1.
Bell jar
–
A bell jar is a glass jar, similar in shape to a bell, and can be manufactured from a variety of materials. Bell jars are used in laboratories to form and contain a vacuum. A vacuum bell jar is placed on a base which is vented to a hose fitting, a vacuum is formed by pumping the air out of the bell jar. The lower edge of a bell jar forms a flange of heavy glass. The base of the jar is equally heavy and flattened, a smear of vacuum grease is usually applied between them. As the vacuum forms inside, it creates a compression force. For this reason, a bell jar cannot be used to contain pressures above atmospheric, Bell jars are generally used for classroom demonstrations or by hobbyists, when only a relatively low-quality vacuum is required. Cutting-edge research that needs a high vacuum requires a more sophisticated form of vacuum chamber. However, several tests may be completed in a chamber with an effective pump, an example of a classroom science experiment involving a bell jar is to place a ringing alarm clock under the bell jar. As the air is pumped out of the bell jar. In the absence of their medium, the waves cannot travel. Purely decorative bell jars were used in the Victorian period to display and serve as transparent dust covers for clocks. Decorative bell jars were made of glass, with more care being taken regarding their optical clarity. For this reason, they are not suitable for vacuum use, similar glass domes were used as cheese domes or garden cloches. The Bell Jar is a roman à clef by Sylvia Plath, originally published under the pen name Victoria Lucas The Jar is a story by Ray Bradbury
Bell jar
–
A bell jar during a low-pressure test
2.
The Bell Jar (film)
–
The Bell Jar is a 1979 film based on Sylvia Plaths 1963 roman à clef, it was directed by Larry Peerce, and stars Marilyn Hassett and Julie Harris. Marilyn Hassett as Esther Greenwood Julie Harris as Mrs. Greenwood Jameson Parker as Buddy Willard Anne Jackson as Dr, the audience isnt given the slightest clue about Esthers quirks, her fears, her peculiarly distorted notion of herself. The film has a way of spelling things out ad nauseam, even where it should have flourished, like in descriptions of Esthers life in New York, theres no satirical edge to any of this, and no dramatic edge either. It all simply plods along, en route to a collapse that manages to seem perfectly unwarranted by the time it finally occurs. After the movies release, Dr. Jane V. Anderson, in the film, Joan attempts to get Esther to agree to a suicide pact, an incident which is not in the book. Joan is implied to be a lesbian in Plaths novel, although this is never explicitly stated, Dr. Andersons lawyer said the film portrayal has grossly damaged her reputation as a practising psychiatrist and a member of the Harvard Medical School faculty. The Bell Jar at the Internet Movie Database
The Bell Jar (film)
–
The Bell Jar
3.
Sylvia Plath
–
Sylvia Plath was an American poet, novelist, and short story writer. Born in Boston, she studied at Smith College and Newnham College at the University of Cambridge before receiving acclaim as a poet and she was married to fellow poet Ted Hughes from 1956 until they separated in September 1962. They lived together in the United States and then in England and had two children, Frieda and Nicholas, Plath was clinically depressed for most of her adult life, which was treated multiple times with electroconvulsive therapy. Plath is credited with advancing the genre of poetry and is best known for her two published collections, The Colossus and Other Poems and Ariel. She also wrote The Bell Jar, a novel published shortly before her death. In 1982, she won a posthumous Pulitzer Prize for The Collected Poems, Plath was born on October 27,1932, in Bostons Jamaica Plain neighborhood. Her mother, Aurelia Schober Plath, was a second-generation American of Austrian descent, Plaths father was an entomologist and a professor of biology at Boston University who authored a book about bumblebees. On April 27,1935, Plaths brother Warren was born, Plaths mother, Aurelia, had grown up in Winthrop, and her maternal grandparents, the Schobers, had lived in a section of the town called Point Shirley, a location mentioned in Plaths poetry. While living in Winthrop, eight-year-old Plath published her first poem in the Boston Heralds childrens section, over the next few years, Plath published multiple poems in regional magazines and newspapers. At age 11, Plath began keeping a journal, in addition to writing, she showed early promise as an artist, winning an award for her paintings from The Scholastic Art & Writing Awards in 1947. Even in her youth, Plath was ambitiously driven to succeed, Otto Plath died on November 5,1940, a week and a half after Plaths eighth birthday, of complications following the amputation of a foot due to untreated diabetes. He had become ill shortly after a friend died of lung cancer. Comparing the similarities between his friends symptoms and his own, Otto became convinced that he, too, had lung cancer, raised as a Unitarian Christian, Plath experienced a loss of faith after her fathers death and remained ambivalent about religion throughout her life. Her father was buried in Winthrop Cemetery, Massachusetts, a visit to her fathers grave later prompted Plath to write the poem Electra on Azalea Path. After Ottos death, Aurelia moved her children and her parents to 26 Elmwood Road, Wellesley, Massachusetts in 1942. In one of her last prose pieces, Plath commented that her first nine years sealed themselves off like a ship in a bottle—beautiful inaccessible, obsolete, Plath attended Bradford Senior High School in Wellesley, graduating in 1950. Just after graduating high school, she had her first national publication in the Christian Science Monitor. In 1950, Plath attended Smith College and excelled academically and she wrote to her mother, The world is splitting open at my feet like a ripe, juicy watermelon
Sylvia Plath
–
Plath in 1957
Sylvia Plath
–
Smith College, in
Northampton, Massachusetts
Sylvia Plath
–
Sidgwick Hall at
Newnham College,
University of Cambridge
Sylvia Plath
–
Plath's stay at
McLean Hospital inspired her novel
The Bell Jar
4.
Ted Hughes
–
Edward James Ted Hughes OM was an English poet and childrens writer. Critics frequently rank him as one of the best poets of his generation and he served as Poet Laureate from 1984 until his death. Hughes was married to American poet Sylvia Plath from 1956 until her suicide in 1963 at the age of 30 and his part in the relationship became controversial to some feminists and some American admirers of Plath. His last poetic work, Birthday Letters, explored their complex relationship and these poems make reference to Plaths suicide, but none addresses directly the circumstances of her death. A poem discovered in October 2010, Last letter, describes what happened during the three days before her death, in 2008 The Times ranked Hughes fourth on their list of The 50 greatest British writers since 1945. Hughess sister Olwyn was two years older and his brother Gerald was ten years older and his mother could trace her ancestry back to William de Ferrières, who came to England with William the Conqueror in the 11th century. One of her ancestors had founded the community of Little Gidding in Cambridgeshire. Most of the recent generations of his family had worked in the clothing and milling industries in the area. Hughess father, William, a joiner, was of Irish descent and had enlisted with the Lancashire Fusiliers and he narrowly escaped being killed when a bullet lodged in a pay book in his breast pocket. He was one of just 17 men of his regiment to return from the Dardanelles Campaign, the stories of Flanders fields filled Hughess childhood imagination. Hughes noted, my first six years shaped everything, Hughes loved hunting and fishing, swimming and picnicking with his family. He attended the Burnley Road School until he was seven, when his family moved to Mexborough and his parents ran a newsagents and tobacconists shop. In Poetry in Making he recalled that he was fascinated by animals and he acted as retriever when his elder brother gamekeeper shot magpies, owls, rats and curlews, growing up surrounded by the harsh realities of working farms in the valleys and on the moors. During his time in Mexborough he explored Manor Farm at Old Denaby and his earliest poem The Thought Fox, and earliest story The Rain Horse were recollections of the area. A close friend at the time, John Wholly, took Hughes to the Crookhill estate above Conisbrough where the boys spent great swathes of time, Hughes became close to the family and learnt a lot about wildlife from Whollys father, a game keeper. He came to view fishing as an almost religious experience, Hughes attended Mexborough Grammar School, where a succession of teachers encouraged him to write, and develop his interest in poetry. Teachers Miss McLeod and Pauline Mayne introduced him to the poets Hopkins, Hughes was mentored by his sister Olwyn, who was well versed in poetry, and another teacher, John Fisher. Poet Harold Massingham also attended school and was also mentored by Fisher
Ted Hughes
–
Hughes in 1993
Ted Hughes
–
Hughes' birthplace in
Mytholmroyd,
Yorkshire
Ted Hughes
–
The Ted Hughes Arvon Centre, Lumb Bank – an 18th-century mill-owner's house, once Hughes' home.
Ted Hughes
–
Lumb Bank in the Colden Valley
5.
Boston
–
Boston is the capital and most populous city of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States. Boston is also the seat of Suffolk County, although the county government was disbanded on July 1,1999. The city proper covers 48 square miles with a population of 667,137 in 2015, making it the largest city in New England. Alternately, as a Combined Statistical Area, this wider commuting region is home to some 8.1 million people, One of the oldest cities in the United States, Boston was founded on the Shawmut Peninsula in 1630 by Puritan settlers from England. It was the scene of several key events of the American Revolution, such as the Boston Massacre, the Boston Tea Party, the Battle of Bunker Hill, and the Siege of Boston. Upon U. S. independence from Great Britain, it continued to be an important port and manufacturing hub as well as a center for education, through land reclamation and municipal annexation, Boston has expanded beyond the original peninsula. Its rich history attracts many tourists, with Faneuil Hall alone drawing over 20 million visitors per year, Bostons many firsts include the United States first public school, Boston Latin School, first subway system, the Tremont Street Subway, and first public park, Boston Common. Bostons economic base also includes finance, professional and business services, biotechnology, information technology, the city has one of the highest costs of living in the United States as it has undergone gentrification, though it remains high on world livability rankings. Bostons early European settlers had first called the area Trimountaine but later renamed it Boston after Boston, Lincolnshire, England, the renaming on September 7,1630 was by Puritan colonists from England who had moved over from Charlestown earlier that year in quest of fresh water. Their settlement was limited to the Shawmut Peninsula, at that time surrounded by the Massachusetts Bay and Charles River. The peninsula is thought to have been inhabited as early as 5000 BC, in 1629, the Massachusetts Bay Colonys first governor John Winthrop led the signing of the Cambridge Agreement, a key founding document of the city. Puritan ethics and their focus on education influenced its early history, over the next 130 years, the city participated in four French and Indian Wars, until the British defeated the French and their Indian allies in North America. Boston was the largest town in British America until Philadelphia grew larger in the mid-18th century, Bostons harbor activity was significantly curtailed by the Embargo Act of 1807 and the War of 1812. Foreign trade returned after these hostilities, but Bostons merchants had found alternatives for their investments in the interim. Manufacturing became an important component of the economy, and the citys industrial manufacturing overtook international trade in economic importance by the mid-19th century. Boston remained one of the nations largest manufacturing centers until the early 20th century, a network of small rivers bordering the city and connecting it to the surrounding region facilitated shipment of goods and led to a proliferation of mills and factories. Later, a network of railroads furthered the regions industry. Boston was a port of the Atlantic triangular slave trade in the New England colonies
Boston
–
From top to bottom, left to right: the
Boston skyline viewed from the
Bunker Hill Monument; the
Museum of Fine Arts;
Faneuil Hall;
Massachusetts State House;
The First Church of Christ, Scientist;
Boston Public Library; the
John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum;
South Station;
Boston University and the
Charles River;
Arnold Arboretum;
Fenway Park; and the
Boston Common
Boston
–
State Street, 1801
Boston
–
View of Boston from
Dorchester Heights, 1841
Boston
–
Scollay Square in the 1880s
6.
New York City
–
The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange
New York City
–
Clockwise, from top:
Midtown Manhattan,
Times Square, the
Unisphere in
Queens, the
Brooklyn Bridge,
Lower Manhattan with
One World Trade Center,
Central Park, the
headquarters of the United Nations, and the
Statue of Liberty
New York City
–
New Amsterdam, centered in the eventual
Lower Manhattan, in 1664, the year
England took control and renamed it "New York".
New York City
–
The
Battle of Long Island, the largest battle of the
American Revolution, took place in
Brooklyn in 1776.
New York City
–
Broadway follows the Native American Wickquasgeck Trail through Manhattan.
7.
Pollyanna
–
Also, the subconscious bias towards the positive is often described as the Pollyanna principle. The book was such a success that Porter soon produced a sequel, eleven more Pollyanna sequels, known as Glad Books, were later published, most of them written by Elizabeth Borton or Harriet Lummis Smith. Further sequels followed, including Pollyanna Plays the Game by Colleen L. Reece, Pollyanna has been adapted for film several times. Some of the best known are Disneys 1960 version starring child actress Hayley Mills, who won a special Oscar for the role, Pollyannas philosophy of life centers on what she calls The Glad Game, an optimistic and positive attitude she learned from her father. The game consists of finding something to be glad about in every situation and it originated in an incident one Christmas when Pollyanna, who was hoping for a doll in the missionary barrel, found only a pair of crutches inside. Making the game up on the spot, Pollyannas father taught her to look at the side of things—in this case. Aunt Polly, too—finding herself helpless before Pollyannas buoyant refusal to be downcast—gradually begins to thaw, eventually, however, even Pollyannas robust optimism is put to the test when she is struck by an automobile and loses the use of her legs. At first she doesnt realize the seriousness of her situation, after that, she lies in bed, unable to find anything to be glad about. When you look for the bad in mankind expecting to find it and it is sometimes used pejoratively, referring to someone whose optimism is excessive to the point of naïveté or refusing to accept the facts of an unfortunate situation. The word pollyanna may also be used colloquially to denote a holiday gift exchange more typically known as Secret Santa, especially in Philadelphia, Pollyanna is still available in reprint editions. At the height of her popularity, Pollyanna was known as The Glad Girl, and Parker Brothers even created The Glad Game, a board game. The Glad Game, a type of Parcheesi, was made and sold from 1915 to 1967 in various versions, the board game was later licensed by Milton Bradley but has been discontinued for many years. A Broadway adaptation was mounted in 1916 titled Pollyanna Whittier, The Glad Girl, Chilton at the end of the story. Glad Clubs appear to have been popular for a while, however, Glad Clubs may have been simply a means to popularize The Glad Game as a method for coping with the vicissitudes of life such as loss, disappointment, and distress. Nevertheless, at least one glad club existed as recently as 2008, in Denver, in 2002 the citizens of Littleton, New Hampshire unveiled a bronze statue in honour of Eleanor H. Porter, author of the Pollyanna books and one of the towns most famous residents. The statue depicts a smiling Pollyanna, arms flung wide in greeting, Littleton also hosts a festival known as The Official Pollyanna Glad Day every summer. The video game series Mother and Super Smash Bros. series feature a song in every game entitled Pollyanna, the song is a reference to the novel, a lyrical version produced and released on a soundtrack CD reinforces the reference in the lyrics. The 1920 American silent melodrama/comedy film Pollyana starred Mary Pickford and was directed by Paul Powell and it was Pickfords first motion picture for United Artists
Pollyanna
–
First edition cover
8.
Julius and Ethel Rosenberg
–
Julius and Ethel Rosenberg were United States citizens who were executed for conspiracy to commit espionage for the Soviet Union. Klaus Fuchs, a German scientist working in Los Alamos and handled by Gold and he served nine years and four months, convicted in Great Britain. For decades, many defenders of the Rosenbergs, including their sons Michael and Robert Meeropol, maintained that Julius and Ethel were innocent and victims of Cold war paranoia. Their sons current position is that Julius was legally guilty of the charge, though not of atomic spying. They believe that he did not deserve the penalty and that she was wrongly convicted. They continue to campaign for Ethel to be legally exonerated and they also demonstrate that Julius reported to the KGB that Ethel persuaded Ruth Greenglass to travel to New Mexico to recruit David as a spy. There is a consensus among historians that Julius and Ethel Rosenberg were guilty, distilling this consensus, Harvard law professor Alan Dershowitz wrote that the Rosenbergs were guilty – and framed. Julius Rosenberg was born to a family of Jewish immigrants in New York City on May 12,1918, the family moved to the Lower East Side by the time Julius was 11. His parents worked in the shops of the Lower East Side, Julius became a leader in the Young Communist League USA while at City College of New York. In 1939, he graduated from CCNY with a degree in electrical engineering, Ethel Greenglass was born on September 28,1915, to a Jewish family in Manhattan, New York City. She originally was an actress and singer, but eventually took a secretarial job at a shipping company. She became involved in disputes and joined the Young Communist League. Together they had two sons, Michael and Robert, born in 1943 and 1947 respectively, Julius Rosenberg joined the Army Signal Corps Engineering Laboratories at Fort Monmouth, New Jersey, in 1940, where he worked as an engineer-inspector until 1945. He was fired when the U. S. Army discovered his previous membership in the Communist Party, important research on electronics, communications, radar and guided missile controls was undertaken at Fort Monmouth during World War II. According to a 2001 book by his former handler Alexander Feklisov and he had been introduced to Semyonov by Bernard Schuster, a high-ranking member of the Communist Party USA as well as Earl Browders personal NKVD liaison. After Semyonov was recalled to Moscow in 1944, his duties were taken over by Feklisov, Rosenberg provided thousands of classified reports from Emerson Radio, including a complete proximity fuse, an upgraded model of which was used to shoot down Gary Powers U-2 in 1960. Under Feklisovs administration, Rosenberg recruited sympathetic individuals into NKVD service, including Joel Barr, Alfred Sarant, William Perl, for this coup, Rosenberg received a $100 bonus. McNutts employment provided access to secrets about processes for manufacturing weapons-grade uranium, the USSR and the U. S. were allies during World War II, but the Americans did not share information about or seek assistance from the Soviet Union for the Manhattan Project
Julius and Ethel Rosenberg
–
Ethel and Julius Rosenberg
Julius and Ethel Rosenberg
–
Sing Sing Correctional Facility, where the Rosenbergs were executed
Julius and Ethel Rosenberg
–
Morton Sobell (left),
Marshall Perlin,
Robert Meeropol, Franz Loeser, April 19, 1976.
9.
Massachusetts
–
It is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the east, the states of Connecticut and Rhode Island to the south, New Hampshire and Vermont to the north, and New York to the west. The state is named for the Massachusett tribe, which inhabited the area. The capital of Massachusetts and the most populous city in New England is Boston, over 80% of Massachusetts population lives in the Greater Boston metropolitan area, a region influential upon American history, academia, and industry. Originally dependent on agriculture, fishing and trade, Massachusetts was transformed into a manufacturing center during the Industrial Revolution, during the 20th century, Massachusetts economy shifted from manufacturing to services. Modern Massachusetts is a leader in biotechnology, engineering, higher education, finance. Plymouth was the site of the first colony in New England, founded in 1620 by the Pilgrims, in 1692, the town of Salem and surrounding areas experienced one of Americas most infamous cases of mass hysteria, the Salem witch trials. In 1777, General Henry Knox founded the Springfield Armory, which during the Industrial Revolution catalyzed numerous important technological advances, in 1786, Shays Rebellion, a populist revolt led by disaffected American Revolutionary War veterans, influenced the United States Constitutional Convention. In the 18th century, the Protestant First Great Awakening, which swept the Atlantic World, in the late 18th century, Boston became known as the Cradle of Liberty for the agitation there that led to the American Revolution. The entire Commonwealth of Massachusetts has played a commercial and cultural role in the history of the United States. Before the American Civil War, Massachusetts was a center for the abolitionist, temperance, in the late 19th century, the sports of basketball and volleyball were invented in the western Massachusetts cities of Springfield and Holyoke, respectively. Many prominent American political dynasties have hailed from the state, including the Adams, both Harvard University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, also in Cambridge, have been ranked among the most highly regarded academic institutions in the world. Massachusetts public school students place among the top nations in the world in academic performance, the official name of the state is the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. While this designation is part of the official name, it has no practical implications. Massachusetts has the position and powers within the United States as other states. Massachusetts was originally inhabited by tribes of the Algonquian language family such as the Wampanoag, Narragansett, Nipmuc, Pocomtuc, Mahican, and Massachusett. While cultivation of crops like squash and corn supplemented their diets, villages consisted of lodges called wigwams as well as longhouses, and tribes were led by male or female elders known as sachems. Between 1617 and 1619, smallpox killed approximately 90% of the Massachusetts Bay Native Americans, the first English settlers in Massachusetts, the Pilgrims, arrived via the Mayflower at Plymouth in 1620, and developed friendly relations with the native Wampanoag people. This was the second successful permanent English colony in the part of North America that later became the United States, the event known as the First Thanksgiving was celebrated by the Pilgrims after their first harvest in the New World which lasted for three days
Massachusetts
–
A portion of the north-central
Pioneer Valley in
Sunderland
Massachusetts
–
Flag
Massachusetts
–
Many coastal areas in Massachusetts provide breeding areas for species such as the
piping plover
Massachusetts
–
The
Mayflower in Plymouth Harbor by
William Halsall (1882). The
Pilgrims were a group of
Puritans who founded
Plymouth in 1620.
10.
Stenography
–
Shorthand is an abbreviated symbolic writing method that increases speed and brevity of writing as compared to longhand, a more common method of writing a language. The process of writing in shorthand is called stenography, from the Greek stenos and it has also been called brachygraphy, from Greek brachys and tachygraphy, from Greek tachys, depending on whether compression or speed of writing is the goal. A typical shorthand system provides symbols or abbreviations for words and common phrases, abbreviation methods are alphabet-based and use different abbreviating approaches. Several autocomplete programs, standalone or integrated in text editors, based on word lists, many journalists use shorthand writing to quickly take notes at press conferences or other similar scenarios. Shorthand was used widely in the past, before the invention of recording. Shorthand was considered a part of secretarial training and police work. Although the primary use of shorthand has been to record oral dictation or discourse, for example, healthcare professionals may use shorthand notes in medical charts and correspondence. The earliest known indication of shorthand systems is from the Parthenon in Ancient Greece and this shows a writing system primarily based on vowels, using certain modifications to indicate consonants. Hellenistic tachygraphy is reported from the 2nd century BC onwards, though there are indications that it might be older, the oldest datable reference is a contract from Middle Egypt, stating that Oxyrhynchos gives the semeiographer Apollonios for two years to be taught shorthand writing. Hellenistic tachygraphy consisted of word stem signs and word ending signs, over time, many syllabic signs were developed. In Ancient Rome, Marcus Tullius Tiro, a slave and later a freedman of Cicero, the Tironian notes consisted of Latin word stem abbreviations and of word ending abbreviations. The original Tironian notes consisted of about 4000 signs, but new signs were introduced, in order to have a less complex writing system, a syllabic shorthand script was sometimes used. After the decline of the Roman Empire, the Tironian notes were no longer used to transcribe speeches, though they were known and taught. After the 11th century, however, they were mostly forgotten, when many monastery libraries were secularized in the course of the 16th-century Protestant Reformation, long-forgotten manuscripts of Tironian notes were rediscovered. In imperial China, clerks used an abbreviated, highly cursive form of Chinese characters to record court proceedings and these records were used to create more formal transcripts. One cornerstone of imperial court proceedings was that all confessions had to be acknowledged by the signature, personal seal, or thumbprint. Versions of this technique survived in clerical professions into the modern day, an interest in shorthand or short-writing developed towards the end of the 16th century in England. In 1588 Timothy Bright published his Characterie, An Arte of Shorte, Swifte and Secrete Writing by Character which introduced a system with 500 arbitrary symbols each representing one word
Stenography
–
Dutch stenography using the "System Groote"
Stenography
–
The
Lord's Prayer in
Gregg and a variety of 19th-century systems
Stenography
–
Sun Guoting 's Treatise on Calligraphy, an example of cursive writing of Chinese characters.
Stenography
–
Tombstone of
Heinrich Roller, inventor of a
German shorthand system, with a sample of his shorthand
11.
Psychotherapy
–
Psychotherapy is the use of psychological methods, particularly when based on regular personal interaction, to help a person change and overcome problems in desired ways. Certain psychotherapies are considered evidence-based for treating some diagnosed mental disorders, there are over a thousand different psychotherapy techniques, some being minor variations, while others are based on very different conceptions of psychology, ethics or techniques. Most involve one-to-one sessions, between client and therapist, but some are conducted with groups, including families, the term psychotherapy is derived from Ancient Greek psyche and therapeia. The Oxford English Dictionary defines it now as The treatment of disorders of the mind or personality by psychological methods, the American Psychological Association adopted a resolution on the effectiveness of psychotherapy in 2012 based on a definition developed by John C. Some definitions of counseling overlap with psychotherapy, or counseling may refer to guidance for everyday problems in specific areas, somatotherapy refers to the use of physical methods as treatments, and sociotherapy to the use of a persons social environment to effect therapeutic change. Historically psychotherapy has sometimes meant interpretative methods, namely psychoanalysis, in contrast with other methods to treat disorders such as behavior modification. Psychotherapy is often dubbed talking therapy, particularly for a general audience, children or adults who do not engage in verbal communication are not excluded from psychotherapy, indeed some types are designed for such cases. Psychotherapists may be mental health professionals, professionals from other backgrounds trained in a specific therapy, psychiatrists are first trained as physicians. As such, they may prescribe prescription medication, specialist psychiatric training begins after medical school in psychiatric residencies. Clinical psychologists have specialist doctoral degrees in psychology with clinical and research components, clinical social workers, mental health and intellectual disability nurses may have specialized training and practical experience in psychotherapy. Many of the variety of training programs and institutional settings are multi-professional. In most countries professionals doing specialized psychotherapeutic work also require a program of continuing education after the basic degree, as sensitive and deeply personal topics are often discussed during psychotherapy, therapists are expected, and usually legally bound, to respect client or patient confidentiality. As of 2015 there is much variation between European countries. A few have no regulation of the practice or no protection of the title, which titles are protected also varies. The European Association for Psychotherapy set up after the 1990 Strasbourg Declaration on Psychotherapy attempts to set independent pan-European standards, Social workers may complete the specialist training for child and teenage clients. Similarly in Italy, the practice of psychotherapy is restricted to graduates in psychology or medicine who have completed four years of recognised specialist training, austria and Switzerland have laws that recognize multidifunctional-disciplinary approaches. In the United Kingdom, psychotherapy is voluntarily regulated, there are many smaller professional bodies and associations such as the Association of Child Psychotherapists and the British Psychotherapy Foundation. Licensing and regulation are performed by the various states, presentation of practice as licensed, but without such a license, is generally illegal
Psychotherapy
–
Freud, seated left of picture with Jung seated at right of picture. 1909
12.
Diaphragm (contraceptive)
–
The diaphragm is a barrier method of birth control. It is moderately effective, with a failure rate of around 12% with typical use. It is placed over the cervix with spermicide before sex and left in place for at least six hours after sex, fitting by a healthcare provider is generally required. Side effects are very few. Use may increase the risk of bacterial vaginosis and urinary tract infections, if left in the vagina for more than 24 hours toxic shock syndrome may occur. While use may decrease the risk of sexually transmitted infections, it is not very effective at doing so, there are a number of types of diaphragms with different rim and spring designs. They may be made from latex, silicone, or natural rubber and they work by blocking access to and holding spermicide near the cervix. The diaphragm came into use around 1882 and it is on the World Health Organizations List of Essential Medicines, the most effective and safe medicines needed in a health system. In the United Kingdom they cost the NHS less than 10 pounds each, in the United States they cost about 15 to 75 USD and are the birth control method of 0. 3% of people. These costs do not include that of spermicide, before inserting or removing a diaphragm, one should first wash ones hands to avoid introducing harmful bacteria into the vaginal canal. The rim of a diaphragm is squeezed into an oval or arc shape for insertion, a water-based lubricant may be applied to the rim of the diaphragm to aid insertion. One teaspoon of spermicide may be placed in the dome of the diaphragm before insertion, the diaphragm must be inserted sometime before sexual intercourse, and remain in the vagina for 6 to 8 hours after a mans last ejaculation. For multiple acts of intercourse, it is recommended that an additional 5 mL of spermicide be inserted into the vagina before each act, upon removal, a diaphragm should be cleansed with warm mild soapy water before storage. The diaphragm must be removed for cleaning at least once every 24 hours, oil-based products should not be used with latex diaphragms. Lubricants or vaginal medications that contain oil will cause the latex to rapidly degrade, natural latex rubber will degrade over time. Depending on usage and storage conditions, a diaphragm should be replaced every one to three years. Silicone diaphragms may last much longer—up to ten years, the effectiveness of diaphragms, as of most forms of contraception, can be assessed two ways, method effectiveness and actual effectiveness. The method effectiveness is the proportion of couples correctly and consistently using the method who do not become pregnant, rates are generally presented for the first year of use
Diaphragm (contraceptive)
–
An arcing spring diaphragm in its case, with
quarter added to photograph for scale.
Diaphragm (contraceptive)
–
1:
bladder, 2:
pubic bone, 3:
urethra, 4:
vagina, 5:
uterus, 6:
fornix, 7:
cervix, 8: diaphragm, 9:
rectum
13.
Simultaneous interpretation
–
Interpretation or interpreting is oral translation of speech or sign from a language into another. Translation studies is the study of the theory, description and application of interpretation and translation. The terms interpretation and translation are used interchangeably but are not synonymous. Interpretation describes immediate conversion of source orally, whereas translation is the conversion of source to text, the primary practical distinction is that, in translation, the translator has more time to consider the output and may access resources in that process. g. A spoken Chinese dialect written using characters or spoken English represented in a signed form of English, Signed Exact English. In a legal context, such as interpretation, where ramifications of misinterpretation may be dire. Teams of two or more interpreters, with one actively interpreting and the monitoring for greater accuracy. Translators have time to consider and revise each word and sentence before delivering their product to the client, while live interpretations goal is to achieve total accuracy at all times, details of the original speech can be missed and interpreters can ask for clarification from the speaker. In any language, including languages, when a word is used for which there is no exact match. The most common form is extempore SI, where the interpreter does not know the message until he or she hears it. In the ideal setting for language, the interpreter sits in a sound-proof booth and speaks into a microphone. The simultaneous interpretation is rendered to the target-language listeners via their earphones, the technology arose in the 1920s and 1930s when American businessman Edward Filene and British engineer Alan Gordon Finlay developed simultaneous interpretation equipment with IBM. In consecutive interpreting, the speaker is required to pause to allow interpretation — accuracy is greatly enhanced, traditionally, the interpreter will sit or stand near the speaker. Consecutive interpretation can be conducted in a pattern of short or long according to the interpreters preference. In short CI, the interpreter relies mostly on memory whereas, in long CI, Consecutive interpreting of whole thoughts, rather than in small pieces, is desirable so that the interpreter has the whole meaning before rendering it in the target language. This affords a truer, more accurate, and more accessible interpretation than where short CI or simultaneous interpretation is used, on occasion, document sight translation is required of the interpreter during consecutive interpretation work. Sight translation combines interpretation and translation, the interpreter must render the source-language document to the target-language as if it was written in the target language, sight translation occurs usually, but not exclusively, in judicial and medical work. This is also known as double-interpretation
Simultaneous interpretation
–
Interpreting booths in the
European Parliament simultaneously translate debates between the 24 official
languages of the European Union (in comparison, the United Nations have
six official languages). The European Parliament is the most
multilingual parliament and the biggest employer of interpreters in the world.
Simultaneous interpretation
–
Simultaneous interpreter's station (Televic Conference) at the
European Court of Justice
Simultaneous interpretation
–
The CI interpreter Patricia Stöcklin renders Klaus Bednarz's speech to
Garry Kasparov.
14.
The Colossus and Other Poems
–
The Colossus and Other Poems is a poetry collection by American poet Sylvia Plath, first published by William Heinemann, in 1960. The 44 poems presented here are in the published order, and she does so with a seriousness that demands only that she be judged equally seriously. There is an admirable no-nonsense air about this, the language is bare but vivid and precise, seamus Heaney said of The Colossus, On every page, a poet is serving notice that she has earned her credentials and knows her trade. Wikilivres has original media or text related to this article, The Colossus and Other Poems
The Colossus and Other Poems
–
Cover of the 1987
Faber and Faber paperback edition
15.
Mademoiselle (magazine)
–
Mademoiselle was a womens magazine first published in 1935 by Street and Smith and later acquired by Condé Nast Publications. Julia Cameron was a frequent columnist, the art director was Barbara Kruger. In 1952, Sylvia Plaths short story Sunday at the Mintons won first prize and $500 and her experiences during the summer of 1953 as a guest editor at Mademoiselle provided the basis for her novel, The Bell Jar. In the sixties, Mademoiselle magazine was geared “to the smart young woman” and they categorically stated in their editorials that despite their young, maidenly name they were not geared to young teenagers. The majority of their readers may have been in college, in a job, Mademoiselle continued to be a top shelf magazine throughout the eighties and nineties featuring the top models on their covers and in the pages of their editorial sections. In 1993 Elizabeth Crow was appointed editor-in-chief of the magazine, the November 2001 magazine was the final issue. Some of the 93 employees and features moved over to Glamour, desmond Hall and F. Orlin Tremaine F. Orlin Tremaine Betsy Blackwell Edie Locke Amy Levin Cooper Gabe Doppelt Elizabeth Crow Mandi Norwood Mademoiselle Covers
Mademoiselle (magazine)
–
February 1954 cover
16.
Smith College
–
Smith College is a private, independent womens liberal arts college with coed graduate and certificate programs, located in Northampton, Massachusetts, United States. It is the largest member of the Seven Sisters, in its 2017 edition, U. S. News & World Report ranked it tied for 12th among the best National Liberal Arts Colleges. The college was chartered in 1871-1891 by a bequest of Sophia Smith and opened its doors in 1875 with 14 students, by 1915–16 the student enrollment was 1,724 and the faculty numbered 163. Today, with some 2,600 undergraduates on campus, and 250 students studying elsewhere, on August 28,1942, a total of 120 women reported to the school for training. Smith has been led by 11 presidents and two acting presidents, for the 1975 centennial, the college inaugurated its first woman president, Jill Ker Conway, who came to Smith from Australia by way of Harvard and the University of Toronto. The campus was planned and planted in the 1890s as a garden and arboretum. The campus landscape now encompasses 147 acres and includes more than 1,200 varieties of trees, Smith College has 285 professors in 41 academic departments and programs, for a faculty, student ratio of 1,9. Smith Colleges acceptance rate in 2015 was 35. 97% and it was the first womens college in the United States to grant its own undergraduate degrees in engineering. The Picker Engineering Program offers a single ABET accredited Bachelor of Science in engineering science, Smith recently joined the SAT optional movement for undergraduate admission. Smith runs its own junior year abroad programs in four European cities, Paris, Hamburg, Florence and these programs are notable for requiring all studies to be conducted in the language of the host country. In some cases live in homestays with local families. Nearly half of Smiths juniors study overseas, either through Smith JYA programs or at more than 40 other locations around the world, junior math majors from other undergraduate institutions are invited to study at Smith College for one year through the Center for Women in Mathematics. The Center also offers a year of math study to women who either did not major in mathematics as undergraduates or whose mathematics major was not strong. The Louise W. and Edmund J. Kahn Liberal Arts Institute supports collaborative research without regard to the boundaries of academic departments. Each year the Institute supports long-term and short-term projects proposed, planned and organized by members of the Smith College faculty, by becoming Kahn Fellows, students get involved in interdisciplinary research projects and work alongside faculty and visiting scholars for a year. Students can develop skills through Smiths two-year Phoebe Reese Lewis Leadership Program. Participants train in public speaking, analytical thinking, teamwork strategies, through Smiths internship program, Praxis, The Liberal Arts at Work, every undergraduate is guaranteed access to one college funded internship during her years at the college. This program enables students to access interesting self-generated internship positions in social welfare and human services, the arts, media, health, education, the 2017 annual ranking of U. S. News & World Report categorizes Smith as more selective
Smith College
–
LTJG Harriet Ida Pickens and
ENS Frances Wills, first African-American
WAVES to be commissioned. They were members of the final graduating class at USNR Midshipmen's School (WR) Northampton, Massachusetts on December 21, 1944.
Smith College
Smith College
–
One of the oldest American Elm trees on the Smith campus.
Smith College
–
Ginkgo tree near arboretum
17.
McLean Hospital
–
McLean Hospital — formerly known as Somerville Asylum and Charlestown Asylum — is a psychiatric hospital in Belmont, Massachusetts, USA. McLean is noted for its clinical staff expertise and ground-breaking neuroscience research, McLean maintains the worlds largest neuroscientific and psychiatric research program in a private hospital. It is the largest psychiatric facility of Harvard Medical School, an affiliate of Massachusetts General Hospital and owned by Partners HealthCare, McLean was founded in 1811 in a section of Charlestown, Massachusetts that is now a part of neighboring Somerville, Massachusetts. The effort was organized by Rev. John Bartlett, chaplain of the Boston Almshouse, the hospital was built around a Charles Bulfinch mansion, which became the hospitals administrative building, most of the other hospital buildings were completed by 1818. A portrait of McLean now hangs in the present Administration Building, along with paintings that were once displayed in the original hospital. In 1892, the facility was renamed McLean Hospital in recognition of broader views on the treatment of mental illness, in 1895 the campus moved to Waverley Oaks Hill in Belmont, Massachusetts. The move was necessitated by changes in Charlestown, including new rail lines, olmsted was eventually treated at McLean, but there is no evidence that he was responsible for the design of the grounds. Once hospital construction began, Curtis was hired by the hospital, in the 1990s, facing falling revenue in a changing health care industry, the hospital drafted a plan to sell a percentage of its grounds for development by the Town of Belmont. The sale of the land became the root of a divisive, the deal was finalized in 2005 and land development was well underway at the end of the year. Most of the Belmont campus was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2003, McLean is known widely for its treatment of adolescents, most specifically its treatment of Borderline Personality Disorder using Dialectical Behavioral Therapy developed by Marsha M. Linehan. McLean is presently led by Scott L. Rauch, President and Psychiatrist in Chief, McLean is differentiated from its New England peers by its combination of teaching, treatment, and research. Most other facilities focus on one of these priorities and it is home to the Harvard Brain Tissue Resource Center, the largest brain bank in the world. The hospital developed and implemented national health screenings for alcohol, depression, the Cole Resource Center, a mental health consumer resource and advocacy center, is located at the hospital. McLean Hospital is a hospital for Harvard University Residents and the continued development of Harvard faculty. One popular and anecdotal history of McLean is Alex Beams Gracefully Insane, Life, more factual and scholarly accounts of the history are recorded in the Little and Sutton books listed below. Samuel Shems roman à clef Mount Misery tells a story inspired at least in part by the experiences at McLean. The 1994 Under Observation, Life Inside A Mental Hospital by Lisa Berger and Alexander Vuckovic uses some fictional techniques to some of the typical events at McLean. James Taylors Knockin Round the Zoo recalls his stay at McLean as a teenager, McLean Hospital is currently ranked 2nd among all psychiatric hospitals in the country according to U. S. News and World Report
McLean Hospital
–
Map of the McLean Insane Asylum from an 1884 atlas of Somerville, Massachuttes
McLean Hospital
–
Administration Building
18.
Metropolitan State Hospital (Massachusetts)
–
The Metropolitan State Hospital was an American public hospital for the mentally ill, on grounds that extended across parts of Waltham, Lexington, and Belmont, Massachusetts. Founded in 1927, it was at one time the largest and most modern facility of its type in Massachusetts and it was closed in January 1992 as a result of the states cost-cutting policy of closing its mental hospitals and moving patients into private and community-based settings. The main complex of buildings has subsequently been redeveloped into apartments, the hospital campus was listed on the National Register of Historic Places 1994. The property also housed the Gaebler Childrens Center for mentally ill youth, site selection for a facility in the Greater Boston area, where the demand for additional space was the greatest, took until 1926. Ground was broken on the buildings in 1926, and the facility was formally dedicated in 1928. The hospitals design was reflective of the stage of development of facilities for the mentally ill, after the Kirkbride Plan. It also reflected the advent of roads rather than railroads as major transport arteries and its buildings were designed in the Colonial Revival style by Gordon Robb, with landscaping, based on principles laid down by the Olmsted Brothers, by R. Hayward Loring. At its peak, the facility had a patient population of nearly 2,000, the facility was closed in 1992. In 1978, Metropolitan State patient Anne Marie Davee was murdered by another patient, the hospitals cemetery still rests on the grounds, maintained by the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Gravestones are marked by number and religion, a few bear names, the cemetery is labeled the Met-Fern Cemetery and both the Fernald School and Metropolitan State lay their dead patients here. Even though Metropolitan State is adjacent to the Gaebler Childrens Center, after the hospitals closing in 1992, the property stood vacant for fifteen years, as the state considered redevelopment possibilities. The Administration Building, pictured above, stands in Waltham, the extensive wooded grounds are open to the public and protected in perpetuity from further development
Metropolitan State Hospital (Massachusetts)
–
Metropolitan State Hospital
19.
Gilmore Girls
–
Gilmore Girls is an American comedy-drama television series created by Amy Sherman-Palladino starring Lauren Graham and Alexis Bledel. Sherman-Palladino, her husband Daniel Palladino, David S. Rosenthal, the series debuted on October 5,2000, on The WB and remained a tent-pole to the network until its move to The CW on September 26,2006. The series originally ran for seven seasons and ended its run on May 15,2007, the show follows single mother Lorelai Gilmore and her daughter Rory, living in the fictional town of Stars Hollow, Connecticut. The town is filled with characters and is located approximately 30 minutes from Hartford. The series explores issues of family, friendship and romance, as well as generational divides, ambition, education, work, love, family, and questions of class constitute some of the series central concerns. Gilmore Girls was released to critical acclaim and it featured fast-paced dialogue filled with pop-culture references. It won one Emmy Award for makeup in 2004, the show placed No.32 on Entertainment Weeklys New TV Classics list, and was listed as one of Time magazines All-TIME100 TV Shows in 2007. In 2016, the main cast and Sherman-Palladino returned for a four-part miniseries revival titled Gilmore Girls, A Year in the Life, Lorelai Gilmore grew up with her old money parents, Richard and Emily, in Hartford, Connecticut, but always felt stifled by this environment. At age sixteen she accidentally became pregnant, and a year later left home to raise her daughter Rory in the town of Stars Hollow. Later episodes reveal that Lorelai and infant Rory were taken in by Mia, owner of the Independence Inn, Lorelai and Rory develop a very close relationship, akin to best friends, and Lorelai is proud of the independent life she has formed away from her parents. Desperation and determination lead Lorelai to approach her parents, who she has only once or twice a year since leaving home. Emily and Richard provide her with a loan in exchange for an agreement that every Friday night she, the contrasting mother–daughter relationships of Emily–Lorelai and Lorelai–Rory become a defining theme of the show. The series also focuses on both girls ambition, Rory to become a journalist, and Lorelai to open an inn with her best friend Sookie St James. Rory has three boyfriends during the run of the show - local boy Dean Forrester, bad boy Jess Mariano, the quirky townspeople of Stars Hollow are a constant presence in the show. Rory has a difficult time settling in at Chilton, struggling to match the demands of private school and she meets her first boyfriend, Dean, but the pair break up when Rory doesnt reciprocate his I love you. She is also pursued by arrogant Chilton student Tristan, but she has little interest, Lorelai begins dating Rorys English teacher, Max Medina, though their relationship is complicated by the situation. At the same time, she has a friendship with the local diner owner, Luke Danes. Rorys father, Christopher Hayden, returns and also wants Lorelai, all the while, Lorelai struggles to adjust to having her parents in her life on a regular basis
Gilmore Girls
–
Gilmore Girls
Gilmore Girls
–
Lorelai Gilmore played by
Lauren Graham
Gilmore Girls
–
Rory Gilmore played by
Alexis Bledel
Gilmore Girls
–
Graham, who played Lorelai Gilmore, received critical acclaim for her performance.
20.
The Simpsons
–
The Simpsons is an American animated sitcom created by Matt Groening for the Fox Broadcasting Company. The series is a depiction of working-class life epitomized by the Simpson family, which consists of Homer, Marge, Bart, Lisa. The show is set in the town of Springfield and parodies American culture, society, television. The family was conceived by Groening shortly before a solicitation for a series of animated shorts with producer James L. Brooks, Groening created a dysfunctional family and named the characters after members of his own family, substituting Bart for his own name. The shorts became a part of The Tracey Ullman Show on April 19,1987. After a three-season run, the sketch was developed into a prime time show and became an early hit for Fox. Since its debut on December 17,1989,615 episodes of The Simpsons have been broadcast and its 28th season began on September 25,2016. It is the longest-running American sitcom and the longest-running American animated program, the Simpsons Movie, a feature-length film, was released in theaters worldwide on July 27,2007, and grossed over $527 million. On May 4,2015, the series was renewed for seasons 27 and 28, on November 4,2016, the series was renewed for seasons 29 and 30, consisting of 22 episodes each. The Simpsons received widespread critical acclaim throughout its first nine or ten seasons, Time named it the 20th centurys best television series, and Erik Adams of The A. V. Club named it televisions crowning achievement regardless of format, on January 14,2000, the Simpson family was awarded a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. It has won dozens of awards since it debuted as a series, including 31 Primetime Emmy Awards,30 Annie Awards, Homers exclamatory catchphrase Doh. has been adopted into the English language, while The Simpsons has influenced many adult-oriented animated sitcoms. Despite this, the show has also criticized for what many perceive as a decline in quality over the years. The Simpsons are a family who live in a fictional Middle American town of Springfield, Homer, the father, works as a safety inspector at the Springfield Nuclear Power Plant, a position at odds with his careless, buffoonish personality. He is married to Marge Simpson, a stereotypical American housewife, although the family is dysfunctional, many episodes examine their relationships and bonds with each other and they are often shown to care about one another. The family owns a dog, Santas Little Helper, and a cat, Snowball V, renamed Snowball II in I, both pets have had starring roles in several episodes. The show includes an array of supporting characters, co-workers, teachers, family friends, extended relatives, townspeople. The creators originally intended many of these characters as jokes or for fulfilling needed functions in the town
The Simpsons
–
James L. Brooks (pictured) asked
Matt Groening to create a series of animated shorts for
The Tracey Ullman Show
The Simpsons
The Simpsons
–
Matt Groening, creator
The Simpsons
–
Part of the writing staff of The Simpsons in 1992. Back row, left to right: Mike Mendel, Colin ABV Lewis (partial), Jeff Goldstein,
Al Jean (partial),
Conan O'Brien,
Bill Oakley,
Josh Weinstein,
Mike Reiss, Ken Tsumura,
George Meyer,
John Swartzwelder,
Jon Vitti (partial), CJ Gibson and
David M. Stern. Front row, left to right: Dee Capelli,
Lona Williams, and unknown.
21.
Family Guy
–
Family Guy is an American adult animated sitcom created by Seth MacFarlane for the Fox Broadcasting Company. The series centers on the Griffins, a family consisting of parents Peter and Lois, their children Meg, Chris, and Stewie, and their anthropomorphic pet dog Brian. The show is set in the city of Quahog, Rhode Island. The family was conceived by MacFarlane after developing two animated films, The Life of Larry and Larry & Steve, MacFarlane redesigned the films protagonist, Larry, and his dog, Steve, and renamed them Peter and Brian, respectively. MacFarlane pitched a pilot to Fox in 1998, and the show was greenlit. Shortly after the season of Family Guy had aired in 2002, Fox canceled the series. Adult Swim burned off the episode in 2003, finishing the original run. However, favorable DVD sales and high ratings for syndicated reruns on Adult Swim convinced the network to renew the show in 2004 for a fourth season, since its debut on January 31,1999,286 episodes of Family Guy have been broadcast. Its fifteenth season began on September 25,2016, Family Guy has been nominated for 12 Primetime Emmy Awards and 11 Annie Awards, and has won three of each. In 2009, it was nominated for an Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Comedy Series, Family Guy has also received criticism, including unfavorable comparisons to The Simpsons. In 2008, MacFarlane confirmed that the cast was interested in producing a feature film, a spin-off series, The Cleveland Show, featuring Cleveland Brown, aired from September 27,2009, to May 19,2013. The Simpsons Guy, an episode with The Simpsons, aired on September 28,2014. Family Guy is a joint production by Fuzzy Door Productions and 20th Century Fox Television, in 2013, TV Guide ranked Family Guy the ninth Greatest TV Cartoon of All Time. On May 15,2016, Family Guy was renewed for a fifteenth season, living with the family is their witty, smoking, martini-swilling, sarcastic, English-speaking anthropomorphic dog Brian, though he is still considered a pet in many respects. Recurring characters appear alongside the Griffin family, TV news anchors Tom Tucker and Diane Simmons, Asian reporter Tricia Takanawa, and Blaccu-Weather meteorologist Ollie Williams also make frequent appearances. Actors Adam West and James Woods guest star as themselves in various episodes, the primary setting of Family Guy is Quahog, a fictional district of Providence, Rhode Island that was founded by Peters ancestor Griffin Peterson. MacFarlane resided in Providence during his time as a student at Rhode Island School of Design, MacFarlane often borrows the names of Rhode Island locations and icons such as Pawtucket and Buddy Cianci for use in the show. MacFarlane, in an interview with a program on WNAC-TV, Channel 64 in Providence, stated that the town is modeled after Cranston
Family Guy
–
The skyline of
Providence, as viewed from the northwest looking southeast, from left to right:
One Financial Center,
50 Kennedy Plaza, and the
Bank of America Tower
Family Guy
–
The
Griffin family. From the left:
Chris,
Peter,
Stewie,
Lois,
Brian (dog), and
Meg.
Family Guy
–
Matt Weitzman (left) is a former staff writer and
Mike Barker is a former producer and writer of the show. Both left the series to create the ongoing adult animated sitcom
American Dad! with Seth MacFarlane. Barker would depart American Dad! as well, following production of the show's 10th season.
Family Guy
–
Main cast members
22.
Warehouse 13
–
Warehouse 13 is an American science fiction television series that premiered on July 7,2009, on the Syfy network. The series premiere was Syfys third largest debut to date, garnering 3.5 million viewers, the first six episodes were all among the top ten highest rated series episodes on Syfy. Episode 6, Burnout, drew 4.4 million viewers, Season 2 began July 6,2010. It was renewed October 5,2010, for a season of 13 episodes. It was renewed for a fourth season August 11,2011, on May 16,2013, Syfy renewed the series for a six-episode fifth and final season, which aired its series finale on May 19,2014. Characters from Eureka have crossed over to Warehouse 13 and vice versa, Secret Service Agents Myka Bering and Pete Lattimer when they are assigned to the secretive Warehouse 13 for supernatural artifacts. It is located in a landscape in South Dakota. As they go about their assignments to retrieve missing artifacts and investigate reports of new ones, in Season 1, Episode 4, they meet Claudia Donovan, who is searching for her missing brother, in Season 2, she joins the team as their technology expert. In Season 3, Episode 1, Steve Jinks, an Agent from Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, the series posits that there have been a dozen incarnations of the Warehouse before the present-day 13th in South Dakota. Warehouse 1 was built between 336–323 BC under Alexander the Great as a place to keep artifacts obtained by war, egypts Ptolemaic rulers appointed a group of people, known as the Regents, to oversee the Warehouse and act as its first agents and collectors of artifacts. Warehouse 2 lasted until the Roman conquest of Egypt and it was during the time of Warehouse 11 that the Regents began to employ agents to gather and protect artifacts. This practice continued under Warehouse 12, with British agents traveling further and further searching for artifacts to add to the collection, the next move brought the Warehouse to South Dakota in the United States. Unlike previous warehouses, which were placed in the centers of their empires, the first Warehouse 13 was built in 1898, but the structure burned down because of an insufficient understanding of how to safely store artifacts. The move to the rebuilt and current Warehouse 13 occurred in 1914 at the onset of World War I, the Warehouse was designed by Thomas Edison, Nikola Tesla, and M. C. Escher, while the Warehouse Expansion Joints were created by Albert Einstein, originally, artifacts are items connected to some historical or mythological figure or event. Each artifact has been imbued with something from its creator, user, fields juggling balls that induce drunkenness and blackouts. Artie has also mentioned that ingesting neutralizer will make you see things, a new concept is introduced in Episode 43. Mrs. Frederic shows Claudia an artifact being created—a silver bracelet worn by a person who exhibits extraordinary courage—opening up new possibilities for future stories
Warehouse 13
–
Saul Rubinek and
Eddie McClintock
23.
Robot Chicken
–
The writers, especially Green, also provide many of the voices. Senreich, Goldstein, and Root were formerly writers for the action figure hobbyist magazine ToyFare. Robot Chicken has won an Annie Award and five Emmy Awards, Robot Chicken is based on Twisted ToyFare Theater, a humorous photo comic-strip appearing in ToyFare, The Toy Magazine. The series first appeared as Sweet J Presents on the Sony website Screenblast. com in 2001, in the first episode, Conan OBrien was a featured character, voiced by Family Guy creator Seth MacFarlane. Sweet J Presents ended after 12 episodes and moved to Cartoon Networks Adult Swim in 2005 as Robot Chicken, premiering on Sunday, some television networks and sketch shows rejected Robot Chicken, including Comedy Central, MADtv, Saturday Night Live, and even Cartoon Network. However, someone at Cartoon Network passed the pitch along to Adult Swim, around the time that Seth MacFarlane told Seth Green. It employs stop motion animation of toys, action figures, claymation, and various objects, such as tongue depressors, The Game of Life pegs. One particular motif involves the idea of characters being placed in a more realistic world or situation. The Star Wars episode was nominated for a 2008 Emmy Award as Outstanding Animated Program. Sat Adult Swim block, many of the shows sketches from Sweet J Presents were redone for Robot Chicken. The series was renewed for a 20-episode third season, which ran from August 1,2007, after an eight-month hiatus during the third season, the show returned on August 31,2008, to air the remaining 5 episodes. The series was renewed for a season which premiered on December 7,2008. In early 2010, the show was renewed for a fifth and sixth season, season 5 premiered on December 12,2010. The second group of episodes began broadcasting on October 23,2011, the 100th episode aired on January 15,2012. In May 2012, Adult Swim announced they were picking up a season of Robot Chicken. The seventh season premiered on April 13,2014, season 8 premiered on October 25,2015. On a stormy night, a mad scientist finds a road-killed chicken, claypool also composed and performed the shows theme song. In the episode 1987, Michael Ian Black claims that this sequence tells the viewers that they are the chicken, beginning in the sixth season, a new opening sequence has been featured with a role reversal. The chicken comes upon the body of the scientist, which has been decapitated, beginning in the eighth season, a new opening sequence has been featured with the Robot Chicken being uncovered in snow frozen in a block of ice by cyborgs
Robot Chicken
–
Robot Chicken
24.
Heathers
–
Heathers is a 1988 American cult dark comedy film written by Daniel Waters and directed by Michael Lehmann. It stars Winona Ryder, Christian Slater and Shannen Doherty, the film portrays four teenage girls—three of whom are named Heather—in a clique at a fictional Ohio high school. The film brought director Michael Lehmann and producer Denise Di Novi the 1990 Independent Spirit Award for Best First Feature, Daniel Waters also gained recognition for his screenplay, which won a 1990 Edgar Award. Despite its high praise, the film was not a big hit in the box office but went on to become a cult film, with high rentals. In 2006, it was ranked number 5 on Entertainment Weeklys list of the 50 Best High School Movies and in 2008, the film has been adapted into a musical and a 2017 television series is currently in production. 17-year-old Veronica Sawyer is one of the most popular girls at Westerburg High School in Sherwood, though they are the most popular students, the Heathers are feared and hated. Veronica has had enough of their behavior and longs to return to her old life and her nerdy friends. When a new student, an outsider named Jason J. D. Dean pulls a gun on school bullies Kurt Kelly and Ram Sweeney and fires blanks at them. When Veronica attends a party with Heather Chandler, but refuses to have sex and throws up. J. D. shows up at Veronicas house and they end up having sex outside, the next morning, Veronica and J. D. break into Heathers house. J. D. serves Heather a liquid he claims is a cure but is actually drain cleaner. J. D. urges Veronica to forge a suicide note in Heathers handwriting. The school and community look on Heathers apparent suicide as a decision made by a popular. Heather Duke soon steps into Heather Chandlers former role as clique leader, several days later, Kurt and Ram spread a rumor about Veronica giving them oral sex, ruining her reputation. J. D. proposes that Veronica lure them into the woods with the promise to make the rumors true, J. D. shoots Ram but Veronica misses Kurt, who runs away. Veronica realizes that the bullets are real, J. D. chases Kurt back towards Veronica, J. D. plants gay materials beside the boys, and a suicide note stating the two were lovers participating in a suicide pact. At their funeral, the boys are made into martyrs against homophobia, although she keeps dating J. D. Veronica is alarmed by his behavior. Martha Dunnstock, an obese, regularly bullied student known as Martha Dumptruck, pins a note to her chest
Heathers
–
Theatrical release poster
25.
CliffsNotes
–
CliffsNotes are a series of student study guides available primarily in the United States. The guides present and explain literary and other works in form or online. Detractors of the study guides claim they let students bypass reading the assigned literature, the company claims to promote the reading of the original work, and does not view the study guides as a substitute for that reading. CliffsNotes was started by a Nebraska native named Clifton Hillegass in 1958 and he was working at Nebraska Book Company of Lincoln, Nebraska, when he met Jack Cole, the co-owner of Coles, a Toronto book business. Coles was also the publisher of a series of Canadian study guides called Coles Notes and he offered the American rights to Hillegass. Hillegass and his wife, Catherine, started the business in their basement at 511 Eastridge Drive in Lincoln, CliffsNotes now exist on hundreds of works. The term Cliffs Notes has now become an eponym for similar products. IDG Books purchased CliffsNotes in 1998, john Wiley & Sons acquired IDG Books in 2001. In 2011, CliffsNotes announced a joint venture with AOL and reality TV show producer Mark Burnett to introduce a series of 60-second video study guide surveys of literary works, cliffsComplete, Similar to regular CliffsNotes, but also includes notes and commentary. CliffsAP, Advanced placement study guides, including plans, test-taking strategies, reviews. CliffsStudySolver, A learn-by-mastering approach to algebra, Spanish, grammar, cliffsTestPrep, Test preparation guides for the LSAT, SATs, GED, and other tests. The original Shakespeare text side-by-side with a contemporary English version, the Manga Editions, Based on the traditional manga format. 60second Recap BookRags Coles Notes Enotes Masterplots SparkNotes York Notes CliffsNotes website
CliffsNotes
–
CliffsNotes for Romeo and Juliet
26.
Kirsten Dunst
–
Kirsten Caroline Dunst is an American actress. She made her debut in Woody Allens short film Oedipus Wrecks for the anthology film New York Stories. At the age of twelve, Dunst gained widespread recognition as Claudia in Interview with the Vampire and she appeared in Little Women the same year and in Jumanji the following year. Dunst achieved fame for her portrayal of Mary Jane Watson in Sam Raimis Spider-Man trilogy and she played the title role in Sofia Coppolas biographical film Marie Antoinette and starred in the comedy film How to Lose Friends & Alienate People. She won the Best Actress Award at the Cannes Film Festival and she starred in the second season of the television series Fargo in 2015, playing the role of Peggy Blumquist, a slightly delusional and neurotic hairdresser. In 2001, Dunst made her debut in the film Get Over It. She also sang the jazz song After Youve Gone for the end credits of the film The Cats Meow, Dunst was born in Point Pleasant, New Jersey, to Klaus Hermann Dunst and Inez Dunst. She has a brother, Christian. Her father worked as a medical services executive, and her mother worked for Lufthansa as an attendant and was an artist. Dunsts father is German, originally from Hamburg, and Dunsts mother was born in New Jersey, until the age of eleven, Dunst lived in Brick Township, New Jersey, where she attended Ranney School. In 1993, her parents separated, and she moved with her mother and brother to Los Angeles, California. In 1995, her mother filed for divorce, after graduating from Notre Dame in 2000, Dunst continued the acting career that she had begun. As a teenager, she found it difficult to deal with her rising fame, however, she later expressed that her mother always had the best intentions. When asked if she had any regrets about the way she spent her childhood, Dunst said, Well, its not a way to grow up. I have my stuff to work out, I dont think anybody can sit around and say, My life is more screwed up than yours. Dunst began her career when she was three years old as a fashion model in television commercials. She was signed with Ford Models and Elite Model Management, at the age of six, she made her feature film debut in a minor role in Woody Allens short film Oedipus Wrecks that was released as one-third of the anthology film New York Stories. Soon after, she co-starred with Tom Hanks in the comedy-drama The Bonfire of the Vanities, based on Tom Wolfes novel of the same name, where she played the daughter of Hanks character
Kirsten Dunst
–
Dunst at the 2013 premiere of
Anchorman 2: The Legend Continues in
Sydney, Australia
Kirsten Dunst
–
Dunst at the
2006 Cannes Film Festival premiere of
Marie Antoinette
27.
Dakota Fanning
–
Hannah Dakota Fanning is an American actress and model. At age seven, her performance in the 2001 film I Am Sam earned her a nomination for a Screen Actors Guild Award at age eight in 2002, making her the youngest nominee in history. As a child actress, she went on to appear in films such as Man on Fire, War of the Worlds. Fanning then began the transition to adult roles with Hounddog. Her recent film roles have included the character in Coraline, Cherie Currie in The Runaways, Annie James in The Motel Life. Although the focus of Fannings career is acting, she also has fashion-related jobs and her debut in modeling came in 2009 when she made the cover of various magazines like Elle, Vanity Fair, and Cosmopolitan, among others. She also appeared in the week in New York in 2014. Fanning was born in Conyers, Georgia and she attended Montessori School of Covington. Her mother, Heather Joy, played professionally, and her father, Steven J. Fanning, played minor league baseball and now works as an electronics salesman in Los Angeles. Her maternal grandfather is former American football player Rick Arrington, Dakota is the older sister of Elle Fanning, also an actress. Fanning has English, French, German and Irish ancestry and she and her family are Southern Baptist. Her first significant acting job was a guest role in the NBC prime-time drama ER, I got to wear a neck brace and nose tubes for the two days I worked. Fanning subsequently had several guest roles on series, including CSI, Crime Scene Investigation, The Practice. She also portrayed the characters of Ally McBeal and The Ellen Show as young girls. In 2001, Fanning was chosen to star opposite Sean Penn in the movie I Am Sam and her role in the film made Fanning the youngest person ever to be nominated for a Screen Actors Guild Award, being seven years of age at the time. She also won the Best Young Actor/Actress award from the Broadcast Film Critics Association for her performance, in 2002, director Steven Spielberg cast Fanning in the lead child role of Allison Allie Clarke/Keys in the science fiction miniseries Taken. to carry a great weight. A year later, she starred in two prominent films, playing the child to an immature nanny played by Brittany Murphy in Uptown Girls. In 2004, she made an appearance on season ten of the television series Friends, playing the role of Mackenzie, in 2004, Fanning appeared in Man on Fire as Pita, a nine-year-old who wins over the heart of a retired mercenary hired to protect her from kidnappers
Dakota Fanning
–
Fanning at the world premiere of
Very Good Girls in January 2013
Dakota Fanning
–
Fanning at the London premiere of
War of the Worlds, in June 2005
Dakota Fanning
–
Fanning at the
Toronto International Film Festival in 2008
Dakota Fanning
–
Fanning in January 2009
28.
International Standard Book Number
–
The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
International Standard Book Number
–
A 13-digit ISBN, 978-3-16-148410-0, as represented by an
EAN-13 bar code
29.
JSTOR
–
JSTOR is a digital library founded in 1995. Originally containing digitized back issues of journals, it now also includes books and primary sources. It provides full-text searches of almost 2,000 journals, more than 8,000 institutions in more than 160 countries have access to JSTOR, most access is by subscription, but some older public domain content is freely available to anyone. William G. Bowen, president of Princeton University from 1972 to 1988, JSTOR originally was conceived as a solution to one of the problems faced by libraries, especially research and university libraries, due to the increasing number of academic journals in existence. Most libraries found it prohibitively expensive in terms of cost and space to maintain a collection of journals. By digitizing many journal titles, JSTOR allowed libraries to outsource the storage of journals with the confidence that they would remain available long-term, online access and full-text search ability improved access dramatically. Bowen initially considered using CD-ROMs for distribution, JSTOR was initiated in 1995 at seven different library sites, and originally encompassed ten economics and history journals. JSTOR access improved based on feedback from its sites. Special software was put in place to make pictures and graphs clear, with the success of this limited project, Bowen and Kevin Guthrie, then-president of JSTOR, wanted to expand the number of participating journals. They met with representatives of the Royal Society of London and an agreement was made to digitize the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society dating from its beginning in 1665, the work of adding these volumes to JSTOR was completed by December 2000. The Andrew W. Mellon Foundation funded JSTOR initially, until January 2009 JSTOR operated as an independent, self-sustaining nonprofit organization with offices in New York City and in Ann Arbor, Michigan. JSTOR content is provided by more than 900 publishers, the database contains more than 1,900 journal titles, in more than 50 disciplines. Each object is identified by an integer value, starting at 1. In addition to the site, the JSTOR labs group operates an open service that allows access to the contents of the archives for the purposes of corpus analysis at its Data for Research service. This site offers a facility with graphical indication of the article coverage. Users may create focused sets of articles and then request a dataset containing word and n-gram frequencies and they are notified when the dataset is ready and may download it in either XML or CSV formats. The service does not offer full-text, although academics may request that from JSTOR, JSTOR Plant Science is available in addition to the main site. The materials on JSTOR Plant Science are contributed through the Global Plants Initiative and are only to JSTOR
JSTOR
–
The JSTOR front page
30.
Copyright law of Canada
–
The copyright law of Canada governs the legally enforceable rights to creative and artistic works under the laws of Canada. Canada passed its first colonial copyright statute in 1832 but was subject to copyright law established by Britain until 1921. Current copyright law was established by the Copyright Act of Canada which was first passed in 1921, all powers to legislate copyright law are in the jurisdiction of the Parliament of Canada by virtue of section 91 of the Constitution Act 1867. The first Canadian colonial copyright statute was the Copyright Act,1832, passed by the Parliament of the Province of Lower Canada, granting copyright to residents of the province. The 1832 Act was short, and declared ambitions to encourage emergence of a literary and artistic nation and to literature, bookshops. After the Provinces of Upper and Lower Canada were reunified to form the Province of Canada, the 1841 Act only granted copyright in books, maps, charts, musical compositions, prints, cuts and engravings. Copyright was only awarded if it was registered and a copy of the work deposited in the office of the registrar of the province before publication. Britain forcefully demanded guarantees that British and Irish subjects were eligible for protection under Canadian colonial copyright law in the same way residents of the Canadian colony were, one year after Canada passed the 1841 Act, the UK Parliament passed the Copyright Act 1842. Any book published in London would therefore be protected by law in the entire British Empire. Previously Canada had mostly imported books from the United States, instead merchants were required to import books under British copyright from printers in Britain, though British market prices were unaffordable for most residents of Canada. As British publishers systematically refused to license books for printing to Canadian printers, upon Confederation, the British North America Act,1867 granted the Federal Government power to legislate on matters such as copyright and patents. It re-established the publication requirements of the 1847 statute, prompting demand from the British Government that Canada should revise its laws so as to respect copyright law. Under Imperial copyright London printers had a monopoly and attracted most authors from the colonies to first publish with them because imperial copyright law granted protection in all colonies, the British Government opposed the bill and it never received Royal Assent. In order to encourage the local printing and publishing industry Canada made a number of diplomatic, by registering under the Canadian Act, British and foreign publishers gained exclusive access to the Canadian market by excluding American reprints. In 1877, the Ontario Court of Appeal ruled that the Imperial Act of 1842 continued to have effect in Canada and this effectively meant that Canadian copyright was a local scheme, whereas Imperial copyright conferred general protection throughout the British Empire. As the United States was not then a signatory to an international copyright treaty, Canada opted to exercise the latter choice, and, upon passage of the Copyright Act,1921, it assumed complete jurisdiction over copyright and Imperial legislation in the matter ceased to have effect. The Copyright Act,1921 came into force in 1924, new technological developments and the emergence of computers, photocopiers and recording devices led to a recognition that copyright law needed to be updated. Between 1954 and 1960 the Royal Commission on Patents, Copyright, between 1977 and 1985, a series of reports and proposals were issued for the reform of Canadian copyright law
Copyright law of Canada
31.
DMOZ
–
DMOZ was a multilingual open-content directory of World Wide Web links. The site and community who maintained it were known as the Open Directory Project. It was owned by AOL but constructed and maintained by a community of volunteer editors, DMOZ used a hierarchical ontology scheme for organizing site listings. Listings on a similar topic were grouped into categories which included smaller categories. It was announced on February 28,2017 that DMOZ would close down on March 14,2017, DMOZ was founded in the United States as Gnuhoo by Rich Skrenta and Bob Truel in 1998 while they were both working as engineers for Sun Microsystems. Skrenta had developed TASS, an ancestor of tin, the popular threaded Usenet newsreader for Unix systems, the original category structure of the Gnuhoo directory was based loosely on the structure of Usenet newsgroups then in existence. The Gnuhoo directory went live on June 5,1998, then objected to the use of Hoo in the name, prompting a proposed name change, to ZURL. Prior to switching to ZURL, NewHoo was acquired by Netscape Communications Corporation in October 1998, Netscape released Open Directory data under the Open Directory License. Netscape was acquired by AOL shortly thereafter and DMOZ was one of the assets included in the acquisition, by the time Netscape assumed stewardship, the Open Directory Project had about 100,000 URLs indexed with contributions from about 4500 editors. On October 5,1999, the number of URLs indexed by DMOZ reached one million, according to an unofficial estimate, the URLs in DMOZ numbered 1.6 million in April 2000, surpassing those in the Yahoo. DMOZ achieved the milestones of indexing two million URLs on August 14,2000, three million listings on November 18,2001 and four million on December 3,2003. As of April,2013 there were 5,169,995 sites listed in over 1,017,500 categories, on October 31,2015, there were 3,996,412 sites listed in 1,026,706 categories. In January 2006, DMOZ began publishing reports to inform the public about the development of the project. The first report covered the year 2005, monthly reports were issued subsequently until September 2006. These reports gave greater insight into the functioning of the directory than the statistics provided on the front page of the directory. The number of listings and categories cited on the front page included Test and Bookmarks categories, there were about 7330 active editors during August 2006. 75,151 editors had contributed to the directory as of March 31,2007, as of April 2013, the number of contributing editors had increased to 97,584. On October 20,2006, DMOZs main server suffered a failure that prevented editors from working on the directory until December 18,2006
DMOZ
–
DMOZ was co-founded by
Rich Skrenta.
DMOZ
–
DMOZ size by date, 1998 to 2010.
32.
BBC
–
The British Broadcasting Corporation is a British public service broadcaster headquartered at Broadcasting House in London, England. The total number of staff is 35,402 when part-time, flexible, the BBC is established under a Royal Charter and operates under its Agreement with the Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport. The fee is set by the British Government, agreed by Parliament, and used to fund the BBCs radio, TV, britains first live public broadcast from the Marconi factory in Chelmsford took place in June 1920. It was sponsored by the Daily Mails Lord Northcliffe and featured the famous Australian Soprano Dame Nellie Melba, the Melba broadcast caught the peoples imagination and marked a turning point in the British publics attitude to radio. However, this public enthusiasm was not shared in official circles where such broadcasts were held to interfere with important military and civil communications. By late 1920, pressure from these quarters and uneasiness among the staff of the licensing authority, the General Post Office, was sufficient to lead to a ban on further Chelmsford broadcasts. But by 1922, the GPO had received nearly 100 broadcast licence requests, John Reith, a Scottish Calvinist, was appointed its General Manager in December 1922 a few weeks after the company made its first official broadcast. The company was to be financed by a royalty on the sale of BBC wireless receiving sets from approved manufacturers, to this day, the BBC aims to follow the Reithian directive to inform, educate and entertain. The financial arrangements soon proved inadequate, set sales were disappointing as amateurs made their own receivers and listeners bought rival unlicensed sets. By mid-1923, discussions between the GPO and the BBC had become deadlocked and the Postmaster-General commissioned a review of broadcasting by the Sykes Committee and this was to be followed by a simple 10 shillings licence fee with no royalty once the wireless manufactures protection expired. The BBCs broadcasting monopoly was made explicit for the duration of its current broadcast licence, the BBC was also banned from presenting news bulletins before 19.00, and required to source all news from external wire services. Mid-1925 found the future of broadcasting under further consideration, this time by the Crawford committee, by now the BBC under Reiths leadership had forged a consensus favouring a continuation of the unified broadcasting service, but more money was still required to finance rapid expansion. Wireless manufacturers were anxious to exit the loss making consortium with Reith keen that the BBC be seen as a service rather than a commercial enterprise. The recommendations of the Crawford Committee were published in March the following year and were still under consideration by the GPO when the 1926 general strike broke out in May. The strike temporarily interrupted newspaper production and with restrictions on news bulletins waived the BBC suddenly became the source of news for the duration of the crisis. The crisis placed the BBC in a delicate position, the Government was divided on how to handle the BBC but ended up trusting Reith, whose opposition to the strike mirrored the PMs own. Thus the BBC was granted sufficient leeway to pursue the Governments objectives largely in a manner of its own choosing, supporters of the strike nicknamed the BBC the BFC for British Falsehood Company. Reith personally announced the end of the strike which he marked by reciting from Blakes Jerusalem signifying that England had been saved, Reith argued that trust gained by authentic impartial news could then be used
BBC
–
BBC Television Centre at
White City, West London, which opened in 1960 and closed in 2013
BBC
–
BBC Pacific Quay in
Glasgow, which was opened in 2007
BBC
–
BBC New Broadcasting House, London which came into use during 2012–13.
BBC
–
The headquarters of the BBC at
Broadcasting House in
Portland Place, London, England. This section of the building is called 'Old Broadcasting House'.
33.
Salon (website)
–
Salon is an American news and opinion website created by David Talbot in 1995 and owned by Salon Media Group. It focuses on U. S. politics, culture, Salons headquarters is located at 870 Market Street San Francisco, California. As of June 2013, its editor-in-chief is David Daley, after previous editor-in-chief Kerry Lauerman stepped down to partner with Larer Ventures on a new startup, lauermans predecessor Joan Walsh stepped down from that position in November 2010 but remained as editor at large. Salon covers a variety of topics, according to the senior contributing writer for the American Journalism Review, Paul Farhi, Salon offers provocative political commentary and lots of sex. In 2008, Salon launched the interactive initiative Open Salon, a social content site/blog network for its readers, originally a curated site with some of its content being featured on Salon, it fell into editorial neglect and was closed in March 2015. Responding to the question, How far do you go with the sensibility to get readers. Former Salon. com editor-in-chief David Talbot said, Is Salon more tabloid-like, yeah, weve made no secret of that. Ive said all along that our formula here is that were a smart tabloid, David Talbot founded Salon and became its original editor-in-chief. He has served stints as CEO, most recently replacing Richard Gingras who left to join Google as head of news products in July 2011. As of May,2016, the companys CEO is Jordan Hoffner, the magazine was founded by the Examiners former arts and features editor David Talbot and launched in November 1995. In its early days readers noticed a specifically Northern California flavor, in an interview in 1996, Talbott agreed, We swim in the soup of San Francisco. There are a lot of odd fish weve plucked out of the Bay here, time magazine named it one of the Best Web Site of 1996. Salon purchased the virtual community The WELL in April 1999, Salon Premium, a pay-to-view content subscription was introduced on April 25,2001. The service signed over 130,000 subscribers and staved off discontinuation of services, on October 9,2003, Michael ODonnell, the chief executive and president of Salon Media Group, said he was leaving the company after seven years because it was time for a change. When he left, Salon. com had accrued $83.6 million in losses since its inception, David Talbot, Salons chairman and editor-in-chief at the time, became the new chief executive. Elizabeth Betsy Hambrecht, then Salons chief financial officer, became the president, in July 2008, Salon launched Open Salon, a social content site and curated blog network. It was nominated for a 2009 National Magazine Award. in the category best interactive feature, on March 9,2015, Salon announced it would be closing Open Salon after six years of hosting a community of writers and bloggers. On June 10,2011, Salon closed its online chat board Table Talk without stating a reason for ending that section of the site
Salon (website)
–
Alex Pareene, who wrote about politics for Salon, in New York in 2012
Salon (website)
34.
Poetry Foundation
–
The Poetry Foundation is a Chicago-based American foundation created to promote poetry in the wider culture. It was formed from Poetry magazine, which it continues to publish, according to the foundations Web site, it is committed to a vigorous presence for poetry in our culture. It exists to discover and celebrate the best poetry and to place it before the largest possible audience, in partial furtherance of this objective, the Foundation runs a blog called Harriet. Poets who have blogged at Harriet on behalf of The Poetry Foundation include Ange Mlinko, Christian Bök, Stephen Burt, in addition, the Foundation provides several awards for poets and poetry. It also hosts seminars, readings, exhibitions, and a poetry library, the Poetry Foundation is a non-profit, charitable,501 organization. The foundation is the successor to the Modern Poetry Association, which was founded in 1941, the magazine, itself, was established in 1912 by Harriet Monroe. Monroe was its first publisher, until her death, and an art critic for the Chicago Tribune, today, the Poetry Foundation is one of the largest literary foundations in the world. In 2003, Poetry magazine received a grant from the estate of Ruth Lilly originally said to be worth over $100 million, the grant added to her already substantial prior contributions. The magazine learned in 2001 that it would be getting the grant, before announcing the gift, the magazine waited a year and reconfigured its governing board, which had been concerned with fund-raising. The foundation was created, and Joseph Parisi, who had been editor of the magazine for two decades, volunteered to head the new organization, Christian Wiman, a young critic and poet, succeeded to the editorship in 2003. Parisi resigned from the foundation after a few months, the new board used a recruiting agency to find John Barr, a former executive and published poet, to head the foundation. Robert Polito, the poet and critic who founded and directed the graduate writing program at the New School, replaced Barr in 2013. In December,2015, Henry S. Bienen, President Emeritus of Northwestern University was named President, part of the Lilly grant was used to build the Poetry Center in Near North Side, Chicago. The Center, designed by John Ronan, opened in 2011, the center holds a library open to the public, houses reading spaces, hosts school and tour groups, and provides office and editorial space for the Poetry Foundation and magazine. The Poetry Foundation hosts a schedule of events and these include poetry readings, staged plays, artist collaborations, and exhibitions. The Harriet Monroe Poetry Institute provides an independent forum to convene discussions about poetry, poets, scholars, educators and others are invited to share ideas about the intellectual and practical needs of the poetry form, and to generate solutions to benefit the art. The Poetry Out Loud recitation contest was created in 2006 by the Poetry Foundation and it engages high school students in public speaking and the literature and performance of poetry. The contest gives out a $20,000 award to the winner, $10,000 for second place
Poetry Foundation
–
Poetry Foundation building
Poetry Foundation
–
First Poetry issue cover October 1912
35.
Ariel (poem)
–
Ariel is a poem written by the American poet Sylvia Plath. It was written on October 27,1962, shortly before her death, despite its ambiguity, it is literally understood to describe an early morning horse-ride towards the rising sun. Scholars and literary critics have applied various methods of interpretation to Ariel, Ariel is composed of ten three-line stanzas with an additional single line at the end, and follows an unusual slanted rhyme scheme. It has been speculated that, being written on her birthday as well as using the theme of rebirth. The poem, written just five months before her suicide, thus. Ariel was the name of the horse Plath rode at a school on Dartmoor in Devon. Ted Hughes, Plaths husband, comments, ARIEL was the name of the horse on which she went riding weekly, long before, while she was a student at Cambridge, she went riding with an American friend out towards Grantchester. Her horse bolted, the fell off, and she came all the way home to the stables. The series of transformations she undergoes in this poem, as well as the actions she takes lend serious ground for feminist discussion. In the finale of the poem, as she builds up speed and tries to form herself a new identity, and I Am the arrow, The dew that flies Suicidal, at one with the drive Into the redEye, the cauldron of morning. The words containing the i sound, cry, I, flies, suicidal, drive, Eye, from a feminist view point though, this poem is troubled. Earlier in the poem her Iness is repressed, for the Nigger-eye represents her Nigger-I, for she is still repressed by her father or male dominance in general, as the poem progresses, she begins a series of transformations out of this repressed self. First in the poem she becomes a stallion, a masculine image, finally though, she loses this identity and breaks down into water, which Freud defines as a feminine symbol, as well as being a purifying substance. As stated above, the final Is of the poem represent her Iness building up speed, for Ariel in Hebrew means lion of God. She begins the second stanza of the poem with the line God’s lioness, Literary essayist William Davis describes Ariel as one of Plaths most highly regarded, most often criticized, and most complicated poems. The poem has been critiqued by numerous figures and remains immortalized as the title poem to her most famous collection Ariel. Plath, Sylvia, The Collected Poems by Sylvia Plath, Harper & Row Critical essays on Ariel, Sylvia Plath, Plaths Ariel, Auspicious Gales, Gale Database, Contemporary Literary Criticism Spotlight on Sylvia Plath, Voices and Visions series Ariel at the British Library
Ariel (poem)
–
Ecstasy (1894), a painting by
Władysław Podkowiński, depicting a ride similar to that described in "Ariel"
Ariel (poem)
–
Shakespeare's
Ariel (left and right) enslaved to
Prospero (centre)
36.
Johnny Panic and the Bible of Dreams
–
Johnny Panic and the Bible of Dreams is a collection of short stories by Sylvia Plath. It was posthumously published in 1977 as a collection of thirteen short stories, as more of Plaths work was unearthed down the years, a second edition was published with many new stories. The second edition is split into four parts, and includes many new stories, as Plaths husband at the time of her death in 1963, fellow poet and writer Ted Hughes managed the publication and distribution of all her unpublished works, including her poetry. The English Band Tears for Fears has a named after this work
Johnny Panic and the Bible of Dreams
–
First edition (publ.
Faber and Faber)
37.
Virtual International Authority File
–
The Virtual International Authority File is an international authority file. It is a joint project of national libraries and operated by the Online Computer Library Center. The project was initiated by the US Library of Congress, the German National Library, the National Library of France joined the project on October 5,2007. The project transitions to a service of the OCLC on April 4,2012, the aim is to link the national authority files to a single virtual authority file. In this file, identical records from the different data sets are linked together, a VIAF record receives a standard data number, contains the primary see and see also records from the original records, and refers to the original authority records. The data are available online and are available for research and data exchange. Reciprocal updating uses the Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting protocol, the file numbers are also being added to Wikipedia biographical articles and are incorporated into Wikidata. VIAFs clustering algorithm is run every month, as more data are added from participating libraries, clusters of authority records may coalesce or split, leading to some fluctuation in the VIAF identifier of certain authority records
Virtual International Authority File
–
Screenshot 2012
38.
Integrated Authority File
–
The Integrated Authority File or GND is an international authority file for the organisation of personal names, subject headings and corporate bodies from catalogues. It is used mainly for documentation in libraries and increasingly also by archives, the GND is managed by the German National Library in cooperation with various regional library networks in German-speaking Europe and other partners. The GND falls under the Creative Commons Zero license, the GND specification provides a hierarchy of high-level entities and sub-classes, useful in library classification, and an approach to unambiguous identification of single elements. It also comprises an ontology intended for knowledge representation in the semantic web, available in the RDF format
Integrated Authority File
–
GND screenshot
