1.
Bionic Woman (2007 TV series)
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Bionic Woman is an American science fiction television drama that aired in 2007, which was created by David Eick, under NBC Universal Television Group, GEP Productions, and David Eick Productions. David Eick also serves as producer alongside Laeta Kalogridis and Jason Smilovic. Production of the series was halted due to a strike by the Writers Guild of America causing only eight episodes to be aired, following its failure to be included in the Fall 2008 schedule it was announced that the series was canceled as the result of low ratings. The series revolved around bartender Jaime Sommers, who is saved from death after receiving experimental medical implants, while adjusting to her new bionic powers and raising a rebellious younger sister, Jaime agrees to work for the Berkut Group, a quasi-governmental private organization that performed her surgery. Bartender Jaime Sommers struggles to make ends meet in San Francisco while serving as a mom to her teenage sister. Nearly killed in a car accident, Jaime is saved by a cutting-edge operation – performed by her boyfriend, Will Anthros – that leaves her with advanced bionic prosthetics and implants. With extraordinary new strength, speed, and other artificially enhanced abilities, Jaime begins working for the Berkut Group, in her new life Jaime must learn how to use her new abilities while working to understand the role that she has been thrust into. The story quoted Suzanne Todd as saying, It was later reported that the USA Network was considering airing the series, in October 2006, NBC Universal announced that it was bringing the project back with new producers, and reportedly a radical reworking of the original concept. The series would be written by Laeta Kalogridis and produced by David Eick, Eick commented on the new series saying, Its a complete re-conceptualization of the title. Were using the title as a point, and thats all. Its going to be a meaningful departure, in January 2007, The Hollywood Reporter reported that the series one-hour pilot was given an official greenlight by NBC. On May 10,2007, NBC announced that they had given an early pick-up to Bionic Woman for their fall 2007 schedule, since the rights to the novel Cyborg by Martin Caidin were held by other parties, the new series excluded any overt elements from it. This was the same for the character Steve Austin from the Six Million Dollar Man, neither Kenneth Johnson nor Martin Caidin received screen credit on the new series, where they did in the original Bionic Woman. Johnson has confirmed on his website that he had no involvement with the new Bionic Woman series, lindsay Wagner, the original Bionic Woman, also played no part in the new series. Wagner said, On a technical level, it was very good and it was steeped in that old-school thinking. It was like a lot of things today, angry and dark, due to a strike by the Writers Guild of America, production of the series was halted in mid-November 2007, and the regular actors were suspended on half-pay for a period of five weeks. The series has aired all of the episodes that were completed before production halted. Upon the resolution of the strike, an Associated Press story classified Bionic Woman as being on the bubble, NBC later published a report regarding initial series renewals, and no announcement was made regarding whether Bionic Woman would return in the fall
2.
Science fiction
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Science fiction often explores the potential consequences of scientific and other innovations, and has been called a literature of ideas. Science fiction is difficult to define, as it includes a range of subgenres and themes. Author and editor Damon Knight summed up the difficulty, saying science fiction is what we point to when we say it, a definition echoed by author Mark C. Glassy, who argues that the definition of science fiction is like the definition of pornography, you do not know what it is, in 1970 or 1971William Atheling Jr. According to science fiction writer Robert A, rod Serlings definition is fantasy is the impossible made probable. Science fiction is the improbable made possible, Science fiction is largely based on writing rationally about alternative possible worlds or futures. Science fiction elements include, A time setting in the future, in alternative timelines, a spatial setting or scenes in outer space, on other worlds, or on subterranean earth. Characters that include aliens, mutants, androids, or humanoid robots, futuristic or plausible technology such as ray guns, teleportation machines, and humanoid computers. Scientific principles that are new or that contradict accepted physical laws, for time travel, wormholes. New and different political or social systems, e. g. utopian, dystopian, post-scarcity, paranormal abilities such as mind control, telepathy, telekinesis Other universes or dimensions and travel between them. A product of the budding Age of Reason and the development of science itself. Isaac Asimov and Carl Sagan considered Keplers work the first science fiction story and it depicts a journey to the Moon and how the Earths motion is seen from there. Later, Edgar Allan Poe wrote a story about a flight to the moon, more examples appeared throughout the 19th century. Wells The War of the Worlds describes an invasion of late Victorian England by Martians using tripod fighting machines equipped with advanced weaponry and it is a seminal depiction of an alien invasion of Earth. In the late 19th century, the scientific romance was used in Britain to describe much of this fiction. This produced additional offshoots, such as the 1884 novella Flatland, the term would continue to be used into the early 20th century for writers such as Olaf Stapledon. In the early 20th century, pulp magazines helped develop a new generation of mainly American SF writers, influenced by Hugo Gernsback, the founder of Amazing Stories magazine. In 1912 Edgar Rice Burroughs published A Princess of Mars, the first of his series of Barsoom novels, situated on Mars
3.
Cyborg (novel)
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Cyborg is the title of a science fiction/secret agent novel by Martin Caidin which was first published in 1972. Wells also happens to be a friend of Austins, so when OSO chief Oscar Goldman invites Wells to rebuild Austin with bionics limbs. Steve Austin is outfitted with two new legs capable of propelling him at speed, and a bionic left arm with almost human dexterity. One of the fingers of the hand incorporates a poison dart gun and his left eye is replaced with a false, removable eye that is used to house a miniature camera. Other physical alterations include the installation of a steel plate to replace bone smashed by the crash. This mixture of man and machine is known as a cyborg, the operation has a price, Austin is committed to working for the OSO as a reluctant agent. The second half of the novel describes Austin being teamed with an experienced female operative. Austin, already coming to appreciate his bionic implants, relies heavily on his augmentation during the mission, during 1973, Cyborg was adapted as a 90-minute, made-for-television movie titled The Six Million Dollar Man. The movie featured Lee Majors as Austin and Martin Balsam as Rudy Wells, for reasons unknown, it was decided to change the name of the OSO chief to Oliver Spencer. Real-life footage of a crash was incorporated into the movie to depict Austins accident. The first half of the movie follows Cyborg fairly well, including Austins initial suicide attempt, the movie was a ratings success. A second movie, Wine, Women and War was commissioned, for this second movie, Oscar Goldman was reinstated, but the agency was renamed the Office of Scientific Intelligence. Alan Oppenheimer replaced Martin Balsam as Dr. Wells, a third TV movie, Solid Gold Kidnapping followed, after which The Six Million Dollar Man was begun as a weekly television series during 1974, running until 1978 for a total of five seasons. The original pilot movie was re-edited with new footage to make it an episode and syndicated as the two-part The Moon. During 1976, a spin-off, The Bionic Woman, was begun, playing also until 1978, during 1987,1989, and 1994, three made-for-television movies reunited the casts of both series. Due to his agreement with Universal Studios, Caidin received credit on all these productions. Only nine episodes of the remake were produced, a number of changes to Austins bionic abilities and his demeanor were made as Caidins original novel and its concepts were modified. To increase the appeal, Austins bionics were made more powerful
4.
Lindsay Wagner
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Lindsay Jean Wagner is an American film and television actress, model, author, singer, acting coach, and adjunct professor. She first played this role on the 1970s American television series The Six Million Dollar Man, the Jaime Sommers character also became a pop culture icon of the 1970s. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, she reprised the role in several reunion television movies. Wagner earned an Emmy Award in 1977 for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Dramatic Role for her portrayal of Jaime Sommers in the The Bionic Woman television series. Wagner began acting professionally in 1971, and has maintained a lengthy acting career in a variety of film, Wagner was born in Los Angeles, California, the daughter of Marilyn Louise and William Nowels Wagner. When she was seven years old, Wagners parents divorced and her mother moved with her to the northeast Los Angeles neighborhood of Eagle Rock, near Pasadena. Another relocation with her mother and stepfather, Ted Ball, brought Wagner to Portland, Oregon, Wagner attended the University of Oregon for part of her freshman year before she transferred to Mount Hood Community College for a short period of time. Wagner worked as a model in Los Angeles and gained television experience by appearing as a hostess in Playboy After Dark. In 1971, she signed a contract with Universal Studios and worked as a player in various Universal productions. Her primetime network television debut was in the series Adam-12, and she went on to appear in a dozen other Universal shows, including Owen Marshall, Counselor at Law, The F. B. I. Between 1971 and 1975, she appeared in five episodes of Universals Marcus Welby, M. D. in 1973, Wagner branched into film roles when Universal cast her in Two People, which was her first feature film and her first lead role. She also co-starred in the 20th Century Fox film The Paper Chase the same year and she made several crossover appearances in the The Six Million Dollar Man during the series run. The role earned Wagner an Emmy Award for Best Actress in a Dramatic Role in 1977, following the cancellation of The Bionic Woman in 1978, Wagner continued to act, predominantly in television miniseries and television films. These included the highly rated 1980 miniseries Scruples, as well as three made-for-TV Bionic reunion movies with Lee Majors between 1987 and 1994, in 1983, she also appeared in an episode of Lee Majors series The Fall Guy. Wagner continued to act into the 1990s and 2000s, though in less prominent roles and her most recent projects have included the 2005 television film Thicker than Water with Melissa Gilbert, Buckaroo, The Movie, and Four Extraordinary Women. In 2010, Wagner began a role as Dr. Vanessa Calder in the SyFy channels hit drama Warehouse 13. In the fall semester of 2013, Wagner commenced teaching at San Bernardino Valley College in southern California as a faculty member. In 2015, Wagner appeared in the NCIS season 13, episode 10, Blood Brothers in the role of Barbara Bishop, in 1987, Wagner wrote a series of books with Robert M. Klein about using acupressure to achieve results akin to a surgical facelift
5.
Richard Anderson
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Richard Norman Anderson is an American film and television actor. Anderson was born in Long Branch, New Jersey, the son of Olga, Anderson served a tour of duty in the United States Army. He was Don Diego De La Vegas joke-playing best friend and romantic rival, Ricardo Del Amo and he was the object of the unrequited love of Clara Varner in The Long, Hot Summer and a suspicious military officer in Seven Days in May. He also appeared on The Untouchables, Stagecoach West, The Rifleman, Daniel Boone, Thriller, The Eleventh Hour, Redigo, twelve OClock High, I Spy, The Man from U. N. C. L. E. The Fugitive, Bonanza, The Green Hornet, The Invaders, in 1961–62, Anderson co-starred with Marilyn Maxwell in an ABC production of Bus Stop. He guest-starred in the last episode of season 1 of Mission Impossible as Judge Wilson Chase, Anderson first appeared as Oscar Goldman in episode 2 of The Six Million Dollar Man in 1974. He would portray the character through the end in 1978 as well as on the spinoff series The Bionic Woman for its entire run from 1976 to 1978. In addition, Anderson guest-starred on other TV series in the 1970s, including Hawaii Five-O, Gunsmoke, Ironside, Columbo and he appeared in the television movie, The Night Strangler as the villain, Dr. Richard Malcolm. Anderson was just as busy in the 1980s on Charlies Angels, Matt Houston, Knight Rider, Remington Steele, Cover Up, The A-Team, The Fall Guy, Simon & Simon, and Murder, She Wrote. In 1985, he played murderer Ken Braddock in the first two-hour episode of Perry Mason, starring Raymond Burr, Anderson had a recurring role as Senator Buck Fallmont on Dynasty from 1986 to 1987. He portrayed President Lyndon B. Johnson in the 1987 miniseries, in the 1990s, he served as narrator and a recurring guest star for Kung Fu, The Legend Continues. He served also as a spokesperson for the Shell Oil Company in the United States known as The Shell Answer Man. The Shell Answer Man appeared in commercials from 1976-82, in 2007, Anderson was honored with a Golden Palm Star on the Palm Springs Walk of Stars. Richard Anderson at the Internet Movie Database Richard Anderson at AllMovie Interview, The Spectrum, August 13,2015 An hour-long video interview with Retro Rewind covering his career
6.
Single-camera setup
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The single-camera setup, or single-camera mode of production, also known as Portable Single Camera, is a method of filmmaking and video production. In this setup, each of the shots and camera angles is taken using the same camera. Choices can then be made during the editing process for when in the scene to use each shot. This also then allows parts of the scene to be removed if it is felt that the scene is too long, in practice, sometimes two cameras shooting from the same angle are used, one to capture a medium shot, the other a close-up during the same take. Unlike film producers, who almost always opt for single-camera shooting, single-camera is mostly reserved for prime-time dramas, made-for-TV movies, music videos and commercial advertisements. Soap operas, talk shows, game shows, most reality television series, Multiple-camera shooting is the only way that an ensemble of actors presenting a single performance before a live audience can be recorded from multiple perspectives. Also for standard, dialogue-driven domestic situation comedies, the multi-camera technique, situation comedies may potentially be shot in either multiple- or single-camera modes. Several comedy series of the era also use of feature film techniques. These effects were created using editing and optical printing techniques, in the case of Get Smart, the single-camera technique also allowed the series to present fast-paced and tightly-edited fight and action sequences reminiscent of the spy dramas that it parodied. Single-camera comedies were also prevalent into the early 1970s, with its large cast, varied locations, and seriocomic tone, the TV series M*A*S*H was shot using single-camera style. Happy Days began in 1974 as a series, before switching to the multi-camera setup in its second season. Unlike single-camera sitcoms of the past, nearly all contemporary comedies shot in this manner are produced without a laugh track, list of single-camera sitcoms Multiple-camera setup Tapeless camcorder
7.
Universal Television
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Universal Television is the television production subsidiary of the NBCUniversal Television Group and, by extension, the production arm of the NBC television network. It was formerly known as Revue Studios, MCA/Universal, NBC Studios, NBC Universal Television Studio, both NBC Studios and Universal Network Television are predecessors of Universal Media Studios. Revue Productions was founded in 1943 by MCA to produce live radio shows, Revue was re-launched as MCAs television production subsidiary in 1950. The partnership of NBC and Revue extends as far back as September 6,1950, with the television broadcast of Armour Theatre, MCA bought the Universal Studios lot in 1958 and was renamed Revue Studios. Following its merger with Decca Records, the then-parent of Universal Pictures, during the early years of television, Revue was responsible for producing and/or distributing many television classics. The most noteworthy included Leave It to Beaver, which ran for one season on CBS before going to ABC from 1958 until 1963. It produced Bachelor Father, for Bachelor Productions, Edmond OBriens syndicated crime drama Johnny Midnight, another of its offerings was the 52-episode Crusader, the first Brian Keith series, which ran on CBS 1955–1956. Also McHales Navy was produced by Revue from 1962 to 1966, in December 1958 MCA/Revue purchased Universal Studioss 367 acre backlot to produce television series, then leased it back to Universal for a million dollars a year for a decade. Wagon Train was the only Revue-produced TV show ever to finish an American television season in first place, NBC Productions was founded in 1947 by RCA. In 1996, the company was renamed NBC Studios, in 2004, NBC Studios was merged with Universal Network Television to form NBC Universal Television Studio. MCA TV was founded in 1951, several years before parent MCAs purchase of the US branch of Decca Records, for more than four decades, it was one of the most active syndicators of television programming. MCA Television and Paramount Domestic Television had formed Premier Advertiser Sales, as a possible outgrowth of this sales joint venture, MCA and Paramount began plans for a new network, Premier Program Service. MCA Television Entertainment was formed in 1987 and it primarily dealt with made-for-TV movies and series like Dream On that were made for cable networks like HBO. Like MCA TV, in 1996 it was renamed Universal Television Entertainment, EMKA, Ltd. is the holding company responsible for a majority of the pre-1950 Paramount Pictures sound library. As an official part of the Universal Pictures library, they are part of the television unit. The first incarnation of Universal Television was reincorporated from Revue Productions in 1966,4 years after MCA bought Universal Pictures, uni TV also co-produced many shows with Jack Webbs Mark VII Limited such as Emergency. Adam-12 and a revival of the 1951 series Dragnet. I, which received critical acclaim and several TV movie spin-offs after their cancellations. In 1990, MCA/Uni TV began the Law & Order franchise, in 1996, MCA was reincorporated as Universal Studios
8.
Harve Bennett
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Harve Bennett was an American television and film producer and screenwriter. Bennett was born to a Jewish family in Chicago, Illinois in 1930, the son of Kathryn, a journalist, and Yale Fishman, Yale was an LLD rather than a JD which most lawyers are. He was also Jack Webs financial fixit man, harve had a brother, Ruel, also known as Sparkie. Everybody knew his mother as Kitty. and she played the mandolin, as a young boy, Bennett appeared on the radio program Quiz Kids, which introduced him to show business. By the time Bennett had reached college age, the radio business—aside from music radio—was in decline and he entered the University of California, Los Angeles and graduated from their film school. Following his graduation from college, in 1953 Bennett joined the United States Army and he served in the Military Police Corps, based at the United States Disciplinary Barracks in Lompoc, California. He was honorably discharged in 1955 with the rank of corporal, Bennett then began his career as a production executive. He first worked at CBS in New York City and later moved to the department of ABC. At ABC, he rose to become Vice President of Programming for a time and he also produced a little-known daytime show called Johnny Carsons Coffee Klatch. Following his work with ABC, Bennett moved over to production and his first project was to develop a television series with producer Aaron Spelling called The Mod Squad, which Bennett produced from 1968 until 1973. Following The Mod Squad, Bennett joined Universal Studios where he produced a variety of series and miniseries. The best known of series are probably The Six Million Dollar Man. Other series and miniseries he produced at Universal include Rich Man, Poor Man, The Invisible Man, Bennett then moved to Columbia Pictures Television where he continued as a television producer. While working at Columbia Pictures TV, Bennett was also brought to Paramount Pictures to work in their television division producing television series. Bluhdorn, dissatisfied with the results of Star Trek, The Motion Picture, was looking for new to take over the next film in the series. When Bennett said that he could, Bluhdorn said do it, to prepare for the job of producing a Star Trek film, Bennett first screened all 79 episodes of the original Star Trek series in a projection room at Paramount. He was particularly drawn to the episode Space Seed which featured Ricardo Montalban as the genetically enhanced supervillain Khan Noonien Singh, at the conclusion of the episode, Khan and his followers are exiled to an uninhabited planet, and Kirk and Spock wonder what will become of them. This gave Bennett the hook he was looking for, and led him to develop a sequel to the episode, Bennetts idea formed the beginnings of what would become The Wrath of Khan
9.
American Broadcasting Company
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The network is headquartered on Columbus Avenue and West 66th Street in Manhattan, New York City. There are additional offices and production facilities elsewhere in New York City, as well as in Los Angeles and Burbank. Since 2007, when ABC Radio was sold to Citadel Broadcasting, ABC originally launched on October 12,1943, as a radio network, separated from and serving as the successor to the NBC Blue Network, which had been purchased by Edward J. Noble. It extended its operations to television in 1948, following in the footsteps of established broadcast networks CBS, in the mid-1950s, ABC merged with United Paramount Theatres, a chain of movie theaters that formerly operated as a subsidiary of Paramount Pictures. Leonard Goldenson, who had been the head of UPT, made the new television network profitable by helping develop, in 1996, most of Capital Cities/ABCs assets were purchased by The Walt Disney Company. The television network has eight owned-and-operated and over 232 affiliated television stations throughout the United States, most Canadians have access to at least one U. S. ABC News provides news and features content for radio stations owned by Citadel Broadcasting. In the 1930s, radio in the United States was dominated by three companies, the Columbia Broadcasting System, the Mutual Broadcasting System and the National Broadcasting Company. The last was owned by electronics manufacturer Radio Corporation of America, in 1938, the FCC began a series of investigations into the practices of radio networks and published its report on the broadcasting of network radio programs in 1940. The report recommended that RCA give up control of either NBC Red or NBC Blue, at that time, the NBC Red Network was the principal radio network in the United States and, according to the FCC, RCA was using NBC Blue to eliminate any hint of competition. Once Mutuals appeals against the FCC were rejected, RCA decided to sell NBC Blue in 1941, the newly separated NBC Red and NBC Blue divided their respective corporate assets. Investment firm Dillon, Read & Co. offered $7.5 million to purchase the network, Edward John Noble, the owner of Life Savers candy, drugstore chain Rexall and New York City radio station WMCA, purchased the network for $8 million. Due to FCC ownership rules, the transaction, which was to include the purchase of three RCA stations by Noble, would require him to resell his station with the FCCs approval, the Commission authorized the transaction on October 12,1943. Soon afterward, the Blue Network was purchased by the new company Noble founded, Noble subsequently acquired the rights to the American Broadcasting Company name from George B. Meanwhile, in August 1944, the West Coast division of the Blue Network, both stations were then managed by Don Searle, the vice-president of the Blue Networks West Coast division. The ABC Radio Network created its audience slowly, the network also became known for such suspenseful dramas as Sherlock Holmes, Gang Busters and Counterspy, as well as several mid-afternoon youth-oriented programs. S. From Nazi Germany after its conquest, to pre-record its programming, while its radio network was undergoing reconstruction, ABC found it difficult to avoid falling behind on the new medium of television. To ensure a space, in 1947, ABC submitted five applications for television station licenses, the ABC television network made its debut on April 19,1948, with WFIL-TV in Philadelphia becoming its first primary affiliate
10.
NBC
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The National Broadcasting Company is an American commercial broadcast television network that is the flagship property of NBCUniversal, a subsidiary of Comcast. The network is part of the Big Three television networks, founded in 1926 by the Radio Corporation of America, NBC is the oldest major broadcast network in the United States. Following the acquisition by GE, Bob Wright served as executive officer of NBC, remaining in that position until his retirement in 2007. In 2003, French media company Vivendi merged its entertainment assets with GE, Comcast purchased a controlling interest in the company in 2011, and acquired General Electrics remaining stake in 2013. Following the Comcast merger, Zucker left NBC Universal and was replaced as CEO by Comcast executive Steve Burke, during a period of early broadcast business consolidation, radio manufacturer Radio Corporation of America acquired New York City radio station WEAF from American Telephone & Telegraph. Westinghouse, a shareholder in RCA, had an outlet in Newark, New Jersey pioneer station WJZ. This station was transferred from Westinghouse to RCA in 1923, WEAF acted as a laboratory for AT&Ts manufacturing and supply outlet Western Electric, whose products included transmitters and antennas. The Bell System, AT&Ts telephone utility, was developing technologies to transmit voice- and music-grade audio over short and long distances, the 1922 creation of WEAF offered a research-and-development center for those activities. WEAF maintained a schedule of radio programs, including some of the first commercially sponsored programs. In an early example of chain or networking broadcasting, the station linked with Outlet Company-owned WJAR in Providence, Rhode Island, AT&T refused outside companies access to its high-quality phone lines. The early effort fared poorly, since the telegraph lines were susceptible to atmospheric. In 1925, AT&T decided that WEAF and its network were incompatible with the companys primary goal of providing a telephone service. AT&T offered to sell the station to RCA in a deal that included the right to lease AT&Ts phone lines for network transmission, the divisions ownership was split among RCA, its founding corporate parent General Electric and Westinghouse. NBC officially started broadcasting on November 15,1926, WEAF and WJZ, the flagships of the two earlier networks, were operated side-by-side for about a year as part of the new NBC. On April 5,1927, NBC expanded to the West Coast with the launch of the NBC Orange Network and this was followed by the debut of the NBC Gold Network, also known as the Pacific Gold Network, on October 18,1931. The Orange Network carried Red Network programming, and the Gold Network carried programming from the Blue Network, initially, the Orange Network recreated Eastern Red Network programming for West Coast stations at KPO in San Francisco. The Orange Network name was removed from use in 1936, at the same time, the Gold Network became part of the Blue Network. In the 1930s, NBC also developed a network for shortwave radio stations, in 1927, NBC moved its operations to 711 Fifth Avenue in Manhattan, occupying the upper floors of a building designed by architect Floyd Brown
11.
CBS
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CBS is an American commercial broadcast television network that is a flagship property of CBS Corporation. The company is headquartered at the CBS Building in New York City with major facilities and operations in New York City. CBS is sometimes referred to as the Eye Network, in reference to the iconic logo. It has also called the Tiffany Network, alluding to the perceived high quality of CBS programming during the tenure of William S. Paley. It can also refer to some of CBSs first demonstrations of color television, the network has its origins in United Independent Broadcasters Inc. a collection of 16 radio stations that was purchased by Paley in 1928 and renamed the Columbia Broadcasting System. Under Paleys guidance, CBS would first become one of the largest radio networks in the United States, in 1974, CBS dropped its former full name and became known simply as CBS, Inc. In 2000, CBS came under the control of Viacom, which was formed as a spin-off of CBS in 1971, CBS Corporation is controlled by Sumner Redstone through National Amusements, which also controls the current Viacom. The television network has more than 240 owned-and-operated and affiliated stations throughout the United States. The origins of CBS date back to January 27,1927, Columbia Phonographic went on the air on September 18,1927, with a presentation by the Howard Barlow Orchestra from flagship station WOR in Newark, New Jersey, and fifteen affiliates. Operational costs were steep, particularly the payments to AT&T for use of its land lines, in early 1928 Judson sold the network to brothers Isaac and Leon Levy, owners of the networks Philadelphia affiliate WCAU, and their partner Jerome Louchenheim. With the record out of the picture, Paley quickly streamlined the corporate name to Columbia Broadcasting System. He believed in the power of advertising since his familys La Palina cigars had doubled their sales after young William convinced his elders to advertise on radio. By September 1928, Paley bought out the Louchenheim share of CBS, during Louchenheims brief regime, Columbia paid $410,000 to A. H. Grebes Atlantic Broadcasting Company for a small Brooklyn station, WABC, which would become the networks flagship station. WABC was quickly upgraded, and the relocated to 860 kHz. The physical plant was relocated also – to Steinway Hall on West 57th Street in Manhattan, by the turn of 1929, the network could boast to sponsors of having 47 affiliates. Paley moved right away to put his network on a financial footing. In the fall of 1928, he entered talks with Adolph Zukor of Paramount Pictures. The deal came to fruition in September 1929, Paramount acquired 49% of CBS in return for a block of its stock worth $3.8 million at the time
12.
Monaural
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Monaural or monophonic sound reproduction is intended to be heard as if it were a single channel of sound perceived as coming from one position. Monaural recordings, like stereo, customarily use multiple microphones, fed into multiple channels on a recording console, in some cases the multitrack source is mixed down to a one track tape becoming one signal. However, today monaural recordings are usually mastered to be played on stereo and multi-track formats, monaural sound has been replaced by stereo sound in most entertainment applications. However, it remains the standard for communications, telephone networks. A few FM radio stations, particularly talk radio shows, choose to broadcast in monaural, as a monaural signal has a slight advantage in signal strength over a stereophonic signal of the same power. Monaural sound is normal on, Phonograph cylinders Disc records made before 1958, such as made for playing at a speed of 78 rpm and earlier 16 2⁄3, 33 1⁄3. Some FM radio stations that broadcast only spoken word or talk radio content in order to maximize their coverage area, examples of this would be the CBC Radio One stations on the FM dial. Sometimes listeners will not be convinced that the signal is strong since there is no ST or STEREO LED lit, subcarrier signals for FM radio, which carry leased content such as background music for businesses or a radio reading service for the blind. Background music services such as Seeburg 1000, satellite broadcasts by Muzak as well as the public systems such services are intended to be used with. At various times artists have preferred to work in mono, either in recognition of the limitations of the equipment of the era or because of simple preference. Many of Stanley Kubrick and Woody Allens movies were recorded in mono because of their directors preferences, monaural LP records were eventually phased out and no longer manufactured after the early 1970s, with a few exceptions. For example, Decca UK had a few double issues until the end of 1970-the last one being Tom Joness I Who Have Nothing, during the 1960s it was common for albums to be released as both monaural LPs and stereo LPs, occasionally with slight differences between the two. This was because many people owned mono record players that were incapable of playing stereo records, on 9 September 2009, The Beatles re-released a remastered box set of their mono output spanning the Please Please Me album to The Beatles. The set, simply called The Beatles in Mono, also includes a summary of the mono singles, B-sides. Also included were five tracks originally mixed for an unissued mono Yellow Submarine EP, Bob Dylan followed suit on October 19,2010 with The Original Mono Recordings, a box set featuring the mono releases from Bob Dylan to John Wesley Harding. When the initial run of the box set sold out, no more were pressed, unlike the Beatles, sometimes mono sound or monaural can simply refer to a merged pair of stereo channels - also known as collapsed stereo or folded-down stereo. Over time some devices have used mono sound amplification circuitry with two or more speakers since it can cut the cost of the hardware, some consumer electronics with stereo RCA outputs have a microswitch in the red RCA output that disables merging of stereo sound into the white RCA output. Common devices with this are VCRs, DVD/Blu-ray players, information appliances, set-top boxes, video game consoles sometimes have male RCA ends of cables with a proprietary multi-A/V plug on the other end, which prevents automatic stereo merging unless adapters are used
13.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
14.
Science fiction film
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Science fiction films have often been used to focus on political or social issues, and to explore philosophical issues like the human condition. The genre has existed since the years of silent cinema. The next major example in the genre was the film Metropolis - being the first feature length science fiction movie, from the 1930s to the 1950s, the genre consisted mainly of low-budget B movies. After Stanley Kubricks landmark 2001, A Space Odyssey, the fiction film genre was taken more seriously. This definition suggests a continuum between empiricism and transcendentalism, with science fiction film on the side of empiricism, and horror film, however, there are numerous well-known examples of science fiction horror films, epitomized by such pictures as Frankenstein and Alien. The visual style of fiction film can be characterized by a clash between alien and familiar images. This clash is implemented when alien images become familiar, as in A Clockwork Orange, as well, familiar images become alien, as in the films Repo Man and Liquid Sky. For example, in Dr. Strangelove, the, distortion of the make the familiar images seem more alien. Finally, alien and familiar images are juxtaposed, as in The Deadly Mantis, Science fiction films appeared early in the silent film era, typically as short films shot in black and white, sometimes with colour tinting. They usually had a theme and were often intended to be humorous. In 1902, Georges Méliès released Le Voyage dans la Lune, generally considered the first science fiction film, several early films merged the science fiction and horror genres. Examples of this are Frankenstein, a adaptation of Mary Shelleys novel. Taking a more adventurous tack,20,000 Leagues Under the Sea is a based on Jules Verne’s famous novel of a wondrous submarine. In the 1920s, European filmmakers tended to use science fiction for prediction and social commentary, as can be seen in German films such as Metropolis and Frau im Mond. In the 1930s, there were big budget science fiction films, notably Just Imagine, King Kong, Things to Come. Starting in 1936, a number of science fiction comic strips were adapted as serials, notably Flash Gordon and Buck Rogers and these serials, and the comic strips they were based on, were very popular with the general public. Other notable science fiction films of the 1930s include Frankenstein, Bride of Frankenstein, Doctor X, Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, F. P. The 1940s brought us Before I Hang, Black Friday, Dr. Cyclops, The Devil Commands, Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, Man Made Monster, It Happened Tomorrow, It Happens Every Spring and The Perfect Woman
15.
Jaime Sommers (The Bionic Woman)
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Jaime Sommers is a fictional character from the science fiction action series The Bionic Woman. She is portrayed by American actress Lindsay Wagner, Sommers takes on special high-risk government missions using her superhuman powers. Wagner first played the role in the 1970s American television series The Six Million Dollar Man, in the late 1980s and early 1990s, she reprised the role in several reunion television films. In the series history, Jaime Sommers is a former professional tennis star. She is assigned to spy missions of her own as an agent of the Office of Scientific Information. She also has strength in her bionic right arm. In 2004, the character was listed in Bravos 100 Greatest TV Characters, AOL named her one of the 100 Most Memorable Female TV Characters. Jaime is portrayed as the cyborg and first female. She followed the astronaut/test pilot Steve Austin and the car driver Barney Hiller. Jaimes bionics were thus Rudy Wells third generation and she has been shown to be able to run slightly faster than he could. Also, her life as a professional athlete gave her greater natural agility than Steve. Her difficult transition to life, along with later degrees in psychology. She trained Steves son, Michael, to control his bionics after his operation, according to the opening credits of The Bionic Woman, the cost of Jaime Sommers bionic implants was classified information. This lack of specificity has sparked frequent debates among fans as to whether it is appropriate to call Jaime The Six Million Dollar Woman, the scripts reveal only a few contradictory clues. In the spin-offs opening story Welcome Home, Jaime, she suggests to Oscar that she must have cost as much as Steve, the parts are smaller, after all. In a season-one episode, Fly Jaime, where Jaime and Dr. Rudy Wells are trapped on an island and trying to get some food out of a tin, Rudy says. That was a political thing wasnt it. She couldnt cost more than the man and they were going to make it more, but there was this whole political thing with the network because it was the beginning of the feminine revolution
16.
Bionics
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Bionics is the application of biological methods and systems found in nature to the study and design of engineering systems and modern technology. The word bionic was coined by Jack E. Steele in 1958, possibly originating from the technical term bion, meaning unit of life, some dictionaries, however, explain the word as being formed as a portmanteau from biology and electronics. It was popularized by the 1970s U. S. television series The Six Million Dollar Man and The Bionic Woman, all feature humans given superhuman powers by electromechanical implants. A classical example is the development of dirt- and water-repellent paint from the observation that the surface of the lotus flower plant is practically unsticky for anything, the term biomimetic is preferred when reference is made to chemical reactions. In that domain, biomimetic chemistry refers to reactions that, in nature, examples of bionics in engineering include the hulls of boats imitating the thick skin of dolphins, sonar, radar, and medical ultrasound imaging imitating animal echolocation. In the field of science, the study of bionics has produced artificial neurons, artificial neural networks. Evolutionary computation was also motivated by ideas but it took the idea further by simulating evolution in silico. The name biomimetics was coined by Otto Schmitt in the 1950s, the term bionics was coined by Jack E. Steele in 1958 while working at the Aeronautics Division House at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base in Dayton, Ohio. However, terms like biomimicry or biomimetics are more preferred in the world in efforts to avoid confusion between the medical term bionics. Coincidentally, Martin Caidin used the word for his 1972 novel Cyborg, Caidin was a long-time aviation industry writer before turning to fiction full-time. Often, the study of bionics emphasizes implementing a function found in rather than just imitating biological structures. The conscious copying of examples and mechanisms from natural organisms and ecologies is a form of applied case-based reasoning, treating nature itself as a database of solutions that already work, proponents argue that the selective pressure placed on all natural life forms minimizes and removes failures. In robotics, bionics and biomimetics are used to apply the way animals move to the design of robots, bionicKangaroo was based on the movements and physiology of kangaroos. Velcro is the most famous example of biomimetics, in 1948, the Swiss engineer George de Mestral was cleaning his dog of burrs picked up on a walk when he realized how the hooks of the burrs clung to the fur. It revolutionized the industry because the blades worked so much faster at felling trees, cats eye reflectors were invented by Percy Shaw in 1935 after studying the mechanism of cat eyes. He had found that cats had a system of reflecting cells, known as tapetum lucidum, leonardo da Vincis flying machines and ships are early examples of drawing from nature in engineering. Resilin is a replacement for rubber that has created by studying the material also found in arthropods. Julian Vincent drew from the study of pinecones when he developed in 2004 smart clothing that adapts to changing temperatures, I wanted a nonliving system which would respond to changes in moisture by changing shape, he said
17.
The Six Million Dollar Man
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The Six Million Dollar Man is an American science fiction and action television series about a former astronaut, Colonel Steve Austin, portrayed by American actor Lee Majors. Austin has superhuman strength due to bionic implants and is employed as an agent by a fictional U. S. government office titled OSI. The series was based on the Martin Caidin novel Cyborg, which was the title of the series during pre-production. Steve Austin became a pop icon of the 1970s. A spin-off television series, The Bionic Woman, featuring the female character Jaime Sommers. Three television movies featuring both characters were also produced from 1987 to 1994. When NASA astronaut Steve Austin is severely injured in the crash of a lifting body aircraft. He uses his abilities to work for the OSI as a secret agent. Caidins novel Cyborg was a best-seller when it was published in 1972, in March 1973, Cyborg was loosely adapted as a made-for-TV movie titled The Six Million Dollar Man starring Majors as Austin. The adaptation was done by writer Howard Rodman, working under the pseudonym of Henri Simoun, the film, which was nominated for a Hugo Award, modified Caidins plot, and notably made Austin a civilian astronaut rather than a colonel in the United States Air Force. Absent were some of the features of the later series, the electronic sound effects, the slow-motion running. Instead, another character named Oliver Spencer, played by Darren McGavin, was Austins supervisor, Austin did not use the enhanced capabilities of his bionic eye during the first TV movie. The first movie was a ratings success and was followed by two more made-for-TV movies in October and November 1973 as part of ABCs rotating Suspense Theater series. The first was titled The Six Million Dollar Man, Wine, Women and War, the first of these two bore strong resemblances to Caidins second Cyborg novel, Operation Nuke, the second, however, was an original story. This was followed in January 1974 by the debut of The Six Million Dollar Man as a weekly hour-long series, the last two movies, produced by Glen A. The slow motion sequences were originally referred to as Kung Fu slow motion in popular culture. Ultimately, her body rejected her bionic hardware and she died, Majors reprised the role of Steve Austin in all three productions, which also featured Richard Anderson and Martin E. Brooks, and Lindsay Wagner reprising the role of Jaime Sommers. The reunion films addressed the partial amnesia Sommers had suffered during the original series, the first two movies were written in the anticipation of creating new bionic characters in their own series, but nothing further was seen of the new characters introduced in those produced
18.
Parachuting
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Parachuting, or skydiving, is a method of transiting from a high point to Earth with the aid of gravity, involving the control of speed during the descent with the use of a parachute. It may involve more or less free-fall, a time during which the parachute has not been deployed, the first parachute jump in history was made by Andre-Jacques Garnerin, the inventor of the parachute, on October 22nd,1797. Garnerin tested his contraption by leaping from a hydrogen balloon 3,200 feet above Paris, garnerins parachute bore little resemblance to todays parachutes however as it was not packed into any sort of container and did not feature a ripcord. The first intentional freefall jump with a deployment was not made until over a century later by Leslie Irvin in 1919. While Georgia Broadwick made an earlier freefall in 1914 when her static line became entangled with her jump aircrafts tail assembly, Broadwick cut her static line and deployed her parachute manually, only as a means of freeing her self from the aircraft to which she had become entangled. The military developed parachuting technology as a way to save aircrews from emergencies aboard balloons and aircraft in flight, early competitions date back to the 1930s, and it became an international sport in 1952. Parachuting is performed as recreational activity, and a sport which is widely considered an extreme sport due to the risks involved. Manually exiting an aircraft and parachuting to safety has been used by aviators. While this method of escape is relatively rare in modern times, it was used in World War I by military aviators. In modern times, the most common means of escape from an aircraft in distress is via an ejection seat, said system is usually operated by the pilot, aircrew member, or passenger, by engaging an activation device manually. In most designs, this lead to the seat being propelled out of and away from the aircraft carrying the occupant with it. Once clear of the aircraft, the seat will deploy a parachute. Despite the perception of danger, fatalities are rare, about 21 skydivers are confirmed killed each year in the US, roughly one death for every 150,000 jumps. In the US and in most of the world, skydivers are required to carry two parachutes. The reserve parachute must be inspected and re-packed by a certified parachute rigger. Many skydivers use an automatic device that opens the reserve parachute at a pre-determined altitude if it detects that the skydiver is still in free fall. Depending on the country, AADs are often mandatory for new jumpers, most skydivers wear a visual altimeter, and an increasing number also use audible altimeters fitted to their helmets. One of the most common sources of injury is a low turn under a high-performance canopy, swooping is the advanced discipline of gliding at high-speed parallel to the ground during landing
19.
Oscar Goldman
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Oscar Goldman is a fictional character created by Martin Caidin and introduced in his 1972 novel Cyborg. In the 1970s, he was portrayed by Richard Anderson in both The Six Million Dollar Man and The Bionic Woman television series which were based upon Cyborg and he served as the bionic heroes, Steve Austin and Jaime Sommers, immediate superior. In the original novel by Caidin, and subsequent sequels Operation Nuke, High Crystal and Cyborg IV Goldman was the head of the Washington, D. C. When Cyborg was adapted for television in 1973, the character of Oscar Goldman was replaced by that of Oliver Spencer, played by Darren McGavin. When this television film, titled The Six Million Dollar Man, proved to be a hit, ABC commissioned a sequel, Wine, the character of Oscar Goldman was reinstated, with Richard Anderson cast in the role. Andersons portrayal of Goldman was that of a warm, fatherly figure—though he could also be a calculating bureaucrat when the need arose, following a third TV film, The Six Million Dollar Man became a weekly series in 1974 and Anderson remained with the show throughout its run. He also played the role in the subsequent Bionic Woman spin-off series, the pair are the first known actors to have done so as series regulars. Born in 1930, Goldman is in his 40s during the events of the two series and he followed the lead of his late elder brother, Samuel, into a career in the U. S. intelligence community. During the series, Goldman and Austin develop a close, if occasionally testy friendship, despite sending Sommers on dangerous missions, Goldman was particularly protective of her, and bristled when a Senator repeatedly mispronounced her name. Goldman usually referred to Sommers as babe, however, when this situation arose, Steve Austin disobeyed the order and rescued Goldman, unaware that he actually extracted an android imposter. Eventually after the imposter was discovered and defeated, the real Goldman was rescued in defiance of his own orders, Goldman was a snappy dresser, who had a propensity for loud patterns. His briefcase featured in episodes, as he would often open it to produce a solution to various problems. Goldman, who served as head of the OSI under six presidents, wielded considerable influence in the Federal government, and was able to get the Secretary of State on the telephone on short notice. He is not immune to attractive females, while in Monte Carlo for a mission, although never explicitly stated during either series, it was implied that Oscar is Jewish - or, at least, that others would assume him to be. In one episode of The Bionic Woman, he used a pseudonym when travelling to a Middle Eastern country because he thought the name would not make him any friends. In another episode, the shah of a fictional Persian Gulf country told Sommers he would never deal with a man named “Goldman”, the character of Oscar Goldman is absent from Bionic Woman, a remake of the 1976 series which aired on NBC starting in September 2007. Goldman has been replaced by a new character, Jonas Bledsoe, the Canadian television show Trailer Park Boys named a chicken Oscar Goldman in a 2006 episode called Where in the Fuck is Oscar Goldman. The chicken was part of Trinitys science project, which Ricky states that he helped name, in the movie 40 Year Old Virgin, the main character, portrayed by Steve Carell, makes reference to owning an Oscar Goldman action figure
20.
Implant (medicine)
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An implant is a medical device manufactured to replace a missing biological structure, support a damaged biological structure, or enhance an existing biological structure. Medical implants are man-made devices, in contrast to a transplant, the surface of implants that contact the body might be made of a biomedical material such as titanium, silicone, or apatite depending on what is the most functional. In some cases implants contain electronics e. g. artificial pacemaker, some implants are bioactive, such as subcutaneous drug delivery devices in the form of implantable pills or drug-eluting stents. Implants can roughly be categorized into groups by application, sensory and neurological implants are used for disorders affecting the major senses and the brain, as well as other neurological disorders. Examples include the lens, intrastromal corneal ring segment, cochlear implant, tympanostomy tube. Cardiovascular medical devices are implanted in cases where the heart, its valves, and they are used to treatment conditions such as heart failure, cardiac arrhythmia, ventricular tachycardia, valvular heart disease, angina pectoris, and atherosclerosis. Examples include the heart, artificial heart valve, implantable cardioverter-defibrillator, cardiac pacemaker. Orthopaedic implants help alleviate issues with the bones and joints of the body, theyre used to treat bone fractures, osteoarthritis, scoliosis, spinal stenosis, and chronic pain. Examples include a variety of pins, rods, screws. Metallic glasses based on magnesium with zinc and calcium addition are tested as the potential metallic biomaterials for medical implants. Contraceptive implants are used to prevent unintended pregnancy and treat conditions such as non-pathological forms of menorrhagia. Examples include copper- and hormone-based intrauterine devices, cosmetic implants — often prosthetics — attempt to bring some portion of the body back to an acceptable aesthetic norm. They are used as a follow-up to mastectomy due to breast cancer, for correcting some forms of disfigurement, examples include the breast implant, nose prosthesis, ocular prosthesis, and injectable filler. Other types of dysfunction can occur in the systems of the body, including the gastrointestinal, respiratory. Examples include the LINX, implantable gastric stimulator, diaphragmatic/phrenic nerve stimulator, neurostimulator, surgical mesh, Class I devices include simple devices such as arm slings and hand-held surgical instruments. Class II devices are considered to need more regulation than Class I devices and are required to undergo specific requirements before FDA approval, Class II devices include X-ray systems and physiological monitors. Class III devices require the most regulatory controls since the device supports or sustains human life or may not be well tested, Class III devices include replacement heart valves and implanted cerebellar stimulators. Many implants typically fall under Class II and Class III devices, under ideal conditions, implants should initiate the desired host response
21.
Lee Majors
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Lee Majors is an American film, television and voice actor. In the television series The Six Million Dollar Man, Steve Austin takes on special high-risk government missions using his superhuman bionic powers, the television character Steve Austin became a pop culture icon of the 1970s. Majors reprised the role of Colonel Steve Austin in several reunion television movies in the late 1980s and 1990s. He appeared in a number of supporting, recurring and cameo roles in films and television series. Majors was born in Wyandotte, Michigan, a suburb of Detroit and his parents, Carl and Alice Yeary, were both killed in separate accidents. At age two, Majors was adopted by an uncle and aunt and moved them to Middlesboro. He participated in track and football at Middlesboro High School and he graduated in 1957, and earned a scholarship to Indiana University, where he again competed in sports. Majors transferred to Eastern Kentucky University in Richmond, Kentucky, in 1959 and he played in his first game the following year, but suffered a severe back injury which left him paralyzed for two weeks, and ended his college football career. Following his injury, he turned his attention to acting and performed in plays at the Pioneer Playhouse in Danville, Majors graduated from Eastern Kentucky in 1962 with a degree in History and Physical Education. After college, he received an offer to try out for the St. Louis Cardinals football team, instead, he moved to Los Angeles and found work at the Los Angeles Park and Recreation Department as the Recreation Director for North Hollywood Park. In LA, Majors met many actors and industry professionals, including Dick Clayton, who had been James Deans agent, after one year of acting school, Clayton felt that Majors was ready to start his career. At this time, he picked up the stage name Lee Majors as a tribute to childhood hero Johnny Majors who was a player, Majors also studied at Estelle Harmons acting school at MGM. At age 25, Majors landed his first, although uncredited, role in Strait-Jacket, also starring on the show was another newcomer, Linda Evans, who played Heaths younger sister, Audra. Richard Long and Peter Breck played his brothers Jarrod and Nick, One of Heaths frequently used expressions during the series was Boy howdy. Big Valley was an immediate hit, the film was one of the very first films to deal with the subject matter of Vietnam veterans coming home. That same year, he was offered the chance to star in Midnight Cowboy, when The Big Valley was cancelled in 1969, he signed a long-term contract with Universal Studios. In 1970, Majors appeared in William Wylers final movie The Liberation of L. B, jones, and joined the cast of The Virginian for its last season. Majors was called a blond Elvis Presley because of his resemblance to Elvis during this period of his career
22.
Cybernetics
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Cybernetics is a transdisciplinary approach for exploring regulatory systems—their structures, constraints, and possibilities. Norbert Wiener defined cybernetics in 1948 as the study of control and communication in the animal. In the 21st century, the term is used in a rather loose way to imply control of any system using technology. Cybernetics is relevant to, for example, mechanical, physical, biological, cognitive and its focus is how anything processes information, reacts to information, and changes or can be changed to better accomplish the first two tasks. Cybernetics includes the study of feedback, black boxes and derived concepts such as communication and control in living organisms, machines and organizations including self-organization. Concepts studied by cyberneticists include, but are not limited to, learning, cognition, adaptation, social control, emergence, convergence, communication, efficiency, efficacy, in cybernetics these concepts are abstracted from the context of the specific organism or device. During the second half of the 20th century cybernetics evolved in ways that distinguish first-order cybernetics from second-order cybernetics, more recently there is talk about a third-order cybernetics. System dynamics, originated with applications of electrical engineering control theory to other kinds of models by Jay Forrester at MIT in the 1950s, is a related field. Cybernetics has been defined in a variety of ways, by a variety of people, as with the ancient Greek pilot, independence of thought is important in cybernetics. French physicist and mathematician André-Marie Ampère first coined the word cybernetique in his 1834 essay Essai sur la philosophie des sciences to describe the science of civil government. The term was borrowed by Norbert Wiener, in his book Cybernetics, to define the study of control and communication in the animal, the word cybernetics was first used in the context of the study of self-governance by Plato in The Alcibiades to signify the governance of people. The word cybernétique was also used in 1834 by the physicist André-Marie Ampère to denote the sciences of government in his system of human knowledge. This was the first artificial truly automatic self-regulatory device that no outside intervention between the feedback and the controls of the mechanism. Although they considered part of engineering, Ktesibios and others such as Heron. Alfred Russel Wallace identified this as the principle of evolution in his famous 1858 paper, in 1868 James Clerk Maxwell published a theoretical article on governors, one of the first to discuss and refine the principles of self-regulating devices. Jakob von Uexküll applied the feedback mechanism via his model of functional cycle in order to explain animal behaviour, electronic control systems originated with the 1927 work of Bell Telephone Laboratories engineer Harold S. Black on using negative feedback to control amplifiers. Early applications of negative feedback in electronic circuits included the control of gun mounts, W. Numerous papers spearheaded the coalescing of the field. In 1935 Russian physiologist P. K. Anokhin published a book in which the concept of feedback was studied, in 1936, Ștefan Odobleja publishes Phonoscopy and the clinical semiotics
23.
Middle school
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A middle school is an educational stage, which exists in some countries, and takes place between primary school and high school. The concept, regulation and classification of schools, as well as the ages covered. In Afghanistan, middle school consists of grades 6,7 and 8, besides there is a change in the scenario. In Albania, middle school is included in the education which lasts 9 years. In Algeria, a middle school includes grades 6 through 10, most regions of Australia do not have middle schools, as students go directly from primary school to secondary school. The first middle school established in Australia was The Armidale School, Schools have since followed this trend, such as The Kings School. The Northern Territory has introduced a three tier system featuring Middle Schools for years 7–9 and high school year 10–12, many schools across Queensland have introduced a Middle School tier within their schools. The middle schools cover the grades/years 5 to 8, in Brazil, middle school is a mandatory stage that precedes High School called Ensino Fundamental II consisting of grades 6 to 9, ages 11 to 14. In Canada, the middle school and junior high school are both used, depending on which grades the school caters to. Another common model is grades 5–8, alberta, Nova Scotia, Newfoundland, and Prince Edward Island junior high schools include only grades 7–9, with the first year of high school traditionally being grade 10. In some places students go from school to secondary school. Quebec uses a system that is different from those of the other provinces. The Secondary level has five grades, starting after Elementary Grade 6 and these are called Secondary I to Secondary V. In the Peoples Republic of China, middle school has two stages, junior stage and senior stage, some middle schools have both stages while some have either of them. Other students may avoid the exam, based on their talents, like athletics. In the Czech Republic after completing the elementary school a student may apply for high school. Students have the opportunity to enroll in school from Grade 5 or Grade 7 of elementary school. Thus they can spend five years in school, followed by eight in high school
24.
Syfy
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Syfy is an American basic cable and satellite television channel that is owned by the NBCUniversal Cable Entertainment Group division of NBCUniversal, a subsidiary of Comcast. The channel features science fiction, fantasy, horror, supernatural, paranormal, drama, as of February 2015, approximately 94.8 million American households receive Syfy. In March 1992, the concept was picked up by USA Networks, Star Treks creator Gene Roddenberry and author Isaac Asimov were among those on the initial advisory board, but both had died by the time the channel finally launched on September 24,1992. Rubenstein recalled, The first thing that was on the screen was Dedicated to the memories of Isaac Asimov, leonard Nimoy was master of ceremonies at the channels launch party, held at the Hayden Planetarium in Manhattan. Asimovs widow Janet and Roddenberrys widow Majel Barrett were both in attendance, the first program shown on the network was the film Star Wars. In 1994, Paramount was sold to Viacom, followed by Seagrams purchase of a stake in MCA from Matsushita (a. k. a Matsushita Electric Industrial Co. Ltd. the next year. In 1997, Viacom sold its stake in USA Networks to Universal, Three years later, Diller would sell these assets back to Universal, by then a subsidiary of Vivendi SA. Vivendis film and television production and cable television assets were merged with General Electrics NBC to form NBC Universal in 2004. A high definition version of the launched on October 3,2007 on DirecTV. In 2013, Syfy was awarded the James Randi Educational Foundations Pigasus Award, from 1992 to 1999, the networks first logo consisted of a planet with a ring, which made to look like Saturn, and it has SCI-FI CHANNEL written on it. The networks second logo ran from 1999 to 2002, which dropped the hyphen, the networks third and final logo ran from 2002 to 2009, and was designed by Lambie-Nairn. The logo made its debut on December 2,2002, with the launch of the Steven Spielberg miniseries Taken, the network also launched a new image campaign with the tagline If, which expresses the limitless possibilities of the imagination. Identification bumps depicted surreal situations such as a baby breathing fire, on March 16,2009, NBCUniversal announced that Sci Fi was rebranding as Syfy. The name change was greeted with initial negativity, with people deliberately mispronouncing Syfy as SIF-ee, SKIF-ee, the new name took effect on July 7,2009. Syfy has since added reality shows and edged further from strictly science fiction, fantasy, in Polish, Syfy does not suggest imagination or science fiction, but rather syphilis. Syfys programming includes original made-for-cable movies, miniseries, and series, in the past, the channel concentrated on classic science fiction shows. However, under NBCUniversal ownership, the channel has altered its programming to more mainstream audiences. In 2006, it began airing programs such as Law & Order, Special Victims Unit, ECW, the network had gained significant international attention for its successful original miniseries and subsequent four-season series Battlestar Galactica
25.
Ojai, California
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Ojai is a city in Ventura County in the U. S. state of California. Located in the Ojai Valley, it is northwest of Los Angeles, the valley is about 10 miles long by 3 miles wide, surrounded by hills and mountains. The population was 7,461 at the 2010 census, down from 7,862 at the 2000 census. Ojai is a destination with boutique hotels and recreation opportunities including hiking. It also has small businesses specializing in local and ecologically friendly art, design, and home improvement—such as galleries, chain stores are prohibited by Ojai city law to encourage local small business development and keep the town unique. The origin of the name Ojai has historically been known as derived from a Native American word meaning nest, the citys self-styled nickname is Shangri-La referencing the natural beauty of this health-and-spirituality-focused region. Chumash Indians were the inhabitants of the valley. They called it Ojai, which derives from the Ventureño Chumash word ʼawhaý meaning moon, the area became part of the Rancho Ojai Mexican land grant made to Fernando Tico in 1837, and he established a cattle ranch. Tico sold it in 1853 without much success to prospectors searching for oil, by 1864, the area was settled. The town was out in 1874 by real estate developer R. G. Surdam and named Nordhoff, California, in honor of the writer Charles Nordhoff, leading up to and during World War I, American sentiment became increasingly anti-German. Across the United States, German and German-sounding place names were changed, as part of this trend, Nordhoff was renamed Ojai in 1917. The public high school in Ojai is still named Nordhoff High School, the public junior high school, named Matilija, formerly served as Nordhoff Union High School and still features large tiles with the initials NUHS on the steps of the athletic field. The main turning point in the development of the city was the coming of Edward Libbey and he saw the valley and fell in love, thinking up many plans for expansion and beautification of the existing rustic town. A fire destroyed much of the original western-style downtown Nordhoff—Ojai in 1917, afterwards Libbey helped design, finance, and build a new downtown more in line with the then contemporary taste for Spanish Colonial Revival style architecture. To thank Libbey for his gifts to the town, the proposed a celebration to take place on March 2 of each year. Libbey declined their offer to call it Libbey Day, and instead suggested Ojai Day, the celebration still takes place each year in October. The arcade and bell tower still stand, and have come to serve as symbols of the city, libbeys pergola was destroyed in 1971, after being damaged in an explosion
26.
Tennis
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Tennis is a racket sport that can be played individually against a single opponent or between two teams of two players each. Each player uses a racket that is strung with cord to strike a hollow rubber ball covered with felt over or around a net. The object of the game is to play the ball in such a way that the opponent is not able to play a valid return, the player who is unable to return the ball will not gain a point, while the opposite player will. Tennis is an Olympic sport and is played at all levels of society, the sport can be played by anyone who can hold a racket, including wheelchair users. The modern game of tennis originated in Birmingham, England, in the late 19th century as lawn tennis and it had close connections both to various field games such as croquet and bowls as well as to the older racket sport of real tennis. The rules of tennis have changed little since the 1890s, two exceptions are that from 1908 to 1961 the server had to keep one foot on the ground at all times, and the adoption of the tiebreak in the 1970s. Tennis is played by millions of players and is also a popular worldwide spectator sport. Historians believe that the ancient origin lay in 12th century northern France. Louis X of France was a player of jeu de paume, which evolved into real tennis. Louis was unhappy with playing tennis outdoors and accordingly had indoor, in due course this design spread across royal palaces all over Europe. Because of the accounts of his death, Louis X is historys first tennis player known by name. Another of the enthusiasts of the game was King Charles V of France. It wasnt until the 16th century that rackets came into use, and the game began to be called tennis, from the French term tenez, an interjection used as a call from the server to his opponent. It was popular in England and France, although the game was played indoors where the ball could be hit off the wall. Henry VIII of England was a big fan of this game, during the 18th century and early 19th century, as real tennis declined, new racket sports emerged in England. This in turn led to the codification of rules for many sports, including lawn tennis, most football codes, lawn bowls. In 1872, along with two doctors, they founded the worlds first tennis club in Leamington Spa. Evans, turfgrass agronomist, Sports historians all agree that deserves much of the credit for the development of modern tennis, according to Honor Godfrey, museum curator at Wimbledon, Wingfield popularized this game enormously
27.
The Bahamas
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The Bahamas, known officially as the Commonwealth of the Bahamas, is an archipelagic state within the Lucayan Archipelago. The capital is Nassau on the island of New Providence, the designation of the Bahamas can refer either to the country or to the larger island chain that it shares with the Turks and Caicos Islands. As stated in the mandate/manifesto of the Royal Bahamas Defence Force, the Bahamas is the site of Columbus first landfall in the New World in 1492. At that time, the islands were inhabited by the Lucayan, although the Spanish never colonised the Bahamas, they shipped the native Lucayans to slavery in Hispaniola. The islands were mostly deserted from 1513 until 1648, when English colonists from Bermuda settled on the island of Eleuthera, the Bahamas became a British Crown colony in 1718, when the British clamped down on piracy. After the American War of Independence, the Crown resettled thousands of American Loyalists in the Bahamas, they brought their slaves with them, Africans constituted the majority of the population from this period. Slavery in the Bahamas was abolished in 1834, Today the descendants of slaves and free Africans make up nearly 90% of the population, issues related to the slavery years are part of society. The Bahamas became an independent Commonwealth realm in 1973, retaining Queen Elizabeth II as its monarch, in terms of gross domestic product per capita, the Bahamas is one of the richest countries in the Americas, with an economy based on tourism and finance. The name Bahamas is derived from either the Taino ba ha ma, alternatively, it may originate from Guanahani, a local name of unclear meaning. In English, the Bahamas is one of two countries whose self-standing short name begins with the word the, along with The Gambia. Taino people moved into the uninhabited southern Bahamas from Hispaniola and Cuba around the 11th century and they came to be known as the Lucayan people. An estimated 30,000 Lucayan inhabited the Bahamas at the time of Christopher Columbus arrival in 1492, Columbuss first landfall in the New World was on an island he named San Salvador. Some researchers believe this site to be present-day San Salvador Island, an alternative theory holds that Columbus landed to the southeast on Samana Cay, according to calculations made in 1986 by National Geographic writer and editor Joseph Judge, based on Columbuss log. Evidence in support of this remains inconclusive, on the landfall island, Columbus made first contact with the Lucayan and exchanged goods with them. The Spanish forced much of the Lucayan population to Hispaniola for use as forced labour, the slaves suffered from harsh conditions and most died from contracting diseases to which they had no immunity, half of the Taino died from smallpox alone. The population of the Bahamas was severely diminished, in 1648, the Eleutherian Adventurers, led by William Sayle, migrated from Bermuda. These English Puritans established the first permanent European settlement on an island which they named Eleuthera—the name derives from the Greek word for freedom and they later settled New Providence, naming it Sayles Island after one of their leaders. To survive, the settlers salvaged goods from wrecks, in 1670 King Charles II granted the islands to the Lords Proprietors of the Carolinas in North America
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Suspended animation
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Suspended animation is the slowing or stopping of life processes by exogenous or endogenous means without termination. Breathing, heartbeat, and other functions may still occur. Tiny organisms can be preserved and revived. Some have been kept in suspended animation for as long as 13 years, since the 1970s, induced hypothermia has been performed for some open-heart surgeries as an alternative to heart-lung machines. Hypothermia, however, provides only an amount of time in which to operate and there is a risk of tissue. Lowering the temperature of a substance reduces chemical activity by the Arrhenius equation and this includes life processes such as metabolism. After three hours of being dead, the dogs blood was returned to their circulatory systems. The heart started pumping the blood around the body, and the dogs were brought back to life, on 20 January 2006, doctors from the Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston announced they had placed pigs in suspended animation with a similar technique. The pigs were anaesthetized and major loss was induced, along with simulated - via scalpel - severe injuries. After the pigs lost about half their blood the remaining blood was replaced with a saline solution. As the body temperature reached 10 °C the damaged vessels were repaired. The method was tested 200 times with a 90% success rate, from May 2014, a team of surgeons from UPMC Presbyterian Hospital in Pittsburgh plan to try the above method in gunshot victims. The trials will be done on ten such severely wounded patients and compared with ten others in similar situation and they currently refer to the procedure as Emergency Preservation and Resuscitation for Cardiac Arrest from trauma. This concept is speculative as well as frequently misunderstood, human beings are unable to survive suspended animation at cryogenic temperatures naturally. The limits of current technology are also insufficient to prevent loss of cellular viability, cryonics operates under a fundamentally distinct paradigm from suspended animation in that it depends on future technology as part of its premise for working. Suspended animation is distinct from cryonics because it not require this benefit of the doubt concerning future technology. It is something that immediately and demonstrably works, the medical use of suspended animation will still require optimism that diseases can be cured. In order to achieve suspended animation, a method to prevent damage to cells would be needed
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United States Air Force
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The United States Air Force is the aerial warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the seven American uniformed services. Initially part of the United States Army, the USAF was formed as a branch of the military on 18 September 1947 under the National Security Act of 1947. It is the most recent branch of the U. S. military to be formed, the U. S. Air Force is a military service organized within the Department of the Air Force, one of the three military departments of the Department of Defense. The Air Force is headed by the civilian Secretary of the Air Force, who reports to the Secretary of Defense, the U. S. Air Force provides air support for surface forces and aids in the recovery of troops in the field. As of 2015, the service more than 5,137 military aircraft,406 ICBMs and 63 military satellites. It has a $161 billion budget with 313,242 active duty personnel,141,197 civilian employees,69,200 Air Force Reserve personnel, and 105,500 Air National Guard personnel. According to the National Security Act of 1947, which created the USAF and it shall be organized, trained, and equipped primarily for prompt and sustained offensive and defensive air operations. The stated mission of the USAF today is to fly, fight, and win in air, space and we will provide compelling air, space, and cyber capabilities for use by the combatant commanders. We will excel as stewards of all Air Force resources in service to the American people, while providing precise and reliable Global Vigilance, Reach and it should be emphasized that the core functions, by themselves, are not doctrinal constructs. The purpose of Nuclear Deterrence Operations is to operate, maintain, in the event deterrence fails, the US should be able to appropriately respond with nuclear options. Dissuading others from acquiring or proliferating WMD, and the means to deliver them, moreover, different deterrence strategies are required to deter various adversaries, whether they are a nation state, or non-state/transnational actor. Nuclear strike is the ability of forces to rapidly and accurately strike targets which the enemy holds dear in a devastating manner. Should deterrence fail, the President may authorize a precise, tailored response to terminate the conflict at the lowest possible level, post-conflict, regeneration of a credible nuclear deterrent capability will deter further aggression. Finally, the Air Force regularly exercises and evaluates all aspects of operations to ensure high levels of performance. Nuclear surety ensures the safety, security and effectiveness of nuclear operations, the Air Force, in conjunction with other entities within the Departments of Defense or Energy, achieves a high standard of protection through a stringent nuclear surety program. The Air Force continues to pursue safe, secure and effective nuclear weapons consistent with operational requirements, adversaries, allies, and the American people must be highly confident of the Air Forces ability to secure nuclear weapons from accidents, theft, loss, and accidental or unauthorized use. This day-to-day commitment to precise and reliable nuclear operations is the cornerstone of the credibility of the NDO mission, positive nuclear command, control, communications, effective nuclear weapons security, and robust combat support are essential to the overall NDO function. OCA is the method of countering air and missile threats, since it attempts to defeat the enemy closer to its source
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German Shepherd
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The German Shepherd is a breed of medium to large-sized working dog that originated in Germany. The breeds officially recognized name is German Shepherd Dog in the English language, the German Shepherd is a relatively new breed of dog, with their origin dating to 1899. As part of the Herding Group, German Shepherds are working dogs developed originally for herding sheep, the German Shepherd is the second-most registered breed by the American Kennel Club and fourth-most registered breed by The Kennel Club in the United Kingdom. German Shepherds are medium to large-sized dogs, the breed standard height at the withers is 60–65 cm for males and 55–60 cm for females. The weight standard is 30–40 kilograms for males and 22–32 kilograms for females and they have a domed forehead, a long square-cut muzzle with strong jaws and a black nose. The eyes are medium-sized and brown with a lively, intelligent, the ears are large and stand erect, open at the front and parallel, but they often are pulled back during movement. They have a neck, which is raised when excited and lowered when moving at a fast pace. The tail is bushy and reaches to the hock, German Shepherds have a two-layer coat which is close and dense with a thick undercoat. The coat is accepted in two variants, medium and long, the long-hair gene is recessive, making the long-hair variety rarer. The FCI accepted the type in 2010, listing it as the variety b—while short-haired type is listed as the variety a. Most commonly, German Shepherds are either tan/black or red/black, most colour varieties have black masks and black body markings which can range from a classic saddle to an over-all blanket. Rarer colour variations include the sable, pure-black, pure-white, liver, German Shepherds were bred specifically for their intelligence, a trait for which they are now famous. In the book The Intelligence of Dogs, author Stanley Coren ranked the third for intelligence. He found that they had the ability to learn simple tasks after only five repetitions, German Shepherds are moderately active dogs and are described in breed standards as self-assured. The breed is marked by a willingness to learn and an eagerness to have a purpose and they are curious, which makes them excellent guard dogs and suitable for search missions. They can become over-protective of their family and territory, especially if not socialized correctly and they are not inclined to become immediate friends with strangers. German Shepherds are highly intelligent and obedient, as well as being protective of their owners, well-trained and socialized German Shepherds have a reputation of being very safe. According to the National Geographic Channel television show Dangerous Encounters, the bite of a German Shepherd has a force of over 1,060 newtons and he believed that, above all else, German Shepherds should be bred for intelligence and working ability
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Sierra Nevada (U.S.)
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The Sierra Nevada is a mountain range in the Western United States, between the Central Valley of California and the Basin and Range Province. The vast majority of the lies in the state of California. The Sierra runs 400 miles north-to-south, and is approximately 70 miles across east-to-west, the Sierra is home to three national parks, twenty wilderness areas, and two national monuments. These areas include Yosemite, Sequoia, and Kings Canyon National Parks, the character of the range is shaped by its geology and ecology. More than one hundred years ago during the Nevadan orogeny. The range started to uplift four M. A. ago, the uplift caused a wide range of elevations and climates in the Sierra Nevada, which are reflected by the presence of five life zones. Uplift continues due to faulting caused by forces, creating spectacular fault block escarpments along the eastern edge of the southern Sierra. The Sierra Nevada has a significant history, the California Gold Rush occurred in the western foothills from 1848 through 1855. Due to inaccessibility, the range was not fully explored until 1912, the Sierra Nevada lies in Central and Eastern California, with a very small but historically important spur extending into Nevada. West-to-east, the Sierra Nevadas elevation increases gradually from 1,000 feet in the Central Valley to an height of about 10,500 feet at its crest only 50–75 miles to the east. The east slope forms the steep Sierra Escarpment, unlike its surroundings, the range receives a substantial amount of snowfall and precipitation due to orographic lift. The Sierra Nevada stretches from the Susan River and Fredonyer Pass in the north to Tehachapi Pass in the south and it is bounded on the west by Californias Central Valley and on the east by the Basin and Range Province. The geographical boundary between the Sierra and the Cascades is virtually indistinguishable, with the Fredonyer Pass designation being traditional, physiographically, the Sierra is a section of the Cascade-Sierra Mountains province, which in turn is part of the larger Pacific Mountain System physiographic division. The range is drained on its western slope by the Central Valley watershed, the northern third of the western Sierra is part of the Sacramento River watershed, and the middle third is drained by the San Joaquin River. The eastern slope watershed of the Sierra is much narrower, its rivers flow out into the endorheic Great Basin of eastern California and western Nevada. Although none of the eastern rivers reach the sea, many of the streams from Mono Lake southwards are diverted into the Los Angeles Aqueduct which provides water to Southern California, the height of the mountains in the Sierra Nevada increases gradually from north to south. Between Fredonyer Pass and Lake Tahoe, the range from 5,000 feet to more than 9,000 feet. The crest near Lake Tahoe is roughly 9,000 feet high, farther south, the highest peak in Yosemite National Park is Mount Lyell
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When Things Were Rotten
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When Things Were Rotten is an American sitcom television series created in 1975 by Mel Brooks and aired for half a season by ABC. A parody of the Robin Hood legend, the series starred Dick Gautier as Robin Hood, richard Dimitri played a dual role as identical twin brothers, Renaldo was one of the Merry Men, while Bertram was the Sheriffs right-hand man. Brooks again spoofed the Robin Hood legend in his 1993 film Robin Hood, one-liners, sight gags and literal humor were hallmarks of the shows style, e. g. complaining villagers, commanded to Hold your tongues. In another episode, the Sheriff asked to hang the banners, with a cutaway to a husband, a wife. There was also occasional breaking of the wall, In one episode, as one of Robins men was being interrogated, with an accuser asking. Renaldo turns his head, looks off-camera, and says, Mel, causing the Sheriff of Nottingham to shout, Kill the umpire. Prince John, Ill control all the olive oil, anyone who wants to make a salad will have to come to me. During the opening credits, a satirical song Yay for Robin Hood. was performed, Once upon a time when things were rotten, Not just food. Boy oh boy was business good -- Good for Robin Hood and they laughed, they loved, they fought, they drank, They jumped a lot of fences. They robbed the rich, gave to the poor -- Except what they kept for expenses, so when other legends are forgotten Well remember back when things were rotten. Eighteen years later, Brooks produced another Robin Hood parody, the feature film Robin Hood, Van Patten also appeared in the later film as an abbot. The cancellation of When Things Were Rotten allowed Van Patten and Kopell to move on to successful and long-running series — Eight is Enough and The Love Boat. Rifkin, meanwhile, would become best known to modern-day audiences as the ambiguously villainous Arvin Sloane on Alias. Several episodes of the series have released on VHS in North America. The complete series was released on DVD in 2013 as an item exclusively available on Amazon. coms CreateSpace
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Emmy Award
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An Emmy Award, or simply Emmy, recognizes excellence in the television industry, and corresponds to the Academy Award, the Tony Award, and the Grammy Award. Because Emmy Awards are given in various sectors of the American television industry, Regional Emmy Awards are also presented throughout the country at various times through the year, recognizing excellence in local and statewide television. In addition, International Emmys are awarded for excellence in TV programming produced, each is responsible for administering a particular set of Emmy ceremonies. The Los Angeles-based Academy of Television Arts & Sciences established the Emmy Award as part of an image-building and public relations opportunity. The first Emmy Awards ceremony took place on January 25,1949, at the Hollywood Athletic Club, shirley Dinsdale has the distinction of receiving the very first Emmy Award for Most Outstanding Television Personality, during that first awards ceremony. In the 1950s, the ATAS expanded the Emmys into a national event, in 1955, the National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences was formed in New York City as a sister organization to serve members on the East Coast, and help to also supervise the Emmys. The NATAS also established regional chapters throughout the United States, with each one developing their own local Emmy awards show for local programming, the ATAS still however maintained its separate regional ceremony honoring local programming in the Los Angeles Area. Originally there was only one Emmy Awards ceremony held per year to honor shows nationally broadcast in the United States, in 1974, the first Daytime Emmy Awards ceremony was held to specifically honor achievement in national daytime programming. Other area-specific Emmy Awards ceremonies soon followed, also, the International Emmy Awards, honoring television programs produced and initially aired outside the U. S. was established in the early 1970s. Meanwhile, all Emmys awarded prior to the emergence of these separate, in 1977, due to various conflicts, the ATAS and the NATAS agreed to split ties. However, they agreed to share ownership of the Emmy statue and trademark. With the rise of television in the 1980s, cable programs first became eligible for the Primetime Emmys in 1988. The ATAS also began accepting original online-only web television programs in 2013, the Emmy statuette, depicting a winged woman holding an atom, was designed by television engineer Louis McManus, who used his wife as the model. The TV Academy rejected a total of forty-seven proposals before settling on McManus design in 1948. The statuette has become the symbol of the TV Academys goal of supporting and uplifting the art and science of television, The wings represent the muse of art. When deciding a name for the award, Academy founder Syd Cassyd originally suggested Ike, however, Ike was also the popular nickname of World War II hero and future U. S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower, and the Academy members wanted something unique. Finally, television engineer and the third president, Harry Lubcke, suggested the name Immy. After Immy was chosen, it was feminized to Emmy to match their female statuette
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ITV (TV network)
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ITV is a commercial TV network in the United Kingdom. Since the passing of the Broadcasting Act 1990 its legal name has been Channel 3, to distinguish it from the analogue channels at the time, namely BBC1, BBC2. ITV is a network of channels that operate regional television services as well as sharing programmes between each other to be displayed on the entire network. In recent years, several of companies have merged so currently the fifteen franchises are in the hands of two companies. With the exception of Northern Ireland, the ITV brand is the used by ITV plc for the Channel 3 service in these areas. In Northern Ireland, ITV plc uses the brand name UTV, STV Group plc, uses the STV brand for its two franchises of central and northern Scotland. The origins of ITV lie in the passing of the Television Act 1954, the act created the Independent Television Authority to heavily regulate the industry and to award franchises. The first six franchises were awarded in 1954 for London, the Midlands, the first ITV network to launch was Londons Associated-Rediffusion on 22 September 1955, with the Midlands and North services launching in February 1956 and May 1956 respectively. Following these launches, the ITA awarded more franchises until the country was covered by fourteen regional stations. Following the 1993 changes, ITV as a network began to consolidate with several companies doing so to save money by ceasing the duplication of services present when they were all separate companies. The ITV Network is not owned or operated by one company, since 2016 the fifteen licences are held by two companies, with the majority held by ITV Broadcasting Limited, part of ITV plc. The network is regulated by the media regulator Ofcom who is responsible for awarding the broadcast licences, the last major review of the Channel 3 franchises was in 1991, with all operators licences having been renewed between 1999 and 2002 and again from 2014 without a further contest. However, due to amalgamation of several of companies since the creation of ITV Network Limited. Approved by Ofcom, this results in ITV plc commissioning and funding the network schedule, all licensees have the right to opt out of network programming, however many do not due to pressures from the parent company or because of limited resources. The network also needs to produce accessible output containing subtitles, signing, in exchange for this programming, the ITV network is available on all platforms free to air and can be found at the top of the EPG of all providers. Since the launch of the platform in 1998, all of the ITV licensees have received gifted capacity on the terrestrial television platform. At present, the companies are able to broadcast additional channels and all choose to broadcast the ITV plc owned ITV2, ITV3, ITV4 and CITV in their region. UTV and STV previously broadcast their own services – UTV2 in Northern Ireland and S2 in central and northern Scotland – until 2002, the broadcasters all make use of the Digital 3&4 multiplex, shared with Channel 4
