1.
California
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California is the most populous state in the United States and the third most extensive by area. Located on the western coast of the U. S, California is bordered by the other U. S. states of Oregon, Nevada, and Arizona and shares an international border with the Mexican state of Baja California. Los Angeles is Californias most populous city, and the second largest after New York City. The Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nations second- and fifth-most populous urban regions, California also has the nations most populous county, Los Angeles County, and its largest county by area, San Bernardino County. The Central Valley, an agricultural area, dominates the states center. What is now California was first settled by various Native American tribes before being explored by a number of European expeditions during the 16th and 17th centuries, the Spanish Empire then claimed it as part of Alta California in their New Spain colony. The area became a part of Mexico in 1821 following its war for independence. The western portion of Alta California then was organized as the State of California, the California Gold Rush starting in 1848 led to dramatic social and demographic changes, with large-scale emigration from the east and abroad with an accompanying economic boom. If it were a country, California would be the 6th largest economy in the world, fifty-eight percent of the states economy is centered on finance, government, real estate services, technology, and professional, scientific and technical business services. Although it accounts for only 1.5 percent of the states economy, the story of Calafia is recorded in a 1510 work The Adventures of Esplandián, written as a sequel to Amadis de Gaula by Spanish adventure writer Garci Rodríguez de Montalvo. The kingdom of Queen Calafia, according to Montalvo, was said to be a land inhabited by griffins and other strange beasts. This conventional wisdom that California was an island, with maps drawn to reflect this belief, shortened forms of the states name include CA, Cal. Calif. and US-CA. Settled by successive waves of arrivals during the last 10,000 years, various estimates of the native population range from 100,000 to 300,000. The Indigenous peoples of California included more than 70 distinct groups of Native Americans, ranging from large, settled populations living on the coast to groups in the interior. California groups also were diverse in their organization with bands, tribes, villages. Trade, intermarriage and military alliances fostered many social and economic relationships among the diverse groups, the first European effort to explore the coast as far north as the Russian River was a Spanish sailing expedition, led by Portuguese captain Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, in 1542. Some 37 years later English explorer Francis Drake also explored and claimed a portion of the California coast in 1579. Spanish traders made unintended visits with the Manila galleons on their trips from the Philippines beginning in 1565
2.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
3.
Warner Bros. Records
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Warner Bros. Records was established on March 19,1958, as the recorded-music division of the American film studio Warner Bros. For most of its existence it was one of a group of labels owned and operated by larger parent corporations. The sequence of companies that controlled Warner Bros. and its allied labels evolved through a series of corporate mergers. Over this period, Warner Bros. Records grew from a minor player in the music industry to become one of the top recording labels in the world. In 2003, these assets were divested by their then owner Time Warner. This independent company traded as the Warner Music Group before being bought by Access Industries in 2011, WMG is the smallest of the three major international music conglomerates and the worlds last publicly traded major music company. Cameron Strang serves as CEO of the company, artists currently signed to Warner Bros. At the end of the silent movie period, Warner Bros, pictures decided to expand into publishing and recording so that it could access low-cost music content for its films. This new group controlled valuable copyrights on standards by George and Ira Gershwin and Jerome Kern, the label signed rising radio and recording stars Bing Crosby, Mills Brothers, and Boswell Sisters. In December 1931, Warner Bros. offloaded Brunswick to the American Record Corporation for a fraction of its former value, in a lease arrangement which did not include Brunswicks pressing plants. Warner Bros. sold Brunswick a second time, this time along with the old Brunswick pressing plants Warner owned, to Decca Records in exchange for a financial interest in Decca. The studio stayed out of the business for more than 25 years. Warner Bros. reëntered the record business in 1958 with the establishment of its own recording division, by this time, the established Hollywood studios were reeling from multiple challenges to their former dominance - the most notable being the introduction of television in the late 1940s. Legal changes also had a impact on their business—lawsuits brought by major stars had effectively overthrown the old studio contract system by the late 1940s. Pictures sold off much of its library in 1948 and, beginning in 1949. Semenenko in particular had a professional interest in the entertainment business. With the record business booming - sales had topped US$500 million by 1958 - Semnenko argued that it was foolish for Warner Bros, another impetus for the labels creation was the brief music career of Warner Bros. actor Tab Hunter. In 1958, the studio signed Hunter as its first artist to its newly formed record division, to establish the label, the company hired former Columbia Records president James B
4.
Columbia Records
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Columbia Records is an American record label owned by Sony Music Entertainment, a subsidiary of Sony Corporation of America, Inc. the United States division of Sony Corporation. It was founded in 1887, evolving from an enterprise named the American Graphophone Company. Columbia is the oldest surviving brand name in the sound business. Columbia Records went on to release records by an array of singers, instrumentalists. It is one of Sony Musics three flagship record labels alongside RCA Records and Epic Records, rather, as above, it was connected to CBS, a broadcasting media company which had purchased the company in 1938, and had been co-founded in 1927 by Columbia Records itself. Though Arista Records was sold to Bertelsmann Music Group, it would become a sister label of Columbia Records through its mutual connection to Sony Music. The Columbia Phonograph Company was founded in 1887 by stenographer, lawyer and New Jersey native Edward Easton and it derived its name from the District of Columbia, where it was headquartered. At first it had a monopoly on sales and service of Edison phonographs and phonograph cylinders in Washington. As was the custom of some of the regional companies, Columbia produced many commercial cylinder recordings of its own. Columbias ties to Edison and the North American Phonograph Company were severed in 1894 with the North American Phonograph Companys breakup, thereafter it sold only records and phonographs of its own manufacture. In 1902, Columbia introduced the XP record, a brown wax record. According to Gracyk, the molded brown waxes may have sold to Sears for distribution. Columbia began selling records and phonographs in addition to the cylinder system in 1901, preceded only by their Toy Graphophone of 1899. For a decade, Columbia competed with both the Edison Phonograph Company cylinders and the Victor Talking Machine Company disc records as one of the top three names in American recorded sound. In order to add prestige to its catalog of artists. The firm also introduced the internal-horn Grafonola to compete with the extremely popular Victrola sold by the rival Victor Talking Machine Company, during this era, Columbia used the famous Magic Notes logo—a pair of sixteenth notes in a circle—both in the United States and overseas. Columbia was split into two companies, one to make records and one to make players, Columbia Phonograph was moved to Connecticut, and Ed Easton went with it. Eventually it was renamed the Dictaphone Corporation, in late 1923, Columbia went into receivership
5.
RCA Records
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RCA Records is an American record label owned by Sony Music Entertainment, a subsidiary of Sony Corporation of America, Inc. It is one of SMEs three flagship labels, alongside Columbia Records and Epic Records. The label has released multiple genres of music, including pop, rock, hip hop, R&B, blues, jazz, the companys name is derived from the initials of the labels former parent company, the Radio Corporation of America. It is the second oldest recording company in US history, after sister label Columbia Records, RCAs Canadian unit is Sonys oldest label in Canada. It was one of only two Canadian record companies to survive the Great Depression, kelly, Enrique Iglesias, Foo Fighters, Kings of Leon, Kesha, Miley Cyrus, Giorgio Moroder, Jennifer Hudson, DAngelo, Pink, Tinashe, G-Eazy, Pitbull, Zayn and Wizkid. In 1929, the Radio Corporation of America purchased the Victor Talking Machine Company, then the worlds largest manufacturer of phonographs and phonograph records. The company then became RCA Victor but retained use of the Victor Records name on their labels until the beginning of 1946 when the labels were finally switched over to RCA Victor. With Victor, RCA acquired New World rights to the famous Nipper His Masters Voice trademark, in Shanghai, China, in 1931, RCA Victors British affiliate the Gramophone Company merged with the Columbia Graphophone Company to form EMI. This gave RCA head David Sarnoff a seat on the EMI board, in September 1931, RCA Victor introduced the first 33⅓ rpm records sold to the public, calling them Program Transcriptions. In the depths of the Great Depression, the format was a commercial failure, during the early part of the depression, RCA made a number of attempts to produce a successful cheap label to compete with the dime store labels. The first was the short-lived Timely Tunes label in 1931 sold at Montgomery Ward, in 1932, Bluebird Records was created as a sub-label of RCA Victor. It was originally an 8-inch record with a blue label. In 1933, RCA reintroduced Bluebird and Electradisk as a standard 10-inch label, another cheap label, Sunrise, was produced. The same musical couplings were issued on all three labels and Bluebird Records still survives eight decades after Electradisk and Sunrise were discontinued, RCA also produced records for Montgomery Ward label during the 1930s. Besides manufacturing records for themselves, RCA Victor operated RCA Custom which was the leading record manufacturer for independent record labels, RCA Custom also pressed record compilations for The Readers Digest Association. RCA sold its interest in EMI in 1935, but EMI continued to distribute RCA recordings in the UK, RCA also manufactured and distributed HMV classical recordings on the RCA and HMV labels in North America. During World War II, ties between RCA and its Japanese affiliate JVC were severed, the Japanese record company is today called Victor Entertainment and is still a JVC subsidiary. From 1942 to 1944, RCA Victor was seriously impacted by the American Federation of Musicians recording ban, virtually all union musicians could not make recordings during that period
6.
Elektra Records
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Elektra Records is an American record label owned by Warner Music Group, founded in 1950 by Jac Holzman and Paul Rickolt. It played an important role in the development of folk music. In 2004, it was consolidated into WMGs Atlantic Records Group, after five years of dormancy, the label was revived as an imprint of Atlantic in 2009. The label has been run by Gregg Nadel since 2015 who officially became its president in 2017, Elektra was formed in 1950 by Jac Holzman and Paul Rickolt in Holzmans St. Johns College dorm room. The usual spelling of the Greek mythological Pleiad Electra was changed, Holzman famously explained, I gave her the ‘K’ that I lacked. He found the C in the name too soft but liked the solid bite of the letter K. The first Elektra LP, New Songs, was a collection of Lieder and similar art songs, Holzman also recorded Josh White, who was without a record deal as a result of McCarthyite blacklisting. In 1964, Elektra launched Nonesuch Records and this classical budget label was the best-selling budget classical label of the era. In 1965, Elektra began a joint venture with Survey Music called Bounty Records which was Elektras first foray into pop music. The most notable signing for Bounty was the Paul Butterfield Band who was moved over to Elektra when Bounty folded, the labels most important signings were the Chicago-based Paul Butterfield Blues Band, the Los Angeles bands Love and The Doors, and the Detroit bands The Stooges and MC5. Included in Elektras LA signings were Tim Buckley and Bread, in 1968, the label also signed pioneering rock guitar soloist Lonnie Mack to a three-album deal. Also in 1967, Elektra launched its influential Nonesuch Explorer Series, excerpts from several Nonesuch Explorer recordings were later included on the two Voyager Golden Discs which were sent into deep space in 1977 aboard the Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 space probes. Elektra, along with its Nonesuch Records subsidiary, was acquired by Kinney National Services in 1970, soon afterwards, Kinney consolidated their label holdings under the Warner-Elektra-Atlantic umbrella. Holzman remained in charge of Elektra until 1972, when it merged with Asylum Records to become Elektra/Asylum Records, Asylums founder, David Geffen, would head the newly combined label. Holzman, in the meantime, was appointed vice president and chief technologist for Warner — ushering the company into home video. Holzman also went on to acquire Discovery Records, in 1975, Geffen stepped down due to health problems. He would be replaced by Joe Smith, who went on to become CEO of Capitol Records. Although the company was listed as Elektra/Asylum Records on the label credits
7.
Windy
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Windy is a pop music song written by Ruthann Friedman and recorded by The Association. Released in 1967, the song reached #1 on the Billboard Hot 100 in July of that year, later in 1967, an instrumental version by jazz guitarist Wes Montgomery became his biggest Hot 100 hit when it peaked at #44. Windy was The Associations second U. S. number-one, following Cherish in 1966, Billboard ranked the record as the No.4 song for 1967. The Associations Larry Ramos, co-lead singer on the single, claimed that Ruthann Friedman had written the song about a man, Friedman refuted the rumor on her website, There are many explanations of who Windy actually was in Ruthanns life. She would have you know, she being me, Ruthann Friedman, Windy was indeed a female and purely a fictitious character who popped into my head one fine day in 1967. During the recording session the Association members, sure that they were in the middle of recording a hit, called the song writer, I can be heard singing a blues harmony as the song fades out. Session musician Hal Blaine was brought in to play drums, Wes Montgomery covered the song on his 1967 album A Day in the Life. Gary Lewis and the Playboys released the song in 1968 on their album Gary Lewis Now, astrud Gilberto covered the song on her 1968 album Windy. Andy Williams released a version in 1968 on his album Honey, soul singer Billy Pauls version appears on his 1970 album Ebony Woman. The band Betty covered the song on their 1996 album Limboland, barry Manilow and The Association covered the song as a medley with Cherish on the 2006 album The Greatest Songs of the Sixties. A version of the song was used as the tune on the nightly Today programme. This included the edition of the featuring the Bill Grundy/Sex Pistols incident. Footage of this—complete with the song—has been included on punk documentaries such as BBC2s Arena, Punk, in reference to this usage, the band Go Kart Mozart recorded a similar instrumental version of the song under the title Today for their debut album Instant Wigwam and Igloo Mixture. In an episode of Gilmore Girls, Rory listens to the song while driving to Stars Hallow from Yale, on Season 5, Episode 14 of South Park, entitled Butters Very Own Episode, an alternate theme song is played. The theme song, Everyone Knows Its Butters, closely parodies the music, on March 25,2009, Life on Mars featured this song in the epilogue of Episode 16, titled Everyone Knows Its Windy. The episode involved the nature of a character named Windy. List of recordings of songs Hal Blaine has played on
8.
Along Comes Mary
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Along Comes Mary is a song composed by Tandyn Almer, originally recorded in 1966 by the Association, and released on their debut album And Then. It was their first hit and reached seven on the U. S. charts. Mary in the songs title refers to marijuana. It has been covered by artists, most notably the Bloodhound Gang. In 1966, South African trumpeter Hugh Masekela included the song to his album Hugh Masekelas Next Album, the Baja Marimba Bands jazzy remake hit the top 1001967. The Manhattan Transfer covered the song on their 1995 album Tonin and this song was released as a single in Germany, reaching number six there in 1999. The Associations version appears in the 2011 movie Thats What I Am, list of recordings of songs Hal Blaine has played on Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
9.
Chattanooga, Tennessee
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Chattanooga is a city in the U. S. state of Tennessee, with a population of 176,588 in 2015. The fourth-largest Tennessee city, it is the seat of Hamilton County, located in southeastern Tennessee in East Tennessee, on the Tennessee River, served by multiple railroads and Interstate highways, Chattanooga is a transit hub. The city, with elevation of approximately 680 feet, lies at the transition between the ridge-and-valley portion of the Appalachian Mountains and the Cumberland Plateau. Surrounded by mountains and ridges, the nickname for Chattanooga is the Scenic City. Unofficial nicknames include River City, Chatt, Nooga, Chattown, Chattanooga is internationally known for the 1941 song Chattanooga Choo Choo by Glenn Miller and his orchestra. Chattanooga is home to the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga and Chattanooga State Community College, the city has its own typeface, Chatype, which was launched in August 2012. The first inhabitants of the Chattanooga area were Native Americans, sites dating back to the Upper Paleolithic period showed continuous occupation through the Archaic, Woodland, Mississippian/Muskogean/Yuchi, and Cherokee. The Chickamauga Mound near the mouth of the Chickamauga Creek is the oldest remaining visible art in Chattanooga, the Citico town and mound site was the most significant Mississippian/Muscogee landmark in Chattanooga up to 1915. The first part of the name Chattanooga derives from the Muskogean word cvto /chắtȯ/ – rock, the latter may be derived from a regional suffix -nuga meaning dwelling or dwelling place. In 1816 John Ross, who later became Principal Chief, established Rosss Landing, located along what is now Broad Street, it became one of the centers of Cherokee Nation settlement, which also extended into Georgia and Alabama. Their journey west became known as the Trail of Tears for their exile, the US Army used Rosss Landing as the site of one of three large internment camps, or emigration depots, where Native Americans were held prior to the journey on the Trail of Tears. One of the internment camps was located in Fort Payne, Alabama, in 1839, the community of Rosss Landing incorporated as the city of Chattanooga. The city grew quickly, initially benefiting from a location well-suited for river commerce, with the arrival of the railroad in 1850, Chattanooga became a boom town. During the American Civil War, Chattanooga was a center of battle, during the Chickamauga Campaign, Union artillery bombarded Chattanooga as a diversion and occupied it on September 9,1863. Following the Battle of Chickamauga, the defeated Union Army retreated to safety in Chattanooga, the next day, the Battle of Lookout Mountain was fought, driving the Confederates off the mountain. On November 25, Grants army routed the Confederates in the Battle of Missionary Ridge and these battles were followed the next spring by the Atlanta Campaign, beginning just over the nearby state line in Georgia and moving southeastward. After the war ended, the city became a railroad hub and industrial. The largest flood in Chattanoogas history occurred in 1867, before the Tennessee Valley Authority system was created in 1933 by Congress, the flood crested at 58 feet and completely inundated the city
10.
Hawaii
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Hawaii is the 50th and most recent state to have joined the United States of America, having received statehood on August 21,1959. Hawaii is the only U. S. state located in Oceania and it is the northernmost island group in Polynesia, occupying most of an archipelago in the central Pacific Ocean. Hawaii is the only U. S. state not located in the Americas, the state encompasses nearly the entire volcanic Hawaiian archipelago, which comprises hundreds of islands spread over 1,500 miles. At the southeastern end of the archipelago, the eight main islands are—in order from northwest to southeast, Niʻihau, Kauaʻi, Oʻahu, Molokaʻi, Lānaʻi, Kahoʻolawe, Maui, and the Island of Hawaiʻi. The last is the largest island in the group, it is called the Big Island or Hawaiʻi Island to avoid confusion with the state or archipelago. The archipelago is physiographically and ethnologically part of the Polynesian subregion of Oceania, Hawaii has over a million permanent residents, along with many visitors and U. S. military personnel. Its capital is Honolulu on the island of Oʻahu, Hawaii is the 8th-smallest and the 11th-least populous, but the 13th-most densely populated of the fifty U. S. states. It is the state with an Asian plurality. The states coastline is about 750 miles long, the fourth longest in the U. S. after the coastlines of Alaska, Florida, the state of Hawaii derives its name from the name of its largest island, Hawaiʻi. A common Hawaiian explanation of the name of Hawaiʻi is that was named for Hawaiʻiloa and he is said to have discovered the islands when they were first settled. The Hawaiian language word Hawaiʻi is very similar to Proto-Polynesian *Sawaiki, cognates of Hawaiʻi are found in other Polynesian languages, including Māori, Rarotongan and Samoan. According to linguists Pukui and Elbert, lsewhere in Polynesia, Hawaiʻi or a cognate is the name of the underworld or of the home, but in Hawaii. A somewhat divisive political issue arose in 1978 when the Constitution of the State of Hawaii added Hawaiian as an official state language. The title of the constitution is The Constitution of the State of Hawaii. Article XV, Section 1 of the Constitution uses The State of Hawaii, diacritics were not used because the document, drafted in 1949, predates the use of the okina and the kahakō in modern Hawaiian orthography. The exact spelling of the name in the Hawaiian language is Hawaiʻi. In the Hawaii Admission Act that granted Hawaiian statehood, the government recognized Hawaii as the official state name. Official government publications, department and office titles, and the Seal of Hawaii use the spelling with no symbols for glottal stops or vowel length
11.
Salina, Kansas
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Salina /səˈlaɪnə/ is a city in and the county seat of Saline County, Kansas, United States. As of the 2010 census, the city population was 47,707, located in one of the worlds largest wheat-producing areas, Salina, is a regional trade center for north-central Kansas. It is home to multiple colleges, prior to European colonization of the area, the site of Salina was located within the territory of the Kansa people. Claimed first by France as part of Louisiana and later acquired by the United States with the Louisiana Purchase in 1803, in 1856, a colony led by Preston B. Plumb established the first American settlement near the site at a location on the Saline River, settlers led by journalist and lawyer William A. Phillips founded Salina in 1858. During the following two years, the legislature chartered the town company, organized the surrounding area as Saline County. The westernmost town on the Smoky Hill Trail, Salina established itself as a trading post for westbound immigrants, prospectors bound for Pikes Peak, and area American Indian tribes. The towns growth halted with the outbreak of the American Civil War when much of the population left to join the U. S. Army. In 1862, local residents fended off American Indian raiders only to fall victim to an assault by bushwhackers later that year. In May and June 1864, the Salina Stockade was built to protect the town against further Indian raids, troops were garrisoned in Salina until March 1865, and some may have returned in June 1865. The stockade was used until at least spring or summer 1865. Growth returned with the soldiers after the war, and the town expanded rapidly with the arrival of the Kansas Pacific Railway in 1867, Salina incorporated as a city in 1870. The cattle trade arrived in 1872, transforming Salina into a cowtown, the trade brought the city further prosperity, but also a rowdy culture that agitated local residents. The cattle trade relocated westward just two years later, during the 1870s, wheat became the dominant crop in the area, steam-powered flour mills were built, and agriculture became the engine of the local economy. In 1874, Salina resident E. R. Switzer introduced alfalfa to area farmers, by 1880, the city was an area industrial center with several mills, a carriage and wagon factory, and a farm implement works. Salina was the location of the first garment factory of jeans maker Lee, over the following decade, three railroads were built through the city. In 1943, the U. S. Army established Smoky Hill Army Airfield southwest of the city, the installation served as a base for strategic bomber units throughout World War II. Renamed Smoky Hill Air Force Base in 1948, the base closed the year only to be reopened in 1951 as Schilling Air Force Base
12.
Chino, California
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Chino is a city in San Bernardino County, California, United States. It is located in the end of the Riverside-San Bernardino Area and it is easily accessible via the Chino Valley. The population was 77,983 at the 2010 census, chinos rich agricultural history dates back to the Spanish land grant forming Rancho Santa Ana del Chino. The area specialized in orchard, row crops and dairy, downtown Chino is home to satellite branches of the San Bernardino County Library and Chaffey Community College, the Chino Community Theatre, the Chino Boxing Club and a weekly Farmers Market. In 2008, the city of Chino was awarded the prestigious 100 Best Communities for Youth award for the time in three years. Chino hosted shooting events for the 1984 Summer Olympics at the Prado Olympic Shooting Park in the Prado Regional Park, two California state prisons for adults, as well as the Heman G. Stark Youth Correctional Facility, lie within the city limits. The land grant on which the town was founded was called Rancho Santa Ana del Chino, Santa Ana is Spanish for Saint Anne, but the exact meaning of Chino has been explained in different ways. One explanation is that the Chino was the chief of the local Native American village, the first inhabitants of Chino in modern times were the Tongva, who had a settlement called Wapijangna in the Santa Ana River watershed. Some residents of Wapijanga were baptized at Mission San Gabriel, which was established in 1771, the Spanish crown claimed the land, at least nominally, until Mexican independence was finalized and possession fell to the Mexican government. Some twenty years later, Mexican governor of Alta California Juan Bautista Alvarado granted Rancho Santa Ana del Chino to Antonio Maria Lugo of the prominent Lugo family. Two years later, his successor, Governor Micheltorena, granted an additional three leagues to Lugos son-in-law Isaac Williams, who took charge of the rancho, Williams kept large quantities of horses and cattle, which attracted the envy of raiding Native Americans as well as unscrupulous whites. Early in the Mexican-American War, the Battle of Chino took place at Williams rancho, the battle ended prior to the arrival of the Mormon Battalion, dispatched on behalf of the United States, who instead labored in the ranchos agricultural harvest and constructed a grist mill. During the California Gold Rush, the rancho was a stopover for travelers. In 1850, California was admitted to the union, and the process of separating privately held lands from the public domain began, the Williams claim to the Chino Rancho was patented in 1869. Richard Gird was the owner of the Rancho. Beginning in 1887, his land was subdivided and laid out and it became the Town of Chino, and incorporated into a city in 1910. Sugar beets, corn, and alfalfa were raised there, the Chino Valley, located at the foot of an alluvial plain with fertile topsoil reaching depths of 4 feet, was an agricultural mecca from the 1890s up through the mid 20th century. Sugar beets were a significant part of the economy in the early 1900s, followed by corn, peaches, walnuts, tomatoes
13.
Chaffey College
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Chaffey College is a public community college in the San Bernardino County city of Rancho Cucamonga, California, United States, in the northern part of the community of Alta Loma. The district covers Chino, Chino Hills, Fontana, Montclair, Ontario, Rancho Cucamonga, the school was established in Ontario, California in 1883, when city founders and brothers George and William Chaffey donated land and established an endowment for a private college. The cornerstone of the new school was laid on March 17,1883 at Fourth and Euclid in Ontario, the original institution included a secondary school and was run by USC until 1901. During this period, Chaffeys football team had a 1-1 series with the young USC football team, winning 32-6 in 1893, financial troubles forced the school to close in 1901. The building was taken over by the city and became the home of Ontario High School, in 1906 the Chaffey endowment was legally separated from USC and reorganized to benefit the newly created Chaffey Union High School District. When Ontario High school opened to students from Upland in 1911, in 1916, the Chaffey Junior College of Agriculture was added as a postgraduate department to the high school. The schools buildings were renovated and additional buildings added during the New Deal, a separate junior college district was created in 1922 and in 1957 bonds were approved in support of a complete separation of the high school and college facilities. The current location in Alta Loma opened in the spring of 1960, the colleges mascot is the Panther. The Measure L bond provides up to $230 million in bonds during a 10-year period for the Facilities Master Plan, off-site campuses in Fontana and Chino are also part of this master plan, with new Fontana buildings and a new Chino campus being developed. The college remains open while undergoing construction, except for occasional diversions in traffic, the campus bookstore is known for being an industry leader in low cost books and educational materials. They were early champions of textbook rentals and e-books and have received significant recognition for their efforts, the president is Dr Henry D. Shannon. Chaffey offers associate degrees and occupational certificates in fields, including aviation, automotive, business, science, the arts, history, philosophy, psychology, RN. Chaffey offers one of the oldest aviation programs in the United States, Chaffey College is the oldest community college in California. The college athletic teams are nicknamed the Panthers
14.
Los Angeles
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Los Angeles, officially the City of Los Angeles and often known by its initials L. A. is the cultural, financial, and commercial center of Southern California. With a census-estimated 2015 population of 3,971,883, it is the second-most populous city in the United States, Los Angeles is also the seat of Los Angeles County, the most populated county in the United States. The citys inhabitants are referred to as Angelenos, historically home to the Chumash and Tongva, Los Angeles was claimed by Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo for Spain in 1542 along with the rest of what would become Alta California. The city was founded on September 4,1781, by Spanish governor Felipe de Neve. It became a part of Mexico in 1821 following the Mexican War of Independence, in 1848, at the end of the Mexican–American War, Los Angeles and the rest of California were purchased as part of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, thereby becoming part of the United States. Los Angeles was incorporated as a municipality on April 4,1850, the discovery of oil in the 1890s brought rapid growth to the city. The completion of the Los Angeles Aqueduct in 1913, delivering water from Eastern California, nicknamed the City of Angels, Los Angeles is known for its Mediterranean climate, ethnic diversity, and sprawling metropolis. Los Angeles also has an economy in culture, media, fashion, science, sports, technology, education, medicine. A global city, it has been ranked 6th in the Global Cities Index, the city is home to renowned institutions covering a broad range of professional and cultural fields, and is one of the most substantial economic engines within the United States. The Los Angeles combined statistical area has a gross metropolitan product of $831 billion, making it the third-largest in the world, after the Greater Tokyo and New York metropolitan areas. The city has hosted the Summer Olympic Games in 1932 and 1984 and is bidding to host the 2024 Summer Olympics and thus become the second city after London to have hosted the Games three times. The Los Angeles area also hosted the 1994 FIFA mens World Cup final match as well as the 1999 FIFA womens World Cup final match, the mens event was watched on television by over 700 million people worldwide. The Los Angeles coastal area was first settled by the Tongva, a Gabrielino settlement in the area was called iyáangẚ, meaning poison oak place. Gaspar de Portolà and Franciscan missionary Juan Crespí, reached the present site of Los Angeles on August 2,1769, in 1771, Franciscan friar Junípero Serra directed the building of the Mission San Gabriel Arcángel, the first mission in the area. The Queen of the Angels is an honorific of the Virgin Mary, two-thirds of the settlers were mestizo or mulatto with a mixture of African, indigenous and European ancestry. The settlement remained a small town for decades, but by 1820. Today, the pueblo is commemorated in the district of Los Angeles Pueblo Plaza and Olvera Street. New Spain achieved its independence from the Spanish Empire in 1821, during Mexican rule, Governor Pío Pico made Los Angeles Alta Californias regional capital
15.
Frank Zappa
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Zappa also directed feature-length films and music videos, and designed album covers. He is considered one of the most innovative and stylistically diverse rock musicians of his generation, as a self-taught composer and performer, Zappas diverse musical influences led him to create music that was sometimes difficult to categorize. While in his teens, he acquired a taste for 20th-century classical composers such as Edgard Varèse, Igor Stravinsky and he began writing classical music in high school, while at the same time playing drums in rhythm and blues bands, later switching to electric guitar. His 1966 debut album with the Mothers of Invention, Freak Out, combined songs in conventional rock and roll format with collective improvisations and studio-generated sound collages. He continued this eclectic and experimental approach, irrespective of whether the format was rock. Zappas output is unified by a conceptual continuity he termed Project/Object, with musical phrases, ideas. His lyrics reflected his views of established social and political processes, structures and movements. Unlike many other musicians of his era, he personally disapproved of and seldom used drugs. During Zappas lifetime, he was a productive and prolific artist, earning widespread acclaim from critics. He had some success, particularly in Europe, and worked as an independent artist for most of his career. He remains an influence on musicians and composers. His honors include an induction into the 1995 Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and the 1997 Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award. In 2004, Rolling Stone magazine ranked him at number 71 on its list of the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time, Zappa was born in Baltimore, Maryland. His mother, Rosemarie was of Italian and French ancestry, his father, whose name was Anglicized to Francis Vincent Zappa, was an immigrant from Partinico, Sicily, with Greek and Arab ancestry. Frank, the eldest of four children, was raised in an Italian-American household where Italian was often spoken by his grandparents, the family moved often because his father, a chemist and mathematician, worked in the defense industry. After a time in Florida in the 1940s, the returned to Maryland. Due to their homes proximity to the arsenal, which stored mustard gas, gas masks were kept in the home in case of an accident and this had a profound effect on Zappa, and references to germs, germ warfare and the defense industry occur throughout his work. Zappa was often sick as a child, suffering from asthma, earaches, a doctor treated his sinusitis by inserting a pellet of radium into each of Zappas nostrils
16.
The Mothers of Invention
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The Mothers of Invention were an American rock band from California that served as the backing musicians for Frank Zappa. Formed in 1964, their work is marked by the use of experimentation, innovative album art. Originally an R&B band called the Soul Giants, the original lineup included Ray Collins, David Coronado, Ray Hunt, Roy Estrada. Zappa was asked to take over as the guitarist following a fight between Collins and Coronado, the bands original saxophonist/leader, Zappa insisted that they perform his original material, changing their name on Mothers Day to the Mothers. After record executives objected to the name it was changed, Zappa later said out of necessity, we became the Mothers of Invention. After early struggles, the Mothers earned substantial popular commercial success, the band first became popular playing in Californias underground music scene in the late 1960s. Under Zappas helm, it was signed to jazz label Verve Records as part of the labels diversification plans, Verve released the Mothers of Inventions début double album Freak Out. in 1966, featuring a lineup including Zappa, Collins, Black, Estrada and Elliot Ingber. Don Preston joined the band soon after, in 1970, he formed a new version of the Mothers that included Ian Underwood, Jeff Simmons, George Duke, Aynsley Dunbar and singers Mark Volman and Howard Kaylan. Later adding another ex-Turtle, bassist Jim Pons, this lineup endured through 1971, the final album using the Mothers as a backing band, Bongo Fury, featured guitarist Denny Walley and drummer Terry Bozzio, who continued to play for Zappa on non-Mothers releases. The Soul Giants were formed in 1964, in 1964, Frank Zappa was approached by Ray Collins who asked him to take over as the guitarist following a fight between Collins and the groups original guitarist. Zappa accepted, and convinced the members that they should play his music to increase the chances of getting a record contract. Original leader David Coronado did not think that the band would be if they played original material. Zappa soon assumed leadership and the role as singer, even though he never considered himself a singer. The band was renamed the Mothers, coincidentally on Mothers Day, the group increased their bookings after beginning an association with manager Herb Cohen, while they gradually gained attention on the burgeoning Los Angeles underground music scene. In early 1966, they were spotted by leading record producer Tom Wilson when playing Zappas Trouble Every Day, the label suggested the name The Mothers Auxiliary, which prompted Zappa to come up with the name The Mothers of Invention. With Wilson credited as producer, the Mothers of Invention, augmented by a studio orchestra, which, preceded by Bob Dylans Blonde on Blonde, was the second rock double album ever released. It mixed R&B, doo-wop, musique concrète, and experimental sound collages that captured the freak subculture of Los Angeles at that time, the sound was raw, but the arrangements were sophisticated. The lyrics praised non-conformity, disparaged authorities, and had dadaist elements, yet, there was a place for seemingly conventional love songs
17.
Troubadour (West Hollywood, California)
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The Troubadour is a nightclub located in West Hollywood, California, United States, at 9081 Santa Monica Boulevard just east of Doheny Drive and the border of Beverly Hills. It was opened in 1957 by Doug Weston as a house on La Cienega Boulevard. It was a center for folk music in the 1960s. On August 25,1970, Neil Diamond introduced Elton John, in 1974, John Lennon and his friend Harry Nilsson were ejected from the club for drunkenly heckling the Smothers Brothers. Randy Newman started out at the club and comics Cheech & Chong, in 1975, Elton John returned to do a series of special anniversary concerts. In November 2007, James Taylor and Carole King played a series of concerts commemorating the nightclubs 50th anniversary, Guns N Roses played their first show at the Troubadour, and were also discovered by a David Geffen A&R representative at the club. During the Glam/ Metal years Gina Barsamian was the booking agent for the club. There is a variety of styles of music played at the Troubadour to the present day and it continues to be one of Hollywoods favorite, in 2011, a documentary about the club called Troubadours, Carole King / James Taylor & The Rise of the Singer-Songwriter was released. It is also still a venue to showcase singer-songwriters, Ray LaMontagne, Joanna Newsom, Fiona Apple. On April 1,2016, it saw the first show of Guns N Roses since Slash and Duff McKagan had rejoined the band
18.
Doug Dillard
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The Dillards are an American bluegrass band from Salem, Missouri, popularly known for their appearance as The Darlings on The Andy Griffith Show. The Dillards originally consisted of Douglas Dillard on banjo, Rodney Dillard playing the guitar, and dobro, Dean Webb on mandolin, and Mitchell Franklin Mitch Jayne on double bass. In 1968, Doug Dillard left to form Dillard and Clark, the 2015 lineup includes Rodney Dillard and his wife Beverly Cotten-Dillard, Featured Guest Tony Wray, Jeff Gilkinson, Gary J. Smith, and George Giddens. This was a role and the Dillards were led by veteran character actor Denver Pyle as their father and jug player. Maggie Peterson played Charlene Darling, their sister and the focus for the attentions of character Ernest T. Bass, the appearances of the Dillards as the Darlings ran between 1963 and 1966. In 1986, the Dillards reprised the role in the reunion show Return to Mayberry, as part of their current tour, Rodney Dillard answers questions about the TV series. He says the songs such as Dooley are about people the family knew, on the October 1963 episode Briscoe Declares for Aunt Bee, the Dillards performed the first wide scale airing of the 1955 Arthur Guitar Boogie Smith composition Feudin Banjos. The Dillards are notable for being among the first bluegrass groups to have electrified their instruments in the mid-1960s, in 1972, The Dillards joined Elton John on his first American tour. John Paul Jones of Led Zeppelin has also acknowledged their influence, Rodney Dillard is a founding member of The Dillards - the group he formed with his brother, Douglas Dillard in the late 1950s. Credited throughout the years as the force behind the groups musical direction, success. Today, Dillards musical duties include lead and harmony vocals, guitar, Beverly Cotten-Dillard is a native of Morrisville, North Carolina who performed with Janette Carter, Ola Belle Reed, Tommy Jarrell, and Doc and Merle Watson. She has appeared on Hee Haw and the Disney Channel and at Carnegie Hall, Cotten-Dillard is recognized as an authority on the traditional clawhammer banjo technique and is a featured member of The Dillards live shows. Her 1981 album Clog-In is considered an American folk classic, George Giddens is a classically trained musician who is an awarded fiddler and mandolin player for the band. Gary J. Smith was added to the lineup, having recorded double bass in the 2015 studio sessions for the new Dillards album. Smith is well known in Nashville circles after stints with Tom T. Hall, The Brother Boys, Ed Snodderly, and his long-time collaborator, Jeff Gilkinson
19.
Cass Elliot
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Cass Elliot, also known as Mama Cass, was an American singer and actress, best known as a member of The Mamas & the Papas. After the group broke up, she released five solo albums, in 1998, Elliot, John Phillips, Denny Doherty, and Michelle Phillips were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame for their work as The Mamas & the Papas. Ellen Naomi Cohen was born in Baltimore, Maryland, the daughter of Philip Cohen, both her parents were the children of Jewish immigrants from the Russian Empire. Her father owned a business, and her mother was a trained nurse. Elliot had a brother Joseph and a younger sister Leah, who became a singer as a member of the Coyote Sisters. The Cohens later moved to Alexandria, Virginia, Elliot adopted the name Cass in high school, possibly borrowing it from actress Peggy Cass, as Denny Doherty tells it. She assumed the surname Elliot some time later, in memory of a friend who had died, Elliot attended George Washington High School, along with Jim Morrison of The Doors. While still attending George Washington High School, Elliot became interested in acting and was cast in a production of the play The Boy Friend. She left high school shortly before graduation and moved to New York City to further her acting career, americas folk music scene was on the rise when Elliot met banjoist and singer Tim Rose and singer John Brown, and the three began performing as The Triumvirate. In 1963, James Hendricks replaced Brown, and the trio was renamed The Big 3, Elliots first recording with The Big 3 was Winkin, Blinkin and Nod, released by FM Records in 1963. Tim Rose left The Big 3 in 1964, and Elliot and Hendricks teamed with Canadians Zal Yanovsky and this group lasted eight months, after which Cass performed as a solo act for a while. In the meantime, Yanovsky and John Sebastian co-founded The Lovin Spoonful, while Doherty joined The New Journeymen, in 1965, Doherty persuaded Phillips that Elliot should join the group, which she did while she and the group members were vacationing in the Virgin Islands. Elliot confirmed the story in a 1968 interview with Rolling Stone magazine, saying, Its true, I did get hit on the head by a pipe that fell down and they were tearing this club apart in the islands, revamping it, putting in a dance floor. Workmen dropped a thin metal plumbing pipe and it hit me on the head, I had a concussion and went to the hospital. I had a bad headache for two weeks and all of a sudden I was singing higher. With two female members, The New Journeymen needed a new name, according to Doherty, Elliot had the inspiration for the bands new name, as written on his website, Were all just lying around vegging out watching TV and discussing names for the group. The New Journeymen was not a handle that was going to hang on this outfit, John was pushing for The Magic Cyrcle. Eech, but none of us could come up with anything better, then we switch the channel and, hey, and the first thing we hear is, Now hold on there, Hoss
20.
David Crosby
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David Van Cortlandt Crosby is an American singer-songwriter. In addition to his career, he was a founding member of both the Byrds and Crosby, Stills & Nash. He wrote or co-wrote Lady Friend, Why, and Eight Miles High with the Byrds and Guinnevere, Wooden Ships, Shadow Captain and he wrote Almost Cut My Hair and the title track Déjà Vu for Crosby, Stills, Nash & Youngs 1970 album. He is known for his use of guitar tunings and jazz influences. Crosby has been inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame twice, once for his work in the Byrds, five albums he contributed to are included in Rolling Stones 500 Greatest Albums of All Time, three with the Byrds and two with CSN. He has been depicted as emblematic of the 1960s counterculture, David Van Cortlandt Crosby was born in Los Angeles, California. His parents were Aliph Van Cortlandt Whitehead and Floyd Crosby, an Academy Award–winning cinematographer and he is also the younger brother of musician Ethan Crosby. At Crane, he starred in HMS Pinafore and other musicals but was asked not to return because of his lack of academic progress and he graduated from the Cate School in Carpinteria, completing his secondary studies by correspondence. In 1960, his parents divorced, and his father remarried Betty Andrews Crosby, Crosby briefly studied drama at Santa Barbara City College before dropping out to pursue a career in music. He moved toward the Greenwich Village scene, with the help of producer Jim Dickson, Crosby recorded his first solo session in 1963. Crosby joined Jim McGuinn and Gene Clark, who were named the Jet Set. They were augmented by drummer Michael Clarke, at which point Crosby attempted, unsuccessfully, late in 1964, Chris Hillman joined as bassist, and Crosby relieved Gene Clark of rhythm guitar duties. The song turned into a hit, reaching number one in the charts in the United States. While McGuinn originated the Byrds trademark 12-string guitar sound, Crosby was responsible for the soaring harmonies, in 1966, Gene Clark, who then was the bands primary songwriter, left the group because of stress. This placed all the groups songwriting responsibilities in the hands of McGuinn, Crosby, Crosby took the opportunity to hone his craft and soon became a prolific songwriter. His early Byrds efforts included the 1966 hit Eight Miles High, because Crosby felt responsible for and was widely credited with popularizing the song Hey Joe, he persuaded the other members of the Byrds to record it on Fifth Dimension. By Younger Than Yesterday, the Byrds 1967 album, Crosby clearly began to find his trademark style, friction between Crosby and the other Byrds came to a head in mid-1967. Tensions were high after the Monterey Pop Festival in June, when Crosbys onstage political diatribes between songs elicited rancor from McGuinn and Hillman
21.
Pasadena, California
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Pasadena /ˌpæsəˈdiːnə/ is a city in Los Angeles County, California, United States. As of 2013, the population of Pasadena was 139,731. Pasadena is the ninth-largest city in Los Angeles County, Pasadena was incorporated on June 19,1886, becoming one of the first cities be incorporated in what is now Los Angeles County, the only one being incorporated earlier being its namesake. It is one of the cultural centers of the San Gabriel Valley. The city is known for hosting the annual Rose Bowl football game, the original inhabitants of Pasadena and surrounding areas were members of the Native American Hahamog-na tribe, a branch of the Tongva Nation. They spoke the Tongva language and had lived in the Los Angeles Basin for thousands of years, Tongva dwellings lined the Arroyo Seco in present day Pasadena and south to where it joins the Los Angeles River and along other natural waterways in the city. The native people lived in thatched, dome-shape lodges and they lived on a diet of acorn meal, seeds and herbs, venison, and other small animals. They traded for fish with the coastal Tongva. They made cooking vessels from steatite soapstone from Catalina Island, the trail has been in continuous use for thousands of years. An arm of the trail is still in use in what is now known as Salvia Canyon. When the Spanish occupied the Los Angeles Basin they built the San Gabriel Mission and renamed the local Tongva people Gabrielino Indians, today, several bands of Tongva people live in the Los Angeles area. The Rancho comprised the lands of todays communities of Pasadena, Altadena, before the annexation of California in 1848, the last of the Mexican owners was Manuel Garfias who retained title to the property after statehood in 1850. Garfias sold sections of the property to the first Anglo settlers to come into the area, Dr. Benjamin Eaton, the father of Fred Eaton, much of the property was purchased by Benjamin Wilson, who established his Lake Vineyard property in the vicinity. Wilson, known as Don Benito to the local Indians, also owned the Rancho Jurupa and was mayor of Los Angeles and he was the grandfather of WWII General George S. Patton, Jr. and the namesake of Mount Wilson. Berry was an asthmatic and claimed that he had his best three nights sleep at Rancho San Pascual, to keep the find a secret, Berry code-named the area Muscat after the grape that Wilson grew. To raise funds to bring the company of people to San Pascual, Berry formed the Southern California Orange and Citrus Growers Association and sold stock in it. The newcomers were able to purchase a portion of the property along the Arroyo Seco and on January 31,1874. As a gesture of good will, Wilson added 2,000 acres of then-useless highland property, at the time, the Indiana Colony was a narrow strip of land between the Arroyo Seco and Fair Oaks Avenue
22.
Glendale, California
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Glendale /ˈɡlɛndeɪl/ is a city in Los Angeles County, California, United States. Its estimated 2014 population was 200,167, making it the third largest city in Los Angeles County and it is located about 8 miles north of downtown Los Angeles. Glendale lies on the end of the San Fernando Valley, bisected by the Verdugo Mountains. The Golden State, Ventura, Glendale, and Foothill freeways run through the city, Glendale has one of the largest communities of Armenian descent in the United States. In 2013, Glendale was named LAs Neighborhood of the Year by the readers and editors of Curbed. com, Forest Lawn Memorial Park Cemetery contains the remains of many noted celebrities and local residents. Grand Central Airport was the point for the first commercial west-to-east transcontinental flight flown by Charles Lindbergh. The area was inhabited by the Tongva people, who were later renamed the Gabrieleños by the Spanish missionaries. Rancho San Rafael was a Spanish concession, of which 25 were made in California, unlike the later Mexican land grants, the concessions were similar to grazing permits, with the title remaining with the Spanish crown. In 1860, his grandson Teodoro Verdugo built the Verdugo Adobe, the property is the location of the Oak of Peace, where early Californio leaders including Pio Pico met in 1847 and decided to surrender to Lieutenant Colonel John C. Verdugos descendants sold the ranch in various parcels, some of which are included in present-day Atwater Village, Eagle Rock, in 1884, residents gathered to form a townsite and chose the name Glendale. Residents to the southwest formed Tropico in 1887, the Pacific Electric Railway brought streetcar service in 1904. Glendale incorporated in 1906, and annexed Tropico 12 years later, Brand loved to fly, and built a private airstrip in 1919 and hosted fly-in parties, providing a direct link to the soon-to-be-built nearby Grand Central Airport. The grounds of El Miradero are now city-owned Brand Park and the mansion is the Brand Library, Brand partnered with Henry E. Huntington to bring the Pacific Electric Railway, or the Red Cars, to the area. Today, he is memorialized by one of the main thoroughfares. The citys population rose from 13,756 in 1920 to 62,736 in 1930, the Forest Lawn Cemetery opened in 1906 and was renamed Forest Lawn Memorial-Park in 1917. Pioneering endocrinologist and entrepreneur Henry R. Harrower opened his clinic in Glendale in 1920, the American Green Cross, an early conservation and tree preservation society, was formed in 1926. In 1964, Glendale was selected by George Lincoln Rockwell to be the West Coast headquarters of the American Nazi Party and its offices, on Colorado Street in the downtown section of the city, remained open until the early 1980s. In 1977 and 1978,10 murdered women were found in, the murders were the work of Kenneth Bianchi and Angelo Buono, the latter of whom resided at 703 East Colorado Street, where most of the murders took place
23.
Babe I'm Gonna Leave You
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Babe Im Gonna Leave You is a folk song written by Anne Bredon in the late 1950s. It was recorded by Joan Baez and released on her 1962 album Joan Baez in Concert, Part 1, and by the English rock band Led Zeppelin, who included it on their 1969 debut album Led Zeppelin. Other interpretations of the Bredon song include versions by the Plebs, The Association in 1965, quicksilver Messenger Service recorded a variation of the song in 1967, which was covered by Welsh band Man on their album Maximum Darkness, recorded live at the Roundhouse on 26 May 1975. Miley Cyrus released a version that closely hewed to the Led Zeppelin version on SoundCloud in September 2014, Baez requested Smith to send her a tape recording of her songs, including Babe, Im Gonna Leave You, which Baez subsequently began performing herself. It became the track on Joan Baez in Concert, Part 1. Initially, the song had no credit, but after Smith contacted Bredon. Anne Bredon and Joan Baezs rendition is in the key of B minor, the band covered Baezs version, both guitarist Jimmy Page and singer Robert Plant were fans of Baez. Baezs album had originally indicated no writing credit, and Led Zeppelin credited the song as Trad. arr. In the 1980s, Bredon was made aware of Led Zeppelins version of the song, Bredon received a substantial back-payment of royalties. Led Zeppelins version is in A minor, Page played the song to Plant at their first meeting together, at Pages riverside home at Pangbourne in late July 1968. Page may have recorded another version of the song with Steve Winwood in 1968, the band played this song at Led Zeppelin concerts on its 1969 concert tours, then Page and Plant brought it back in a 9-minute version for their 1998 reunion. A live, filmed performance of Babe Im Gonna Leave You, from Led Zeppelins gig on Danmarks Radio at Gladsaxe, Denmark, record producer Rick Rubin has remarked, It is a song with a classical nature that also really rocks. It really takes you on a trip and he also covered the song on his tour with the Sensational Space Shifters. 19697 promo 45 edition A, Babe Im Gonna Leave You 6,41 B. Dazed and Confused 6,2619697 single edition A, Babe Im Gonna Leave You 6,41 B
24.
Joan Baez
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Joan Chandos Baez is an American folk singer, songwriter, musician, and activist whose contemporary folk music often includes songs of protest or social justice. Baez has performed publicly for over 55 years, releasing over 30 albums, fluent in Spanish and English, she has recorded songs in at least six other languages. She is regarded as a singer, although her music has diversified since the counterculture days of the 1960s and now encompasses everything from folk rock and pop to country. In recent years, she has found success interpreting songs of modern songwriters such as Ryan Adams, Josh Ritter, Steve Earle and her recordings include many topical songs and material dealing with social issues. She began her career in 1960 and achieved immediate success. Her first three albums, Joan Baez, Joan Baez, Vol.2, and Joan Baez in Concert all achieved gold status and stayed on the Billboard. Songs of acclaim include Diamonds & Rust and covers of Phil Ochss There but for Fortune and she is also known for Farewell, Angelina, Love Is Just a Four-Letter Word, Forever Young, Joe Hill, Sweet Sir Galahad and We Shall Overcome. Baez will be inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame on April 7,2017, Baez was born on Staten Island, New York, on January 9,1941. Joans grandfather, the Reverend Alberto Baez, left Catholicism to become a Methodist minister and her father, Albert Baez, was born in Puebla, Mexico and grew up in Brooklyn, New York, where his father preached to—and advocated for—a Spanish-speaking congregation. Albert first considered becoming a minister but instead he turned to the study of mathematics and physics, Albert was later credited as a co-inventor of the x-ray microscope. Baez, is a mathematical physicist, whom Albert interested in physics as a child, born in April 1913, she died on April 20,2013, days after her one hundredth birthday. Baez had two sisters — the elder, Pauline Thalia Baez Bryan, and the younger, Mimi Fariña, Mimi, also a musician and activist, died of cancer in California in 2001. The Baez family converted to Quakerism during Joans early childhood, and she has continued to identify with the tradition, particularly in her commitment to pacifism, while growing up, Baez was subjected to racial slurs and discrimination due to her Mexican heritage. Consequently, she became involved with a variety of social causes early in her career and she declined to play in any venues that were segregated, which meant that when she toured the Southern states she would play only at black colleges. Joan graduated from Palo Alto High School in 1958, Joan Baez became involved with a variety of social causes early in her career, including civil rights and non-violence. Social justice, she stated in the PBS series American Masters, is the core of her life. The opening line of Baezs memoir And a Voice to Sing With is I was born gifted, a friend of Joans father gave her a ukulele. She learned four chords, which enabled her to play rhythm and blues and her parents, however, were fearful that the music would lead her into a life of drug addiction
25.
Led Zeppelin
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Led Zeppelin were an English rock band formed in London in 1968. The group consisted of guitarist Jimmy Page, singer Robert Plant, bassist and keyboardist John Paul Jones, after changing their name from the New Yardbirds, Led Zeppelin signed a deal with Atlantic Records that afforded them considerable artistic freedom. Their fourth album, which features the track Stairway to Heaven, is among the most popular and influential works in rock music, Page wrote most of Led Zeppelins music, particularly early in their career, while Plant generally supplied the lyrics. Jones keyboard-based compositions later became central to the catalogue, which featured increasing experimentation. The latter half of their career saw a series of record-breaking tours that earned the group a reputation for excess, in the decades that followed, the surviving members sporadically collaborated and participated in one-off Led Zeppelin reunions. The most successful of these was the 2007 Ahmet Ertegun Tribute Concert in London, Led Zeppelin are widely considered one of the most successful, innovative, and influential rock groups in history. They are one of the music artists in the history of audio recording. With RIAA-certified sales of 111.5 million units, they are the band in the US. Each of their nine studio albums placed in the top 10 of the Billboard album chart and they achieved eight consecutive UK number-one albums. Rolling Stone magazine described them as the heaviest band of all time, the biggest band of the Seventies, and unquestionably one of the most enduring bands in rock history. They were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1995, in 1966, London-based session guitarist Jimmy Page joined the blues-influenced rock band the Yardbirds to replace bassist Paul Samwell-Smith. Page soon switched from bass to guitar, creating a dual lead guitar line-up with Jeff Beck. Following Becks departure in October 1966, the Yardbirds, tired from constant touring and recording, Page wanted to form a supergroup with him and Beck on guitars, and the Whos Keith Moon and John Entwistle on drums and bass, respectively. Vocalists Steve Winwood and Steve Marriott were also considered for the project, the group never formed, although Page, Beck, and Moon did record a song together in 1966, Becks Bolero, in a session that also included bassist-keyboardist John Paul Jones. The Yardbirds played their final gig in July 1968 at Luton College of Technology in Bedfordshire, Page and Dreja began putting a new line-up together. Pages first choice for the singer was Terry Reid, but Reid declined the offer and suggested Robert Plant. Plant eventually accepted the position, recommending former Band of Joy drummer John Bonham, Jones inquired about the vacant position at the suggestion of his wife after Dreja dropped out of the project to become a photographer. Page had known Jones since they were both musicians and agreed to let him join as the final member
26.
Bob Dylan
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Bob Dylan is an American songwriter, singer, painter, and writer. He has been influential in music and culture for more than five decades. Much of his most celebrated work dates from the 1960s, when his songs chronicled social unrest, early songs such as Blowin in the Wind and The Times They Are a-Changin became anthems for the Civil Rights Movement and anti-war movement. Leaving behind his initial base in the American folk music revival, his six-minute single Like a Rolling Stone, recorded in 1965, Dylans lyrics incorporate a wide range of political, social, philosophical, and literary influences. They defied existing pop music conventions and appealed to the burgeoning counterculture, initially inspired by the performances of Little Richard and the songwriting of Woody Guthrie, Robert Johnson, and Hank Williams, Dylan has amplified and personalized musical genres. Dylan performs with guitar, keyboards, and harmonica, backed by a changing lineup of musicians, he has toured steadily since the late 1980s on what has been dubbed the Never Ending Tour. His accomplishments as a recording artist and performer have been central to his career, since 1994, Dylan has published seven books of drawings and paintings, and his work has been exhibited in major art galleries. As a musician, Dylan has sold more than 100 million records and he has also received numerous awards including eleven Grammy Awards, a Golden Globe Award, and an Academy Award. Dylan has been inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, Minnesota Music Hall of Fame, Nashville Songwriters Hall of Fame, and Songwriters Hall of Fame. The Pulitzer Prize jury in 2008 awarded him a citation for his profound impact on popular music and American culture. In May 2012, Dylan received the Presidential Medal of Freedom from President Barack Obama, in 2016, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature for having created new poetic expressions within the great American song tradition. Bob Dylan was born Robert Allen Zimmerman in St. Marys Hospital on May 24,1941, in Duluth, Minnesota and he has a younger brother, David. Dylans paternal grandparents, Zigman and Anna Zimmerman, emigrated from Odessa, in the Russian Empire and his maternal grandparents, Ben and Florence Stone, were Lithuanian Jews who arrived in the United States in 1902. Dylans father, Abram Zimmerman – an electric-appliance shop owner – and mother, Beatrice Beatty Stone, were part of a small, close-knit Jewish community. They lived in Duluth until Robert was six, when his father had polio and the returned to his mothers hometown, Hibbing. In his early years he listened to the radio—first to blues and country stations from Shreveport, Louisiana, and later and he formed several bands while attending Hibbing High School. In the Golden Chords, he performed covers of songs by Little Richard and their performance of Danny & the Juniors Rock and Roll Is Here to Stay at their high school talent show was so loud that the principal cut the microphone. In 1959, his high school yearbook carried the caption Robert Zimmerman, the same year, as Elston Gunnn, he performed two dates with Bobby Vee, playing piano and clapping
27.
Barry De Vorzon
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Barry De Vorzon is an American singer, songwriter, producer, and composer. Dorsey Burnette and De Vorzon co-wrote several of Dorseys hits, De Vorzon founded Valiant Records in 1960. During the 1960s he signed the Association to Valiant, and produced its first single, De Vorzon wrote I Wonder What Shes Doing Tonight for the Cascades, but the group did not record it. In 1963, De Vorzon recorded the song himself, with his group Barry, also in 1963 he co-wrote the ballad Shy Girl which was recorded by the Cascades. Nadias Theme hit #8 on the US Top 40 in 1976, the main title song, Bless the Beasts and Children, was recorded by the Carpenters and received an Academy Award nomination. De Vorzon also composed the tune Its Christmas Once Again in Santa Barbara and he also wrote the Theme from S. W. A. T. and co-wrote the Eagles hit In the City with Joe Walsh. In 1979 he wrote the music for the movie The Warriors and he is also one of the developers of the MasterWriter creative software for songwriters and lyricists. Won the 1978 Grammy for Best Instrumental Arrangement, for Nadias Theme, nominated for a 1972 Academy Award for Bless the Beasts and Children. R. P. M. Bless the Beasts and Children Dillinger Cooley High Hard Times S. W. A. T, bobbie Jo and the Outlaw Rolling Thunder The Ninth Configuration The Warriors Private Benjamin The Comeback Kid Xanadu Simon & Simon Tattoo Looker Jekyll and Hyde. Together Again Mr. Mom V, The Final Battle Mischief Stick Night of the Creeps The Exorcist III Barry De Vorzon at the Internet Movie Database Barry De Vorzon at Allmusic. com
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Gold Star Studios
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Gold Star Studios was a major independent recording studio located in Los Angeles, California, United States. For more than thirty years, from 1950 to 1984, Gold Star was one of the most influential, the studio was renowned for its unique custom-designed recording equipment, which was designed and built by Gold, as were its famed echo chambers. In the mid-1950s, aspiring pop star and future recording legend Phil Spector began hanging out at local studios, including Gold Star and he eventually won the confidence of Gold Stars house producer-engineer Stan Ross, who took Spector under his wing and taught him the basics of record production. In the early 1960s, Spector used Gold Star as the venue for most of his famous Wall of Sound recordings. The studio was renowned for its echo chambers, according to Gold, who designed the chambers after years of research and experimentation, they were built in an area of about 20 ft x 20 ft and were complementary trapezoids 18 ft long. The walls were thick, specially-formulated cement plaster on heavy isolation forms, entry into the chambers was through a series of 2 ft by 2 ft doors, and the opening was only about 20 in wide and high. Gold Star was responsible for what is believed to be the first commercial use of the technique called flanging. Donna Loren, a cast member of Shindig, recorded there early in her career on the Crest label. Jazz artists who recorded there include Gerry Mulligan, Chet Baker, Oscar Moore, The Hi-Los, singer-songwriter Johnette Napolitano, co-founder of Concrete Blonde, was the studios receptionist in the early 1980s. Shifting economics caused Gold Star to close its doors in 1984, several months after the studios were vacated, a fire destroyed the building. A mini-mall was later constructed on the site, on March 11,2011, Ross died of complications following an operation to correct an abdominal aneurysm. Official website Gold Star Studios discography at Discogs David Gold Interview - NAMM Oral History Library
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Marijuana
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Cannabis, also known as marijuana among several other names, is a preparation of the Cannabis plant intended for use as a psychoactive drug or medicine. The main psychoactive part of cannabis is tetrahydrocannabinol, one of 483 known compounds in the plant, Cannabis can be used by smoking, vaporization, within food, or as an extract. Cannabis is often used for its mental and physical effects, such as a high or stoned feeling, a change in perception, euphoria. Short term side effects may include a decrease in short-term memory, dry mouth, impaired motor skills, red eyes, long term side effects may include addiction, decreased mental ability in those who started as teenagers, and behavioral problems in children whose mothers used cannabis during pregnancy. Onset of effects is within minutes when smoked and about 30 to 60 minutes when cooked and they last for between two and six hours. Cannabis is mostly used recreationally or as a medicinal drug and it may also be used for religious or spiritual purposes. In 2013, between 128 and 232 million people used cannabis, in 2015, 43% of Americans had used cannabis, which increased to 51% in 2016. About 12% have used it in the past year, and 7. 3% have used it in the past month and this makes it the most commonly used illegal drug both in the world and the United States. The earliest recorded uses date from the 3rd millennium BC, since the early 20th century, cannabis has been subject to legal restrictions. The possession, use, and sale of cannabis is illegal in most countries of the world, Medical cannabis refers to the physician-recommended use of cannabis, which is taking place in Canada, Belgium, Australia, the Netherlands, Spain, and 23 U. S. states. Cannabis use started to become popular in the US in the 1970s, support for legalization has increased in the United States and several US states have legalized recreational or medical use. Medical cannabis, or medical marijuana can refer to the use of cannabis and its cannabinoids to treat disease or improve symptoms, however, the use of cannabis as a medicine has not been rigorously scientifically tested, often due to production restrictions and other federal regulations. There is limited evidence suggesting cannabis can be used to reduce nausea and vomiting during chemotherapy, to improve appetite in people with HIV/AIDS and its use for other medical applications is insufficient for conclusions about safety or efficacy. Short-term use increases the risk of minor and major adverse effects. Common side effects include dizziness, feeling tired, vomiting, long-term effects of cannabis are not clear. Concerns include memory and cognition problems, risk of addiction, schizophrenia in people. Cannabis has psychoactive and physiological effects when consumed, at higher doses, effects can include altered body image, auditory and/or visual illusions, pseudohallucinations and ataxia from selective impairment of polysynaptic reflexes. In some cases, cannabis can lead to states such as depersonalization and derealization
30.
Billboard (magazine)
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Billboard is an American entertainment media brand owned by the Hollywood Reporter-Billboard Media Group, a division of Eldridge Industries. It publishes pieces involving news, video, opinion, reviews, events and it is also known for its music charts, including the Billboard Hot 100 and Billboard 200, tracking the most popular singles and albums in different genres. It also hosts events, owns a publishing firm, and operates several TV shows, Billboard was founded in 1894 by William Donaldson and James Hennegan as a trade publication for bill posters. Donaldson later acquired Hennegens interest in 1900 for $500, in the 1900s, it covered the entertainment industry, such as circuses, fairs and burlesque shows. It also created a service for travelling entertainers. Billboard began focusing more on the industry as the jukebox, phonograph. Many topics it covered were spun-off into different magazines, including Amusement Business in 1961 to cover outdoor entertainment so that it could focus on music. After Donaldson died in 1925, Billboard was passed down to his children and Hennegans children, until it was sold to investors in 1985. The first issue of Billboard was published in Cincinnati, Ohio, on November 1,1894 by William Donaldson, initially, it covered the advertising and bill posting industry and was called Billboard Advertising. At the time, billboards, posters and paper advertisements placed in public spaces were the means of advertising. Donaldson handled editorial and advertising, while Hennegan, who owned Hennegan Printing Co. managed magazine production, the first issues were just eight pages long. The paper had columns like The Bill Room Gossip and The Indefatigable, a department for agricultural fairs was established in 1896. The title was changed to The Billboard in 1897, after a brief departure over editorial differences, Donaldson purchased Hennegans interest in the business in 1900 for $500, to save it from bankruptcy. That May, Donaldson changed it from a monthly to a paper with a greater emphasis on breaking news. He improved editorial quality and opened new offices in New York, Chicago, San Francisco, London and he also re-focused the magazine on outdoor entertainment like fairs, carnivals, circuses, vaudeville and burlesque shows. A section devoted to circuses was introduced in 1900, followed by more prominent coverage of events in 1901. Billboard also covered topics including regulation, a lack of professionalism, economics and it had a stage gossip column covering the private lives of entertainers, a tent show section covering traveling shows and a sub-section called Freaks to order. According to The Seattle Times, Donaldson also published articles attacking censorship, praising productions exhibiting good taste
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And Then... Along Comes the Association
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Along Comes the Association is the debut studio album by the American sunshine pop band the Association, and was released on Valiant Records, in July 1966. It became one of the top selling LPs in America, peaking at number five, the album was preceded by a few non-LP singles as the Association struggled to establish themselves a commercial presence. Moving from the Jubilee record label to Valiant Records, the released a cover version of Bob Dylans One Too Many Mornings. Aside from Along Comes Mary, the sessions with Boettcher provided the band with the songs B-side, Your Own Love, the Association yielded some of the instrumental playing on And Then. Along Comes the Association to top L. A. session musicians, including guitarist Mike Deasy, bassist Jerry Scheff, along Comes the Association saw the group experiment with luscious vocal harmonies that anticipated the musical textures of Bottechers later groups the Millennium and Sagittarius. In addition, the album incorporated a wide-assortment of influences, including rock, psychedelia, Baroque pop. Along with the hit singles Along Comes Mary and Cherish, notable tracks on the album include the reflective Enter the Young, the partnership between the Association and Boettcher—while innovative and commercially successful—was cut short after Boettcher began to overreach his authority in the groups musical direction. For their sophomore effort, Renaissance, the Association recruited Jerry Yester to replace Boettcher as producer, produced by Curt Boettcher for Our Productions Engineered by Gary Paxton and Pete Romano Bass Jerry Scheff
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Gary S. Paxton
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Gary Sanford Paxton was an American record producer, recording artist, and Grammy and Dove Award winning songwriter. Born in Coffeyville, Kansas, Paxton was adopted at age three and raised in poverty on a farm. He endured a childhood, molested at age seven and afflicted by spinal meningitis at eleven. His family moved to Arizona when he was twelve, and he started his first band by fourteen, playing country and he spent his middle teenage years touring the American Southwest with this and other forgotten bands. Early stardom came as Flip in the pop duo Skip & Flip, according to Paxton, he was up picking cherries on an Oregon farm when he heard the song on a transistor radio and realized it had become a hit. The duo made appearances, toured with superstar deejay Alan Moondog Freed. After this second appearance, the pair split up. By 1960, Paxton was living in Hollywood, California and was involved in a number of projects, collaborating with others as a performer, writer, producer, label owner, and audio engineer. He played a role in the making of two novelty hits in the early 1960s and worked with artists like The Association, Paul Revere & the Raiders, The Four Freshmen. His work throughout this period is scattered over various labels, mostly his own. Over the years, Paxton built a reputation as a figure in the recording industry. Brian Wilson was known to admire his talents, and Phil Spector to fear him and he was arrested after the elephant got scared and began to defecate in the street. In the later 1960s, he turned to the burgeoning Bakersfield sound in country music. By 1967, he had relocated entirely to that city, where he ran a variety of businesses and founded the label Bakersfield International. He moved on to Nashville, Tennessee, in 1970, and in 1971, following his partners suicide and his own struggles with drugs and alcohol. He turned his talents to music, becoming part of the hippie countercultural Jesus movement. On December 29,1980, Paxton was shot three times by hitmen hired by a singer he was producing, putting him out of the music world for eight years. After the trial, he visited the men in prison and forgave them, Paxton left Nashville in 1999 and lived in Branson, Missouri with his fourth wife, Vicki Sue Roberts
33.
Renaissance (The Association album)
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Renaissance is the second album by The Association. This was their last album recorded for the Valiant Records label, the album peaked at #34 on the Billboard 200 albums chart. Although it had no chart toppers like the LPs that came before and after it, pandoras Golden Heebie Jeebies reached #35 in late 1966 and No Fair At All peaked at #51 in early 1967. The single version of No Fair at All featured overdubbed vocals by Jim Yester, while early pressings of the LP featured the track with re-recorded vocals. This was replaced on later copies with the single version, in 1967, Warner Bros. absorbed the Valiant label and reissued this album along with the groups first album, And Then. Along Comes The Association. However, unlike the first albums reissue, all known Warner Bros. copies of Renaissance were issued in original, - drums, lead and backing vocals, percussion
