurance company headquartered in London, United Kingdom. It has around 33 million customers across 16 countries, in the UK, Aviva is the largest general insurer and a leading life and pensions provider. In addition, Aviva has a focus on five markets in Europe and, in Asia, Aviva is also the second largest general insurer in Canada. Aviva has a listing on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE100 Index. It has a listing on the New York Stock Exchange. The name of the company upon its formation in May 2000 was CGNU plc. In April 2002 the companys shareholders voted to change the name to Aviva plc, an invented word derived from viva. In April 2008 Aviva announced that it would adopt the Aviva name as its worldwide consumer-facing brand, Aviva can trace its history back to the establishment of the Hand in Hand Fire & Life Insurance Society in London in 1696. It was created by a merger of two British insurance firms, Norwich Union and CGU plc as CGNU in 2000, the Aviva name was adopted in July 2002. Thereafter, most of the operations, except for some strong local brands, were carried out under the uniform brand Aviva. During March 2005 Aviva acquired the RAC plc breakdown recovery operation for around £1.1 billion. In July 2006, Aviva greatly increased its presence in the United States by acquiring AmerUs Group, AmerUs Group was rebranded as Aviva USA when the acquisition was completed. The Company continued to use the Norwich Union name as a name in the UK until 1 June 2009 when it became formally known as Aviva within the United Kingdom. The launch was supported by a £9 million advertising campaign to promote the rebranding, with the participation of celebrities including Bruce Willis, in June 2009 the Company decided to dispose of Navigator, its Australian wealth management business, to National Australia Bank for A$825 million. To help them with this endeavour, Paul Whitehouse was recruited to play the part of a successful hairdresser running three salons, the message of the campaign focused on business insurance through insurance brokers. The closing line of the campaign was Were in business to keep you in business, in September 2011, Aviva completed the sale of RAC plc breakdown recovery operation for £1.0 billion to The Carlyle Group. In February 2012, Aviva sold its occupational health business to the British support services company Capita, in July 2012, Aviva announced plans to sell or close 16 non-core businesses in order to simplify its activities and boost shareholder returns. As part of the plans Aviva announced the sale of its operations in South Korea, in August 2012, Aviva announced that up to 800 jobs would be lost following a reorganization caused by further turmoil in the Eurozone
23.
Caltex
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Caltex is a petroleum brand name of Chevron Corporation used in more than 60 countries in the Asia-Pacific region, the Middle East, and Southern Africa. Caltex began in 1936 as the California Texas Oil Company, a joint venture between the Texas Company and Standard Oil of California to market oil from newly gained concessions in Saudi Arabia and it was renamed Caltex Petroleum Corp. in 1968. The two parent companies merged in 2001 to form ChevronTexaco and Caltex remains one of its major brand names. Caltex Petroleum Australia Pty. Ltd. until March 2015, Caltex was owned 50 percent by Chevron, in March 2015, Chevron sold down its 50% holding to Australian shareholders. Julian Segal has been the CEO of Caltex Australia since July 2009, Caltex took over the Australian companies Golden Fleece in 1981 and Ampol in 1995. The ACCC subsequently opposed the takeover on the grounds that the acquisition could result in diminished competition, Caltex subsequently abandoned the acquisition, with Mobil entering into an agreement to sell the same sites to 7-Eleven Australia. Caltex operates the largest oil company retail network in Australia, however the supermarkets Woolworths, as of August 2012, Caltex operates two petroleum refineries in Australia, one at Kurnell in Sydney, New South Wales, and one at Lytton in Brisbane, Queensland. The Kurnell Refinery ceased operations in 2014, and part of the infrastructure such as wharfs. Petrol Regular Unleaded Bio E10 Unleaded Bio E-Flex Vortex 95 Vortex 98 Most sites stock all of these products, however Bio E10 Unleaded is the least common, Bio E-Flex is stocked in approximately 30 sites on the eastern seaboard. Diesel Diesel New Generation Diesel Vortex Diesel Each site only sells one of these 3 products, Autogas Autogas is available at selected sites. Caltex sells Delo, Havoline, and Revtex brands of motor oil, Caltex branded sites can have any of the following types of convenience stores. Star Mart, A large store containing a bakery, coffee and hot food as well as convenience items, the New Zealand operations were sold off and rebranded as Fix stores. Star Shop, A smaller store with just convenience items and packaged foods, Woolworths, Sites that accept a varying but basic four cents per litre discount offer from Woolworths. Most are the same as a Star Mart, but some are the size of a Star Shop, in 2003 Caltex Australia entered into a joint venture agreement with large supermarket retailer Woolworths Limited. Shortly after in 2004, a similar fuel discount offer was launched by rival Coles Group, Woolworths existing Plus Petrol service stations received Caltex branding and, similarly, Caltex service stations received Woolworths branding—the joint venture outlets became Caltex Woolworths. However this was the only with certain Caltex service stations close to Woolworths supermarkets. During the 1980s and early 1990s, Caltex was the naming sponsor of Endeavour Field, the home ground of the Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks. From 1987 until 1993, Caltex was the sponsor of Colin Bond Racing
24.
Nokia Nseries
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Nokia Nseries was a multimedia smartphone and tablet product family engineered and marketed by the Nokia Corporation. The Nseries devices commonly supported multiple high-speed wireless technologies, such as 3G, digital multimedia services, such as music playback, photo/video capture or viewing, gaming or internet services were also supported. The line was replaced by the Nokia Lumia line as the flagship smartphone portfolio. The Nokia N1 tablet was introduced in November 2014 and so revived the N prefix, however the company have not marketed the Nseries brand so far. On 27 April 2005, Nokia announced a new brand of multimedia devices at the conference of mobile phone manufacturers in Amsterdam. The first three Nseries devices introduced at the conference consists of N70, N90 and N91. On 2 November 2005, Nokia announced the N71, N80 and N92, and on 25 April 2006, Nokia announced the N72, N73 and N93, on 8 January 2007, Nokia announced the Nokia N76, Nokia N77 and Nokia N93i. On 29 August 2007, Nokia announced the N95 8GB, N81, N81 8GB, and on 14 November 2007, Nokia announced the N82, at the 2008 GSMA held in Barcelona, the N96 and N78 were unveiled. Two new Nseries devices were revealed at the end of August 2008, on December 2,2008, Nokia Nseries announced the Nokia N97. On February 17,2009, Nokia announced the Nokia N868 MP, the Nokia N8 with 12-megapixel camera was announced in April 2010 and on 21 June 2011 Nokia showcased their Nokia N9 based on MeeGo OS, their fourth non-Symbian Nseries device. The Nseries was retired and replaced by Lumia that year, the company introduced the Nokia N1 tablet on November 18,2014, which marked the return of the N prefix, but Nseries branding has still been absent. In February 2017, rumor from Chinese website suggest that HMD global will revive the Nseries in MWC2017 with announce an Android device running on 6th-generation Snapdragon CPU, the Nokia Nseries is aimed at users looking to pack as many features as possible into one device. As of 2008, in all recently launched devices GPS, MP3 player, the first Nseries device was the N90, which ran Symbian OS8.1 mobile operating system, as did the N70 and N72. The Nokia N8, released in September 2010, was the worlds first phone to run Symbian^3, and it was also the last Nseries phone to run any Symbian OS. On N800, N810, and N900, Nokia chose to use the Linux-based Maemo operating system, the last Nseries mobile phones were the N9 and developer-only N950, released in September 2011. Maemo had merged with Intels Moblin to create MeeGo in May 2010, on November 18,2014, Nokia announced the N1, an Android 5.0 tablet. In June at the Nokia Connections in Singapore Nokia launched the new N9 with MeeGo 1.2 Harmattan OS which the company calls Qt device as the whole app and UI framework is written in Qt. It is also the worlds first pure touch phone with no buttons for home screen, the device is expected to be sold in selected regions in Q32011
25.
Sony
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Sony Corporation is a Japanese multinational conglomerate corporation that is headquartered in Kōnan, Minato, Tokyo. Its diversified business includes consumer and professional electronics, gaming, entertainment, the company is one of the leading manufacturers of electronic products for the consumer and professional markets. Sony was ranked 116th on the 2015 list of Fortune Global 500 and these make Sony one of the most comprehensive entertainment companies in the world. The group consists of Sony Corporation, Sony Pictures Entertainment, Sony Interactive Entertainment, Sony Music Entertainment, Sony Financial Holdings and others. Sony is among the Semiconductor sales leaders by year and as of 2013, the companys current slogan is BE MOVED. Their former slogans were make. believe, like. no. other, Sony has a weak tie to the SMFG keiretsu, the successor to the Mitsui keiretsu. Sony began in the wake of World War II, in 1946, Masaru Ibuka started an electronics shop in a department store building in Tokyo. The company had $530 in capital and a total of eight employees, in the following year he was joined by his colleague, Akio Morita, and they founded a company called Tokyo Tsushin Kogyo 東京通信工業. The company built Japans first tape recorder, called the Type-G, in 1958 the company changed its name to Sony. When Tokyo Tsushin Kogyo was looking for a name to use to market themselves, they strongly considered using their initials. The primary reason they did not is that the railway company Tokyo Kyuko was known as TTK, the company occasionally used the acronym Totsuko in Japan, but during his visit to the United States, Morita discovered that Americans had trouble pronouncing that name. Another early name that was tried out for a while was Tokyo Teletech until Akio Morita discovered that there was an American company already using Teletech as a brand name, the name Sony was chosen for the brand as a mix of two words. One was the Latin word sonus, which is the root of sonic and sound, and the other was sonny, a common slang term used in 1950s America to call a boy. In the 1950s Japan sonny boys, was a word into Japanese which connoted smart and presentable young men. The first Sony-branded product, the TR-55 transistor radio, appeared in 1955, at the time of the change, it was extremely unusual for a Japanese company to use Roman letters to spell its name instead of writing it in kanji. The move was not without opposition, TTKs principal bank at the time and they pushed for a name such as Sony Electronic Industries, or Sony Teletech. Akio Morita was firm, however, as he did not want the company tied to any particular industry. Eventually, both Ibuka and Mitsui Banks chairman gave their approval, according to Schiffer, Sonys TR-63 radio cracked open the U. S. market and launched the new industry of consumer microelectronics
26.
Bintan Island
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Bintan Island or Negeri Segantang Lada is an island in the Riau archipelago of Indonesia. It is part of the Riau Islands province, the capital of which, Tanjung Pinang, Bintans land area is 2,402.28 square kilometres. Its administrative region is designated the Bintan Island Regency, one of the six regions of the Riau Islands province. The city of Tanjung Pinang is an area within the Bintan Island. Bintans history is traced to the early 3rd century, in the 12th century, the Bintan island in the Strait of Malacca was known as the Pirate Island since the Malay pirates used to loot trading ships sailing in these waters. Singapore, the closest major city, is a 45-50 minute trip by motorised catamaran across the Singapore Strait from Bintan Resort area in the northwest of the island. The island has beaches with beach-front International hotels and resorts, the most prominent of these beaches is the Bintan Resorts set over an area of 300 hectares of tropical environment, the archipelago of the Riau islands is right opposite to this resort across the South China Sea. Indonesia is promoting Bintan as the next best tourist destination after Bali, on account of Bintan Islands strategic location and size on the India-China trade route, it has a rich history. Along with the local ethnic Malays and the Bugis, domination by the Portuguese, the Dutch, the Arabs, and the British at different times has been a part of Bintans rich history. Many local internal feuds between the Malays and Bugis, and battles in the sea, with and between foreign invasion forces, have been part of Bintans history and its straits. From mid-16th century, the Sultan of Johor-Riau kingdom had moved their kingdom between Johor, Riau and Lingga, the earliest history of Bintan is linked to the history of Nagoya Hills, which is integral with Batam, near Bintan island and other islands of the Riau archipelago. The Chinese chronicles have mentioned that Batam was inhabited by 231 AD when Singapore island was still called Pulau Ujung, Bintan came under the control of the Malacca kingdom from the 13th century. Later, the Sultan of Johor ruled from here and his reign lasted till the 18th century, Riau Islands were central to the greater Malay kingdoms or Sultanates, known as the Malay World, which had its control from eastern Sumatra to Borneo. For centuries, Riau was the home of Malay and Orang Laut people and these two communities were the backbone of most Malay kingdoms from the time of Srivijaya to the Sultanate of Johor. They had full control of routes going through the straits. Migrants from China and Indo-China, though came here later, settled in area of Asia. After the fall of Melaka in 1511, Riau islands became the centre of power of the mighty Sultanate of Johor or Johor – Riau. They were considered the centre of Malay culture, from the 12th to 13th centuries, the Srivijaya Empire of Sumatra held sway over Bintan island
27.
Standard Chartered
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Standard Chartered PLC is a British multinational banking and financial services company headquartered in London. It operates a network of more than 1,200 branches and outlets across more than 70 countries and it is a universal bank with operations in consumer, corporate and institutional banking, and treasury services. Despite its UK base, it does not conduct retail banking in the UK, and around 90% of its profits come from Asia, Africa, Standard Chartered has a primary listing on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE100 Index. It had a capitalisation of approximately £24.4 billion as of 4 April 2017. It has secondary listings on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange and the National Stock Exchange of India and its largest shareholder is the Government of Singapore-owned Temasek Holdings. The Chartered Bank began when Queen Victoria granted a Royal Charter to Scotsman James Wilson in 1853, Chartered opened its first branches in Mumbai, Kolkata and Shanghai in 1858, followed by Hong Kong and Singapore in 1859. The Bank started issuing banknotes of the Hong Kong dollar in 1862, the Standard Bank was a British bank founded in the Cape Province of South Africa in 1862 by Scot, John Paterson. Half the output of the second largest gold field in the world passed through The Standard Bank on its way to London, Standard expanded widely in Africa over the years, but from 1883 to 1962 was formally known as the Standard Bank of South Africa. Both banks acquired other smaller banks along the way and spread their networks further, in 1969, the banks decided to merge and to counterbalance their network by expanding in Europe and the United States, while continuing expansion in their traditional markets in Asia and Africa. In 1986, Lloyds made a takeover bid for the Group. The bid was defeated, however, it spurred Standard Chartered into a period of change, including a series of divestments notably in the US, Union Bank was sold to the Bank of Tokyo and United Bank of Arizona was sold to Citicorp. In 1987, Standard Chartered sold its interests in the South African bank. In 1992, scandal broke when banking regulators charged several employees of Standard Chartered in Mumbai with illegally diverting depositors funds to speculate in the stock market. Fines by Indian regulators and provisions for losses cost the bank almost ₤350 million, in 1994, Londons Sunday Times reported that an executive in the banks metals division had bribed officials in Malaysia and the Philippines to win business. The bank, in a statement on 18 July 1994, acknowledged that there were discrepancies in expense claims, included gifts to individuals in certain countries to facilitate business, a practice contrary to bank rules. The bank admitted the offence, apologized and reorganized its brokerage units, the commission banned the bank from underwriting IPOs in Hong Kong for nine months. In 1997, Standard Chartered sold Mocatta Bullion and Base Metals, its metals division, Standard Chartereds Asian investment banking operations never recovered. In 2000 the bank closed them down, in the late 1986, a business consortium purchased a 35% stake to fend off Lloyds
28.
Malaysia
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Malaysia is a federal constitutional monarchy located in Southeast Asia. Peninsular Malaysia shares a land and maritime border with Thailand and maritime borders with Singapore, Vietnam, East Malaysia shares land and maritime borders with Brunei and Indonesia and a maritime border with the Philippines and Vietnam. The capital city is Kuala Lumpur, while Putrajaya is the seat of the federal government, with a population of over 30 million, Malaysia is the 44th most populous country. The southernmost point of continental Eurasia, Tanjung Piai, is in Malaysia, located in the tropics, Malaysia is one of 17 megadiverse countries on earth, with large numbers of endemic species. Malaysia has its origins in the Malay kingdoms present in the area which, from the 18th century, the first British territories were known as the Straits Settlements, whose establishment was followed by the Malay kingdoms becoming British protectorates. The territories on Peninsular Malaysia were first unified as the Malayan Union in 1946, Malaya was restructured as the Federation of Malaya in 1948, and achieved independence on 31 August 1957. Malaya united with North Borneo, Sarawak, and Singapore on 16 September 1963 to become Malaysia, less than two years later in 1965, Singapore was expelled from the federation. The country is multi-ethnic and multi-cultural, which plays a role in politics. About half the population is ethnically Malay, with minorities of Malaysian Chinese, Malaysian Indians. The constitution declares Islam the state religion while allowing freedom of religion for non-Muslims, the government system is closely modelled on the Westminster parliamentary system and the legal system is based on common law. The head of state is the king, known as the Yang di-Pertuan Agong and he is an elected monarch chosen from the hereditary rulers of the nine Malay states every five years. The head of government is the prime minister, since its independence, Malaysia has had one of the best economic records in Asia, with its GDP growing at an average of 6. 5% per annum for almost 50 years. The economy has traditionally been fuelled by its resources, but is expanding in the sectors of science, tourism, commerce. Today, Malaysia has a newly industrialised market economy, ranked third largest in Southeast Asia, the name Malaysia is a combination of the word Malay and the Latin-Greek suffix -sia/-σία. The word melayu in Malay may derive from the Tamil words malai and ur meaning mountain and city, land, malayadvipa was the word used by ancient Indian traders when referring to the Malay Peninsula. Whether or not it originated from these roots, the word melayu or mlayu may have used in early Malay/Javanese to mean to steadily accelerate or run. This term was applied to describe the current of the river Melayu in Sumatra. The name was adopted by the Melayu Kingdom that existed in the seventh century on Sumatra
29.
Philippines
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The Philippines, officially the Republic of the Philippines, is a sovereign island country in Southeast Asia situated in the western Pacific Ocean. It consists of about 7,641 islands that are categorized broadly under three main geographical divisions from north to south, Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao, the capital city of the Philippines is Manila and the most populous city is Quezon City, both part of Metro Manila. The Philippines has an area of 300,000 square kilometers, and it is the eighth-most populated country in Asia and the 12th most populated country in the world. As of 2013, approximately 10 million additional Filipinos lived overseas, multiple ethnicities and cultures are found throughout the islands. In prehistoric times, Negritos were some of the archipelagos earliest inhabitants and they were followed by successive waves of Austronesian peoples. Exchanges with Chinese, Malay, Indian, and Islamic nations occurred, then, various competing maritime states were established under the rule of Datus, Rajahs, Sultans or Lakans. The arrival of Ferdinand Magellan in Homonhon, Eastern Samar in 1521 marked the beginning of Hispanic colonization, in 1543, Spanish explorer Ruy López de Villalobos named the archipelago Las Islas Filipinas in honor of Philip II of Spain. With the arrival of Miguel López de Legazpi from Mexico City, in 1565, the Philippines became part of the Spanish Empire for more than 300 years. This resulted in Roman Catholicism becoming the dominant religion, during this time, Manila became the western hub of the trans-Pacific trade connecting Asia with Acapulco in the Americas using Manila galleons. Aside from the period of Japanese occupation, the United States retained sovereignty over the islands until after World War II, since then, the Philippines has often had a tumultuous experience with democracy, which included the overthrow of a dictatorship by a non-violent revolution. It is a member of the United Nations, World Trade Organization, Association of Southeast Asian Nations, the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation forum. It also hosts the headquarters of the Asian Development Bank, the Philippines was named in honor of King Philip II of Spain. Spanish explorer Ruy López de Villalobos, during his expedition in 1542, named the islands of Leyte, eventually the name Las Islas Filipinas would be used to cover all the islands of the archipelago. Before that became commonplace, other such as Islas del Poniente. The official name of the Philippines has changed several times in the course of its history, during the Philippine Revolution, the Malolos Congress proclaimed the establishment of the República Filipina or the Philippine Republic. From the 1898 Treaty of Paris, the name Philippines began to appear, since the end of World War II, the official name of the country has been the Republic of the Philippines. The metatarsal of the Callao Man, reliably dated by uranium-series dating to 67,000 years ago is the oldest human remnant found in the archipelago to date and this distinction previously belonged to the Tabon Man of Palawan, carbon-dated to around 26,500 years ago. Negritos were also among the archipelagos earliest inhabitants, but their first settlement in the Philippines has not been reliably dated, there are several opposing theories regarding the origins of ancient Filipinos
30.
Thailand
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Thailand, officially the Kingdom of Thailand, formerly known as Siam, is a country at the centre of the Indochinese peninsula in Southeast Asia. With a total area of approximately 513,000 km2, Thailand is the worlds 51st-largest country and it is the 20th-most-populous country in the world, with around 66 million people. The capital and largest city is Bangkok, Thailand is a constitutional monarchy and has switched between parliamentary democracy and military junta for decades, the latest coup being in May 2014 by the National Council for Peace and Order. Its capital and most populous city is Bangkok and its maritime boundaries include Vietnam in the Gulf of Thailand to the southeast, and Indonesia and India on the Andaman Sea to the southwest. The Thai economy is the worlds 20th largest by GDP at PPP and it became a newly industrialised country and a major exporter in the 1990s. Manufacturing, agriculture, and tourism are leading sectors of the economy and it is considered a middle power in the region and around the world. The country has always been called Mueang Thai by its citizens, by outsiders prior to 1949, it was usually known by the exonym Siam. The word Siam has been identified with the Sanskrit Śyāma, the names Shan and A-hom seem to be variants of the same word. The word Śyâma is possibly not its origin, but a learned, another theory is the name derives from Chinese, Ayutthaya emerged as a dominant centre in the late fourteenth century. The Chinese called this region Xian, which the Portuguese converted into Siam, the signature of King Mongkut reads SPPM Mongkut King of the Siamese, giving the name Siam official status until 24 June 1939 when it was changed to Thailand. Thailand was renamed Siam from 1945 to 11 May 1949, after which it reverted to Thailand. According to George Cœdès, the word Thai means free man in the Thai language, ratcha Anachak Thai means kingdom of Thailand or kingdom of Thai. Etymologically, its components are, ratcha, -ana- -chak, the Thai National Anthem, written by Luang Saranupraphan during the extremely patriotic 1930s, refers to the Thai nation as, prathet Thai. The first line of the anthem is, prathet thai ruam lueat nuea chat chuea thai, Thailand is the unity of Thai flesh. There is evidence of habitation in Thailand that has been dated at 40,000 years before the present. Similar to other regions in Southeast Asia, Thailand was heavily influenced by the culture and religions of India, Thailand in its earliest days was under the rule of the Khmer Empire, which had strong Hindu roots, and the influence among Thais remains even today. Voretzsch believes that Buddhism must have been flowing into Siam from India in the time of the Indian Emperor Ashoka of the Maurya Empire, later Thailand was influenced by the south Indian Pallava dynasty and north Indian Gupta Empire. The Menam Basin was originally populated by the Mons, and the location of Dvaravati in the 7th century, the History of the Yuan mentions an embassy from the kingdom of Sukhothai in 1282
31.
Japan
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Japan is a sovereign island nation in Eastern Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies off the eastern coast of the Asia Mainland and stretches from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea, the kanji that make up Japans name mean sun origin. 日 can be read as ni and means sun while 本 can be read as hon, or pon, Japan is often referred to by the famous epithet Land of the Rising Sun in reference to its Japanese name. Japan is an archipelago consisting of about 6,852 islands. The four largest are Honshu, Hokkaido, Kyushu and Shikoku, the country is divided into 47 prefectures in eight regions. Hokkaido being the northernmost prefecture and Okinawa being the southernmost one, the population of 127 million is the worlds tenth largest. Japanese people make up 98. 5% of Japans total population, approximately 9.1 million people live in the city of Tokyo, the capital of Japan. Archaeological research indicates that Japan was inhabited as early as the Upper Paleolithic period, the first written mention of Japan is in Chinese history texts from the 1st century AD. Influence from other regions, mainly China, followed by periods of isolation, from the 12th century until 1868, Japan was ruled by successive feudal military shoguns who ruled in the name of the Emperor. Japan entered into a period of isolation in the early 17th century. The Second Sino-Japanese War of 1937 expanded into part of World War II in 1941, which came to an end in 1945 following the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Japan is a member of the UN, the OECD, the G7, the G8, the country has the worlds third-largest economy by nominal GDP and the worlds fourth-largest economy by purchasing power parity. It is also the worlds fourth-largest exporter and fourth-largest importer, although Japan has officially renounced its right to declare war, it maintains a modern military with the worlds eighth-largest military budget, used for self-defense and peacekeeping roles. Japan is a country with a very high standard of living. Its population enjoys the highest life expectancy and the third lowest infant mortality rate in the world, in ancient China, Japan was called Wo 倭. It was mentioned in the third century Chinese historical text Records of the Three Kingdoms in the section for the Wei kingdom, Wa became disliked because it has the connotation of the character 矮, meaning dwarf. The 倭 kanji has been replaced with the homophone Wa, meaning harmony, the Japanese word for Japan is 日本, which is pronounced Nippon or Nihon and literally means the origin of the sun. The earliest record of the name Nihon appears in the Chinese historical records of the Tang dynasty, at the start of the seventh century, a delegation from Japan introduced their country as Nihon
32.
Hong Kong
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Hong Kong, officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the Peoples Republic of China, is an autonomous territory on the Pearl River Delta of East Asia. Macau lies across the delta to the west, and the Chinese province of Guangdong borders the territory to the north. With a total area of 1,106 square kilometres. Hong Kong was later occupied by Japan during World War II until British control resumed in 1945, under the principle of one country, two systems, Hong Kong maintains a separate political and economic system from China. Except in military defence and foreign affairs, Hong Kong maintains its independent executive, legislative, in addition, Hong Kong develops relations directly with foreign states and international organisations in a broad range of appropriate fields. Hong Kong is one of the worlds most significant financial centres, with the highest Financial Development Index score and consistently ranks as the worlds most competitive and freest economic entity. As the worlds 8th largest trading entity, its legal tender, Hong Kongs tertiary sector dominated economy is characterised by simple taxation with a competitive level of corporate tax and supported by its independent judiciary system. However, while Hong Kong has one of the highest per capita incomes in the world and it has a very high Human Development Index ranking and the worlds longest life expectancy. Over 90% of the population use of well-developed public transportation. Seasonal air pollution with origins from neighbouring areas of Mainland China. Hong Kong was officially recorded in the 1842 Treaty of Nanking to encompass the entirety of the island, before 1842, the name referred to a small inlet—now Aberdeen Harbour, literally means Little Hong Kong)—between Aberdeen Island and the southern coast of Hong Kong Island. Aberdeen was a point of contact between British sailors and local fishermen. Detailed and accurate romanisation systems for Cantonese were available and in use at the time, fragrance may refer to the sweet taste of the harbours fresh water estuarine influx of the Pearl River or to the incense from factories lining the coast of northern Kowloon. The incense was stored near Aberdeen Harbour for export before Hong Kong developed Victoria Harbour, the name had often been written as the single word Hongkong until the government adopted the current form in 1926. Nevertheless, a number of century-old institutions still retain the form, such as the Hongkong Post, Hongkong Electric. As of 1997, its name is the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the Peoples Republic of China. This is the title as mentioned in the Hong Kong Basic Law. Hong Kong has carried many nicknames, the most famous among those is the Pearl of the Orient, which reflected the impressive nightscape of the citys light decorations on the skyscrapers along both sides of the Victoria Harbour
33.
Indonesia
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Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a unitary sovereign state and transcontinental country located mainly in Southeast Asia with some territories in Oceania. Situated between the Indian and Pacific oceans, it is the worlds largest island country, with more than seventeen thousand islands. At 1,904,569 square kilometres, Indonesia is the worlds 14th-largest country in terms of area and worlds 7th-largest country in terms of combined sea. It has an population of over 260 million people and is the worlds fourth most populous country. The worlds most populous island, Java, contains more than half of the countrys population, Indonesias republican form of government includes an elected legislature and president. Indonesia has 34 provinces, of which five have Special Administrative status and its capital and countrys most populous city is Jakarta, which is also the most populous city in Southeast Asia and the second in Asia. The country shares land borders with Papua New Guinea, East Timor, other neighbouring countries include Singapore, Vietnam, the Philippines, Australia, Palau, and the Indian territory of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Despite its large population and densely populated regions, Indonesia has vast areas of wilderness that support the second highest level of biodiversity. The country has abundant natural resources like oil and natural gas, tin, copper, agriculture mainly produces rice, palm oil, tea, coffee, cacao, medicinal plants, spices and rubber. Indonesias major trading partners are Japan, United States, China, the Indonesian archipelago has been an important region for trade since at least the 7th century, when Srivijaya and then later Majapahit traded with China and India. Local rulers gradually absorbed foreign cultural, religious and political models from the early centuries CE, Indonesian history has been influenced by foreign powers drawn to its natural resources. Indonesia consists of hundreds of native ethnic and linguistic groups. The largest – and politically dominant – ethnic group are the Javanese, a shared identity has developed, defined by a national language, ethnic diversity, religious pluralism within a Muslim-majority population, and a history of colonialism and rebellion against it. Indonesias national motto, Bhinneka Tunggal Ika, articulates the diversity that shapes the country, Indonesias economy is the worlds 16th largest by nominal GDP and the 8th largest by GDP at PPP, the largest in Southeast Asia, and is considered an emerging market and newly industrialised country. Indonesia has been a member of the United Nations since 1950, Indonesia is a member of the G20 major economies and World Trade Organization. The name Indonesia derives from the Greek name of the Indós, the name dates to the 18th century, far predating the formation of independent Indonesia. In 1850, George Windsor Earl, an English ethnologist, proposed the terms Indunesians—and, his preference, in the same publication, one of his students, James Richardson Logan, used Indonesia as a synonym for Indian Archipelago. However, Dutch academics writing in East Indies publications were reluctant to use Indonesia, they preferred Malay Archipelago, the Netherlands East Indies, popularly Indië, the East, and Insulinde
34.
Nokia N95
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The Nokia N95 is a smartphone produced by Nokia as part of their Nseries line of portable devices and released in March 2007. The N95 runs on S60 3rd Edition, on Symbian OS v9.2, the phone has a two-way sliding mechanism, which can be used to access either media playback buttons or a numeric keypad. It was first released in silver and later on in black, with limited quantities in gold. The launch price of the N95 was around 550 € and it also supports GPRS, EDGE, UMTS, and HSDPA, one of the first smartphones to support 3. 5G. Since the introduction of the original N95-1, several updated versions have been released, most notably the N95 8GB with 8 gigabytes of internal storage, a larger display and improved battery. The N95 and its upgraded variant N95 8GB are widely considered as breakthrough technologies of its time and one of the greatest products to hit the market. It was well noted for its camera, music player, 3D graphics mobile gaming, on 6 November 2007, AllAboutSymbian declared the N95 8GB as the best smartphone ever. On 24 January 2013, PC Magazine described the Nokia N95 as One of the best smartphones in history on any platform, the phone was unveiled on 26 September 2006 at the Nokia Open Studio 2006 event in New York City. Nokia called the N95 as the multimedia computer and it was released at the end of March 2007. On 8 March 2007 Nokia was shipping N95 in key European, Asian and it was on sale in many countries on the week of 11 March. On 7 April 2007, the N95 went on sale in the United States through Nokias Flagship stores in New York and Chicago, no US carriers were expected to offer this phone. The U. S. version started retailing without carrier branding or discounts in Nokias flagship stores in New York, finally, later on 7 January 2008, Nokia introduced the N95-4, which is the US8 GB version of the N95-3. The phone got its FCC approval on 30 January and launched 18 March, the first carrier to utilise this approval was Rogers Wireless in May 2009. The N95s main competitors during its lifetime were the LG Prada, Apples iPhone, the N95 managed to outsell its rivals. 5G connectivity, GPS, third-party applications and several other features. Even after the release of later Nseries phones, the N95s retail price was still around US$400 as of early 2010 despite its old age. The N95 contains an integrated GPS receiver which is located below the 0 key on the keypad, the phone ships with Nokia Maps navigation software. This phone is not yet on the list of smartphones that Nokia is giving a lifetime of voice navigation for. Out of the box, the N95 supports audio in MP3, WMA, RealAudio, SP-MIDI, AAC+, eAAC+, MIDI, AMR and its two-way slide, when opened towards the keypad, allows access to its media playback buttons
35.
Nokia N73
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The Nokia N73 is a smartphone announced by Nokia on 25 April 2006, as part of the Nseries. It features a 3.2 megapixel autofocus camera, the N73 succeeded the N70 and packed in numerous multimedia features. It became one of the top selling Nseries device during 2006 and 2007, the N73 uses a database system for the supplied Gallery applications and again these databases can be updated locally on the device itself. This means that image, video and audio files can be placed almost anywhere in the file system and browsed easily. Notably, Nokia supports firmware upgrades to the N73 to be made by the user via a module in Nokia PC Suite or directly over-the-air, besides the original edition, Nokia released three other variants of N73. In addition to the basic N73, Nokia subsequently released the N73 Music Edition, the multimedia button on the keypad has been replaced with a button that starts the music player on the phone. The Music Edition also includes a 2GB memory card and the phone is completely black, the music player on the Music Edition supports album art and visualisations, while the regular N73 does not. The Music Player application stays in the background at all time, the N73 Internet Edition was essentially the Music Edition, but retaining the multimedia button function, rather than a dedicated music button. The N73 Internet Edition is not available in the Middle East, Nokia has also released another model of the N73 called the N73 Special Edition in the Middle East and North Africa. The phone was released during the Muslim holy month of Ramadan in 2007, the phone has the same hardware as the other editions of the N73 but comes pre-loaded with Islamic applications and the phone is completely white. Nokia also released an N73 Special Edition in Indonesia, without pre-loaded Islamic applications, all three versions of the N73 appear to have been updated to the same software as each other. The camera is much improved from earlier firmware, in this update, the phone takes 27 seconds to boot, compared to 42 or more in previous versions. Also, the N73 has 20 MB of RAM available after boot, a little change was users may not be able to install the N-Gage application which is modified to work in N73
36.
South Africa
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South Africa, officially the Republic of South Africa, is the southernmost country in Africa. South Africa is the 25th-largest country in the world by land area and it is the southernmost country on the mainland of the Old World or the Eastern Hemisphere. About 80 percent of South Africans are of Sub-Saharan African ancestry, divided among a variety of ethnic groups speaking different Bantu languages, the remaining population consists of Africas largest communities of European, Asian, and multiracial ancestry. South Africa is a multiethnic society encompassing a variety of cultures, languages. Its pluralistic makeup is reflected in the recognition of 11 official languages. The country is one of the few in Africa never to have had a coup détat, however, the vast majority of black South Africans were not enfranchised until 1994. During the 20th century, the black majority sought to recover its rights from the dominant white minority, with this struggle playing a role in the countrys recent history. The National Party imposed apartheid in 1948, institutionalising previous racial segregation, since 1994, all ethnic and linguistic groups have held political representation in the countrys democracy, which comprises a parliamentary republic and nine provinces. South Africa is often referred to as the Rainbow Nation to describe the multicultural diversity. The World Bank classifies South Africa as an economy. Its economy is the second-largest in Africa, and the 34th-largest in the world, in terms of purchasing power parity, South Africa has the seventh-highest per capita income in Africa. However, poverty and inequality remain widespread, with about a quarter of the population unemployed, nevertheless, South Africa has been identified as a middle power in international affairs, and maintains significant regional influence. The name South Africa is derived from the geographic location at the southern tip of Africa. Upon formation the country was named the Union of South Africa in English, since 1961 the long form name in English has been the Republic of South Africa. In Dutch the country was named Republiek van Zuid-Afrika, replaced in 1983 by the Afrikaans Republiek van Suid-Afrika, since 1994 the Republic has had an official name in each of its 11 official languages. Mzansi, derived from the Xhosa noun umzantsi meaning south, is a name for South Africa. South Africa contains some of the oldest archaeological and human fossil sites in the world, extensive fossil remains have been recovered from a series of caves in Gauteng Province. The area is a UNESCO World Heritage site and has termed the Cradle of Humankind
37.
Manila
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Manila, officially City of Manila, is the capital of the Philippines. Founded on June 24,1571, by Spanish conquistador Miguel López de Legazpi and it is situated on the eastern shore of Manila Bay and is home to many landmarks, some of which date back to the 16th century. In 2012, the Globalization and World Cities Research Network listed Manila as a global city, the city proper is home to 1,780,148 people in 2015, forming the historic core of Metro Manila, the capital region of the Philippines. The metropolitan area, which includes the much larger Quezon City, Manila is also the most densely populated city proper in the world, with 41,515 people per square kilometer. The term Manila is commonly used to refer to either the whole area or the city proper. Manila is located on the shore of the Manila Bay on one of the finest harbors in the country. The city has six districts for the lower house of the Philippine Congress. Manila was once ruled by the Kingdom of Tondo before it became a province of the Majapahit Empire. During the Bruneian invasion of the Philippines, Sultan Bolkiah of Brunei captured Seludong and renamed it Maynilà, Maynilà became a vassal state of the Sultanate of Brunei, established to overpower Tondo. In 1571, conquistadors arrived from Mexico, across the Pacific Ocean, Spanish missionaries soon Christianized the city, incorporated Tondo and built some of the oldest churches in the country, including San Agustin Church. The conquistadors renamed the area Nuevo Reino de Castilla, Manila became the center of Spanish activity in the Far East and one end of the Manila–Acapulco galleon trade route linking Spanish America with Asia, one of the earliest examples of globalization. Because of its location on Pacific trade routes, Manila received the moniker Pearl of the Orient. Spanish rule of the Philippine archipelago lasted for more than three centuries, until 1898, order was usually quickly restored and the city returned to the business of trade. In the 19th century, Manila was one of the most modern cities in Asia, before the Spanish–American War, it saw the rise of the Philippine Revolution. After the war, the United States took control, switched the official language from Spanish to English, near the end of World War II, during the Battle of Manila, most of the city was flattened by intensive aerial bombardment by the United States Air Force. As a result, relatively little remains of Manilas prewar and colonial architecture, although there are ongoing projects, especially within the old walled city. Maynilà, the Filipino name for the city, originated from the word nilà, referring to a mangrove tree that grew on the delta of the Pasig River. The flowers were made into garlands that, according to folklore, were offered to statues on religious altars or in churches
38.
Balut (food)
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A balut is a developing bird embryo that is boiled and eaten from the shell. It originates and is sold as street-food in the Philippines. They are common food in countries in Southeast Asia, such as Laos, Cambodia, Thailand and they are often served with beer. The Tagalog and Malay word balut means wrapped, the length of incubation before the egg is cooked is a matter of local preference, but generally ranges between 14 and 21 days. The eating of balut is controversial due to religious, animal welfare, Balut is a fertilized bird egg that is incubated for 14 to 21 days, boiled or steamed, and the contents eaten direct from the shell. In balut that has been incubated for longer periods, the embryo is well developed, the partially-developed embryo bones are soft enough to chew and swallow as a whole. The mallard duck, also known as the Pateros duck, is considered to be the most important breed for egg production to make balut. In the Philippines and other localities where balut is a food, it is a common street-food and is also sold in stores. It is a higher source of protein and calcium compared to a regular unfertilized egg. The Philippines were influenced by the Chinese around 1885, and since then, wherever Filipinos migrated around the country for work, a large market of balut would develop. Controversies arose as knowledge of the spread around the South East Asian countries. People questioned the ethics of eating the food, traditionally, the fertilized eggs are incubated in the sun or buried in sand, and stored in baskets to retain warmth. After nine days, the eggs are held to a light to reveal the embryo inside, the production of balut depends on egg maturation cycles, where the egg begins developing and changes in texture. Throughout these various periods, different temperatures are required to accentuate the specific egg. These are made very specific egg types, less than five days old. The duration of egg incubation is a matter of local preference, in the Philippines, balut is generally incubated for 14 to 18 days before being boiled for consumption. At about 14 to 16 days of incubation, the floats on top of the egg white and yolk. The ideal balut is said to be 17 days old, there are other versions of balut
39.
Singapore River
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The Singapore River is a river in Singapore that flows from the Central Area, which lies in the Central Region in the southern part of Singapore before emptying into the ocean. The immediate upper watershed of the Singapore River is known as the Singapore River Planning Area, Singapore River planning area sits within the Central Area of the Central Region of Singapore, as defined by the Urban Redevelopment Authority. The planning area shares boundaries with the following - River Valley and Museum to the north, Tanglin and Bukit Merah to the west, Outram to the south, the Singapore River is approximately 3. The mouth of the Singapore River was the old Port of Singapore, historically, the city of Singapore initially grew around the port so the river mouth became the centre of trade, commerce and finance. To this day, area around the old Singapore River mouth, some of the temples, shrines and other places of worship still stand in the vicinity of the river. Bridges such as Anderson Bridge, Elgin Bridge and Cavenagh Bridge still remain, the Merlion, the shophouses, and the large trees such as Banyan and Madras Thorn. Some parts of this area include such as Clarke Quay, Boat Quay and Robertson Quay. Boat Quay itself was handling three quarters of the service in the 1860s. Shophouses and warehouses flourished around the quays due to their proximity to trade during the colonial era, through lack of knowledge or foresight, the bridges were constructed too low and the river was too shallow for the demands that were to be made on its use. However, with the expansion of trade came congestion and pollution, old maps of the river state that it actually originates from Bukit Larangan. Starting in the 1819, there was heavy traffic on the Singapore River due to rapid urbanization, at the same time, it brought in water pollution caused by the disposal of garbage, sewage and other by-products of industries located along the rivers banks. The sources of pollution into the Singapore River and Kallang Basin included pig wastes from pig and duck farms, unsewered premises, street hawkers. Riverine activities such as transport, boat building and repairs were found along the Singapore River. Some 750 lighters plied along the Singapore River and Kallang Basin in 1977, waste, oil spills and wastewater from these boats and lighters added to the pollution of the rivers. In 1977, Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew called for a clean up of Singapores rivers, the clean up costed the government $300 million. The clean up involved a relocation of about 4,000 squatters, along with hawkers and vegetable sellers. Public housing was found for the squatters, while street hawkers were persuaded to move to hawker centres, the government then dredged foul-smelling mud from the banks and the bottom of the river, and debris and other rubbish cleared. The river is now part of the Marina Reservoir after damming the Singapore River at its outlet to the sea to create a new reservoir of freshwater, the dam is known as Marina Barrage
40.
Mount Faber
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Mount Faber is a hill about 105 metres in height, located in the town of Bukit Merah in the Central Region of Singapore. It overlooks the Telok Blangah area, and the parts of the Central Area. The summit is accessible by Mount Faber Road or Mount Faber Loop via Morse Road and it is a frequent tourist destination, as it provides a panoramic view of the increasingly dense central business district within the Central Area. Its slope includes a tower that is part of the Singapore cable car system connects to HarbourFront. It is accessible from the HarbourFront MRT Station, Faber cut through the thick undergrowth, allowing the road to the top of the hill to be built. The original winding road was referred to in the press at that time as a narrow road. The article also questioned the change of the name from what it deemed its originally more appropriate Malay name, a signal station was erected on the hill in 1845. This signal station was transferred from Pulau Blakang Mati because of the injurious miasma on the island, after the Indian Mutiny of 1857, the Straits government decided to convert Mount Faber into a fort for fear of revolt among the local Indian sepoys. Defence work was carried out and granite emplacements for guns were completed halfway up the hill, an observatory was built there in 1905. The vegetation around Mount Faber is secondary rainforest that is smaller, Mount Faber is one of the higher hills in Singapore at 106 metres, lower than Bukit Timah Hill and Bukit Gombak. It is separated from the adjacent slightly lower Telok Blangah Hill by Henderson Road. com Singapore Guide
41.
Merlion
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The Merlion is a well-known marketing icon of Singapore depicted as a mythical creature with a lions head and the body of a fish. It is widely used as a mascot and national personification of Singapore, the Merlion was first used in Singapore as the logo for the tourism board. The Merlion is similar to the heraldic sea-lion which occurs in a number of different artistic traditions, the Merlion is the national personification of Singapore. Its name combines mer, meaning the sea, and lion, the fish body represents Singapores origin as a fishing village when it was called Temasek, which means sea town in Javanese. The lion head represents Singapores original name—Singapura—meaning lion city or kota singa, although the STB changed their logo in 1997, the STB Act continues to protect the Merlion symbol. Approval must be received from STB before it can be used, the Merlion appears frequently on STB-approved souvenirs. On 15 September 1972, then-Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew officiated the ceremony of the Merlion statue. The original Merlion statue used to stand at the mouth of the Singapore River and it was conceptualised by the vice-chancellor of the University of Singapore then, Kwan Sai Kheong. Made from November 1971 to August 1972 by the late Singapore sculptor, Lim Nang Seng, it measures 8.6 metres high, the completion of the Esplanade Bridge, in 1997, blocked the views of the Merlion from the Marina Bay waterfront. By then, the original Merlion location was no longer the entrance of Singapore River. So, in 2002, the statue and its cub were relocated 120 metres to the current Merlion Park that fronts Marina Bay where it stands on a newly reclaimed promontory in front of The Fullerton Hotel. Another solution considered—to raise the Merlion on a pedestal at its original location—was deemed unsuitable as the view would still be blocked by the bridge, however, all were either unsuitable or not technically feasible. The unprecedented feat of relocation began on 23 April 2002, a carefully engineered journey required one barge, two DEMAG AC1600S cranes of 500 tonnes lifting capacity, plus a team of 20 engineers and workers on site. The entire statue was hoisted onto the barge, which sailed to the new installation site at the current Merlion Park. During the voyage, the statue had to be hoisted from the barge, over the Esplanade Bridge and then back onto the barge, as it was too tall to pass underneath. Exactly 30 years after it was launched, then-Senior Minister Lee Kuan Yew returned on 15 September 2002 to ceremonially welcome the Merlion again – this time in its new home. A viewing deck now stretches over the Singapore River, allowing visitors to pose for a photograph with a front or side view of the Merlion, the sculpture was aligned to face East, a direction advised to be most auspicious. Relocated, the once more spouted water from its mouth
42.
Suntec City
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Suntec City is a major multi-use development located in Marina Centre, a subzone of the Downtown Core in Singapore. Construction began on 18 January 1992 followed by completion and opening on 22 July 1997. Suntec City Office Towers houses a number of foreign diplomatic/non-diplomatic missions that are resident in Singapore, Suntec City was designed by Tsao & McKown Architects with emphasis on Chinese geomancy. The five buildings and the center are arranged so that they look like a left hand when viewed aerially. The Fountain of Wealth appears like a ring in the palm of the hand. As the fountain is made of bronze, it is believed that the balance of metal, further, the specially selected Chinese name, 新达, means new achievement. The Urban Redevelopment Authority mentioned Suntec City as one of the largest commercial developments in Singapore, Suntec City was awarded two FIABCI Prix d Excellence awards for excellence in all aspects of real estate development in 1999. Suntec has claimed other prizes, including the 1998 Tourism Award from the Singapore Tourism Board, Suntec City has been featured three times on The Amazing Race reality television show. Once on the US version Season 3 and twice on the Asian version in both Season 1 and Season 2, the Guinness World Records has recently withdrawn the Largest Fountain category from its website. Suntec City office towers comprise five buildings across Towers One to Five with four 45-storey, the latter has 28,000 square feet of net lettable floor area on each floor while the 45-storey towers consist of floor plates ranging from 10,000 to 14,000 square feet. In total, there are about 2.3 million square feet of office space, Tower One to Four is 45-storey representing the 4 fingers and Tower 5 is 18-storey representing the thumb. Suntec City Mall is a centre in Singapore, located within the Marina Centre subzone of the Downtown Core. It also offers a club called the Suntec City Guild House located on the fifth storey. The large size of the mall boasts some 360 outlets spread over 4 floors in an L-shaped configuration, the North Wing includes high end tenants, and alfresco dining outlets. The Fountain Terrace, is located around the Fountain of Wealth, anchor tenants include Food Republic and Giant Hypermarket. The Suntec Singapore International Convention and Exhibition Centre was officially opened on 1 November 1994 and its current name was adopted in 2004 as part of a rebranding exercise. The convention centre has a total of 100,000 square metres of space, located in the heart of Singapores business district, the International Convention Centre is also conveniently located near the IOC Family Hotels, which is just a 10-minute walk away. It hosted Boxing, Fencing, Handball, Judo, Taekwondo, Fountain of Wealth List of convention and exhibition centres Asias Convention City Singapore Exhibition Information
43.
Singapore Changi Airport
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Singapore Changi Airport, or simply Changi Airport, is the primary civilian airport for Singapore, and one of the largest transportation hubs in Southeast Asia. It is currently the Worlds Best Airport, for the fifth year and counting and is one of the worlds busiest airports by international passenger traffic. The airport is located in Changi, at the end of Singapore, approximately 17.2 kilometres northeast from Marina Bay. It is operated by Changi Airport Group and it is the base of Singapore Airlines, Singapore Airlines Cargo, SilkAir, Scoot, Tigerair, Jetstar Asia Airways. Changi Airport serves more than 100 airlines flying to some 380 cities in about 90 countries and territories worldwide. Each week, about 7,000 flights land or depart from Changi, or about one every 90 seconds, for the 2016 full-year figures published by the airport, the airport handled 58,698,039 passengers, the most in its 35-year history. This made it the sixth busiest airport by passenger traffic in the world. In December 2016, Changi Airport registered a total of 5.68 million passenger movements and its daily record was also broken on the Saturday before Christmas, with more than 202,359 passengers passing through during the 24 hours. In addition to being an important passenger hub, the airport is one of the busiest cargo airports in the world, the total number of commercial aircraft movements increased by 4. 1% from the previous year to 360,490 in 2016. The airport has won over 533 awards since 1981, including 26 Best Airport awards in just 2016 alone, Changi Airport has three main passenger terminals, arranged in an elongated inverted U shape. Currently the airport has a total annual handling capacity of 66 million passengers. Terminal 1 opened in 1981, located at the northern end, Terminal 2 in 1990, located to the eastern side. Terminal 3 in 2008, located to the western side, there is also a privately run luxury terminal called the JetQuay CIP Terminal. It is similar to the Lufthansa First Class Terminal at Frankfurt Airport, the Budget Terminal, opened on 26 March 2006 and closed on 25 September 2012. Terminal 4, which will be ready by 2017, built on the site of the former Budget Terminal, Terminal 5 is set to be ready in the mid-2020s. It will be able to handle 50 million passenger movements per annum, the airport terminal structure will almost be larger than all the previous terminals combined, built on reclaimed land to the east of the present terminals. Jewel Changi Airport set to open in early 2019, is a structure interconnecting Terminals 1,2 &3. Part of the project will help expand Terminal 1 to handle 28 million passengers per year, as all passenger traffic out of the airport is international in nature, the three major terminals in operation are equipped with immigration-processing facilities for international travel
Air travel 
Rail travel 
Water travel 
Bus travel
Detour 
Roadblock 
Fast Forward 
Yield 
Intersection 
Pit Stop
(Near Singapore River – Asian Civilisations Museum) (Starting Line)
Singapore (Changi International Airport) to Manila, Philippines 
(Ninoy Aquino International Airport)
Pasay (Green Star Bus Terminal) to Pila, Laguna (Pila Municipal Center)
, China 
(Hong Kong International Airport)
(Auckland Airport)
(Narita International Airport)
Narita (Narita Airport Terminal 2·3 Station) to Chiyoda (Tokyo Station)
Fukuoka (Hakata Port Ferry Terminal) to Busan, South Korea 
(Busan Harbour Pier 1)
(Frankfurt Airport)
(Praha hlavní nádraží)
.JPG)
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(Budapest Keleti pályaudvar)
(Cape Town International Airport)
