1.
The Beano
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The Beano is the longest running British childrens comic, published by DC Thomson. The comic first appeared on 30 July 1938, and was published weekly, in September 2009, The Beanos 3, 500th issue was published. One of the best selling comics in British popular culture, along with The Dandy, the Beano is currently edited by Craig Graham. Each issue is published on a Wednesday, with the date being that of the following Saturday. Its characters include Dennis the Menace, Minnie the Minx, The Bash Street Kids, The Numskulls, Roger the Dodger, Billy Whizz, earlier characters who have been phased out include Ivy the Terrible, Calamity James, The Three Bears and Pansy Potter. Some old characters, like Biffo the Bear, Lord Snooty, Baby Face Finlayson, the style of Beano humour has shifted noticeably over the years, though the longstanding tradition of anarchic humour has remained. For decades strips have appeared to glorify immoral behaviour, e. g. bullying, dishonesty, although the readers sympathies are assumed to be with the miscreants, the latter are very often shown punished for their actions. Recent years have seen a rise in humour involving gross bodily functions, especially flatulence, for example, the literal slipper has become the name of the local chief of police. In 1921, D. C. Thomson had first entered the field of boys story papers with Adventure. The success of this led to five further publications, The Rover and The Wizard in 1922, The Vanguard in 1924, The Skipper in 1930. Although The Vanguard folded in 1926, the others were a triumph and became known as The Big Five. Another success was the Fun Section of D. C, the first of these publications, The Dandy, commenced in 1937 and was followed by The Beano on 26 July 1938. A third paper, The Magic Comic, aimed at a younger audience, followed in July 1939. Wartime shortages also prevented the New Big Five project from being completed, the first edition of The Beano was dated 30 July 1938. A facsimile of the first issues cover was printed on the back of issue #2000, there are only 12 known copies of the first issue in existence, and only five known copies of the second issue. A copy of the first issue sold for £12,100 on 16 March 2004, during World War II, The Beano and The Dandy were published on alternating weeks because of paper and ink rationing. Thomsons other publications also suffered, with the Oor Wullie and The Broons annuals falling victim to paper, paper and ink supplies were fully restored shortly after the end of hostilities and weekly publication of The Beano and The Dandy resumed in 1949. The 3, 000th issue of The Beano was published in January 2000, the Beano is now the longest-running weekly comic, since The Dandy became a fortnightly comic in 2007
2.
Leo Baxendale
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Leo Baxendale is a British cartoonist, who was the creator of the classic Beano strips Little Plum, Minnie the Minx, The Bash Street Kids and The Three Bears. Baxendale was educated at Preston Catholic College, after serving in the RAF, Baxendale took his first job as an artist for the local Lancashire Evening Post drawing adverts and cartoons. In 1952 he began work for the childrens comic The Beano, drawing series such as Little Plum, Minnie the Minx, The Three Bears. He left The Beano in 1962, Baxendale also co-operated on the launch of The Beezer in 1956 and Wham. in 1964. Baxendale worked for Fleetway, creating Clever Dick and Sweeny Toddler, in the seventies Baxendale created the Willy the Kid series, published by Duckworths. In the 1980s he fought a legal battle with D. C. Thomson for the rights to his Beano creations. In 1987 Leo Baxendale founded the house, Reaper Books. In the same year he brought out THRRP. an adult comic book, in 1990 he created I Love You Baby Basil. for The Guardian. A Very Funny Business,40 Years Of Comics, Reaper Books - Baxendales own publishing company Leo Baxendale at Lambiek. net Video clip of Leo Baxendale talking as part of the BBCs Comics Britannia series
3.
David Sutherland (comics)
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David Sutherland is an artist with DC Thomson, responsible for The Bash Street Kids, Dennis the Menace, Freds Bed for The Beano, and the second version of Jak for The Dandy in the early 2000s. He has been the main artist since then, during which time he has drawn more than 2000 individual strips for the weekly comic. In 1977, Gnasher was given his own strip in the Beano, Gnashers Tale, which like the main Dennis strip was drawn by Sutherland. Similarly, when Denniss pet pig, Rasher, received his own page in 1984, Sutherland was again the strips artist, Sutherland began to draw The Germs for the comic in 1988, although in the early 1990s he was replaced by Vic Neill. He also stopped drawing Gnasher and Gnipper in 1992, with artistic duties being handed to Barry Glennard, in 1998, Sutherland stopped drawing Dennis the Menace after 28 years, handing over to David Parkins, although he has continued to draw the Bash Street Kids since then. Over the next few years, he drew Korky the Cat for the Dandy, in 2009 it was confirmed that he was the new artist for the Beanos Freds Bed. Initially taking over for a period as replacement for Hunt Emerson. He sometimes draws himself into strips, such as Biffo in the 2010 annual, the strips that David has drawn for DC Thomson over the years include
4.
The Beano Annual
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The Beano Annual is the current name of the book that has been published every year since 1939, to tie in with the childrens comic The Beano. As of 2016 there have been 78 editions, the annuals are traditionally published in July or August, in time for Christmas, and since 1965 they have had the date of the following year on the cover. Before then no date was given, from 1942 to 1949 the annual was called The Magic-Beano Book, which referred to the short-lived Magic Comic that had ceased publication in 1941 due to the Second World Wars paper rationing. The 2011 Beano Annual is taller and wider than previous annuals, because of his popularity, Dennis the Menace has appeared on the front cover of every annual since the release of the 1979 book in 1978. The latest version was released in 2016 and was dated 2017, the book has retailed at £7.99 since 2009 This information is necessary to identify older annuals which are not dated. If an annual is dated 1940, it would have published in August 1939. Prices are in shillings and pence with one shilling equal to 5p, the Beano Book 1940, Big Eggo and all the other characters are sitting on a seesaw, which is supported by Pansy Potter. Price 2/61941, All the then-current characters are emerging from gigantic eggs with Big Eggos head peering onto the right side, price 3/-1942, All the then-current characters are dancing around the spinning Big Eggo - with Lord Snooty playing the bagpipes. Price 3/6 The Magic-Beano Book 1943, Big Eggo and Koko the Pup are having a race with all the other characters running behind them. The Magic in the name refers to The Magic Comic which is where Koko the Pup had originated back in 1939. Price 5/-1944, Big Eggo and Koko the Pup are having a fight on a balance beam. Price 6/-1945, Big Eggo and all the characters are playing leapfrog as they approach a pool full of water. Price 6/-1946, Big Eggo pulls all the other then-current characters along in a cart, price 6/-1947, All the characters are gathered around Big Eggo, who has something spherical stuck in his throat. Price 6/-1948, Big Eggo and all the other then-current characters are playing musical instruments, price 6/-1949, Biffo the Bear and Koko are fighting in front of a taxi, while all the other characters are trying to stop them. Price 6/-1950, Biffo the Bear is painting a portrait of Big Eggo, price 6/- The Beano Book 1951, Biffo is riding upon Tick-Tock Tony, the Clock-Work Horse, who was based upon The Horse that Jack Built. Price 6/-1952, Biffo is nailing pictures of many other then-current Beano characters to the cover, a jar of Magic Lollipops is also present below the books name. Price 6/-1953, Jack Flash is taking all the characters on a trip to the Moon. Price 6/-1954, Biffo is hanging from a tree, Dennis is holding a lobster near his foot, and a monkey is sawing the branch Biffo is hanging from
5.
Dennis the Menace and Gnasher
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Dennis the Menace and Gnasher is a long-running comic strip in the British childrens comic The Beano, published by DC Thomson, of Dundee, Scotland. The comic stars a boy named Dennis the Menace and his Abyssinian wire-haired tripe hound Gnasher, the strip first appeared in issue 452, dated 17 March 1951, and is the longest-running strip in the comic. The idea and name of the character emerged when the editor heard a British music hall song with the chorus Im Dennis the Menace from Venice. From issue 1678 onwards Dennis the Menace replaced Biffo the Bear on the front cover, coincidentally, on 12 March 1951, another comic strip named Dennis the Menace debuted in the US. Dennis is the badly behaved schoolboy. The main recurring storyline throughout the years features his campaign of terror against a gang of softies, Walter finds himself in unfavourable circumstances on many occasions, although he sometimes gets the last laugh. Dennis the Menace and Gnasher was first drawn by David Law, more recently, Tom Paterson has drawn some second Dennis strips for the comics rear pages. Barrie Appleby did the artwork for the Beano Superstars series, which, towards the end of its run, in 2011, he took over as Denniss main artist. Upon the November revamp of The Beano, Nigel Parkinson took over as Dennis artist as Barrie Appleby had moved back to drawing new episodes of Roger the Dodger. During this revamp, Dennis was returned to his previous appearance and personality – Nigel Auchterlounie began writing for Dennis a month after, Nigel Auchterlounie has proven to be a very popular writer since taking over Dennis. Dennis and Gnasher have remained mascots of The Beano, the idea and name of the character emerged when The Beano editor George Moonie heard a British music hall song with the chorus Im Dennis the Menace from Venice. The character of Dennis was initially a struggle for artist Davey Law, Chisholm described the character to Law but was unsatisfied with every sketch the artist showed him. Out of frustration, Chisholm grabbed a pencil and quickly sketched out his creation to Law in the back of his cigarette packet, the drawing consisted of Denniss trademark messy hair cut, knobbly knees and menacing scowl. Adapting Chisholms doodle, Law set to work on the character in the strip which would appear in the 17 March 1951 issue of The Beano, two months later, Law gave the mischievous boy his distinctive red and black striped jersey, outsized shoes and devilish grin. Denniss first comic strip appearance consisted of him walking into the park with his father, keeping in with his Worlds Wildest Boy tagline, Dennis makes many attempts to get onto the grass much to his fathers annoyance. Losing his temper, he takes the lead off the dog and this, like many succeeding it, only made up half a page. It wasnt until around 1954 that Dennis was deemed enough to gain a full page strip. Untouched by political correctness, many of Laws strips would end with Dennis being punished for his trouble making with corporal punishment such as a slippering or use of a cane, throughout the years, Laws Dennis became taller than his debut appearance
6.
Minnie the Minx
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Minnie the Minx, whose real name is Hermione Makepeace, is a British comic strip and comic strip character published in the comic book magazine The Beano. Like Desperate Dan from The Dandy, she has a statue in Dundee, minne the Minx, created and drawn by Leo Baxendale, first appeared in The Beano in December 1953. Her first strip introduced her as wild as wild can be, taking the book, Minnie then proceeds to beat her classmates during a revenge scheme using the Scrap Book as a weapon. The closing panel shows her thanking her mother for the book stating she has won nine scraps with it. Most of Minnies earlier strips consisted of six boxes, however, as her popularity grew. This introduced her trademark flaming red hair and red and black jersey, like many other Beano stars at the time, many of her later strips showed Minnie to get her comeuppance towards the end be it a cane, slipper or simply a case of karma. Minnie also appeared alongside Dennis the Menace in his own strip in the edition of 23 January 1954 of The Beano, in the strip, she swapped toys with Dennis for the day as she received his trusty catapult and he proceeded to menace with her dolls pram. In the end, she got out of trouble scot free whilst Dennis had to suffer for all her minxing and it was possibly this that began their future eternal rivalry. In 1962, when Baxendale left D. C, Thomson, a new artist was taken on to continue Minnies adventures. Young art teacher Jim Petrie was given the opportunity and his first strip, coincidentally, started similarly to Baxendales in that Minnie is seen being asked by her mother to read rather than minx. Much to her mothers dismay, Minnies chosen book influences her to take up red Indian traditions in which she gets up to much mischief. In the end, however, after aggravating a sleeping bull Minnie is caught by a farmer, despite the pain, it appears Minnie still attempts to ensure to the public that she is still an Indian stating her name is Minnie – Ha. She appeared once again alongside Dennis in issue 1894, in which she states that Dennis famous jersey are actually her trademark thus he has no right to call them Dennis Jerseys. The Beanos 50th Anniversary issue in 1988 was significant, as an increase in the number of pages in the comic led to Minnie appearing in full colour for the first time. In the strip itself, Minnie dressed up as Pansy Potter in compliance with the editors wishes, throughout the strip she attempts impossible feats in hope to appear just like Pansy. This even consists of attempting to sink war submarines, something the old character used to do during The Beanos war times. Despite the fact she is weaker than Pansy, Minnie does manage to with-hold four sailors before they manage to catch her. Minnie also made a cameo in the 1992 Beano Annual story, Dennis Through The Beano Book and she has also been the star of several Beanotown pantomimes, playing the role of Cinderella in each
7.
The Bash Street Kids
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The Bash Street Kids is a comic strip in the British comic book The Beano. The strip, created by Leo Baxendale as When the Bell Rings and it became The Bash Street Kids in 1956 and has become a regular feature, appearing in every issue. Since 1961, David Sutherland has drawn about 2,100 strips, like many long-running UK comic strips, The Bash Street Kids is frozen in the era when it began. It portrays Class 2B of the Bash Street School in Beanotown, where the teacher and headmaster wear mortarboards and gowns and they are taught by a stereotypical Teacher, whose wife is Mrs Teacher. The characters were inspired by the view from the D. C. Thomson & Co. office windows, overlooking the High School of Dundee playground. According to Leo Baxendale, In fact, the catalyst for my creation of Bash Street was a Giles cartoon of January 1953, kids pouring out of school, heads flying off and sundry mayhems. Straight away, I pencilled a drawing of The Kids of Bash Street School and posted it from my home in Preston to R. D. Low, I received an offhand response, a dampener. It was only after Id created Little Plum and Minnie the Minx that the Beano editor George Moonie travelled to Preston on 20 October 1953, over time, the Bash Street Schools large number of students slowly shrank to its trademark ten. In 1994, it was announced that The Bash Street Kids would be overhauled to appeal to a politically correct. Changes included the replacement of Dannys trademark school hat by a top hat, Fatty becoming fit and muscular, the school would be replaced by a technologically advanced academy, and Teacher by a robot. A protest began, accompanied by petitions and publicity stunts throughout Britain, the proposal turned out to be a hoax when the story introducing the new Bash Street Kids saw them in their old ways. Editor Euan Kerr was pleased with the fan response, saying that the publication even got death threats, shortly afterwards, an animated adaptation was produced as a segment of The Beano Video Stars. By 2000 The Bash Street Kids was a strip, filling an entire Beano book. Often drawn by Mike Pearce and Kev F. Sutherland, during the late 2000s the strips moved to Beano sister publication BeanoMAX and these feature-length strips were more detailed, delving into an obscure characters personality and introducing new traits. Spotty was revealed as sarcastic and aggressive, while Plug was a more sympathetic, the strips detailed a rivalry between the kids and the comics cover star, Dennis the Menace. Mike Pearce soon began penciling a spin-off from the strip, The Bash Street Kids – Singled Out. Pearce retired, the strips were taken over by Tom Paterson before being mothballed, as Dennis the Menace was revamped, he appeared less with other Beano characters and more by himself due to the popularity of his new TV series. The Bash Street Kids now has three spin-offs, Simply Smiffy, Winston and The Bash Street Burp, in the July 2013 Beano 75th-birthday edition, the Bash Street School is destroyed and the kids move to Beano High
8.
Comic strip
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A comic strip is a sequence of drawings arranged in interrelated panels to display brief humor or form a narrative, often serialized, with text in balloons and captions. With the development of the internet, they began to online as web comics. There were more than 200 different comic strips and daily cartoon panels in American newspapers alone each day for most of the 20th century, Strips are written and drawn by a comics artist or cartoonist. As the name implies, comic strips can be humorous, starting in the late 1920s, comic strips expanded from their mirthful origins to feature adventure stories, as seen in Popeye, Captain Easy, Buck Rogers, Tarzan, and The Adventures of Tintin. Soap-opera continuity strips such as Judge Parker and Mary Worth gained popularity in the 1940s, all are called, generically, comic strips, though cartoonist Will Eisner has suggested that sequential art would be a better genre-neutral name. In the UK and the rest of Europe, comic strips are also serialized in comic book magazines, storytelling using a sequence of pictures has existed through history. One medieval European example in textile form is the Bayeux Tapestry, printed examples emerged in 19th-century Germany and in 18th-century England, where some of the first satirical or humorous sequential narrative drawings were produced. William Hogarths 18th century English cartoons include both narrative sequences, such as A Rakes Progress, and single panels, in China, with its traditions of block printing and of the incorporation of text with image, experiments with what became lianhuanhua date back to 1884. The first newspaper comic strips appeared in North America in the late 19th century, the Yellow Kid is usually credited as one of the first newspaper strips. However, the art form combining words and pictures developed gradually, swiss author and caricature artist Rodolphe Töpffer is considered the father of the modern comic strips. In 1865, German painter, author, and caricaturist Wilhelm Busch created the strip Max and Moritz, Max and Moritz provided an inspiration for German immigrant Rudolph Dirks, who created the Katzenjammer Kids in 1897. Familiar comic-strip iconography such as stars for pain, sawing logs for snoring, speech balloons, hugely popular, Katzenjammer Kids occasioned one of the first comic-strip copyright ownership suits in the history of the medium. When Dirks left William Randolph Hearst for the promise of a better salary under Joseph Pulitzer, it was an unusual move, in a highly unusual court decision, Hearst retained the rights to the name Katzenjammer Kids, while creator Dirks retained the rights to the characters. Hearst promptly hired Harold Knerr to draw his own version of the strip, Dirks renamed his version Hans and Fritz. Thus, two versions distributed by rival syndicates graced the pages for decades. Dirks version, eventually distributed by United Feature Syndicate, ran until 1979, in the United States, the great popularity of comics sprang from the newspaper war between Pulitzer and Hearst. On January 31,1912, Hearst introduced the nations first full daily comic page in his New York Evening Journal, the history of this newspaper rivalry and the rapid appearance of comic strips in most major American newspapers is discussed by Ian Gordon. The longest running American comic strips are,1, barney Google and Snuffy Smith 5
9.
Square academic cap
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In the UK and the US, it is commonly referred to informally in conjunction with an academic gown, as a cap and gown. It is also termed a square, trencher, or corner-cap. The adjective academical is also used, the cap, together with the gown and sometimes a hood, now form the customary uniform of a university graduate in many parts of the world, following a British model. The mortarboard is generally believed by scholars to have developed from the biretta, the biretta itself may have been a development of the Roman pileus quadratus, a type of skullcap with superposed square and tump. A reinvention of this type of cap is known as the Bishop Andrewes cap, the Italian biretta is a word derived from berretto, which is derived itself from the Latin birrus and the Greek pyrros, both meaning red. It is not casual that the headwear is found with such frequency in Renaissance paintings as the highly famous one by Piero della Francesca of Federico da Montefeltro with his red cap. Campano wrote about these hats in his Life of Niccolò Fortebraccio, he used to wear a red and high hat, the higher from the head the wider it became. The same cap is seen on Bartolomeo Colleoni, commander of the Venetian Armies in 1454, on the Duke Ludovico III Gonzaga and it was originally reserved for holders of masters degrees but was later adopted by bachelors and undergraduates. In the 16th and 17th centuries corner-cap was the term used and their invention and subsequent patent was the result of his idea to incorporate a fiberglass stiffener into the mortarboard thus making it more sturdy. Such mortarboards are very commonplace throughout the world today, doctorate holders of some universities wear the mortarboard, although the round Tudor bonnet is more common in Britain. The 4,6, or 8 cornered tam is gaining popularity in the US, in the US, the mortarboard is also worn by high school pupils during the presentation of their diplomas. In US graduation ceremonies, the side on which the tassel hangs can be important, in some ceremonies, the student wears the tassel on one side until reception of the diploma, then it is switched to the other. At the secondary level, the tassel is usually either the schools primary colour or a mix of the schools colours with as many as three colors in a tassel. Sometimes a tassel of a colour, such as gold, is worn by those graduating with Latin Honours or on the honour roll. Universities in the United States might use tassels in black or the schools colors, for bachelors degrees the tassel may be colored differently from the traditional black or school colors to represent the field in which the wearer obtained his or her education. In 1896 most colleges and universities in the United States adopted a code governing academic dress. The tassel may be adorned with a charm in the shape of the digits of the year. However, strictly speaking, the American Council on Education code states that The tassel should be black or the colour appropriate to the subject, the gold metallic tassel is reserved for those entitled to wear the doctoral gown, as is the use of velvet for headwear
10.
Gown
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A long, loosely fitted gown called a Banyan was worn by men in the 18th century as an informal coat. In womens fashion, gown was used in English for any one-piece garment, compare this to the short gowns or bedgowns of the later 18th century. Only in the last few decades has gown lost its meaning of a womans garment in the United States in favor of dress. Today, the usage is chiefly British, except in historical senses or in cases, such as evening gown. Formal gowns generally have a fitted bodice and a full skirt. Bibliography Arnold, Janet, Patterns of Fashion 2, Englishwomens Dresses and Their Construction c. 1860–1940, Wace 1966, revised metric edition, Drama Books 1977. ISBN 0-89676-027-8 Ashelford, Jane, The Art of Dress, Clothing and Society 1500–1914, ISBN 0-8109-6317-5 Black, J. Anderson and Madge Garland, A History of Fashion, Morrow,1975. Town and Gown Relations, A Handbook of Best Practices, McFarland and Company, publishers, Jefferson, North Carolina, USA, and London, England, UK
11.
DC Thomson
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It also owns Parragon and the Aberdeen Journals Group which publishes the Press and Journal. It was a significant shareholder in the former ITV company Southern Television, through its subsidiary DC Thomson Family History the company owns several websites including Friends Reunited and Findmypast. Based in Dundee, Scotland, the company also owns children books publisher Parragon, the company began as a branch of the Thomson family business when William Thomson became the sole proprietor of Charles Alexander & Company, publishers of Dundee Courier and Daily Argus. In 1884, David Coupar Thomson took over the publishing business, the firm flourished, and took its place as the third J in the Three Js, the traditional summary of Dundee industry. Thomson was notable for his conservatism, vigorously opposing the introduction of trade unions into his workforce, among historians of popular culture, the firm has excited a good deal of interest precisely because it has always shrouded its activities in secrecy. Has never allowed scholars access to its archives, and has declined to participate in exhibitions of juvenile literature, the company produces more than 200 million comics, magazines, and newspapers every year from offices in Dundee, Glasgow, Manchester, and London. In June 2010,350 jobs at DC Thomson were made redundant with the closure of the West Ward Printworks in Dundee, although the principal offices are now located outside Dundee city centre at Kingsway, the Courier Building at Meadowside has been retained as the company headquarters. This 1902 building was designed to resemble an American red stone, when a tower extension was added in 1960, the architect T Lindsay Grey kept the same style. In 2009 DC Thomson acquired the magazine company This England Publishing, there were nine job losses in 2013 with the editorial team remaining but relocating in Cheltenham. In the same year DC Thomson acquired the Friends Reunited website from ITV for £25. 6m, as of 2016, the company posted an increase in pre-tax profits and revenue whilst employing over 2,000 workers. Despite the falling circulation of newspapers and magazines, DC Thomson attributed the rising profits to company-wide cuts to operating costs and good figures in digital revenues and events. The company went on to say that they would continue to branch out their brand new areas to support the traditional newspaper. It was established in 1995 as Scotland Online and in 2008 became Brightsolid, Brightsolid online publishing was subsequently renamed DC Thomson Family History in October 2013. The Findmypast group owns a variety of large genealogy sites worldwide, including Findmypast, Genes Reunited, Mocavo, following the split of Brightsolid in 2013, Annelies van den Belt was appointed chief executive. The company has contracts to digitise archives for the Imperial War Museum and the British Library, list of D. C. Thomson & Co. Ltd publications British comics Official website
12.
High School of Dundee
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The High School of Dundee is an independent, co-educational, day school in Dundee, Scotland which provides nursery, primary and secondary education to just over one thousand pupils. Its foundation has been dated to 1239, and it is the private school in Dundee. The schools Rector is a member of the Headmasters and Headmistresses Conference and their rights were confirmed by a Papal Bull conferred by Pope Gregory IX on 14 February 1239. It is from this Bull that the Schools Latin motto Prestante Domino, little information survives about the early grammar school, it would have taught a Latin curriculum to boys from Dundee and the surrounding area. In 1434, the methods of the Master, Gilbert Knight, were challenged by John, Bishop of Brechin. Dundee was a hotbed of the Reformation, and St Marys Church had, according to John Knox, the first truly reformed congregation in Scotland. The school itself was the earliest reformed school in the country, having adopted the new religion in 1554 under the master, Thomas Makgibbon, in the ensuing furore the Town Council, which approved of Makgibbons methods, intervened to prevent rival schools. Among other early masters was John Fethy, who left Scotland for Wittenberg from Dundee and he returned to Scotland around 1532 the first organist that ever brought to Scotland the curious new fingering, that is, playing the organ with five fingers. After the Reformation, the Grammar School came under the auspices of Dundee Town Council, mary, Queen of Scots, also made an annual grant to the school in 1563, from the revenues of the church. The school moved into its first permanent home in 1589, a building in St Clements Lane demolished to make way for the City Square in the 1930s, one of the first masters here was David Lindsay, later Bishop of Edinburgh, who crowned Charles I at Holyrood. Pupils were still expected to speak only Latin – to ensure which, boys entered at the age of eight, and stayed for seven years at which point the boy could proceed to university. A boy had only two teachers in all this time, each of the three assistants, known as doctors, taught one class for three years, after which the Rector would teach for two years. The English School was founded by the council in 1702. It stood in School Wynd, by the city churches, near to the present site of the Mercat Cross, the Grammar School shared a building with it from 1789, though the two remained separate. In 1785, Dundee Academy was opened in the Nethergate, in a building built by the Trinitarian Friars before the Reformation. This new school, also founded by the Council, was “to instruct young gentlemen in mathematical learning, and the branches of the science with which it is connected. ”Its first rector, James Weir, described as “a gentleman of considerable abilities. The school closed altogether in 1795 after its second master. The author Robert Mudie also taught at the Academy from 1808 to 1821, for some years it had become apparent that the educational needs of the rapidly expanding burgh were inadequately met by the three burgh schools
13.
Carl Giles
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Ronald Carl Giles OBE, often referred to simply as Giles, was a cartoonist best known for his work for the British newspaper the Daily Express. His cartoon style was a single topical highly detailed panel, usually with a deal more going on than the single joke. Of these, the most remembered is the matriarch of the family. Giles was born in Islington in London, England, the son of a tobacconist and he was nicknamed Karlo, later shortened to Carl, by friends who decided he looked like Boris Karloff. Giles then went to Ipswich to join Roland Davies, who was setting up a studio to produce animated versions of his popular newspaper strip Come On Steve. Six ten-minute films were produced, beginning with Steve Steps Out, in 1937, Giles started work as a cartoonist for the left-wing Sunday newspaper Reynolds News, for which he drew a weekly topical cartoon and a comic strip, Young Ernie. His first cartoon for his new employers appeared in the 3 October 1943 edition of the Sunday Express, in 1945 he became the Daily Expresss War Correspondent Cartoonist with the 2nd Army. At one point during World War II he was assigned as War Correspondent to the Coldstream Guards unit which liberated the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp, Giles interviewed the camp commandant, Josef Kramer, who turned out to be aware of and an admirer of Giless work. Kramer gave Giles his Walther P38 pistol and holster, a ceremonial dagger, Giles said, I have to say, that I quite liked the man. I am ashamed to say such a thing, but had I not been able to see what was happening outside the window I would have said he was very civilised. But maybe there was a rather dishonourable reason, I have always found it difficult to dislike someone who was an admirer of my work. I never sent him an original, the pistol and armband as well as the whip carried by Irma Grese were later given by Giles to a private collector in Suffolk. In 1959 he was awarded an OBE, among his fans were the British Royal Family, who often requested the originals of his work. Giless cartoons feature many references to news items, some even quoting a news headline, the topics were typically British and made references to common British goods or attitudes. For example, a cartoon published in 1985 involves a cleaner who has left her box of Persil just behind the throne and knocks to be let back in to get it and he continued working for the Sunday Express until 1991. Collections of Giless cartoons have been produced annually since 1946, for reasons unknown the 2005 Collection was subtitled as Fifty-Sixth series, despite the 2003 edition being titled as such and the 2005 release actually being the Fifty Eighth book. Until his death in 1995, Giles selected which cartoons would be in the annual, from 1991, the annuals consisted of cartoons previously published in collections, although some previously unpublished in annuals were included. The 46th series, 47th and the 1999-2001 collections are all composed solely of cartoons which had not previously published in any other collection
14.
Dundee
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Dundee, officially the City of Dundee, is Scotlands fourth-largest city and the 51st-most-populous built-up area in the United Kingdom. The mid-year population estimate for 2015 was 148,210 which gave Dundee a population density of 2, 477/km2 or 6, 420/sq mi and it lies within the eastern central Lowlands on the north bank of the Firth of Tay, which feeds into the North Sea. Under the name of Dundee City, it one of the 32 council areas used for local government in Scotland. Historically part of Angus, the city developed into a burgh in the late 12th century, rapid expansion was brought on by the Industrial Revolution, particularly in the 19th century when Dundee was the centre of the global jute industry. This, along with its major industries gave Dundee its epithet as the city of jute, jam. Biomedical and technological industries have arrived since the 1980s, and the city now accounts for 10% of the United Kingdoms digital-entertainment industry, Dundee has two universities — the University of Dundee and the Abertay University. In 2014 Dundee was recognised by the United Nations as the UKs first UNESCO City of Design for its contributions to fields including medical research, comics. A unique feature of Dundee is that its two football clubs Dundee United and Dundee F. C. have stadiums all but adjacent to each other. With the decline of industry, the city has adopted a plan to regenerate. The name Dundee is made up of two parts, the common Celtic place-name element dun, meaning fort, and a part that may derive from a Celtic element, cognate with the Gaelic dè. The situation of the town and its promotion by Earl David as a trading centre led to a period of prosperity, the earldom was passed down to Davids descendants, amongst whom was John Balliol. The town became a Royal Burgh on Johns coronation as king in 1292, the town and its castle were occupied by English forces for several years during the First War of Independence and recaptured by Robert the Bruce in early 1312. The original Burghal charters were lost during the occupation and subsequently renewed by Bruce in 1327, the burgh suffered considerably during the conflict known as the Rough Wooing of 1543 to 1550, and was occupied by the English forces of Andrew Dudley from 1547. In 1548, unable to defend the town against an advancing Scottish force, in 1645, during the Wars of the Three Kingdoms, Dundee was again besieged, this time by the Royalist Marquess of Montrose. The town was destroyed by Parliamentarian forces led by George Monck in 1651. The town played a role in the establishment of the Jacobite cause when John Graham of Claverhouse. The town was held by the Jacobites in the 1715–16 rising, many in Scotland, including many in Dundee, regarded him as the rightful king. The economy of mediaeval Dundee centred on the export of raw wool, expansion of the whaling industry was triggered by the second Bounty Act, introduced in 1750 to increase Britains maritime and naval skill base
15.
Jolly Roger
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Jolly Roger is the traditional English name for the flags flown to identify a pirate ship about to attack during the early 18th century. Use of the term Jolly Roger in reference to pirate flags goes back to at least Charles Johnsons A General History of the Pyrates, johnson specifically cites two pirates as having named their flag Jolly Roger, Bartholomew Roberts in June 1721 and Francis Spriggs in December 1723. Neither Spriggs nor Roberts Jolly Roger consisted of a skull and crossbones, Richard Hawkins, who was captured by pirates in 1724, reported that the pirates had a black flag bearing the figure of a skeleton stabbing a heart with a spear, which they named Jolly Roger. The origin of the name is unclear, in 1703, a pirate named John Quelch was reported to have been flying the Old Roger off Brazil, Old Roger being a nickname for the devil. It is sometimes claimed that the term derives from Jolie Rouge in reference to a red flag used by French privateers and this hypothesis is considered a false etymology, as the phrase Jolie Rouge in reference to a pirate flag does not appear in any historical sources. Another early reference to Old Roger is found in a report in the Weekly Journal or British Gazetteer. This Day,26 of the Pirates taken by his Majesty Ship the Greyhound and their black Flag, under which they had committed abundance of Pyracies and Murders, was affixd to one Corner of the Gallows. It had in it the Portraiture of Death, with an Hour-Glass in one Hand, and a Dart in the other, striking into a Heart and this Flag they called Old Roger, and usd to say, They would live and die under it. The first recorded uses of the symbol on naval flags date to the 17th century. It possibly originated among the Barbary pirates of the period, which would connect the black colour of the Jolly Roger to the Muslim black flag. But an early reference to Muslim corsairs flying a skull symbol, in the context of a 1625 slave raid on Cornwall, there are mentions of Francis Drake flying a black flag as early as 1585, but the historicity of this tradition has been called into question. An early record of the design being used on a flag by pirates is found in a December 6,1687 entry in a log book held by the Bibliothèque nationale de France. The entry describes pirates using the flag, not on a ship, before this time, British privateers such as Sir Henry Morgan sailed under English colours. An early use of a flag with skull, crossbones. Reportedly, these sources are based on the account of Captain John Cranby of HMS Poole and are verified at the London Public Record Office. With the end of the War of the Spanish Succession in 1714 and they still used red and black flags, but now they decorated them with their own designs. Just as variations on the Jolly Roger design existed, red flags sometimes incorporated yellow stripes or images symbolic of death, colored pennants and ribbons could also be used alongside flags. Marcus Rediker claims that most pirates active between 1716 and 1726 were part of one of two large interconnected groups sharing many similarities in organisation, by 1730, the diversity of symbols in prior use had been mostly replaced by the standard design
16.
Sweater
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A sweater is a knitted garment intended to cover the torso and arms. A sweater is either a pullover or a cardigan, distinguished in that open at the front while pullovers do not. In British English, a sweater may also be called a jumper or jersey, there is no hypernym equivalent to sweater covering both pullovers and cardigans. Sweaters are worn by adults and children of all genders, often over a shirt, blouse, T-shirt, or other top, sweaters were traditionally made from wool, but can now be made of cotton, synthetic fibers, or any combination thereof. Sweaters are maintained by washing or dry cleaning, and the use of a lint roller or pill razor, the term sweater is a catch-all for a variety of knit garments. Although the term refers to a pullover, it can also refer to a cardigan. Within either group, there is a variety of design. Various necklines are found, although the V-neck, turtleneck and the neck are the most popular. The hemline is typically at hip height or slightly longer, just overlapping the waist of ones pants or skirt and it can range from just below the bust in womens garments to mid-thigh in either sex, or even longer in a knitted variation of the poncho shirtdress. The sleeve length is variable, ranging from full-length or three-quarters to short-sleeved. The front seam or opening of a cardigan allows for different styles. All hems may have various types of borders, such as picots, ribbing, even when such shaping is used, it can be knit into the fabric itself, without requiring seams. Another type is a sweater vest, a sweater with an open front fastened by buttons or a zipper is generally called a cardigan, but the nomenclature for other styles in different dialects can be quite confusing. In British English, a sweater may also be called a pullover, jumper or jersey. In the United States however, jumper refers to a style of womens dress, worn over a blouse or shirt. If sleeveless, such a garment may be called a slipover or tank top in British English, while tank top in US English refers to a sleeveless shirt or undershirt. In the U. S. a sleeveless sweater may also be called a sweater vest, especially if it has a V-neck and somewhat formal appearance resembling a formal vest, in British English, vest refers to an undershirt. In South African English, a sweater is always called a jersey. S and it is called a hockey jersey
17.
Wine gum
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Wine gums are chewy, firm pastille-type sweets similar to gumdrops without the sugar coating, originating from the United Kingdom. All brands have their own recipes containing various sweeteners, flavourings, Wine gums are popular in the United Kingdom, the Republic of Ireland and many Commonwealth nations, as well as several northern and central European countries. Common brands include Maynards, Bassetts, and Lion, the gums usually come in five shapes, kidney, crown, diamond, circle and rectangle, and are labelled with six names, port, sherry, champagne, burgundy, gin and claret. Despite the name, they contain no alcohol. Charles Riley Maynard started his business in 1880 by producing confections in a kitchen with his brother Tom in Stamford Hill, London, Maynards sweets grew steadily and was launched as a company in 1896. Maynards Wine Gums were introduced in 1909 by Maynards son Charles Gordon Maynard and it took Charles Gordon Maynard some time to persuade his strict Methodist and teetotaller father that the sweets did not contain wine. According to Cadbury, red and black are the most popular colours, the red flavours are traditionally red berry, strawberry, or raspberry-flavoured in the United Kingdom and cherry in the United States. Limited edition dark-only wine gum issues have occurred, and more recently, gumdrop Jelly baby Jujube Jujyfruits Gummies Grethers Pastilles DOTS Swedish Fish Maynards information from Cadbury, UK
18.
Conkers
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Conkers is a traditional childrens game in Britain and Ireland played using the seeds of horse chestnut trees—the name conker is also applied to the seed and to the tree itself. The game is played by two players, each with a conker threaded onto a piece of string, they take turns striking each others conker until one breaks, the first mention of the game is in Robert Southeys memoirs published in 1821. He describes a game, but played with snail shells or hazelnuts. It was only from the 1850s that using horse chestnuts was regularly referred to in certain regions, the game grew in popularity in the 20th century, and spread beyond England. The first recorded game of Conkers using horse chestnuts was on the Isle of Wight in 1848, there is uncertainty of the origins of the name. The name may come from the dialect word conker, meaning knock out The name may also be influenced by the verb conquer, as earlier games involving shells and hazelnuts has also been called conquerors. Another possibility is that it is onomatopoeia, representing the sound made by a horse chestnut as it hits another hard object, Conkers are also known regionally as obblyonkers, cheggies* or cheesers. Although a cheeser is a conker with one or more flat sides, also Cheggers was used in Lancaster, England in the 1920s. In D. H. Lawrences book Sons and Lovers, the game is referred to as cobblers by William Morel, a hole is drilled in a large, hard conker using a nail, gimlet, small screwdriver, or electric drill. A piece of string, about 20 cm long, is threaded through it, a large knot at one or both ends of the string secures the conker. The game is played two people, each with a conker. They take turns hitting each others conker using their own, one player lets the conker dangle on the full length of the string while the other player swings their conker and hits. The conker eventually breaking the others conker gains a point and this may be either the attacking conker or the defending one. A new conker is a meaning that it has conquered none yet. If a none-er breaks another none-er then it becomes a one-er, in some areas of Scotland, conker victories are counted using the terms bully-one, bully-two, etc. In some areas of the United States and Canada, conker victories are counted using the terms one-kinger, two-kinger, in some regions the winning conker assimilates the previous score of the losing conker, as well as gaining the score from that particular game. For example, if a two-er plays a three-er, the surviving conker will become a six-er, in other regions the winning conker simply gains one point, irrespective of the points-value of the loser. If the strings become entangled, the first player to shout strings or stringsies has an extra turn, if one player drops their conker, the other can shout stamps or stampsies entitling them to try and break the conker on the ground by stamping on it
19.
The O2 Arena
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It is named after its primary sponsor, the telecommunications company O2. The closest underground station to the venue is the North Greenwich station on the Jubilee line, following the closure of the Millennium Experience at the end of 2000, the Millennium Dome was leased to Meridian Delta Ltd. in 2001, for redevelopment as an entertainment complex. This included plans for an indoor arena, construction of the arena started in 2003 and finished in 2007. Owing to the impossibility of using cranes inside the dome structure, the arena buildings structure was then built around the roof. The arena building, which houses the arena and the concourse, is independent from all other buildings in the O2. The arena building itself takes up 40% of the dome structure. The seating arrangement throughout the arena can be modified, similar to the Manchester Arena. The ground surface can also be changed between ice rink, basketball court, exhibition space, conference venue, private hire venue, the arena was built to reduce echoing, a common problem among London music venues. By 2008 it had become the worlds busiest venue with sales of more two million, taking the crown from MEN Arena. Since 2009 the arena has hosted the prestigious ATP World Tour Finals, in 2015 it was announced that the tournament would extend its deal to hold the tournament until 2018. The venue has hosted the event for the second longest tenure, during the 2012 Summer Olympics and Paralympics, The O2 Arena was referred as the North Greenwich Arena due to Olympics regulations regarding corporate sponsorship of event sites. On 25 September 2013, Christine McVie joined Fleetwood Mac on stage and she later re-joined the band officially in January 2014. In 2014, the O2 arena hit controversy when guests were prevented from bringing food on site because they represented a terror threat, however, staff reportedly said that the food was banned because the food outlets were not making enough money. On 16 January 2016, the O2 arena hosted the fight of former heavyweight champion David Haye. As of 2015, the O2 Arena is the busiest music arena in the world in terms of ticket sales, handling 1,819,487 tickets. com Profile London 2012 Olympics profile
20.
Perth
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Perth is the capital and largest city of the Australian state of Western Australia. It is the fourth-most populous city in Australia, with a population of 2.06 million living in Greater Perth. The first areas settled were on the Swan River, with the central business district. Perth was founded by Captain James Stirling in 1829 as the centre of the Swan River Colony. It gained city status in 1856, and was promoted to the status of a Lord Mayorality in 1929. The city is named after Perth, Scotland, due to the influence of Sir George Murray, Member of Parliament for Perthshire and Secretary of State for War and the Colonies. The citys population increased substantially as a result of the Western Australian gold rushes in the late 19th century, largely as a result of emigration from the eastern colonies of Australia. During Australias involvement in World War II, Fremantle served as a base for operating in the Pacific Theatre. An influx of immigrants after the war, predominantly from Britain, Greece, Italy and Yugoslavia, Aboriginal people have inhabited the Perth area for 38,000 years, as evidenced by archaeological remains at Upper Swan. The Noongar people occupied the southwest corner of Western Australia and lived as hunter-gatherers, the wetlands on the Swan Coastal Plain were particularly important to them, both spiritually and as a source of food. The Noongar people know the area where Perth now stands as Boorloo, Boorloo formed part of Mooro, the tribal lands of Yellagongas group, one of several based around the Swan River and known collectively as the Whadjuk. The Whadjuk were part of a group of fourteen tribes that formed the south-west socio-linguistic block known as the Noongar. The judgment was overturned on appeal, the first documented sighting of the region was made by the Dutch Captain Willem de Vlamingh and his crew on 10 January 1697. The British colony would be officially designated Western Australia in 1832, Captain James Stirling, aboard Parmelia, said that Perth was as beautiful as anything of this kind I had ever witnessed. On 12 August that year, Helen Dance, wife of the captain of the ship, Sulphur. The only contemporary information on the source of the name comes from Fremantles diary entry for 12 August, Murray was born in Perth, Scotland, and was in 1829 Secretary of State for the Colonies and Member for Perthshire in the British House of Commons. The town was named after the Scottish Perth, in Murrays honour, the racial relations between the Noongar people and the Europeans were strained due to these happenings. Because of the amount of building in and around Boorloo
21.
Perth, Scotland
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Perth is a city in central Scotland, located on the banks of the River Tay. It is the centre of Perth and Kinross council area. According to the preliminary 2011 census results Perth, including its suburbs, has a population of 50,000. Perth has been known as The Fair City since the publication of the story Fair Maid of Perth by Scottish writer Sir Walter Scott in 1828. During the later period the city was also called St Johns Toun or Saint Johnstoun by its inhabitants in reference to the main church dedicated to St John the Baptist. This name is preserved by the football team, St Johnstone F. C. The name Perth comes from a Pictish word for wood or copse, there has been a settlement at Perth since prehistoric times, on a natural mound raised slightly above the flood plain of the Tay, where the river could be crossed at low tide. The area surrounding the city is known to have been occupied since Mesolithic hunter-gatherers arrived more than 8000 years ago. Nearby Neolithic standing stones and circles also exist, dating from about 4000 BC, the presence of Scone Abbey, home of the Stone of Destiny where the King of Scots was crowned, enhanced the early importance of the city. Perth became known as a capital of Scotland, due to the frequent residence of the royal court, Royal Burgh status was soon given to the city by King William the Lion in the early 12th century. The city became one of the richest burghs in the country, doing trade with France, the Low Countries and Baltic Countries for goods such as Spanish silk and French wine. The Scottish Reformation also played a big role in the city with the sacking of the Houses of the Greyfriars and Blackfriars, the Act of Settlement later brought about Jacobite uprisings. The city was occupied by Jacobite supporters on three occasions, the founding of Perth Academy in 1760 helped to bring major industries, such as linen, leather, bleach and whisky, to the city. Given its location, Perth was perfectly placed to become a key transport centre with the coming of the railways, today, Perth serves as a retail centre for the surrounding area. Following the decline of the industry locally, the citys economy has now diversified to include insurance. Due to its location, the city is referred to as the Gateway to the Highlands. The Australian metropolis Perth took its name from the Scottish city, Perth is also twinned with Aschaffenburg in the German state of Bavaria. The name Perth derives from a Pictish-Gaelic word for wood or copse, Perth was referred to as St Johns ton up until the mid-1600s with the name Perthia being reserved for the wider area
22.
Cow dung
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Cow dung, also known as cow pats, cow pies or cow manure, is the waste product of bovine animal species. These species include domestic cattle, bison, yak, and water buffalo, cow dung is the undigested residue of plant matter which has passed through the animals gut. The resultant faecal matter is rich in minerals, color ranges from greenish to blackish, often darkening soon after exposure to air. Cow dung, which is usually a brown color, is often used as manure. If not recycled into the soil by such as earthworms and dung beetles, cow dung can dry out and remain on the pasture. In many parts of the world, and in the past in mountain regions of Europe. Dung may also be collected and used to produce biogas to generate electricity, the gas is rich in methane and is used in rural areas of India and Pakistan and elsewhere to provide a renewable and stable source of electricity. In central Africa, Maasai villages have burned cow dung inside to repel mosquitos, in cold places, cow dung is used to line the walls of rustic houses as a cheap thermal insulator. Most of villagers in India spray fresh cow dung mixed with water in front of the houses to repel insects and it is also dried into cake like shapes and used as replacement for firewood. Cow dung is also an ingredient in the manufacture of adobe mud brick housing depending on the availability of materials at hand. A deposit of cow dung is referred to in American English as a cow chip, or less commonly cow pie, when dry, it is used in the practice of cow chip throwing popularized in Beaver, Oklahoma in 1970. On April 21,2001 Robert Deevers of Elgin, Oklahoma, cow dung is also used in Hindu religious fire yajna as an important ingredient. Cow dung provides food for a range of animal and fungus species. In areas where cattle are not native, there are also no native species which can break down their dung. In Australia, dung beetles from elsewhere have been introduced to help recycle the cattle dung back into the soil, cattle have a natural aversion to feeding around their own dung. This can lead to the formation of taller ungrazed patches of heavily fertilized sward and these habitat patches, termed islets, can be beneficial for many grassland arthropods, including spiders and bugs. They have an important function in maintaining biodiversity in heavily utilized pastures, a buffalo chip, also called a meadow muffin, is the name for a large, flat, dried piece of dung deposited by the American bison. Bison dung is referred to by the name nik-nik
23.
Jonah (comics)
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Jonah was a British comic strip series, published in the magazine The Beano, drawn by Ken Reid. It first appeared in issue 817, dated 15 March 1958, the title character- a sailor and a skinny, gormless, chinless wonder- was feared by all other mariners because he would sink every ship he sailed on. His name is a reference to the long established sailors superstition. In one episode he started a war between the nations of Gorgonzolia and Parafinalia and this resulted in the destruction of the combined fleets of both countries. The strip ran until issue 1090, dated 8 June 1963, punch and Jimmy took over Jonahs page as from the following week. In the year the Jonah strip ended a new strip entitled Jinx began this strip also drawn by Ken Reid featured Jonahs sister and this strip was similar to the Jonah strip with the main character being equally clumsy, but this new strip was less nautical. In the early 1980s Jonah also appeared in the short lived Buddy comic, in the 1980s, Jonah appeared in several Beano Comic Libraries, meeting The Toppers Puss n Boots twice. Ironically, they also joined The Dandy in 1993, a spin-off strip entitled Son of Jonah, drawn by Jerry Swaffield, appeared in the Beano in 1992 and lasted until 1993. Jerry Swaffield also drew a one-off Jonah strip entitled Jonah in 1988, Jonah returned 30 years later in 1993, albeit this time in The Dandy. The strip continued in The Dandy for a few years afterwards, the revival was drawn by Keith Robson, Ken Reid having died by then. Jonah recently appeared in a September 2014 issue of the Beano, uncle Albert from Only Fools and Horses was sometimes referred to as Jonah due to his less than distinguished naval career
24.
Kev F. Sutherland
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Kev F. Sutherland is a Scottish comedian and comic strip creator. He has drawn for a variety of publications, including The Beano and he has produced several shows at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe, including The Sitcom Trials and The Scottish Falsetto Sock Puppet Theatre. He was born in Aberdeen and raised from age 6 in the village of Kibworth in Leicestershire and his paternal grandmother was the writer and photographer Jean Sutherland. In 1983 he graduated from Exeter College of Art and Design and his TV work includes The Sitcom Trials and A-Z of Rude Health for ITV. His comic strips appear in the UK comic The Beano, chiefly comedy adventures starring The Bash Street Kids, with Dennis The Menace, Roger the Dodger, in 2011 Kev drew Match magazines Galaxy Wanderers strip, and Find It in Doctor Who Adventures. His self-published titles include The Hawk, The Scottish Falsetto Sock Puppet Theatre comic, Sinnerhound, Hot Rod Cow, in 2007 he wrote Billy the Cat vs General Jumbo in The Beano Annual. In 2008 his Bash St Zombies original art was exhibited as part of the Comic Timing exhibition at Harrods in London, from 1993–98 Kev shared a studio with Marvel & DC Comics artist Mark Buckingham. Since 2003, Sutherland has presented his Comic Art Masterclasses in schools and colleges and he appears regularly in the media as an authority on comics. He created The Sitcom Trials in 1999, on stage in London and Bristol, at the Edinburgh Fringe 2001,2002 and 2004 and it continues on stage at the Leicester Square Theatre in Londons West End. From 1999–2004, Sutherland was the producer of the UKs Comic Festival in Bristol, beginning as Comics 99, it included the National Comics Awards which he co-founded in 1997. For Comics 99 Kev produced The Worlds Biggest Comic which featured the work of 100 of the leading comic artists. Sutherland is also a comedian and caricaturist, from 1994 to 2004, Sutherland was a regular compere at Bristols Comedy Box where he developed the audience interactive game show Win Some Beer. In 2009 he made an attempt at the Guinness World Record for telling jokes in one hour, Beano comic cartoonist wows crowd in Welwyn Garden City. Captain Clevedon, A local comic for local people, Comic creators workshop marks Croydon gallery opening. Renowned comic-strip artist Kev F Sutherland draws up lessons at Blackburn school, Scottish Falsetto Sock Puppet Theatre coming to Ropery Hall. Legendary comic creator helps reading scheme go global, writers, are you game for a laugh. Superheroes turn up as Kev Sutherland visits Rivermead Primary, Comic Artist Is Quick on the Draw. Caricatures, Comics and the Illustrator of the Beano, CCA Comic Masterclass with Beano Cartoonist Kev F
25.
Nativity play
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A Nativity play or Christmas pageant is a play which recounts the story of the Nativity of Jesus. It is usually performed at Christmas, the feast of the Nativity, the term Nativity Drama is used by Wellesz in his discussion of the troparion hymns in the Christmas liturgy of Byzantine Rite Churches, from Sophronius in the seventh century. Goldstein argues that the drama is misleading, that the troparia are more akin to an oratorio than a play. Saint Francis of Assisi performed Midnight Mass in Greccio on Christmas Eve 1223 in front of a nativity scene built by Giovanni Velita. This is sometimes credited as the first nativity play, however, more formal Nativity plays have featured in Christian worship since medieval mystery plays. The twelfth to nineteenth pageants of the 48-play York Mystery Cycle dealt with the Nativity story, in Germany, the Weihnachten services on Christmas Eve include a childrens mass called Weihnachtsgeschichte, which features a Krippenspiel. In Latin America pastorelas are performed in local communities. These were imported during Spanish colonization of the Americas but are no common in Spain. Each communitys play evolves into a distinctive tradition, in Belgium, puppet theatres often put on variations on the Nativity play in the weeks before Christmas, with parents and their children in the audience. The play often depicts the Massacre of the Innocents which occurred after the birth of Jesus, joan Gross traces this augmentation back to cryptic protests in the late nineteenth century against the abuse of native peoples by colonists in the King Leopold IIs Congo Free State. Many, especially Christian-oriented, primary schools and Sunday Schools put on a Nativity play before the Christmas break begins, schoolchildren in costume act as the human and angel characters, and often as the animals and props. The infant Jesus is sometimes represented by a doll, but sometimes played by a real baby, parents, grandparents, stepparents and siblings, schoolteachers and sometimes the church community in general form the audience. The tradition of Nativity plays in British state primary schools is declining in favour of secular plays, modern writers to have written Nativity plays include Laurence Housman, Lucjan Rydel, Cicely Hamilton, and Dorothy L. Sayers. Jean-Paul Sartres first play was Bariona ou le fils du tonerre, sartre saw Christ as part of the Jewish Resistance to the Roman Empires occupation, mirroring the French Resistance of Nazi Germanys occupation
26.
Tomboy
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Tomboy, according to the Oxford English Dictionary, has been connected with connotations of rudeness and impropriety throughout its use. The OED dates the first use of the tomboy to 1592, but an earlier use is recorded in Ralph Roister Doister, which is believed to date from 1553. Joseph Lee, an advocate, believed the tomboy phase crucial to physical development between the ages of eight and thirteen in 1915. Tomboyism remained popular through World War I and World War II in society, literature, Gender scholar Judith Halberstam states that while the defying of gender roles is often tolerated in young girls, adolescent girls who display masculine traits are often repressed or punished. An increase in the popularity of sporting events and other activities that were traditionally male-dominated has broadened tolerance. Throughout history, there has been a correlation between tomboyishness and lesbianism. For instance, Hollywood films would stereotype the adult tomboy as a predatory butch dyke, lynne Yamaguchi and Karen Barber, editors of Tomboys. Tales of Dyke Derring-Do, argue that tomboyhood is much more than a phase for many lesbians, linked their self-identification as tomboys and lesbians to both labels positioning them outside cultural and gender boundaries. Pychoanalyst Dianne Elises essay reported that more lesbians noted being a tomboy than straight women, however, while some tomboys later reveal a lesbian identity in their adolescent or adult years, behavior typical of boys but displayed by girls is not a true indicator of ones sexual orientation. There have been few studies of the causality of womens behavior and interests, Tomboys have also been noted to demonstrate a stronger interest in science and technology. Effeminacy Geek girl Gender variance Girly girl Sissy Tomboys and sissies, feisty Girls and Spirited Women A film by Julie Akeret and Christian McEwen
27.
Cramming (education)
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In education, cramming is the practice of working intensively to absorb large volumes of informational material in short amounts of time. It is often done by students in preparation for upcoming exams, cramming is often discouraged by educators because the hurried coverage of material tends to result in poor long-term retention of material, a phenomenon often referred to as the spacing effect. When cramming, one attempts to focus only on studies and to forgo unnecessary actions or habits, cramming is often done the night before a test, or in the days before a final exam. In Commonwealth countries, cramming usually occurs during the revision week, gorst stated in his book, The Curse of Education, as long as education is synonymous with cramming on an organized plan, it will continue to produce mediocrity. Generally considered an undesirable study technique, cramming is becoming more and more common among students both at the secondary and post-secondary level, pressure to perform well in the classroom and engage in extracurricular activities in addition to other responsibilities often results in the cramming method of studying. Cramming is a widely used study skill performed in preparation for an examination or other performance-based assessment, most common among high school and college-aged students, cramming is often used as a means of memorizing large amounts of information in a short amount of time. Students are often forced to cram after improper time utilization or in efforts to understand information shortly before being tested, improper time management is usually the cause for last-minute cramming sessions, and many study techniques have been developed to help students succeed instead of cramming. Teaching students to avoid last-minute cramming is an area of concern for education professionals and profit for educational corporations. Ideally, proper study skills need to be introduced and practiced as early as possible in order for students to effectively learn positive study mechanisms. According to William G. Sommer, students in a university system often adapt to the time-constraints that are placed upon them in college and these adept students often find it difficult to admit others into their efficient program of academic survival. Active learning and critical thinking are two methods which emphasize the retention of material through the use of class discussions, study groups, each has been cited as a more effective means of learning and retaining information as compared to cramming and memorization. On the other hand cramming suits better to the sciolistic knowledge actually required by the academic examination method
28.
Mike Pearse
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Mike Pearse is a cartoonist notable for the work he has drawn and written for The Beano comic. His first multi-page strip was called Its A Funny Old Game and it was 24 pages in length and it is the first time in Beanos history to be the only featured story. Since then he has created work for The Bash Street Kids, the Three Bears, Mike Pearse is recognized for his unique and highly detailed artwork, animated characters and quick-witted storylines. Nowadays hes working for Studio Beer, an agency in the Netherlands. First appearance Beano #3226,15 May 2004, continued until 2009 Continuous artist for The Three Bears. First appearance Beano #2974,1999 The Bash Street Kids in Space Cadets 2009 The Bash Street Kids Annual 2010 Mike Pearse - Imaginary Column
29.
Property caretaker
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A property caretaker is a person, group, or organization that cares for real estate for trade or financial compensation, and sometimes as a barter for rent-free living accommodations. The caretaking profession includes positions as housesitters, ranch sitters, bed & breakfast and innsitters, property managers, estate managers, caretakers are sometimes used by property owners who are unwilling or unable to hire a professional management company. Many homeowners who rent their properties may hire caretakers instead of property managers in order to save money, caretakers are not licensed by any state or local authority and are often relatively cheaper than their professional counterparts. The caretaker will often live in a rent free. Caretaking is historical, rooted in the British tradition of land maintenance, in 1868, The Times defined a caretaker as a person put in charge of a farm from which the tenant has been evicted. Today that definition has been expanded to cover a multitude of landowner/caretaker relationships, the number and diversity of these relationships has increased during the past decade. The property caretaking field has covered by The The Caretaker Gazette since 1983
30.
Inspector Gadget
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Inspector Gadget is a media franchise that began in 1983 with the DIC Entertainment animated television series, Inspector Gadget. Since the original series, there have been many spin-offs based on the show, including animated series, video games. However, neither side is aware that it is Gadgets niece, Penny, and her dog, Brain, the main protagonist of the franchise. Gadget is a human being with thousands of high-tech gadgets installed in his body, Gadget is very powerful and loyal to his career as a lawman, but he is also very dim-witted, clueless, incompetent, oblivious, and gullible. While Penny and Brain secretly do all the real work, Gadget has a knack of inadvertently saving the day. Gadget loves his family more than anything and would do anything to them from harm. He was voiced by Don Adams in the series and Inspector Gadgets Field Trip, Gary Owens in the original series pilot episode. Super Show, Gadget and the Gadgetinis, various DIC Kids Network bumpers, for the 2015 series, the voice of Gadget is provided by Ivan Sherry. In Disneys live-action films, Gadgets real name is John Brown and he is portrayed by Matthew Broderick in the first film and French Stewart in the sequel. Dr. Claw is the main antagonist of the franchise and he is the leader of an evil crime syndicate called MAD. As his name states, he has a claw for his right arm and his face is never seen at all except in the live action film, and on a Dr. Claw action figure. He is very murderous, sinister, dark, sadistic, and greedy, in Gadget and the Gadgetinis, he reveals that he thinks Gadgets idiocy is an act to taunt him. In the 2015 series, he is less competent and malicious. He has been voiced by Frank Welker, Brian Drummond, in the first live action film, where he is portrayed by Rupert Everett, his name is revealed to be Sanford Scolex, Tony Martin subsequently took over the role of Dr. Claw in the sequel. Penny is Gadgets know-it-all niece and the one who really stops Claws evil schemes and she uses many high tech devices to help her secretly solve the cases and stop the bad guys such as, a computer book, a video watch, a laptop, and a holographic tablet. However, her meddling often leads to her getting captured by the bad guys and she is 10 in the original series,12 in Gadget and the Gadgetinis,16 in Biggest Caper Ever, and 14 and 15 in the 2015 series. Penny loves her more than anything, which is why she is always ready to help him behind his back. In Biggest Caper Ever, she in notably more selfish and unlike any other incarnation, in the 2015 series, she has become an agent in training and is more physically active than in previous incarnations and she has a crush on Claws nephew, Talon
31.
Blue Peter
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Blue Peter is a British childrens television programme, shown currently live on the CBBC television channel. A significant part of British culture, it first aired in 1958 and is the longest-running childrens TV show in the world. Although the show has a title and theme, it is a magazine/entertainment show containing viewer and presenter challenges. During its history there have been many presenters, often consisting of two women and two men at a time, the current presenters are Barney Harwood, Lindsey Russell and Radzi Chinyanganya. The show is produced mainly in a studio, but there is also a garden, often referred to as the Blue Peter Garden. The programme has featured a number of pets, currently a tortoise called Shelly makes appearances from time to time. Most programmes are broadcast live, but usually include at least one filmed report, There will also often be a demonstration of an activity in the studio, or a music or dance performance. Between the 1960s and 2011 the programme was made at BBC Television Centre, and often came from Studio 1 and this enabled Blue Peter to include large-scale demonstrations and performances within the live programme. From the September 2007 series, the programme was broadcast from a fixed set in Studio 2. However, from 2009 the series began to use the studios once more. The show is famous for its makes, which are demonstrations of how to construct a useful object or prepare food. Trace also used the line And now for something completely different, time is also often given over to reading letters and showing pictures sent in by viewers. Over 4,000 editions have been produced since 1958, Blue Peter was first aired on 16 October 1958. The Blue Peter is used as a signal, indicating that the vessel flying it is about to leave. Hunter Blair also pointed out that blue was a favourite colour. The first two presenters were Christopher Trace, an actor, and Leila Williams, winner of Miss Great Britain in 1957, the two presenters were responsible for activities which matched the traditional gender roles. As broadcasting historian Asa Briggs expressed it in 1995, Leila played with dolls and they were supported on occasion by Tony Hart, an artist who later designed the ship logo, who told stories about an elephant called Packi. It was broadcast every Friday for fifteen minutes on BBC TV, over the first few months more features were added, including competitions, documentaries, cartoons, and stories
32.
Teddy Boy
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It is sometimes inaccurately written that the Teddy Boy style and phenomenon appeared in Britain during the mid 1950s as a rebellious side effect to the introduction of American RocknRoll music. The Teddy Boy predates this and was a uniquely British phenomenon, the subculture started in London in the early 1950s, and rapidly spread across the UK, then becoming strongly associated with rock and roll. Originally known as Cosh Boys, the name Teddy Boy was coined when a 1953 Daily Express newspaper headline shortened Edwardian to Teddy, wealthy young men, especially Guards officers, adopted the style of the Edwardian era. The Edwardian era had been just over 40 years earlier, and their grandparents, if not their parents, the original Edwardian revival was far more historically accurate in terms of replicating the original Edwardian era style than the later Teddy Boy style. It featured tapered trousers, long jackets that bear a similarity to post-war American zoot suits, there are differing accounts of where the Teddy Boy style actually started and the ensuing pattern of geographical expansion. There is however now more evidence to support the view that the working class Edwardian style, part of the reason that South London is seen as the birthplace of the working class Edwardian style is because the popular press of the day reported the emergence of the style. In 1953, the newspapers reported on the sweeping trend in mens fashion across all the towns of Britain. The US film Blackboard Jungle marked a watershed in the United Kingdom, when shown in Elephant and Castle, south London in 1956, the teenage Teddy boy audience began to riot, tearing up seats and dancing in the cinemas aisles. After that, riots took place around the country wherever the film was shown, some Teds formed gangs and gained notoriety following violent clashes with rival gangs which were often exaggerated by the popular press. The most notable were the 1958 Notting Hill race riots, in which Teddy Boys were present in numbers and were implicated in attacks on the West Indian community. The violent lifestyle was sensationalised in the pulp novel Teddy Boy by Ernest Ryman, the outfit also included a high-necked loose-collared white shirt, a narrow Slim Jim tie or western bolo tie, and a brocade waistcoat. The clothes were mostly tailor-made at great expense, and paid through weekly installments, favoured footwear included highly polished Oxfords, chunky brogues, and crepe-soled shoes, often suede. Preferred hairstyles included long, strongly-moulded greased-up hair with a quiff at the front, another style was the Boston, in which the hair was greased straight back and cut square across at the nape. Later, they adopted the American fashions of toreador pants, voluminous circle skirts, the Teddy Girls choices of clothes were not intended strictly for aesthetic effect, these girls were collectively rejecting post-war austerity. They were young working women from the poorer districts of London. They would typically leave school at the age of 14 or 15, Teddy Girls spent much of their free time buying or making their trademark clothes. It was a head-turning, fastidious style from the fashion houses, although Teddy Boys became associated with rock and roll music, prior to the advent of that genre, Teddy Boys mainly listened and danced to jazz and skiffle music. A well-known dance that the Teddy Boys adopted was The Creep, the song The Creep came out in 1953, and was written and recorded for HMV by Yorkshire-born big band leader and saxophonist Ken Mackintosh
