1.
Berkeley Hills
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The Berkeley Hills are a range of the Pacific Coast Ranges that overlook the northeast side of the valley that encompasses San Francisco Bay. They were previously called the Contra Costa Range/Hills, but with the establishment of Berkeley and the University of California, the Berkeley Hills are bounded by the major Hayward Fault along their western base, and the minor Wildcat fault on their eastern side. The highest peaks are Vollmer Peak, Grizzly Peak and Round Top, an extinct volcano, Vollmer Peak was named for the first police chief of the City of Berkeley, August Vollmer. It was formerly known as Bald Peak, from the top on a clear winter day Davis, Sacramento and the snowy Sierra are visible. Much of the west slope of the Berkeley Hills has residential neighborhoods of single family homes. Most streets are narrow and tend to follow the contours of the land, other roads to the ridgeline wind their way up the canyons. Grizzly Peak and Skyline Blvds follow the top of the ridge, the east slope of the Berkeley Hills is mostly preserved or partially developed wildland, much of it owned by the East Bay Regional Park District and the East Bay Municipal Utility District. Claremont Canyon Regional Preserve, and Temescal Regional Park are lower on the western slopes while Las Trampas Regional Wilderness is lower on the slope above Danville. The Berkeley Hills are pierced by several tunnels, two are aqueducts of EBMUD, the Berkeley Hills Tunnel serves the Pittsburg/Bay Point–SFO/Millbrae line of the Bay Area Rapid Transit system. The four bores of the Caldecott Tunnel carry State Highway 24 between Oakland and Contra Costa County and it is common to hear the term, Oakland Hills to refer to that section of the Berkeley Hills that runs along the east side of Oakland. In colloquial usage, the Oakland hills are south of Claremont Avenue or Highway 24, as a proper name or recognized toponym, it is technically incorrect. When used on maps, the south end of the Berkeley Hills is unclear. It does not, in any case, correspond to any political boundaries, the ridge extends south through Oakland and San Leandro to the drainage of San Leandro Creek called Castro Valley, and geologically, continues southward above the line of the Hayward Fault. In the section above East Oakland to Castro Valley, the ridge appears on most maps as the San Leandro Hills, the eastern slopes of the Berkeley Hills lie entirely outside of the city of Berkeley within Contra Costa County. Another common usage is East Bay Hills, but its application to any particular range is unclear and it may refer to all of the ranges east of the Bay, from the Berkeley Hills to the Diablo Range and all the ranges between. The Berkeley Hills affect the climate by their elevation. The oceanic marine layer, which develops during the summer, bringing fog and low clouds with it, is less than 2,000 feet deep. This produces a fog shadow effect to the east, which is warmer than areas west of the hills, especially cold storms occasionally deposit wet snow on the peaks
2.
University of California, Berkeley
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The University of California, Berkeley, is a public research university located in Berkeley, California. In 1960s, UC Berkeley was particularly noted for the Free Speech Movement as well as the Anti-Vietnam War Movement led by its students. S, Department of Energy, and is home to many world-renowned research institutes and organizations including Mathematical Sciences Research Institute and Space Sciences Laboratory. Faculty member J. R. Oppenheimer, the father of the atomic bomb, Lawrence Livermore Lab also discovered or co-discovered six chemical elements. The Academic Ranking of World Universities also ranks the University of California, Berkeley, third in the world overall, in 1866, the private College of California purchased the land comprising the current Berkeley campus. Ten faculty members and almost 40 students made up the new University of California when it opened in Oakland in 1869, billings was a trustee of the College of California and suggested that the college be named in honor of the Anglo-Irish philosopher George Berkeley. In 1870, Henry Durant, the founder of the College of California, with the completion of North and South Halls in 1873, the university relocated to its Berkeley location with 167 male and 22 female students and held its first classes. In 1905, the University Farm was established near Sacramento, ultimately becoming the University of California, by the 1920s, the number of campus buildings had grown substantially, and included twenty structures designed by architect John Galen Howard. Robert Gordon Sproul served as president from 1930 to 1958, by 1942, the American Council on Education ranked UC Berkeley second only to Harvard University in the number of distinguished departments. During World War II, following Glenn Seaborgs then-secret discovery of plutonium, UC Berkeley physics professor J. Robert Oppenheimer was named scientific head of the Manhattan Project in 1942. Along with the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley is now a partner in managing two other labs, Los Alamos National Laboratory and Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, originally, military training was compulsory for male undergraduates, and Berkeley housed an armory for that purpose. In 1917, Berkeleys ROTC program was established, and its School of Military Aeronautics trained future pilots, including Jimmy Doolittle, both Robert McNamara and Frederick C. Weyand graduated from UC Berkeleys ROTC program, earning B. A. degrees in 1937 and 1938, in 1926, future fleet admiral Chester W. Nimitz established the first Naval Reserve Officers Training Corps unit at Berkeley. The Board of Regents ended compulsory military training at Berkeley in 1962, during the McCarthy era in 1949, the Board of Regents adopted an anti-communist loyalty oath. A number of faculty members objected and were dismissed, ten years passed before they were reinstated with back pay, in 1952, the University of California became an entity separate from the Berkeley campus. Each campus was given autonomy and its own Chancellor. Then-president Sproul assumed presidency of the entire University of California system, Berkeley gained a reputation for student activism in the 1960s with the Free Speech Movement of 1964 and opposition to the Vietnam War. In the highly publicized Peoples Park protest in 1969, students and the school conflicted over use of a plot of land, then governor of California Ronald Reagan called the Berkeley campus a haven for communist sympathizers, protesters, and sex deviants. Modern students at Berkeley are less active, with a greater percentage of moderates and conservatives
3.
University of California
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The University of California is a public university system in the U. S. state of California. The University of California was founded in 1868 and operated temporarily in Oakland until opening its first campus in Berkeley in 1873 and its tenth and newest campus in Merced opened in fall 2005. Nine campuses enroll both undergraduate and graduate students, one campus, UC San Francisco, enrolls only graduate and professional students in the medical and health sciences. In addition, the UC Hastings College of Law, located in San Francisco, is affiliated with UC. The University of Californias campuses have large numbers of distinguished faculty in almost every academic discipline, as of 2016, UC faculty and researchers have won 62 Nobel Prizes. UC campuses are perennially ranked highly by various publications, internationally, UC Berkeley, UCLA, and UC San Diego are respectively ranked 3rd, 12th, and 14th worldwide by Academic Ranking of World Universities. In 1849, the state of California ratified its first constitution, taking advantage of the Morrill Land-Grant Acts, the California Legislature established an Agricultural, Mining, and Mechanical Arts College in 1866. However, it existed only on paper, as a placeholder to secure federal land-grant funds, meanwhile, Congregational minister Henry Durant, an alumnus of Yale, had established the private Contra Costa Academy, on June 20,1853, in Oakland, California. The initial site was bounded by Twelfth and Fourteenth Streets and Harrison, the Colleges trustees, educators, and supporters believed in the importance of a liberal arts education, but ran into a lack of interest in liberal arts colleges on the American frontier. In November 1857, the Colleges trustees began to acquire parcels of land facing the Golden Gate in what is now Berkeley for a future planned campus outside of Oakland. But first, they needed to secure the Colleges water rights by buying a farm to the east. In 1864, they organized the College Homestead Association, which borrowed $35,000 to purchase the land, the Association subdivided the latter parcel and started selling lots with the hope it could raise enough money to repay its lenders and also create a new college town. But sales of new homesteads fell short, at the College of Californias 1867 commencement exercises, where Low was present, Benjamin Silliman, Jr. criticized Californians for creating a state polytechnic school instead of a real university. That same day, Low reportedly first suggested a merger of the already-functional College of California with the state college. The University of Californias second president, Daniel Coit Gilman, opened its new campus in Berkeley in September 1873, earlier that year, Toland Medical College in San Francisco had agreed to become the Universitys Medical Department, it later evolved into UCSF. In 1878, the University established Hastings College of the Law in San Francisco as its first law school, the California Constitution was amended to designate Hastings as the Law Department of the University of California in consideration of a $100,000 gift from Serranus Clinton Hastings. Hastings is the only UC campus not governed by the Regents of the University of California, in August 1882, the California State Normal School opened a second school in Los Angeles to train teachers for the growing population of Southern California. In 1927, it became the University of California at Los Angeles, during the 20th century, UC acquired additional satellite locations which, like Los Angeles, were all subordinate to administrators at the Berkeley campus
4.
Hearst Greek Theatre
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The Greek Theatre hosts The Berkeley Jazz Festival, pop, rock, and world music concerts, UC Berkeley graduation ceremonies, occasional addresses by noted speakers, and other events. Past speakers include President Theodore Roosevelt, William Randolph Hearst, the Hearst Greek Theater was built in 1903 on the site of a rough outdoor bowl already in use as an amphitheater since 1894 known as Ben Weeds Amphitheater. The project was championed by University of California president Benjamin Ide Wheeler and was the first University building designed by John Galen Howard and its construction was financed by newspaper magnate William Randolph Hearst, after whom it was named. The design of the theater is based directly on the ancient Greek theater of Epidaurus and it officially opened on September 24,1903 with a student production of The Birds by Aristophanes. However, while still under construction in May 1903, the theatre hosted a ceremony with an address by President Theodore Roosevelt. In 1957, a basement backstage area was added, which was designed by Ernest Born and it includes a large plaza flanked by two stage-level constructions. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982, over the years, the Greek Theatre has seen performances from hundreds of musical and theatrical artists. Charter Day ceremonies and inaugurations of University of California presidents and Berkeley chancellors have been held in the Greek Theatre, Berkeley High school also uses the Greek Theatre for their graduation ceremonies. Another Planet Entertainment became the concert promoter at the Greek in 2004. In May 2012, a seismic retrofit and expansion was completed by Overaa Construction, four new reinforced concrete columns were added and concealed in the original structure. List of contemporary amphitheatres UC Berkeley Media Relations, UC Berkeleys Greek Theatre turns 100 years old this month. UC Berkeley Department of Theater, Dance, and Performance Studies, archived from the original on April 4,2005. CS1 maint, Multiple names, authors list Cal Performances
5.
California Memorial Stadium
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California Memorial Stadium is an outdoor football stadium on the campus of the University of California, Berkeley in Berkeley, California. Commonly known as Memorial Stadium, it is the field for the University of California Golden Bears of the Pac-12 Conference. The venue opened in 1923 and currently seats around 63,000 fans for football, the playing field runs NW-SE, at an elevation of 410 feet above sea level, and was listed in the National Register of Historic Places on November 27,2006. The stadium is located on the Hayward Fault, which passes directly under the playing field, Memorial Stadium was funded from public contributions, as a memorial to Californians who lost their lives in World War I. The chair of the committee was John Galen Howard, the universitys chief architect. This has earned it a reputation as one of the most scenic venues in college football, on February 14,1885, the first football game was played on the University of California campus between the hometown Bears and a football club from San Francisco known as the Merions. The field was located where the Valley Life Sciences Building currently stands, in subsequent years, the field was officially named West Field and was expanded to hold around 5,000 spectators. However, by 1904, Californias football team had become so popular that West Field became too small, therefore, California Field opened its doors in 1904 to replace the antiquated West Field and the boosted capacity allowed California to host important games for the first time. The new stadium was located closer to the center of campus and was able to draw unprecedented crowds for the time. California Field is also notable because it is many of Californias longstanding traditions began to take form. In 1910, the first card stunt was performed at the Big Game and after victories, California Field is also where the Golden Bears gained national prominence under head coach Andrew Latham Smith. Four of the Bears five consecutive undefeated seasons were played at California Field, because of this success, it became evident that California needed an even larger venue to host its football team, therefore, the team and its fans began pushing for a new stadium. The early 1920s saw four major collegiate venues open in the State of California, Stanford Stadium, the Rose Bowl, the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum, and California Memorial Stadium. One of the first proposals for a new stadium was on the corner of the campus where Edwards Stadium. This proposal was rejected and the regents settled on a site at the mouth of Strawberry Canyon. The location caused controversy, but the popularity of Andy Smiths Wonder Teams prevailed. WIth the funding secured, the university broke ground in January 1923 hoping to open the new stadium in time for the 1923 Big Game. Both teams were having a season in 1923 with California going undefeated up to that point
6.
Big C (fight song)
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Big C is a fight song of the University of California, Berkeley. It was composed in 1913 by Harold P. Williams, with lyrics by Norman Loyall McLaren and it was written to commemorate the construction of the large concrete C in 1905 on the rugged Eastern foothills of the Berkeley campus. The song was the entry in the Daily Californian school song competition in 1913. Arrangements of the tune are used by schools in the University of California system. Afterwards, UCLA continued using James arrangement of Big C as its song, adding their own lyrics. It was soon adopted as UCLAs fight song, many Cal fans, most notably Cal Band director James Berdahl, were enraged over what they saw as James theft of their song. A bitter exchange ensued between Berdahl and James for the several years concerning the legal and ethical grounds for James adaptation of the song. Finally, on February 18,1969, UCLA lawyers were told by the Copyright Office of the Library of Congress that Big C had never been copyrighted, and therefore in the public domain. However, whenever Cal plays UCLA and Sons of Westwood is played, Cal fans sing a parody ending, Sons of Westwood Cal Band page
7.
Stanford University
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Stanford University, officially Leland Stanford Junior University, is a private research university in Stanford, California, adjacent to Palo Alto and between San Jose and San Francisco. Its 8, 180-acre campus is one of the largest in the United States, Stanford also has land and facilities elsewhere. The university was founded in 1885 by Leland and Jane Stanford in memory of their only child, Stanford was a former Governor of California and U. S. Senator, he made his fortune as a railroad tycoon. The school admitted its first students 125 years ago on October 1,1891, Stanford University struggled financially after Leland Stanfords death in 1893 and again after much of the campus was damaged by the 1906 San Francisco earthquake. Following World War II, Provost Frederick Terman supported faculty and graduates entrepreneurialism to build self-sufficient local industry in what would later be known as Silicon Valley. The university is one of the top fundraising institutions in the country. There are three schools that have both undergraduate and graduate students and another four professional schools. Students compete in 36 varsity sports, and the university is one of two institutions in the Division I FBS Pac-12 Conference. Stanford faculty and alumni have founded a number of companies that produce more than $2.7 trillion in annual revenue. It is the alma mater of 30 living billionaires,17 astronauts and it is also one of the leading producers of members of the United States Congress. Sixty Nobel laureates and seven Fields Medalists have been affiliated with Stanford as students, alumni, Stanford University was founded in 1885 by Leland and Jane Stanford, dedicated to Leland Stanford Jr, their only child. The institution opened in 1891 on Stanfords previous Palo Alto farm, despite being impacted by earthquakes in both 1906 and 1989, the campus was rebuilt each time. In 1919, The Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace was started by Herbert Hoover to preserve artifacts related to World War I, the Stanford Medical Center, completed in 1959, is a teaching hospital with over 800 beds. The SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, which was established in 1962, in 2008, 60% of this land remained undeveloped. Besides the central campus described below, the university also operates at more remote locations, some elsewhere on the main campus. Stanfords main campus includes a place within unincorporated Santa Clara County. The campus also includes land in unincorporated San Mateo County, as well as in the city limits of Menlo Park, Woodside. The academic central campus is adjacent to Palo Alto, bounded by El Camino Real, Stanford Avenue, Junipero Serra Boulevard, the United States Postal Service has assigned it two ZIP codes,94305 for campus mail and 94309 for P. O. box mail
8.
Cyclotron
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A cyclotron is a type of particle accelerator invented by Ernest O. Lawrence in 1934 in which charged particles accelerate outwards from the centre along a spiral path. The particles are held to a spiral trajectory by a magnetic field. Lawrence was awarded the 1939 Nobel prize in physics for this invention, the largest single-magnet cyclotron was the 4.67 m synchrocyclotron built between 1940 and 1946 by Lawrence at the University of California at Berkeley, which could accelerate protons to 730 MeV. The largest cyclotron is the 17.1 m multimagnet TRIUMF accelerator at the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, there are over 1200 cyclotrons used in nuclear medicine worldwide for the production of radionuclides. The cyclotron was conceived in Germany in the 1920s, at Aachen University in 1926, the cyclotron was proposed by a co-student of Rolf Widerøe, who rejected the idea as too complicated to construct. In 1927, Max Steenbeck developed the concept of the cyclotron at Siemens, the first cyclotron patent was filed by Hungarian physicist Leo Szilard in 1929, while working at Humboldt University of Berlin. The cyclotron was developed and patented by Ernest Lawrence of the University of California, Berkeley. Lawrence went on to make a working cyclotron using large electromagnets from Poulsen arc radio transmitters provided by the Federal Telegraph Company. A graduate student, M. Stanley Livingston, did much of the work of translating the idea into working hardware, Lawrence read an article about the concept of a drift tube linac by Rolf Widerøe, who had also been working along similar lines with the betatron concept. He also developed a 467 cm synchrocyclotron, the first European cyclotron was constructed in Leningrad in the physics department of the Radium Institute, headed by Vitaly Khlopin. This Leningrad instrument was first proposed in 1932 by George Gamow and Lev Mysovskii and was installed, in Nazi Germany a cyclotron was built in Heidelberg under supervision of Walther Bothe and Wolfgang Gentner, with support from the Heereswaffenamt, and became operative in 1943. A cyclotron accelerates a charged particle beam using a high alternating voltage which is applied between two hollow D-shaped sheet metal electrodes called dees inside a vacuum chamber. The dees are placed face to face with a gap between them, creating a cylindrical space within them for the particles to move. The particles are injected into the center of this space, the dees are located between the poles of a large electromagnet which applies a static magnetic field B perpendicular to the electrode plane. The magnetic field causes the path to bend in a circle due to the Lorentz force perpendicular to their direction of motion. If the particles speed were constant, they would travel in a path within the dees under the influence of the magnetic field. However a radio frequency alternating voltage of several thousand volts is applied between the dees, the frequency is set so that the particles make one circuit during a single cycle of the voltage. Each time after the pass to the other dee electrode the polarity of the RF voltage reverses
9.
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
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It is managed and operated by the University of California. The laboratory overlooks the University of California, Berkeleys main campus, the laboratory was founded in August 26,1931 by Ernest Lawrence as the Radiation Laboratory of the University of California, Berkeley associated with the Physics Department. It centered physics research around his new instrument, the cyclotron, throughout the 1930s, Lawrence pushed to create larger and larger machines for physics research, courting private philanthropists for funding. The lab moved to its site atop the hill above campus in 1940 as its machines, specifically the 184-inch cyclotron, lawrences lab helped contribute to what has been judged to be the three most valuable technology developments of the war. The cyclotron was finished in November 1946, the Manhattan Project shut down two months later, after the war, Lawrence maintained strong government and military ties at his lab, which became incorporated into the new system of Atomic Energy Commission National Laboratories. For security purposes, classified weapons research was assigned to the isolated locations, the Los Alamos National Laboratory in New Mexico. Livermore, about an hours drive southeast of Berkeley, was established at a naval air station in 1952 by Lawrence. Weapons-related and collaborative research continued at Berkeley Lab until the 1970s, shortly after the death of Lawrence in August 1958, the UC Radiation Laboratory was renamed the Lawrence Radiation Laboratory. The Berkeley location became the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory in 1971, although continued to call it the Rad Lab. Gradually, another shortened form came into common usage, LBL and its formal name was amended to Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory in 1995, when National was added to the names of all DOE labs. Ernest Orlando was later dropped to shorten the name, today, the lab is commonly referred to as Berkeley Lab. Over 1700 memos are available on-line, hosted by the Laboratory and it was Lawrence’s belief that scientific research is best done through teams of individuals with different fields of expertise, working together. His teamwork concept is a Berkeley Lab tradition that continues today, about 2,500 scientist-users carry out research at ALS every year. Berkeley Lab is proposing an upgrade of ALS which would increase the coherent flux of soft x-rays by two-three orders of magnitude, the Joint Genome Institute supports genomic research in support of the DOE missions in alternative energy, glocal carbon cycling, and environmental management. The JGIs partner laboratories are Berkeley Lab, Lawrence Livermore National Lab, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, approximately 1,200 scientist-users take advantage of JGIs capabilities for their research every year. The Molecular Foundry is a multidisciplinary nanoscience research facility that provides users access to cutting-edge instrumentation. Approximately 700 scientist-users make use of facilities in their research every year. The National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center is the computing facility that provides large-scale state-of-the-art computing for the DOEs unclassified research programs
10.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
11.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
12.
California Golden Bears
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The California Golden Bears are the athletic teams that represent the University of California, Berkeley. Over the course of the history, California has won team national titles in 13 mens and 3 womens sports and 104 team titles overall. Cal athletes have competed in the Olympics for a host of different countries. Notable facilities used by the Bears include California Memorial Stadium and Haas Pavilion, Cal finished the 2010–11 athletic season with 1,219.50 points, earning third place in the Directors Cup standings, the Golden Bears highest finish ever. Cal did not receive any points for its national championships in rugby, Cal finished 12th in the 2014-15 standings. In 2014, Cal instituted a strict standard for an athletes admission to the university. Cal Berkeley sponsors varsity teams in 14 mens and 16 womens sports, Notes As of December 4,2016, the program has also produced numerous NFL stars, including Aaron Rodgers, Ryan Longwell, Marshawn Lynch, DeSean Jackson, Desmond Bishop, and Jahvid Best. Tony Gonzalez, the NFLs all-time receptions leader among tight ends, head coach Justin Wilcox began his tenure in 2017. The California mens basketball team has represented the University of California intercollegiately since 1907, Cal basketballs home court is Haas Pavilion, which was constructed atop of the old Harmon Gymnasium using money donated in the late 1990s in part by the owners of Levi-Strauss. The program has seen throughout the years culminating in a national championship in 1959 under legendary coach Pete Newell and have reached the final four two other times in 1946 and 1960. The 1926–27 team finished the season with a 17–0 record and was named the national champion by the Premo-Porretta Power Poll. The current head coach of the California mens basketball program is Cuonzo Martin, some notable NBA players that spent time playing in Berkeley include Jason Kidd, Kevin Johnson, and Darrall Imhoff. The Cal baseball team plays at Evans Diamond, located between Haas Pavilion, the Recreational Sports Facility, and Edwards Track Stadium. Cal has appeared in the post-season a total of nine times, including five times in the College World Series, shortstop Geoff Blum of Cals 1992 College World Series team hit the game-winning home run in the 14th inning of a 2005 World Series game for the Chicago White Sox. In September 2010, the university announced that baseball would be one of five sports cut as a cost-cutting measure, however, in April 2011, after receiving more than $9 million in pledges from supporters of the program, the program was reinstated. Mens bowling was an intercollegiate sport at the University of California in the 1970s and won a national championship in 1979. The first significant coach in Cal mens crew was Carroll Ky Ebright, during his tenure, Cal crew became known for success on both the collegiate and the international levels. Cal would represent the United States at two other Olympic games and winning the gold each time, the 1932 and 1948 Summer Games
13.
California Golden Bears football
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The California Golden Bears football team is the college football team of the University of California, Berkeley. The team plays its games at California Memorial Stadium. Memorial Stadium was built to honor Berkeley alumni, students, and other Californians who died in World War I, Memorial Stadium was named one of the 40 best college football stadiums by the Sporting News. Football was first played on the Berkeley campus in 1882, albeit in a form that resembled rugby and it was not until 1886 that American football began play. It played its first annual rivalry game – known as The Big Game – against Stanford University in 1892 and this became one of oldest College rivalry games in the United States. Football was put on hiatus in 1906 when it was decided by the Theodore Roosevelt administration that American football was too dangerous a sport, Football returned for good in 1915 and Cal has fielded a team in every year since. The 1920s saw the first golden age of California football, as the Golden Bears went 50 straight games without a defeat from 1920 to 1925, as of 2010, this is the third-longest unbeaten streak in NCAA history. The 1920–1924 squads were so dominant that they were nicknamed The Wonder Teams and he is considered to be the greatest football coach in Golden Bears history. He is famous for his strategy of kick and wait for the breaks. Dying in 1925 with his University of California 10-year record of 74 wins,16 losses and 7 ties, during his time California won three NCAA recognized national titles, four Pacific Coast Conference championships and made three trips to the Rose Bowl. In 1921 it shutout Ohio State 28–0, in 1922 and while swimming in mud, it tied the huge underdog Washington & Jefferson College Presidents 0–0, for the sole tie in Rose Bowl history. One of the stars of this era was Harold Brick Muller, in 1960 the respected Helms Athletic Foundation crowned the 1920 Cal Bears as the greatest football team in American history. Andy Smith died shortly after the end of the 1925 season and his death was unexpected and traumatic for the team and the whole university. His replacement was his assistant coach Nibs Price, Price was first hired as a freshman coach in 1918. He recruited the dominant 1919 freshmen team that would become the core of the Wonder Team for the three years. In their first season without Smith, Cal had its first losing season since 1897, but by 1928, the team that was undefeated with six shutouts was invited to the Rose Bowl to play against Georgia Tech. While this team is considered to be one of the greats in Cal history and it has become the most famous moment in Rose Bowl history. In the second quarter, Californias defense forced a Georgia Tech fumble on their own 30-yard line, and the loose ball was scooped up by California center Roy Riegels
14.
California Golden Bears men's basketball
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The California Golden Bears basketball team is the college basketball team of the University of California, Berkeley. The program has seen throughout the years, culminating in a national championship in 1959 under coach Pete Newell. The current head coach is Cuonzo Martin, who began his tenure in 2014, the team plays its home games at Haas Pavilion, which was built on top of the old Harmon Gymnasium using money donated in part by the owners of Levi-Strauss. The arena was known as Mens Gymnasium and then later Harmon Gymnasium until the late 1990s when it went through renovations which displaced the team for two seasons. The Golden Bears first played basketball intercollegiately in 1907 and began conference play in 1915. The 1920s was the dominant decade for Cal basketball, as the Bears won 6 conference titles under coaches E. H. Wright, Cal was retroactively recognized as the pre-NCAA Tournament national champion for the 1926–27 season by the Premo-Porretta Power Poll. Cal reached the pinnacle of the sport during the tenure of Pete Newell, the Golden Bears earned the conference title four out of his five years and in 1959, won the NCAA title. In Newells last year, Cal came close to another NCAA title, the fortunes of Cal mens basketball would never be the same after Newell. The next quarter-century would mostly be a one for the program, despite having players such as Butch Hays. From 1960 to 1985, the Bears tallied only two winning seasons in conference play, lou Campanelli served as head coach from 1986 -1993. The highlight of this era was a 75–67 victory over UCLA in 1986 that ended a 25-year,52 game losing streak to the Bruins. Campanelli in his first season took the Golden Bears to the 1986 National Invitation Tournament, in 1990, Campanelli led the Golden Bears to their first NCAA Tournament in 30 years. Cal also won the 1999 National Invitation Tournament, with a thrilling 61-60 victory over Clemson in the title game, in 2006, the Golden Bears reached their first Pacific Life Pac-10 Mens Basketball Tournament championship game. Despite Californias 71-52 loss to UCLA in the game, Powe was named Most Valuable Player for the tournament. From 1996–2008, under Ben Braun, Cal qualified for the NCAA tournament three times in the 2000s and six times overall. However, after finishing near the bottom of the Pac-10 for the second straight year, the former coach of rival Stanford, Mike Montgomery, succeeded Braun. In his first year the Bears finished tied for third in the Pac-10 and made it to the NCAA Tournament, in Montgomerys second season, the Bears won their first conference title in 50 years. They were able to one-up their previous season by winning their first round matchup against the Louisville Cardinals but fell to the national champions, Duke
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California Golden Bears women's basketball
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The California Golden Bears womens basketball team is the womens college basketball team of the University of California, Berkeley. The program has been to the NCAA tournament a total of nine times, the current head coach is Lindsay Gottlieb, who began her tenure in 2011. The team plays its games at Haas Pavilion, which was built on top of the old Harmon Gymnasium using money donated in part by the owners of Levi-Strauss. The arena was known as Mens Gymnasium and then later Harmon Gymnasium until the late 1990s when it went through massive renovations which displaced the team for two seasons. The first season of basketball at Cal was played from 1972–1973. The longest tenured coach in Cal history was Gooch Foster, who captained the team from 1979 to 1996, Cal was quite successful during this period, it won the conference twice in a row, and had 11 winning seasons. Since the early 1990s and through the early 2000s, however, success had been hard to come by,25 ranking in the final USA Today–ESPN womens basketball poll, and Boyle and Devannei Hampton receiving Pac-10 Coach and Player of the Year trophies, respectively. In 2007–08, Cal tied the 1983–84 Bears for the most wins in school history, the Bears have been ranked as high as 8th in the national polls and set a Pac-10 record attendance in womens basketball with 10,525 witnessing Cals 60-58 loss to Stanford at Haas Pavilion. 2008-09 was another season for Cal women, as the team led by seniors Ashley Walker. They went up against the undefeated UConn Huskies and even had a lead in the opening minutes. In 2008, California traveled to St. Thomas to participate in the Paradise Jam Tournament, in a first round game 3rd ranked California took on South Florida and won easily, 85–55. In the second round California played Texas Tech and won 68–54, on the final day, California easily beat Iowa 76–43 to go undefeated and win the 2008 Paradise Jam Championship Californias Ashley Walker won the Tournament MVP. In 2009-10 the Bears brought in a top 10 recruiting class to make up for the losses of Walker, the young Bears had an up and down year, going 6-5 in non-conference play including a home loss to nearby San Jose State. After an 0-3 conference start that left them two games under.500, the Bears started to find their form, going 12-5 the rest of the way including the Pac-10 tournament. However, the second success was not enough for an NCAA tournament bid. Although Alexis Gray-Lawson had to sit out the NIT opener because of an injury suffered in the Pac-10 tournament, the Bears edged UC Davis in overtime. Gray-Lawson returned for round 2, and the Bears romped through the games against Utah, Oregon, BYU, Illinois State. Gray-Lawson ended her career as the all-time Cal leader in three points made and games played, the 2012 -2013 season started with high expectations with almost the entire team returning and the Bears were ranked #13 in the AP pre-season poll, their highest ranking since 2009
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California Golden Bears baseball
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The California Golden Bears baseball team represents the University of California in NCAA Division I college baseball. Along with most other California athletic teams, the team participates in the Pac-12 Conference. The Bears play their games at Evans Diamond, and they are currently coached by David Esquer. The Bears have appeared in the NCAA Division I Baseball Tournament 13 times and they have won two National Championships, at the first College World Series in 1947 and again in 1957. In 2010, the university announced that baseball would be one of five sports cut as a cost-cutting measure, however, in April 2011, after receiving more than $9 million in pledges from supporters of the program, the program was reinstated. Even donors from Stanford University, Californias biggest rival, pitched in to save the Golden Bears baseball team
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California Golden Bears softball
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The California Golden Bears softball team is the intercollegiate softball team of the University of California, Berkeley. The team plays its games at Levine-Fricke Field, which is located in Strawberry Canyon near California Memorial Stadium. While the stadium was built recently in 1995, it is not up to the standards of the NCAA. California softball is one of the most consistently successful programs at the school with a current 26 year NCAA tournament streak, the current head coach is Diane Ninemire, who began her tenure in 1988 and has the most wins of any coach in California athletics history. The California Golden Bears softball team has one of the most consistently successful programs at the University of California since its inaugural season in 1972. Through the programs first forty years, it has had a record of 1, the current head coach is Diane Ninemire, who is currently in her 25th season leading Californias softball program. Ninemire holds the California school record for most all-time wins by a coach, Levine-Fricke Field opened in 1995 with a capacity of 500 permanent seats and it was announced by the athletic department that the stadium had expanded to 1,204 seats on April 11,2012. In 2002, the California Golden Bears softball program won its first national championship after defeating the national champion Arizona Wildcats on May 27,2002. There were high heading into the 2002 campaign after reaching the Womens College World Series from 1999 to 2001. The 2012 season began for the Golden Bears with extremely high expectations with head coach Diane Ninemire going as far as comparing her 2012 squad to the 2002 national championship team. The Bears started the season as #3 in the NFCA poll, Source,2012 Golden Bears Record Book Source, University of California Athletic Department List of NCAA Division I softball programs
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California Golden Bears women's volleyball
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The California Golden Bears volleyball team is the intercollegiate womens volleyball team of the University of California, Berkeley. The team plays its games at Haas Pavilion, which was built on top of the old Harmon Gymnasium using money donated in part by the owners of Levi-Strauss. The arena was known as Mens Gymnasium and then later Harmon Gymnasium until the late 1990s when it went through massive renovations which displaced the team for two seasons. The current head coach is Rich Feller, who began his tenure in 1999, Cal volleyball is coached by Rich Feller. In 2010, he was named the AVCA National Coach of the Year as Cal finished as NCAA runners-up. Cal completed its most successful season in 2010, as won the Pac-10 title for the first time in school history and advanced to the 2010 NCAA Championship final. Senior setter Carli Lloyd was named the 2010 AVCA National Player of the Year, in 2007, Cal reached the final four for the first time in school history before falling to eventual national champion Penn State in the semifinals. Hana Cutura was named the 2007 regional MVP for her helping Cal reach the final four, while the University of California department of athletics sponsors a varsity womens volleyball program, the school does not sponsor a mens volleyball program at the NCAA/varsity level. Because of this, California only competes in mens volleyball at the club level. Along with the club volleyball program, there is also a womens club team as well separate from the womens varsity team. According to the UC Berkeley Recreational Sports page, the mens volleyball program has won a total of six national championships. Occasionally, members of the volleyball team will help the womens varsity volleyball team with practices. *Includes 11 forfeits due to ineligible player, Source,2011 Golden Bears Record Book Source, University of California Athletic Department
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California Golden Bears rugby
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The Golden Bears have won 27 total championships since the national collegiate championships for rugby began in 1980. Cal also competes in the Collegiate Rugby Championship, the highest profile college rugby tournament in the US, the CRC is held every June at PPL Park in Philadelphia, and is broadcast live on NBC. Cal reached the finals of the 2010 CRC, losing to Utah in the finals in sudden death extra time, Cal also competes for the World Cup, which is awarded to the winner of the annual series between Cal and the University of British Columbia. Cal Rugbys home is at 5, 000-seat Witter Rugby Field, Rugby union began play at Cal in 1882 and continued until 1886, when it was ditched in favor of American Football. Rugby would make a return in 1906 after football was deemed too dangerous to play, from 1906 to 1914, Cal rugby garnered a respectable 78-21-10 record. 1914, however, saw the return of football and Cal would not field a team for almost 20 years. Around the turn of the century American football was being frowned upon for its violence, during this period of uncertainty, rugby made a brief but important reappearance in many colleges, most notably at the University of California and at Stanford University. It was these two Universities, and Santa Clara University, that supplied most of the players to the two US Olympic rugby teams who claimed fame by winning both Gold medals, in 1931, rugby returned under alumnus Ed Graff. 1938 began the era of Miles Doc Hudson, who guided the Bears for 37 years and his successor was Ned Anderson, an alumnus and former rugger for the Bears. A large group of supporters organized and disputed the relegation. On February 11,2011, the administration reversed its decision on rugby, Cal reached the final of the Varsity Cup in both 2013,2014 and 2015. The following table is a list of each of the championships since 1980 in which Cal has reached at least the semifinals. The following table is a list of each of the Varsity Cups in which Cal has reached at least the semifinals, the following is a partial list of Cal rugby players have played for the United States national rugby team, nicknamed Eagles, in a major international competition. Of the 30-man squad for the 2011 Rugby World Cup,7 were Cal alums
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Haas Pavilion
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The Walter A. Haas, Jr. Pavilion is the home of the University of California Golden Bears mens and womens basketball, womens volleyball, and mens and womens gymnastics teams. The arena is located in the middle of the main University of California sports complex, overlooking Evans Diamond, the arena was originally built in 1933 as the Mens Gym. It was renamed Harmon Gym in 1959, after Oakland financier A. K. P, Harmon, who donated the funds to build Cals first indoor athletic facility in 1879. Lou Campanelli tried to have it renamed Harmon Arena when he became coach, but it never really caught on. The playing surface, after being known as simply Room 100 since the arena opened, was renamed Pete Newell Court in 1987 in honor of Pete Newell, who led Cal to the national championship in 1959. Proposals for replacing the old gym were bandied about from the 1970s onward, the new facility retains the intimate atmosphere of its predecessor, while having almost two times the seating capacity at 11,858. In particular, there are no soundproofing devices, the arena contains The Bench, a courtside section that holds approximately 900 student fans. The amount of student seating doubled from the old arena, up to 2,600 from 1,300 and it also holds the Pacific-10 Womens Basketball attendance record of 10,525 people, set during a game against rival Stanford University on February 23,2008. The renovation, which cost $57.5 million, began after the home game in March 1997 and was finished for the start of the 1999 season. During the construction, the teams played at both the Kaiser Convention Center and the Oakland Arena in Oakland. On February 28,2009 ESPNs College Gameday made its first appearance in Berkeley broadcasting live from inside Haas Pavilion for the basketball game against the #18 UCLA Bruins. Cal lost despite a large turnout, on January 21,2009 Comcast Sportsnet Bay Areas Chronicle Live filmed their show inside Haas for the mens basketball game against Oregon, which Cal would win. Chronicle Live Host Greg Papa also called the play-by-play for the game which was televised on Comcast Sportsnet California
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Evans Diamond
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Evans Diamond is a college baseball stadium in Berkeley, California, on the campus of the University of California. Opened in 1933, it is the field of the California Golden Bears of the Pac-12. Evans Diamond is located in the UC sports complex in the southwest corner of campus, originally named Edwards Field, it was renamed after Clint Evans, the Cal head coach from 1930-54. The stadium was renovated in 1992 at a cost of $275,000, construction was done by RNT Landscaping, a San Leandro landscaping company. The turf at Evans Diamond is natural grass, and the dirt is a combination of crushed cinder. The outfield wall is 320 feet from home plate in the corners,365 feet in the power alleys, in the right field corner are the batting cages and pitching machines, covered by a roof, the bullpen is outside of the roof, closer to the warning track. In the left corner is the other bullpen, without batting cages. Both bullpens are separated from the field of play by fences, the Jackie Jensen press box lies directly behind home plate, above the last row of stands. Beyond the left wall is Bancroft Way, the southern border of the UC campus. Beyond the right wall is the concrete grandstand for the track stadium. The baseball field has an orientation, with the catcher and batter facing southwest. Evans Diamond is in need of major renovations because the stadium is no longer considered up to the standards needed to host NCAA tournament games. This was a problem as recently as 2011, when the Golden Bears had to host their 2011 Super Regional vs. Dallas Baptist University at Stephen Schott Stadium in Santa Clara, California. One of the Cal Baseball Foundations primary goals is to see improvements at Evans Diamond including the addition of field lights so the stadium can host night baseball games. In the near future, the facility will also have to be able to host large television crews to accommodate the newly created Pac-12 Network. Before California baseballs alumni game on October 21,2012, it was announced that Evans Diamond will receive lights, for the first time in the venues history, Evans Diamond will be able to host night games during the 2013 season. List of NCAA Division I baseball venues
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Levine-Fricke Field
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Levine-Fricke Field is a college softball stadium in Berkeley, California, on the campus of the University of California. Opened in 1995, it is the field of the California Golden Bears of the Pac-12. Levine-Fricke Field is located in the Strawberry Canyon just east of California Memorial Stadium, the California softball program opened Levine-Fricke Field in 1995 after playing at Hearst Field and Strawberry Field and has seen a great deal of success since the facility opened. Since 1995, California has won a championship, a conference championship, made nine Womens College World Series appearances. The 2004 season saw Cal softballs best single season average of around 400, however, it is likely that once the 2012 season ends. California generally sees its largest crowds for their Saturday and Sunday games because all games are played during the day with first pitch usually scheduled between 12, 00p and 3, 00p Pacific Time. The facility opened in 1995 and originally had a capacity of 500 seats, on May 13,2012, it was announced that Levine-Fricke Field would host postseason action for the first time in the venues history. To bring the stadium up to NCAA standards, California brought in a press box structure and temporary lights to accommodate night games. The main reason for this, is that Levine-Fricke Field is not considered up to NCAA standards because of its inability to host television crews and have night games. To remedy this problem in 2012, California brought in temporary upgrades to the facility for the Berkeley Regional, because of the new Pac-12 Network, it is quite possible that California will have a more permanent solution to many of the venues problems in the near future
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Edwards Stadium
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Edwards Stadium is the track and field and soccer venue for the University of California Golden Bears. This Art Deco-styled stadium was designed by architects Warren C. Perry and George W. Kelham and it was the oldest track-only stadium in the United States until 1999, when it was reconfigured to accommodate the Cal soccer teams. It is located at 2223 Fulton Street on the southwest corner of the Berkeley campus, at the corner of Bancroft Way, and has a seating capacity of 22,000. From the stadium there are views of the Berkeley Hills and Strawberry Canyon to the east, and the San Francisco Bay, Golden Gate Bridge. Edwards Stadium has hosted eight NCAA championship meets, a National AAU championship, there have been 12 world records,26 American records and 24 collegiate records set at Edwards. The stadium came under scrutiny for damaged concrete in June 2016, campus of the University of California, Berkeley Edwards Stadium in need of repair Dangerous conditions at Edwards Stadium Edwards Stadium closed
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Oski the Bear
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Oski or Oski the Bear is the official mascot of the University of California, Berkeley. Oski’s name, design and character were developed by William “Rocky” Rockwell, who was the first student to play the role, Oski made his debut during the September 27,1941 football season-opener against St. Marys College and has been the university’s official mascot ever since. Up until 1941, live bears were used as mascots, after 1946, the bears activities have been overseen by the Oski Committee, which also appoints a new Oski whenever a replacement is required. Oskis identity is protected by the Committee and wearers of the suit generally do not disclose their having worn the suit, there may be multiple members of the Committee who wear the suit depending on their schedules. Oski is mentioned by name in several California fight songs, in the songs, the name Oski is used interchangeably with the title Golden Bear. Several of the give an impression of Oski being a powerful guardian-being dwelling in the heavens. Oski is identified as the astronomical constellation Ursa Major, although Oski has his benign side, he is more often presented as growling, fighting, rumbling, grumbling, thundering, and shaking the ground. He is described as sturdy and mighty and it is said of Oski that he wears a Paderewski hair, referring to Oskis shaggy hair. Oski is described as Our totem, and Cals teams are described as sons of the Golden Bear, in one song, Oski is referred to as He with a capital H, as one refers to the Deity. One song appears to attribute to Oski the ability to fly through the air, big C -- Golden Bear is ever watching, Day by day he prowls The Stanford Jonah -- When our Oski rips through the air. Like our friend Mister Jonah, Stanfords team will be found, Cal Band March -- And when the games done, Californias Golden Bear has carried the day. California, Were For You -- All our rivals hopes are doomed to die, When our Golden Bear looks down on high, brawn and brain are all in vain Unless our spirits there In evry son of the Golden Bear. Let the echoes ring our Oski Golden Bear -- Oh, have you seen the heavens blue, heavens blue, When just sevn stars are shining through, theyre joining hands to make the Bear. And oh, that Bears a glorious sight, glorious sight, A-circling round the pole all night, pole all night, And once youve seen him, youre all right, Youve seen our California Bear. He has a very patient air, patient air, He wears a Paderewski hair, rewski hair, Hes the center rush of the heavens I swear, Our silent, a Californian through and through, Our totem, He, the Golden Bear. Make Way for the Bear -- Rumbling, grumbling, loud upon the air, Californians gather round his Lair, And march to Victory. Marching along for California We stride beside the fighting Bear, California Marching Song -- Californians fight with the sturdy might of the growling Golden Bear. Our Oski sounds and shakes the ground As victry fills the air, Oski. com includes many photos of Oski
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Stanford Axe
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The Stanford Axe is a trophy awarded to the winner of the annual Big Game, a college football match-up between the University of California Golden Bears and the Stanford University Cardinal. The trophy consists of an axe-head mounted on a wooden plaque. Stanford has held the Axe since 2010, most recently retaining it after defeating Cal 45-31 in 2016, the Stanford Axe was originally a standard 12-inch lumbermans axe. Give em the axe, the axe, the axe, Give em the axe, give em the axe, Give em the axe, where. Right in the neck, in the neck, in the neck, Right in the neck, in the neck, in the neck. Right in the neck, right in the neck, Right in the neck, the Axe made its second appearance two days later on April 15,1899 at a Cal-Stanford baseball game played at 16th Street and Folsom in San Francisco. Led by Billy Erb, the Stanford yell leaders paraded the Axe and used it to chop up blue and gold ribbon after every play by the Stanford team. However, Stanford lost the game and the series, and the leaders debated if the Axe was a jinx. As Stanford students discussed the Axes fate, a group of Cal students seized it and ran off with the Axe. It in turn was passed from student to student, and a chase ensued through the streets of San Francisco, first followed by Stanford students and fans, during the chase, the Axes handle was broken off. Cal student Clint Miller, who was wearing an overcoat so he could conceal the axe head, was the last to handle the Axe. As he reached the Ferry Building, he noticed the police inspecting the pockets of every boarding male passenger, as luck would have it, Miller encountered an old girlfriend, Agnes. Two days later, Cal held its first Axe Rally, for the next 31 years, the Axe stayed in Berkeley as a prize of conquest. In 1930, twenty-one Stanford students plotted to take back the Axe from Cal and this group became known in Stanford lore as the Immortal 21, Cal partisans call them the Immoral 21. Cals protection of the Axe at the time was intense—it was kept in a Berkeley bank vault and brought out, in a car, only for spring baseball. In the subsequent scuffle, the Stanford students grabbed the Axe while several others disguised as Cal students tossed a tear gas bomb at the Cal students who guarded it, the Axe was taken to one of three cars which sped off in different directions. Several other Stanford students further delayed attempts to recover the Axe by organizing a search party away from the direction of the getaway cars, although several of the raiders were caught, the Axe made it back to Stanford where it was paraded around the campus. For three years after the raid on Berkeley the Stanford Axe lay in a Palo Alto bank vault while both universities decided what to do with it
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Big Game (American football)
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First played 125 years ago in 1892, it is one of the oldest college rivalries in the United States. The game is played in late November or early December. In even-numbered years, the game is played at Berkeley, while in odd-numbered years it is played at Stanford, Stanford has won the last seven games, the latest at Memorial Stadium 45–31. The Big Game is the oldest college football rivalry in the West, while an undergraduate at Stanford, future U. S. President Herbert Hoover was the student manager of both the baseball and football teams. He helped organize the inaugural Big Game, along with his friend Cal manager Herbert Lang, only 10,000 tickets were printed for the game but 20,000 people showed up. Hoover and Lang scrambled to find pots, bowls and any other available receptacles to collect the admission fees, the term Big Game was first used in 1900, when it was played on Thanksgiving Day in San Francisco. Fred Lilly, the last victim of the disaster, died on December 4,1900, to this day, the Thanksgiving Day Disaster remains the deadliest accident to kill spectators at a U. S. sporting event. In 1906, citing concerns about the violence in football, both schools dropped football in favor of rugby, which was played for the Big Games of 1906–14, the first incidence of card stunts was performed by Cal fans at the halftime of the 1910 Big Game. California resumed playing football in 1915, but Stanfords rugby teams continued until 1917, from 1915–1917, Californias Big Game was their game against Washington, while Stanford played Santa Clara as their rugby Big Game. The game resumed as football in 1919, and has played as such every year since, except from 1943 to 1945. A handful of Stanford starters—including guards Jim Cox, Bill Hachten and Fred Boensch, running back George Quist, Quist returned to Stanford, playing against Cal in the 1946 Big Game. Scenes for the Harold Lloyd silent classic The Freshman were filmed at California Memorial Stadium during halftime of the 1924 Big Game, since 1933, the victor of the game has been awarded possession of the Stanford Axe. If a game ended in a tie, the Axe stayed on the side that already possessed it, this rule became obsolete in 1996 when the NCAA instituted overtime. In 2013, the new Levis Stadium in Santa Clara was proposed as the site of the 2014 Big Game, the 2015 game would then be held in Berkeley, reversing the current rotation of odd-numbered years at Stanford and even-numbered years at Cal. But several days later Cal declined the offer, both teams came into the game unbeaten with a berth in the 1925 Rose Bowl on the line. With its star Ernie Nevers sidelined due to injuries, Stanford trailed 20–6 with under 5 minutes to go, but rallied to score twice to force a 20–20 tie and earn the Rose Bowl bid. In the 50th Big Game, winless Stanford led the 8–1 Bears with less than three minutes left in the game, but Cal scored on an 80-yard touchdown pass to clinch a 21–18 victory. Stanford quarterback Dick Norman threw for 401 yards, but it was not enough to hold off the Bears, Cal drove 62 yards in the final 1,13, culminating in a Vince Ferragamo touchdown pass to Steve Sweeney for a last-second 24–22 Cal victory
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Tightwad Hill
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Tightwad Hill is the popular name for Charter Hill, the hill rising to the east of California Memorial Stadium at the University of California, Berkeley. Tightwad Hill is so named as it affords a view of the stadiums field, allowing fans of the Golden Bears to see the game live. The hill usually has its occupants, even when the stadium sports empty seats, Tightwad Hill is part of Charter Hill, the area behind campus that also encompasses the Big C. Tightwad Hill rises steeply about 100 feet above the east rim of the stadium, created when Memorial Stadium was built in 1923, Tightwad Hill was created from the dirt removed during the excavation of lower Strawberry Canyon. Due to the stadium being sold out for the game, fans, there are and have been many unique features on the hill over the years. Some of the current items include, A bench that was built in a tree over 20 years ago. Another tree fell into it during the winter of 2013/2014 and, along with other affected by old age. Parts of the bench though have been saved for use somewhere in the main seating area of the Hill. Tightwad Country Club Bench 2.0, which is a version of the bench that was in the same spot from 2004 to 2007 nailed to the base of a tree below the Country Club. The new bench made its debut during the 115th Big Game on October 20th,2012, in 2006, the Regents of the University of California began considering a major renovation of Memorial Stadium. One plan proposed the construction of a new seating structure, the so-called Eastside Seating Structure on the promenade on the east side of the stadium. If this were to be built, it could block views of the field from Tightwad Hill, possibly eliminating this unusual, the group eventually settled with the University. Tightwad Hill was also the inspiration and title of a song from local pop-punk band Green Day and it was released on the multi platinum selling album Insomniac, released in 1995, written by Singer/guitarist Billie Joe Armstrong. Tightwad Hill celebrated its 90th Anniversary in 2013, to the right of the fans on the hill is the platform for the California Victory Cannon. This permanent structure debuted during the 2004 season as the new perch for the Victory Cannon. At every home game, rain or shine, the cannon is loaded and shot at each of the football teams run-outs, whenever Cal scores a touchdown, and when a Cal victory goes final. The resulting boom is heard throughout the stadium and the surrounding area, starting at the Big Game of 1963, the California Victory Cannon was traditionally brought by members of the UC Rally Committee to be fired inside the stadium. Since 1972, the Victory Cannon has been fired from outside of Memorial Stadium to the delight of fans on, the cannon has only once run out of ammunition, in a 1991 home game against Pacific where Cal scored 12 touchdowns
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Sons of California
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Sons of California is a fight song of the University of California, Berkeley, as well as the University of California, Davis. It was composed by Clinton Brick Morse in 1896, although it was originally an unpopular song among students because of its slow and solemn hymn, the Cal Band began performing a more lively version in the 1930s. From then on, Sons of California would remain one of the best known songs at the University and we are Sons of California A loyal company, All shout for California While we strive for victory. All sing the chorus, As her colors we unfold, Then hurrah for California, And for the Blue. C--- A--- L--- I--- F-O-R- N-I-A- CALIFORNIA CALIFORNIA CALI-FORRRRRRRRR-NIA, we’ll yell for California, Dear Mother of us all. We’ll fight for California Till the crimson banners fall, and raise the joyful chorus, As her colors we unfold. For we’ll win for California, And for the Blue and Gold, were Sons of California Fair mistress of the sea, And well win for California, Her glorious destiny. Then raise the joyful chorus, As her colors we unfold For well win for California, And for the Blue, note, In each verse, the second and third Californias are sung as Cal-eee-for-knee-yuh. Cal Band page Cal Aggie Band-Uh
