1.
Soap opera
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A soap opera, soap, or soapie, is a serial drama on television or radio that examines the lives of many characters, usually focusing on emotional relationships to the point of melodrama. The term soap opera originated from such dramas being typically sponsored by soap manufacturers in the past, the first serial considered to be a soap opera was Painted Dreams, which debuted on October 20,1930 on Chicago radio station WGN. The first nationally broadcast radio soap opera was Clara, Lu, and Em, a crucial element that defines the soap opera is the open-ended serial nature of the narrative, with stories spanning several episodes. One of the features that makes a television program a soap opera. While Spanish language telenovelas are sometimes called soap operas, telenovelas have conflicts that get resolved, but with soap operas each episode ends with a promise that the storyline is to be continued in another episode. You spend more time even with the characters, the apparent villains grow less apparently villainous. Soap opera storylines run concurrently, intersect and lead into further developments, each episode may feature some of the shows current storylines, but not always all of them. Soap operas rarely bring all the current storylines to a conclusion at the same time, when one storyline ends, there are several other story threads at differing stages of development. Soap opera episodes typically end on some sort of cliffhanger, evening soap operas and those that air at a rate of one episode per week are more likely to feature the entire cast in each episode, and to represent all current storylines in each episode. Evening soap operas and serials that run for only part of the year tend to bring things to a dramatic end-of-season cliffhanger, the article explained that at that time, many prime time series lost money, while daytime serials earned profits several times more than their production costs. Fitting in with these characteristics, most soap operas follow the lives of a group of characters who live or work in a particular place, the storylines follow the day-to-day activities and personal relationships of these characters. These elements may be found across the gamut of soap operas, Due to the prominence of English-language television, most soap-operas are completely English. In many soap operas, in particular daytime serials in the US, Soap operas from the United Kingdom and Australia tend to focus on more everyday characters and situations, and are frequently set in working class environments. Many of the soaps produced in two countries explore social realist storylines such as family discord, marriage breakdown or financial problems. This diverges from US soap operas where such comedy is rare, UK soap operas frequently make a claim to presenting reality or purport to have a realistic style. Romance, secret relationships, extramarital affairs, and genuine hate have been the basis for many soap opera storylines, in US daytime serials, the most popular soap opera characters, and the most popular storylines, often involved a romance of the sort presented in paperback romance novels. Crimes such as kidnapping, rape, and even murder may go unpunished if the perpetrator is to be retained in the ongoing story, Australian and UK soap operas also feature a significant proportion of romance storylines. In Russia, most popular serials explore the romantic quality of criminal and/or oligarch life, in soap opera storylines, previously unknown children, siblings and twins of established characters often emerge to upset and reinvigorate the set of relationships examined by the series
2.
William J. Bell
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William Joseph Bill Bell was an American screenwriter and television producer, best known as the creator of the soap operas Another World, The Young and the Restless and The Bold and the Beautiful. Bell was married to talk show host Lee Phillip Bell, who co-created The Young and the Restless and The Bold. Their three children, Bill Jr. Bradley, and Lauralee, and daughter-in-law Maria Arena Bell are all involved in their parents soaps in some capacity. Brenda Dickson, an original cast member of The Young and The Restless and he then went on to wreak havoc on her personal and professional life by hiring Mafia cartel judges and attorneys to ruin her life. As a result, she ended up broke and homeless and has been blocked from working ever since, on April 29,2005, Bell died at age 78 from complications of Alzheimers disease. He is buried at Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery in Los Angeles and he started out as a comedy writer at WBBM-TV in Chicago, and one day he made a call to Irna Phillips secretary Rose Cooperman asking her Does Irna have an opening. Rose said Irna did have an opening, by the time he got there it turned out the guy who was leaving decided to stay. About two years later William J. Bell was in advertising business and he ran into Irnas niece and she mentioned him to Irna and Ms. Phillips remembered who he was, she also knew his wife, who was a celebrity in Chicago at that time. He started out at $75 a week and ended up living in what once was Howard Hughes villa and his mother regularly listened to radio soap operas, Life Can Be Beautiful, The Romance of Helen Trent, Our Gal Sunday and The Guiding Light. Bell co-created Another World with Phillips in 1964, in 1965, he co-created the primetime As the World Turns spinoff Our Private World. In 1966, he was hired as writer of the then-struggling soap Days of Our Lives. Bell was credited with the initial surge of popularity. Bell changed the dynamics of soaps when he began focusing on sexuality, formerly, soap operas did not delve into the sexual side of their romances. He intended to leave the show around 1972 when he began creating his own show The Young and the Restless and he remained as head writer until 1975. In 1972, CBS executives wanted a new daytime serial that was youth oriented, William along with his wife Lee Phillip Bell created The Young and the Restless for the network under the working title, The Innocent Years. However, before the show went into production, he had to rename the series as Bell mentioned. We were confronted with the very disturbing reality that young America had lost much of its innocence. Innocence as we had known and lived it all our lives had, in so many respects and they renamed the series to The Young and the Restless because they felt it reflected the youth and mood of the early seventies. He spent between ten and sixteen hours a day writing stories, the Young and the Restless debuted on March 26,1973
3.
Lee Phillip Bell
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Loreley Lee June Phillip Bell is a former talk show host and soap opera creator. Bell was born Loreley June Phillip in Chicago, Illinois, to florists James and her parents named her after a French flower. She has a brother, J. R. and a younger brother. Bell is one of the most notable graduates from what is now known as Riverside-Brookfield High School in Brookfield and she then received a degree in microbiology from Northwestern University. After graduating from Northwestern, Bell returned to work in her familys floral shop with her brothers, on occasion, she accompanied her brother Russell to the local television station where he worked on a local talk show demonstrating flower arrangement. Eventually, she took over this job from him, before quitting the floral shop altogether and she was eventually named as a host of a WBBM talk show named for her. The Lee Phillip Show was notable in that it was the first to show an on air self breast examination, the Lee Phillip Show was also shown in other cities in the early 1960s, usually by CBS network affiliates. The show received 16 local Emmy Awards, and ran from 1952 to 1986 and she also hosted other programs, including a Saturday morning childrens program on WBBM-TV titled Lee Phillips Friendship Show. She was co-host of a WBBM Radio weekday afternoon show with Paul Gibson titled The Lady & The Tiger, while working at the talk show, Bell met advertising agent William J. Bell, later marrying him in 1954. The marriage lasted until his death in 2005, during the early days of their marriage, he left advertising and began writing soap operas like Guiding Light, As the World Turns and Another World with Irna Phillips. Lee Bell would learn about important issues via her television show, and pass them along to her husband, who in turn would weave them into his storylines. After leaving her TV show, Bell joined her husband to co-create the popular CBS soap opera The Young and the Restless in 1973 and its sister show The Bold and she also served as executive producer of The Bold and the Beautiful in the 1980s. She won a Daytime Emmy Award in 1975 for Outstanding Daytime Drama Series for Y&R, in 1977 she was the first woman to receive the Governors Award from the Chicago chapter of the National Academy of Television Arts & Sciences. In 2007, Bell was awarded a Daytime Emmy for Lifetime Achievement for her contributions to daytime television and she and her late husband lived in Beverly Hills in a house formerly owned by aviation mogul Howard Hughes and also Cary Grant. Her brother Russ Phillip continues to run Phillips Flowers & Gifts, Lee Phillip Bell at the Internet Movie Database
4.
Bradley Bell
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Bradley Phillip Bell is an American television writer and producer. Bell is an eight-time Daytime Emmy Award winner and is producer and head writer for The Bold and the Beautiful. Bradley Bell was born in Chicago, Illinois, the son of William J. Bell, bells parents co-created the soap operas The Young and the Restless and The Bold and the Beautiful. His mother was also an Emmy Award-winning broadcast journalist and talk show personality, Bell graduated from the Latin School of Chicago before attending the University of Colorado at Boulder and the University of Wisconsin at Madison. He concluded his studies at University of California, Los Angeles where he majored in television production before going on to join the staff of The Young. Bell was promoted to producer in 1989 and again to supervising producer in 1992. He has been the writer and executive producer of the show since 1993 and 1995 respectively. It wasn’t until 2000 that Bradley Bell received his first Daytime Emmy Award nomination, on January 14,2015 CBS Television City, celebrating 7000 episodes of The Bold and The Beautiful, dedicated Studio 31 to Bell in honor of his work since the first day of the series. Bell married Colleen Bell in October 1991 and they have 4 children and they live in Holmby Hills, Los Angeles, California. According to the Center for Investigative Reporting, Bradley and Colleen Bell use at least 2 million gallons of water per year to irrigate their personal estate. Bells sister, Lauralee Bell is an actress best known for her role as Christine Blair on The Young and the Restless and The Bold and the Beautiful
5.
David Shaughnessy
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David James Shaughnessy is a British voice over actor, television director, producer and theatre director. He was educated at Eton College and the Central School of Speech, as an actor, he started in repertory theatres all around the UK and went on to become a principal actor with the famous Old Vic Theatre Company in London and touring around the world. He went on to perform in tours, including 18 months in Godspell for producer Cameron Mackintosh. Later he turned to theatre and television directing and he directed in repertory companies all around the UK, culminating in directing the world premiere of Steve Browns critically acclaimed musical, Elmer Gantry at the Festival Theatre, Chichester. In 1985, he made his voice debut in Jim Hensons cult classic. He voiced Sir Didymus, the Mexican hat and many other goblin characters, after acting in many American TV shows and films, he moved into producing and TV directing, ultimately becoming executive producer of the daytime drama, The Young and the Restless. Most recently he was on the team of The Bold. He guest teaches and directs at Harvard Westlake High School in Los Angeles and was an Instructor in multi-camera directing at the Columbia College Hollywood Film School and his father was Alfred Shaughnessy, a scriptwriter, best known for his work as Head Writer and producer of Upstairs, Downstairs. His elder brother is the actor Charles Shaughnessy, best known as Maxwell Sheffield on the show, The Nanny. His wife is former Days of Our Lives head writer Anne Schoettle, david and Anne live in Los Angeles and have three daughters Amy, Katie and Josie. He is the heir presumptive to the Barony of Shaughnessy, which is held by his brother, cartoons, Super John Doe Jr.2 - Dr
6.
CBS Television City
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CBS Television City, alternatively Television City, is a television studio complex located in the Fairfax District of Los Angeles at 7800 Beverly Boulevard, at the corner of North Fairfax Avenue. Since 1961, it has served as the control facility for CBSs west coast television network operations, prior to that. The companys West Coast radio production center is located more than a mile away to the south, since its inauguration in 1952, numerous TV shows have been broadcast live or taped at Television City, including many shows not broadcast on CBS. Many films have also produced in part at Television City, such as the 1996 feature That Thing You Do. starring Tom Hanks. During the opening credits of many of the shows taped here, the complex currently houses a total of eight separate studios. Backstage tours infrequently take place, with the guests being escorted by a CBS page, CBS Television City opened on November 16,1952. It was built on the site of a football field and race track. Before the stadium, it was an oil field, Gilmore Stadium was part of a sports/entertainment complex that included Gilmore Field and the Pan Pacific Auditorium. By the late 1930s, the Gilmore company had both the football stadium and the baseball park. Gilmore sold the stadium to CBS in 1950, and that years Turkey Night Grand Prix midget race was the last race run on its track, two years later, CBS built Television City on the site. After the Hollywood Stars transferred out of the city in 1958, the ballpark was razed, the stark modern architecture at Television City consists of black and white planes meeting at razor-sharp corners, with accents of dazzling red, the work of Pereira & Luckman of Los Angeles. The studio facility was built to handle the production needs for the network. The buildings black and white color scheme was used to identify areas where it was designed to be expanded. Black walls and glass walls indicated temporary structure that could be removed during expansion, later, another renovation further added two more studios in what had been rehearsal halls in the original building. The original plans for Television City called for 24 soundstages, before CBS executives deciding to settle with just the initial four, Studio 43 was equipped with RCA TK-40A color cameras in 1954, with cables allowing any of the original four studios to use those cameras. In 1956, Studio 41 was equipped with RCA TK-41s, however, CBS color broadcasts decreased in frequency until the following decade, when the 1964 production of Rodgers and Hammersteins Cinderella was recorded. CBS programs were, in general, in black-and-white until Norelco PC-60s were installed starting in 1964, Studio 33 is the current home of the long-running CBS game show The Price Is Right and the HBO late-night series Real Time with Bill Maher. On April 9,1998, on the 5000th episode of The Price Is Right, CBS named Studio 33 as the Bob Barker Studio in honor of the longtime host
7.
Multiple-camera setup
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The multiple-camera setup, multiple-camera mode of production, multi-camera or simply multicam is a method of filmmaking and video production. Several cameras—either film or professional video cameras—are employed on the set and it is often contrasted with single-camera setup, which uses one camera. In this way, multiple shots are obtained in a single take without having to start and this is more efficient for programs that are to be shown a short time after being shot as it reduces the time spent film editing or video editing the footage. It is also a necessity for regular, high-output shows like daily soap operas. It also reduces the complexity of tracking continuity issues that crop up when the scene is reshot from the different angles and it is an essential part of live television. These can be hidden from just one camera but can be more complicated to set up. Another drawback is in film usage—a four-camera setup will use up to four times as much film per take, while shooting, the director and assistant director create a line cut by instructing the technical director to switch between the feed from the individual cameras. In the case of sitcoms with studio audiences, this cut is typically displayed to them on studio monitors. The line cut might be refined later in editing, as often the output from all cameras is recorded, both separately and as a combined reference display called the q split. The camera currently being recorded to the cut is indicated by a tally light controlled by a camera control unit on the camera as a reference both for the actors and the camera operators. When sound came into the picture multiple cameras were used to film sets at a single time. Early sound was recorded onto wax discs that could not be edited, the BBC routinely used multiple cameras for their live television shows from 1936 onward. Desilus innovation was to use 35mm film instead of 16mm and to film with a multiple-camera setup before a studio audience. In the late 1970s, Garry Marshall was credited with adding the fourth camera to the multi-camera set-up for his series Mork & Mindy, soon after, many productions followed suit and now having four cameras is the norm for multi-camera situation comedies. The multiple-camera method gives the director less control over each shot but is faster, in television, multiple-camera is commonly used for sports programs, news programs, soap operas, talk shows, game shows, and some sitcoms. Before the pre-filmed continuing series became the dominant dramatic form on American television, multiple cameras can take different shots of a live situation as the action unfolds chronologically and is suitable for shows which require a live audience. For this reason, multiple camera productions can be filmed or taped much faster than single camera, multiple-camera sitcoms were more simplified but have been compared to theatre work due to its similar set-up and use of theatre-experienced actors and crew members. The majority of British sitcoms and dramas from the 1950s to the early 1990s were made using four cameras, unlike the United States, the development of completed filmed programming, using the single camera method, was limited for several decades
8.
New World Pictures
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New World Pictures was an American independent production, distribution, and multimedia company. It was founded in 1970 by Roger Corman as a producer and distributor of motion pictures, New World eventually expanded into broadcasting with the acquisition of seven television stations in 1993, with the broadcasting unit expanding through additional purchases made during 1994. S. Although effectively defunct, it, along with various subsidiaries, continues to exist as holding companies within the complex 21st Century Fox corporate structure. At the time, New World was the last remaining national low-budget film distributor, Corman hoped to continue AIPs formula at New World, making low-budget films made by new talent and distributing them internationally. However, it started out with only ten domestic offices, and one each in Canada, New World initially made exploitation films such as The Student Nurses and other small-scale productions. Corman helped launch the careers of Jonathan Demme, Jonathan Kaplan, Ron Howard, Paul Bartel and Joe Dante. New World also released films from acclaimed directors such as Ingmar Bergman, Federico Fellini. The distribution of films was conceived by Corman in an effort to disassociate New World as an exhibitor for exploitation films. In 1983, Corman sold New World to Larry Kupin, Harry E. Sloan and Larry A. Thompson for $16.5 million, Corman retained the film library, while New World acquired home video rights to the releases. Later that year, Thompson left the company to form his own firm, in May 1986, New World acquired post-production facility Lions Gate Studios for $4.4 million. That November, the acquired the Marvel Entertainment Group, the corporate parent of Marvel Comics. By early 1987, the company sold its shares in Taft Broadcasting for $17.8 million, in 1987, New World acquired independent film studio Highgate Pictures and the Learning Corporation of America. By this time, New World Pictures changed its name to New World Entertainment to better reflect its a range of subsidiaries besides the film studio, also that year, New World almost purchased two toy companies, Kenner Products and Mattel, but both planned acquisitions never materialized. In the fall of 1987, New World became the third in the list of time series producers to the network after Lorimar-Telepictures. In 1988, Michael Mann, executive producer of the syndicated program Crime Story. Around this time, New World faced a financial slump. GE demurred, preferring an insolvency workout and tried to force the company to file for Chapter 11 bankruptcy and this began with the sale of Marvel Entertainment Group to Andrews Group in 1989, Marvel Productions was excluded from the sale. In an irony, later that year, Perelman subsequently acquired New World Entertainment, the bulk of its film and home video holdings were sold in January 1990 to Trans-Atlantic Pictures, a newly formed production company founded by a consortium of former New World executives
9.
20th Television
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Twentieth Television is an American television syndication studio and the syndication arm of 20th Century Fox Television itself a subsidiary of 21st Century Fox. 20th Television was formed in 1989 by Fox, Inc. in order to separate 20th Century Foxs television productions from the studio in order to increase the latters output. During this time, 20th Television and 20th Century Fox served as two of Foxs four main units, along with the Fox Broadcasting Company and Fox Television Stations, the company also syndicates and/or co-syndicates product from partners such as Regency Television and Debmar-Mercury. As a result, the companys president will now report to the latters chairmen. Greg Meidel is the president of 20th Television, 20th Television at the Internet Movie Database
10.
CBS
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CBS is an American commercial broadcast television network that is a flagship property of CBS Corporation. The company is headquartered at the CBS Building in New York City with major facilities and operations in New York City. CBS is sometimes referred to as the Eye Network, in reference to the iconic logo. It has also called the Tiffany Network, alluding to the perceived high quality of CBS programming during the tenure of William S. Paley. It can also refer to some of CBSs first demonstrations of color television, the network has its origins in United Independent Broadcasters Inc. a collection of 16 radio stations that was purchased by Paley in 1928 and renamed the Columbia Broadcasting System. Under Paleys guidance, CBS would first become one of the largest radio networks in the United States, in 1974, CBS dropped its former full name and became known simply as CBS, Inc. In 2000, CBS came under the control of Viacom, which was formed as a spin-off of CBS in 1971, CBS Corporation is controlled by Sumner Redstone through National Amusements, which also controls the current Viacom. The television network has more than 240 owned-and-operated and affiliated stations throughout the United States. The origins of CBS date back to January 27,1927, Columbia Phonographic went on the air on September 18,1927, with a presentation by the Howard Barlow Orchestra from flagship station WOR in Newark, New Jersey, and fifteen affiliates. Operational costs were steep, particularly the payments to AT&T for use of its land lines, in early 1928 Judson sold the network to brothers Isaac and Leon Levy, owners of the networks Philadelphia affiliate WCAU, and their partner Jerome Louchenheim. With the record out of the picture, Paley quickly streamlined the corporate name to Columbia Broadcasting System. He believed in the power of advertising since his familys La Palina cigars had doubled their sales after young William convinced his elders to advertise on radio. By September 1928, Paley bought out the Louchenheim share of CBS, during Louchenheims brief regime, Columbia paid $410,000 to A. H. Grebes Atlantic Broadcasting Company for a small Brooklyn station, WABC, which would become the networks flagship station. WABC was quickly upgraded, and the relocated to 860 kHz. The physical plant was relocated also – to Steinway Hall on West 57th Street in Manhattan, by the turn of 1929, the network could boast to sponsors of having 47 affiliates. Paley moved right away to put his network on a financial footing. In the fall of 1928, he entered talks with Adolph Zukor of Paramount Pictures. The deal came to fruition in September 1929, Paramount acquired 49% of CBS in return for a block of its stock worth $3.8 million at the time
11.
NTSC
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The first NTSC standard was developed in 1941 and had no provision for color. In 1953 a second NTSC standard was adopted, which allowed for television broadcasting which was compatible with the existing stock of black-and-white receivers. NTSC was the first widely adopted broadcast color system and remained dominant until 1997, North America, parts of Central America, and South Korea are adopting or have adopted the ATSC standards, while other countries are adopting or have adopted other standards instead of ATSC. After nearly 70 years, the majority of over-the-air NTSC transmissions in the United States ceased on January 1,2010, the majority of NTSC transmissions ended in Japan on July 24,2011, with the Japanese prefectures of Iwate, Miyagi, and Fukushima ending the next year. In March 1941, the committee issued a standard for black-and-white television that built upon a 1936 recommendation made by the Radio Manufacturers Association. Technical advancements of the side band technique allowed for the opportunity to increase the image resolution. The NTSC selected 525 scan lines as a compromise between RCAs 441-scan line standard and Philcos and DuMonts desire to increase the number of lines to between 605 and 800. The standard recommended a frame rate of 30 frames per second, other standards in the final recommendation were an aspect ratio of 4,3, and frequency modulation for the sound signal. In January 1950, the committee was reconstituted to standardize color television, in December 1953, it unanimously approved what is now called the NTSC color television standard. The compatible color standard retained full backward compatibility with existing black-and-white television sets, Color information was added to the black-and-white image by introducing a color subcarrier of precisely 315/88 MHz. These changes amounted to 0.1 percent and were tolerated by existing television receivers. The FCC had briefly approved a different color standard, starting in October 1950. However, this standard was incompatible with black-and-white broadcasts and it used a rotating color wheel, reduced the number of scan lines from 525 to 405, and increased the field rate from 60 to 144, but had an effective frame rate of only 24 frames per second. CBS rescinded its system in March 1953, and the FCC replaced it on December 17,1953, with the NTSC color standard, later that year, the improved TK-41 became the standard camera used throughout much of the 1960s. The NTSC standard has been adopted by countries, including most of the Americas. With the advent of television, analog broadcasts are being phased out. Most US NTSC broadcasters were required by the FCC to shut down their analog transmitters in 2009, low-power stations, Class A stations and translators were required to shut down by 2015. NTSC color encoding is used with the System M television signal, each frame is composed of two fields, each consisting of 262.5 scan lines, for a total of 525 scan lines
12.
1080i
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1080i is an abbreviation referring to a combination of frame resolution and scan type, used in high-definition television and high-definition video. The number 1080 refers to the number of lines on the screen. The term assumes a widescreen ratio of 16,9, so the 1080 lines of vertical resolution implies 1920 columns of horizontal resolution. A1920 pixels ×1080 lines screen has a total of 2.1 megapixels and this format is used in the SMPTE 292M standard. The choice of 1080 lines originates with Charles Poynton, who in the early 1990s pushed for square pixels to be used in HD video formats, within the designation 1080i, the i stands for interlaced scan. A frame of 1080i video consists of two fields of 1920 horizontal and 540 vertical pixels. The first field consists of all odd-numbered TV lines and the second all even numbered lines, 1080i differs from 1080p, where the p stands for progressive scan, where all lines in a frame are captured at the same time. In native or pure 1080i, the two fields of a frame correspond to different instants, so motion portrayal is good and this is true for interlaced video in general and can be easily observed in still images taken of fast motion scenes. However, when 1080p material is captured at 25 or 30 frames/second, it is converted to 1080i at 50 or 60 fields/second, respectively, in this situation both fields in a frame do correspond to the same instant. The field-to-instant relation is more complex for the case of 1080p at 24 frames/second converted to 1080i at 60 fields/second. Both field rates can be carried by digital television broadcast formats such as ATSC, DVB. The frame rate can be implied by the context, while the rate is generally specified after the letter i. In this case 1080i60 refers to 60 fields per second, the European Broadcasting Union prefers to use the resolution and frame rate separated by a slash, as in 1080i/30 and 1080i/25, likewise 480i/30 and 576i/25. Resolutions of 1080i60 or 1080i50 often refers to 1080i/30 or 1080i/25 in EBU notation, 1080i is directly compatible with some CRT HDTVs on which it can be displayed natively in interlaced form, but for display on progressive-scan—e. g. Most new LCD and plasma TVs, it must be deinterlaced, depending on the televisions video processing capabilities, the resulting video quality may vary, but may not necessarily suffer. For example, film material at 25fps may be deinterlaced from 1080i50 to restore a full 1080p resolution at the frame rate without any loss. Preferably video material with 50 or 60 motion phases/second is to be converted to 50p or 60p before display, worldwide, most HD channels on satellite and cable broadcast in 1080i. This also allows local newscasts on these ABC affiliates to be produced in the resolution to match the picture quality of their 1080i competitors
13.
Stereophonic sound
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Stereophonic sound or, more commonly, stereo, is a method of sound reproduction that creates an illusion of multi-directional audible perspective. Thus the term applies to so-called quadraphonic and surround-sound systems as well as the more common two-channel. It is often contrasted with monophonic, or mono sound, where audio is heard as coming from one position, in the 2000s, stereo sound is common in entertainment systems such as broadcast radio and TV, recorded music and the cinema. The word stereophonic derives from the Greek στερεός, firm, solid + φωνή, sound, tone, voice and it was coined in 1927 by Western Electric, the signal is then reproduced over multiple loudspeakers to recreate, as closely as possible, the live sound. Secondly artificial or pan-pot stereo, in which a sound is reproduced over multiple loudspeakers. By varying the amplitude of the signal sent to each speaker an artificial direction can be suggested. The control which is used to vary this relative amplitude of the signal is known as a pan-pot, by combining multiple pan-potted mono signals together, a complete, yet entirely artificial, sound field can be created. In technical usage, true stereo sound recording and sound reproduction that uses stereographic projection to encode the relative positions of objects and events recorded. During two-channel stereo recording, two microphones are placed in strategically chosen locations relative to the source, with both recording simultaneously. The two recorded channels will be similar, but each will have distinct time-of-arrival and sound-pressure-level information, during playback, the listeners brain uses those subtle differences in timing and sound level to triangulate the positions of the recorded objects. Stereo recordings often cannot be played on systems without a significant loss of fidelity. This phenomenon is known as phase cancellation and this two-channel telephonic process was commercialized in France from 1890 to 1932 as the Théâtrophone, and in England from 1895 to 1925 as the Electrophone. Both were services available by coin-operated receivers at hotels and cafés, modern stereophonic technology was invented in the 1930s by British engineer Alan Blumlein at EMI, who patented stereo records, stereo films, and also surround sound. In early 1931, Blumlein and his wife were at a local cinema, Blumlein declared to his wife that he had found a way to make the sound follow the actor across the screen. The genesis of ideas is uncertain, but he explained them to Isaac Shoenberg in the late summer of 1931. His earliest notes on the subject are dated 25 September 1931, the application was dated 14 December 1931, and was accepted on 14 June 1933 as UK patent number 394,325. The patent covered many ideas in stereo, some of which are used today and these discs used the two walls of the groove at right angles in order to carry the two channels. Much of the development work on this system for cinematic use did not reach completion until 1935, in Blumleins short test films, his original intent of having the sound follow the actor was fully realised
14.
The Young and the Restless
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The Young and the Restless is an American television soap opera created by William J. Bell and Lee Phillip Bell for CBS. The show is set in a fictional Wisconsin town called Genoa City, first broadcast on March 26,1973, The Young and the Restless was originally broadcast as half-hour episodes, five times a week. The show expanded to one-hour episodes on February 4,1980, in 2006, the series began airing encore episodes weeknights on SOAPnet until 2013, when Y&R moved to TVGN. Pop still airs the episodes on weeknights, starting July 1,2013. The series is syndicated internationally. The Young and the Restless originally focused on two families, the wealthy Brooks family and the working class Foster family. After a series of recasts and departures in the early 1980s, all the characters except Jill Foster. Bell replaced them with the new families, the Abbotts. Over the years, other such as the Newmans, Winters. Despite these changes, one storyline that has endured through almost the entire run is the feud between Jill Abbott and Katherine Chancellor, the longest rivalry on any American soap opera. Since its debut, The Young and the Restless has won nine Daytime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Drama Series and it is also currently the highest-rated daytime drama on American television. As of 2008, it had appeared at the top of the weekly Nielsen ratings in that category for more than 1,000 weeks since 1988. As of December 12,2013, according to Nielsen ratings, The Young, on January 15,2014, the series was in the middle of its final year of its 2010 contract, and was renewed by CBS through 2017. Y&R is also a show to the Bells other soap opera The Bold. To compete with the youthful ABC soap operas, All My Children, One Life to Live, William J. Bell and Lee Phillip Bell created The Young and the Restless in 1972 for the network under the working title, The Innocent Years. We were confronted with the very disturbing reality that young America had lost much of its innocence, innocence as we had known and lived it all our lives had, in so many respects, ceased to exist. They changed the title of the series to The Young and the Restless because they felt it reflected the youth, the Young and the Restless began airing on March 26,1973, replacing the canceled soap opera, Where the Heart Is. Bell worked as writer from the debut of the series until his retirement in 1998
15.
Television
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Television or TV is a telecommunication medium used for transmitting moving images in monochrome, or in color, and in two or three dimensions and sound. The term can refer to a set, a television program. Television is a medium for entertainment, education, news, politics, gossip. Television became available in experimental forms in the late 1920s. After World War II, a form of black-and-white TV broadcasting became popular in the United States and Britain, and television sets became commonplace in homes, businesses. During the 1950s, television was the medium for influencing public opinion. In the mid-1960s, color broadcasting was introduced in the US, for many reasons, the storage of television and video programming now occurs on the cloud. At the end of the first decade of the 2000s, digital television transmissions greatly increased in popularity, another development was the move from standard-definition television to high-definition television, which provides a resolution that is substantially higher. HDTV may be transmitted in various formats, 1080p, 1080i, in 2013, 79% of the worlds households owned a television set. Most TV sets sold in the 2000s were flat-panel, mainly LEDs, major manufacturers announced the discontinuation of CRT, DLP, plasma, and even fluorescent-backlit LCDs by the mid-2010s. In the near future, LEDs are gradually expected to be replaced by OLEDs, also, major manufacturers have announced that they will increasingly produce smart TVs in the mid-2010s. Smart TVs with integrated Internet and Web 2.0 functions became the dominant form of television by the late 2010s, Television signals were initially distributed only as terrestrial television using high-powered radio-frequency transmitters to broadcast the signal to individual television receivers. Alternatively television signals are distributed by cable or optical fiber, satellite systems and. Until the early 2000s, these were transmitted as analog signals, a standard television set is composed of multiple internal electronic circuits, including a tuner for receiving and decoding broadcast signals. A visual display device which lacks a tuner is correctly called a video monitor rather than a television, the word television comes from Ancient Greek τῆλε, meaning far, and Latin visio, meaning sight. The Anglicised version of the term is first attested in 1907 and it was. formed in English or borrowed from French télévision. In the 19th century and early 20th century, other. proposals for the name of a technology for sending pictures over distance were telephote. The abbreviation TV is from 1948, the use of the term to mean a television set dates from 1941
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Crossover (fiction)
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A crossover is the placement of two or more otherwise discrete fictional characters, settings, or universes into the context of a single story. They can arise from legal agreements between the relevant copyright holders, unauthorized efforts by fans or common corporate ownership, Crossovers often occur in an official capacity in order for the intellectual property rights holders to reap the financial reward of combining two or more popular, established properties. In other cases, the crossover can serve to introduce a new derivative of an older one. They may also involve using characters that have passed into the domain with those concurrently under copyright protection. A crossover story may try to explain its own reason for the crossover, some crossovers are not explained at all. Others are absurd or simply impossible within the setting, and have to be ignored by the series respective continuities. Still others intentionally make the relations between two or more fictional universes confusing, as with The Simpsons and Futurama, where each show is fiction in the other. Crossovers of multiple characters owned by one company or published by one publisher, have used to set an established continuity. This is especially true of comic book publishers, as different characters in various Marvel, for example, in the Marvel Comics universe, Spider-Man has frequent dealings with another Marvel hero, Daredevil, just as in the DC Comics Universe, Batman and Superman often collaborate. In comic book terminology, these guest star roles are common enough that they are not considered crossovers, rather, a crossover in comic book terms only occurs when a story spans more than one title. This has led to events, in which major occurrences are shown as affecting most or all of the stories in the shared universe. This story dealt with Zatanna attempting to reconnect with her father, Zatara, and seeking the aid of Hawkman, Batman, Robin, The Atom, Green Lantern, the first major crossover event was spearheaded by the Marvel Editor-in-Chief at the time, Jim Shooter. As a way to further toy sales he devised the Secret Wars crossover which brought all the major Marvel heroes into a twelve issue mini-series to battle a common threat, after the threat was dealt with they all returned to their regular titles. This Secret Wars was hailed as both a critical and commercial success largely because the events of the crossover had lasting effects on the characters, Jim Shooter later perfected his crossover at Valiant Comics with the Unity event. Unity brought all the Valiant characters together to defeat Mothergod but was told within the existing Valiant Comics titles, readers were not obliged to buy all 18 chapters as the story was coherent when reading just one title, but far more layered when all were read. Like Secret Wars, the Unity crossover had lasting effects on the Valiant universe most notably the introduction of Turok, the birth of Magnus Robot Fighter and the death of a major Valiant hero. Dark Horse Comicss Aliens Versus Predator franchise was a success that continued into many games, the comic crossovers from Raj Comics are very famous in India, in which the super heroes meet to fight a common enemy. Many of these crossovers have occurred between Nagraj and Super Commando Dhruva, in Kohram, all the heroes in Raj Universe meet to finish Haru, an extremely powerful enemy
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Los Angeles
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Los Angeles, officially the City of Los Angeles and often known by its initials L. A. is the cultural, financial, and commercial center of Southern California. With a census-estimated 2015 population of 3,971,883, it is the second-most populous city in the United States, Los Angeles is also the seat of Los Angeles County, the most populated county in the United States. The citys inhabitants are referred to as Angelenos, historically home to the Chumash and Tongva, Los Angeles was claimed by Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo for Spain in 1542 along with the rest of what would become Alta California. The city was founded on September 4,1781, by Spanish governor Felipe de Neve. It became a part of Mexico in 1821 following the Mexican War of Independence, in 1848, at the end of the Mexican–American War, Los Angeles and the rest of California were purchased as part of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, thereby becoming part of the United States. Los Angeles was incorporated as a municipality on April 4,1850, the discovery of oil in the 1890s brought rapid growth to the city. The completion of the Los Angeles Aqueduct in 1913, delivering water from Eastern California, nicknamed the City of Angels, Los Angeles is known for its Mediterranean climate, ethnic diversity, and sprawling metropolis. Los Angeles also has an economy in culture, media, fashion, science, sports, technology, education, medicine. A global city, it has been ranked 6th in the Global Cities Index, the city is home to renowned institutions covering a broad range of professional and cultural fields, and is one of the most substantial economic engines within the United States. The Los Angeles combined statistical area has a gross metropolitan product of $831 billion, making it the third-largest in the world, after the Greater Tokyo and New York metropolitan areas. The city has hosted the Summer Olympic Games in 1932 and 1984 and is bidding to host the 2024 Summer Olympics and thus become the second city after London to have hosted the Games three times. The Los Angeles area also hosted the 1994 FIFA mens World Cup final match as well as the 1999 FIFA womens World Cup final match, the mens event was watched on television by over 700 million people worldwide. The Los Angeles coastal area was first settled by the Tongva, a Gabrielino settlement in the area was called iyáangẚ, meaning poison oak place. Gaspar de Portolà and Franciscan missionary Juan Crespí, reached the present site of Los Angeles on August 2,1769, in 1771, Franciscan friar Junípero Serra directed the building of the Mission San Gabriel Arcángel, the first mission in the area. The Queen of the Angels is an honorific of the Virgin Mary, two-thirds of the settlers were mestizo or mulatto with a mixture of African, indigenous and European ancestry. The settlement remained a small town for decades, but by 1820. Today, the pueblo is commemorated in the district of Los Angeles Pueblo Plaza and Olvera Street. New Spain achieved its independence from the Spanish Empire in 1821, during Mexican rule, Governor Pío Pico made Los Angeles Alta Californias regional capital
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Forrester family
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The Forrester family is a family in the CBS Daytime soap opera The Bold and the Beautiful. The Forresters own and run the Los Angeles-based fashion house Forrester Creations and this is a list of all known members of the Forrester family, both past and present, deceased and living. Eric Forrester Patriarch of the Forrester family, Eric believed Ridge Forrester was his oldest son with Stephanie until the 2001 reveal that Ridge was fathered by Massimo Marone. Stephanie Forrester Matriarch of the Forrester family, mother to Ridge, Thorne, Kristen, Felicia and Angela. She is extremely involved in her children and grand-childrens lives and rarely butts out when she feels shes doing what is in their best interest and she has a strong rivalry with Brooke Logan, who has been married to Eric, Ridge and Thorne. Eric married Stephanie originally because she was pregnant with Ridge, died from lung cancer in November 2012. Brooke Logan Eric and Brookes marriage produced two children, Rick and Bridget. Brooke became pregnant with Rick after Ridge chose to be with Caroline, Bridget was conceived during a time when Brooke was intimate with both Eric and Ridge, and she did not know which man had fathered her child. Sheila Carter Eric married nurse Sheila, but divorced her when Lauren Fenmore revealed Sheilas crooked past, Donna Logan She married Eric in 2008, they subsequently divorced. She was formerly engaged to Thorne Forrester, Quinn Fuller Erics new wife, with their marriage being aired in late September of 2016. John Forrester Occasionally mentioned brother of Eric Forrester, John was not seen until 2014 and he is the father of Jessica Forrester through his marriage to Maggie Forrester and Ivy Forrester through his second wife, Claire. Margaret Maggie Forrester Ex-wife of John Forrester and Dr. James Warwick and she had a strong rivalry with Sheila Carter. Claire Forrester Second wife of John Forrester and mother of Ivy Forrester, mentioned by Eric as being accepting and supporting of Johns feisty personality, and to sometimes join him in his adventures. Ridge Forrester The eldest and favorite son of Eric Forrester and Stephanie Forrester, later found to be the son of Massimo Marone. He is currently co-owner and CEO of Forrester Creations and he has three children, Thomas, Phoebe, and Steffy from his marriage to Dr. Taylor Hayes. He has another son, Ridge Forrester Jr. from his previous marriage to Brooke Logan, Caroline Spencer Forrester, 1987-1990 Caroline left Thorne for Ridge. She died from leukemia shortly after their wedding and her twin sister Karen Spencer arrived after her death to seduce him and get him away from Taylor. Taylor Hayes Second wife of Ridge Forrester and mother to Steffy Forrester, Thomas Forrester and their relationship and marriages were often interfered with by Brooke Logan
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Haute couture
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Haute couture is the creation of exclusive custom-fitted clothing. A haute couture garment is made for a client, tailored specifically for the wearers measurements. Considering the amount of time, money, and skill allotted to each completed piece, haute couture garments are described as having no price tag. The term originally referred to Englishman Charles Frederick Worths work, produced in Paris in the mid-nineteenth century, in modern France, haute couture is a protected name that may not be used except by firms that meet certain well-defined standards. However, the term is used loosely to describe all high-fashion custom-fitted clothing whether it is produced in Paris or in other fashion capitals such as London, Milan. In either case, the term can refer to the houses or fashion designers that create exclusive. In France, the haute couture is protected by law and is defined by the Chambre de commerce et dindustrie de Paris based in Paris. The chambre syndicale de la haute couture is defined as the commission that determines which fashion houses are eligible to be true haute couture houses. Formation of the organization was brought about by Charles Frederick Worth, an affiliated school was organized in 1930 called LEcole de la Chambre Syndicale de la Couture. The school helps bring new designers to help the couture houses that are present today. Since 1975, this organization has worked within the Federation Francaise, de couture, more rigorous criteria for haute couture were established in 1945. g. With that of prêt-à-porter in the public perception, almost every haute couture house also markets prêt-à-porter collections, which typically deliver a higher return on investment than their custom clothing. Falling revenues have forced a few houses to abandon their less profitable haute couture division. These houses are no longer considered haute couture houses by the original, legal usage of the term. Many top designer fashion houses such as Chanel use the word for some of their special collections, as well, the term haute couture has taken on further popular meanings referring to non-dressmaking activities, such as production of fine art, music, etc. Haute couture can be referenced back as early as the 17th Century, rose Bertin, the French fashion designer to Queen Marie Antoinette, can be credited for bringing fashion and haute couture to French culture. Visitors to Paris brought back clothing that was copied by local dressmakers. Stylish women also ordered fashion d dressed in the latest Parisian fashion to serve as models, as railroads and steamships made European travel easier, it was increasingly common for wealthy women to travel to Paris to shop for clothing and accessories
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John McCook
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John Thomas McCook is an American actor best known for his roles on daytime soap operas. Since 1987, he has played the role of Eric Forrester on The Bold, from 1976 to February 1980, he portrayed the character of Lance Prentiss on The Young and the Restless. In addition, he has appeared as a guest in episodes on dozens of primetime series, B&B co-star Winsor Harmon once starred with McCook on an episode of Acapulco H. E. A. T. Harmon told Soap Opera Digest about their guest stint on H. E. A. T, I hung out with John McCook the whole time and I kept watching all these people from other countries asking for his autograph. Im thinking to myself, Who the hell is this guy, so one night, we were drinking Coronas and I asked him why he had so many fans and he explained how B&B was so popular around the world. The more he talked about it, the more I was thinking, the first time I drove into the parking lot, there was John, just pointing at me and laughing. He asked what I was doing here and I told him that I was Thorne, thats when he told me that he was going to be playing my dad. Currently McCook and Katherine Kelly Lang are the shows two longest-serving actors, and both debuted in the first episode, McCook is only seven years older than Ronn Moss, who formerly played his son on the show. McCook was dressed as F. Scott Fitzgerald in a costume-party scene in an episode of Magnum PI, in 2001 &2012, McCook received a Daytime Emmy nomination in the Lead Actor category for the role of Eric Forrester. John McCook has been married since 1980 to former actress Laurette Spang and he was married twice previously, including to the now deceased dancer/actress Juliet Prowse. John McCook lives with his family in the Greater Los Angeles Area, Forrester family John McCook at the Internet Movie Database
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Eric Forrester
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Eric Forrester is a fictional character from the American CBS Daytime soap opera The Bold and the Beautiful, played by John McCook. He made his screen appearance on March 23,1987. The character appeared briefly on The Young and the Restless in 1993,1995,1996,2005,2008,2013, McCook had also played Lance Prentiss from 1976 to 1980. Eric and his wife, Stephanie, are co-founders of the Los Angeles-based fashion house, Forrester Creations and they have five children, Ridge, Thorne, Kristen, Felicia and Angela. Two different retcons have taken two of his children. The Angela that Eric meets in 1988 proves to be an imposter who replaced the real Angela when she died in an accident years before, in 2001 it is revealed that the biological father of his firstborn, Ridge, is billionaire shipping magnate, Massimo Marone. Forrester Creations was first started with a $50,000 loan from Stephanies father, John Douglas, with Stephanie working on the business side and Eric on the creative, Forrester Creations becomes a great success, both in prestige and profits. For a time, those profits are eaten away by a far less prestigious rival, Spectra Fashions, when viewers first meet Erics wife, Stephanie, their marriage is already in trouble. Eric declares the marriage stale, while Stephanie blames their woes on his assistant, Margo Lynley, later, Stephanie inadvertently brings an actual other woman into his life when she makes the wrong choice of caterers for her party. One of the employees is his old flame, Beth Henderson. After they meet, the two of them resume their affair from thirty years before. Another employee is Beths daughter, Brooke, who proves a even more serious rival for Erics affections. Eric eventually leaves his wife for Beth, but what brings him back to the Forrester home is the revelation that he has a 24-year-old daughter he never knew, Stephanie had pretended she had had a stillbirth to spare Eric the pain of knowing his daughter was so severely disabled. Stephanie had hired a doctor to give Angela round-the-clock care in a secret house and it turns out the doctor, Todd Powell, had accidentally killed the real Angela years before. The daughter Eric meets is a perfectly functional imposter, other urgent matters—including the secret, withheld even from the partly amnesiac Thorne himself, that Thorne shot Ridge in the back of the head—keep Eric home for a while. And Stephanies machinations, which bring Beths estranged husband back in town, Eric offered comfort to a distraught and emotionally disturbed Brooke who watched Ridge, the man she loved, leave her for Caroline after she lost the baby she was carrying that was Ridges. Eric began to pursue and support Brooke, and she becomes pregnant with Erics child. Deciding to abort the baby, she leaves town and they keep their affair quiet for quite some time
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Katherine Kelly Lang
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Katherine Kelly Lang is an American actress. She is known for her role as Brooke Logan on the CBS Daytime soap opera The Bold and she was born in Hollywood, California and graduated from Beverly Hills High School. She is the daughter of Olympic ski-jumper Keith R. Wegeman and actress Judith Lang and she is the mother of three children, Jeremy Skott Snider, Julian Lang Snider, Zoe Katrina DAndrea, and has a stepdaughter, Danyelle DAndrea. On November 11,2012, it was announced that Lang had filed for divorce, the divorce was finalized on June 2014. Langs first credit role was a movie called Skatetown, U. S. A. with Scott Baio, Lang starred in the 1996 movie Subliminal Seduction. In 1985, Lang appeared in three videos, Alabamas Theres No Way, and The Beach Boys Getcha Back and its sequel Its Gettin Late. In 1987, she was offered the role of blue-collar Brooke Logan on the soap opera The Bold and the Beautiful, and has been an integral part of the program ever since. Her love affair with Ridge Forrester has been a key story arc for over 20 years, and a triangle among Brooke, Ridge. The shows 5, 000th episode included only the four characters, Brooke, Ridge, Stephanie. As of February 2015, Lang is one of two actors to be on The Bold and the Beautiful throughout the series. The other is John McCook, who portrays Eric Forrester and she appeared as Brooke on The Young and the Restless in 1999, interacting with Eric Braeden, Peter Bergman, and Eileen Davidson. Lang previously appeared on The Young and the Restless as Gretchen in 1981 and her work as Brooke has been recognized with seven Soap Opera Digest Award nominations, beginning in 1991 and most recently in 2005. Crystal Chappell won a Daytime Emmy Award along with Lang, Hillary B. Smith and Galen Gering in the Outstanding Drama Series, New Approach category for producing Venice, in 2016, Lang made an appearance as herself in the Australian soap opera Neighbours. Katherine Kelly Lang at the Internet Movie Database
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Brooke Logan
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Brooke Logan is a fictional character from the CBS Daytime soap opera, The Bold and the Beautiful. She has been portrayed by Katherine Kelly Lang since the debut in March 1987. The character is part of the four central characters and actors. Over the years, she has developed into a woman working at Forrester Creations. Her character is described as having emerged as the shows heroine, always in turmoil and forever symbolic of true love. In addition, the character has had rivalries with Stephanie Forrester. Katherine Kelly Lang debuted as the character in 1987, and continues the portray the role today, in 1987, she was briefly replaced by Catherine Hickland while Lang was on sick leave. In 1997, Sandra Ferguson filled in for a amount of time during Langs maternity leave. In 2012, Lang announced that she had signed a contract with the series. The world-wide success of The Bold and the Beautiful has meant world-wide controversy among fans for this most controversial of characters. As far away from the U. S. A. as Kenya, men heatedly condemn this evil and wicked woman, while women praise her for being independent and put men where they belong. In 2013, she received her first Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series nomination her portrayal of Brooke after 25 years of joining the soap. Lang said of the plots and twists in the relationship, Ridge. On January 29,2008, actress Katherine Kelly Lang was asked What do you like about your character Brooke Logan, in mid-2010, Taylors daughter Steffy Forrester began going after Hope Logan s boyfriends. This re-ignited both Taylor and Brookes rivalry and began a new generation rivalry, bradley Bell stated on this, is exciting to see Brooke and Taylor in the more maternal roles. Brooke has a daughter -- miraculously -- who is sweet and a virgin and she is just a darling, and Taylor has a daughter who is trouble. She knows how to manipulate men and she is very sexual, of the characters accidental infidelity with her daughters boyfriend Oliver Jones, Lang stated, She was excited and high on her hormones during an interview with Michael Fairman. Hope began to more like her mother when she became more sexual in her relationship with Liams half-brother
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One Life to Live
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Created by Agnes Nixon, the series was the first daytime drama to primarily feature ethnically and socioeconomically diverse characters and consistently emphasize social issues. One Life to Live was expanded from 30 minutes to 45 minutes on July 26,1976, One Life to Live heavily focuses on the members and relationships of the Lord family. In 2002, the series won an Emmy for Outstanding Drama Series, One Life to Live was the last American daytime soap opera taped in New York City. After nearly 43 years on the air, ABC canceled One Life to Live on April 14,2011. On July 7,2011, production company Prospect Park announced that it would continue the show as a web series after its run on ABC, but later suspended the project. The show taped its final scenes for ABC on November 18,2011, on January 7,2013, Prospect Park resumed its plan to continue One Life to Live as a daily 30-minute web series on Hulu and iTunes via The Online Network. The relaunched series premiered on April 29,2013, the new series was plagued with several behind-the-scenes problems, most notably a litigation between Prospect Park and ABC regarding the misuse of One Life to Live characters on General Hospital. On September 3,2013, Prospect Park suspended production of the series until the lawsuit with ABC was resolved, impressed with the ratings success of NBCs Another World, ABC sought out Another World writer Nixon to create a serial for them. One Life to Live would emphasize the ethnic and socioeconomic diversity of the characters in its fictional setting, Nixon would go on to create All My Children in 1970 and Loving in 1983. One Life to Lives first sponsor was the Colgate-Palmolive company, who also sponsored The Doctors, ABC bought the show from Nixon in December 1974 when they purchased all stock to her Creative Horizons, Inc. The show was originally a half-hour serial until it was expanded to 45 minutes on July 23,1976, One Life to Live is set in the fictional city of Llanview, a suburb of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Long-suffering heroine Viki weathered love and loss, widowhood, rape, divorce, stroke, and breast cancer, Viki also had heart problems and received a transplant from her dying husband Ben Davidson. Featured male protagonist Dr. Larry Wolek also appeared at the episode and for 36 years. The 1980s brought great success and rose to prominence Vikis sister, Tina. One Life to Live celebrated its 40th anniversary in July 2008 with the return of former cast members. Deceased characters and even creator Agnes Nixon appeared in a storyline in which Slezaks Viki dies and visits Heaven, Daytime Emmy-nominee Andrea Evans and others returned for a tribute to Tina Lords famous 1987 plunge over the Iguazu Falls and the 1990 royal wedding in fictional Mendorra. And like the 1988 Old West storyline in which the character Clint Buchanan steps back 100 years in the past, on July 21,2008, Robert S. This studio was made available by the move of sister serial All My Children to a facility in Los Angeles
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All My Children
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Created by Agnes Nixon, All My Children is set in Pine Valley, Pennsylvania, a fictional suburb of Philadelphia, which is modeled on the actual Philadelphia suburb of Rosemont. The original series featured Susan Lucci as Erica Kane, one of daytimes most popular characters, the title of the series refers to the bonds of humanity. All My Children was the first new network daytime drama to debut in the 1970s, originally owned by Creative Horizons, Inc. the company created by Nixon and her husband, Bob, the show was sold to ABC in January 1975. The series started at a half-hour in per-installment length, then was expanded to an hour on April 25,1977. Earlier, the show had experimented with the format for one week starting on June 30,1975. From 1970 to 1990, All My Children was recorded at ABCs TV18 at 101 West 67th St, from March 1990 to December 2009, it was taped at ABCs Studio TV23 at 320 West 66th Street in Manhattan, New York City, New York. In December 2009, the locale for taping the series moved from Manhattan to less costly Los Angeles, California. The show was produced in Stages 1 and 2 at the Andrita Studios in Los Angeles, California from 2010 to 2011. All My Children started taping in high definition on January 4,2010, All My Children became the third soap opera to be produced and broadcast in high definition. At one point, the programs popularity positioned it as the most widely recorded television show in the United States, also, in a departure from societal norms at the time, All My Children, in the mid-1970s, had an audience that was estimated to be 30% male. The show ranked No.1 in the daytime Nielsen ratings in the 1978–79 season, throughout most of the 1980s and into the early 1990s, All My Children was the No.2 daytime soap opera on the air. However, like the rest of the operas in the United States. By the 2010s, it had one of the least watched soap operas in daytime television. On April 14,2011, it was announced that ABC canceled All My Children after 41 years on the air due to low ratings. On July 7,2011, ABC sold the rights of All My Children to third-party production company Prospect Park with the show set to continue on the internet as a series of webisodes. The show taped its final scenes for ABC on August 30,2011, on September 26,2011, the following Monday, ABC replaced All My Children with a newly debuted talk show The Chew. Prospect Park had suspended its plan to revive the series on November 23,2011, due to lack of funding and unsuccessful negotiation with the organizations representing the actors. On January 7,2013, Prospect Park officially brought back its project to restore All My Children as a web series
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Pop (U.S. TV network)
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Pop is an American basic cable and satellite television network that is operated as a joint venture between CBS Corporation and Lions Gate Entertainment. It is an entertainment channel, focusing primarily on programs pertaining to popular culture. The network was conceived in 1981 as a barker channel service providing a display of localized channel. Later on, the service, now branded as Prevue, began to broadcast interstitial segments alongside the on-screen guide, following the acquisition of TV Guide Network by Lionsgate in 2009, its programming began to shift towards a general entertainment format with reruns of dramas and sitcoms. The network was renamed TVGN following the acquisition of a 50% stake in the network by CBS Corporation, in 2015, the network was rebranded as Pop. As of February 2015, Pop is available to approximately 75,255,000 pay television households in the United States, because of this, listings for programs currently airing would often be several minutes from being shown. On some installations of the EPG, a dot next to the on-screen clock would indicate proper reception of this data. Both the EPG Jr. and EPG Sr. allowed cable operators to customize their operation locally. Among other functions, the listings grids scrolling speed could be changed, each text-based advertisement could be configured to display as either a scroll ad or as a crawl ad. If no advertisements were configured as crawl ads, the bottom ticker would not be shown on-screen, the Atari-based EPG Jr. units were encased in blue rack enclosures containing custom-made outboard electronics, such as the Zephyrus Electronics Ltd. UV-D-2 demodulator board, which delivered data decoded from the WGN data stream to the Ataris 13 pin Serial Input/Output handler port, by the late 1980s, a software upgrade option was offered by United Video for the Amiga 1000-based EPG Sr. This updated version featured a program listings grid identical in appearance to that of the original EPG Sr. version, up to 64 such ads were supported by the software, which ranged from ads for local and national businesses to promotions for cable channels carried by the local system. In 1988, United Video Holdings Trakker, Inc. unit was renamed Prevue Networks, the split-screen version of the EPG Sr. software was further updated and renamed Prevue Guide. Now running on the Amiga 2000, it displayed a split-screen listings grid visually identical to the upgraded EPG Sr and these videos appeared in either the left or right halves of the top portion of the screen, coupled with supplementary information concerning the advertised program in the opposing halves. Making the video integration possible were the Amiga 2000s native video compositing capabilities, all video content was provided live by Prevue Networks via a special analog C-band satellite backhaul feed from Tulsa. The satellite feeds national scheduling grid was never meant to be seen by cable subscribers, commercials – often for psychic hotlines – and featurettes produced by Prevue Networks, such as Prevue Tonight, that were voiced by Larry Hoefling, were also delivered via this satellite feed. The satellite feed also carried an audio channel containing Prevue Guide theme music in an infinite loop. Local Prevue Guide installations would switch to this audio source during the display of local advertising
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Thorne Forrester
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Thorne Forrester is a fictional character on CBS soap opera The Bold and the Beautiful. Thorne Forrester is the son of Eric and Stephanie Forrester. Thorne was raised in Beverly Hills with his siblings, Ridge, Kristen, Thorne grew up in the shadow of big brother Ridge. Thorne had a crush on Caroline Spencer, even though she was engaged to Ridge, when Caroline dumped Ridge for having a one-night stand before their wedding, Thorne befriended Caroline, and the friendship turned to romance. But Thorne knew Caroline still loved Ridge, so he convinced Ridges new girlfriend, Brooke Logan, Thorne and Caroline married soon after, although Caroline was furious when she learned of Thornes part in hiding the letter. Caroline had too much to drink at a party, and Ridge thought it would be funny to slip into Carolines bed, but Caroline, thinking Ridge was Thorne, made love to Ridge. Afterwards, Thorne was frustrated by Carolines hesitancy to be intimate with him, while recovering from an appendectomy, Thorne overheard Eric and Stephanie discussing Ridges prank. Drinking heavily while on painkillers, Thorne grabbed Stephanies gun and shot Ridge in the head, Thorne passed out, so Stephanie wiped Thornes fingerprints from the gun and told the police she had shot Ridge, thinking he was a prowler. Neither Thorne nor Ridge had any memory of what had happened that night, Thornes family worked overtime to keep Thorne from remembering what he had done, fearing a repeat episode. Caroline, who wanted Ridge back, took Thorne to a therapist under the guise of getting marriage counseling, when Thorne finally learned of Ridges prank, Thorne cut both Ridge and Caroline out of his life and turned an eye toward Brookes sister, Donna Logan. Thorne had grown up thinking his youngest sister, Angela, was dead, no one knew that Angelas doctor had replaced Angela, who had died, with an imposter to bilk money out of the Forresters. Angela was severely burned escaping with the doctor, and later introduced herself to Thorne as Deveney Dickson. Thornes empathy and offer of plastic surgery softened Deveney, who fell in love with Thorne, Thorne responded when Ridge talked him down, and Angela got away with the money Thorne had given her for the surgery. Thorne met Macy Alexander when her mother, Sally Spectra, meant to lock Macy, Thorne briefly dated Macy and Donna Logan at the same time, but ultimately Thorne chose Macy. The Forresters and the Spectras were fashion rivals, and neither family approved of Thorne, Thorne and Macy married anyway, but separated when the strain of the families battle became too much. During the separation, Macy dated Jake Maclaine, while Thorne got close to Karen Spencer, just as Thorne asked Karen to move in with him, Macy asked for a reconciliation, and the three ended up living under the same roof. Macy and Karen got into a fight over Thorne, who couldnt choose between them. Thorne finally decided on Macy, but misinterpreted Macys goodbye hug with Jake, Karen left Thorne after she realized that Thorne still loved Macy
28.
Winsor Harmon
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Winsor Dewey Harmon III is an American actor best known for his role as Thorne Forrester on the American soap opera The Bold and the Beautiful. He took over the role from Jeff Trachta in December 1996, Harmon portrayed Del Henry on the program All My Children from 1994 to 1995. He has made appearances on Baywatch Nights and Acapulco H. E. A. T, Harmon told Soap Opera Digest about his guest stint on H. E. A. T. I hung out with John McCook the whole time and I kept watching all these people from other countries asking for his autograph, im thinking to myself, Who the hell is this guy. So one night, we were drinking Coronas and I asked him why he had so many fans, the more he talked about it, the more I was thinking, I want to be on that show. The first time I drove into the lot, there was John, just pointing at me. He asked what I was doing here and I told him that I was Thorne, thats when he told me that he was going to be playing my dad. Before acting, Harmon was employed as a model with Ford Models, born in Louisiana, Harmon attended Rockwall High School in Rockwall, Texas, and graduated in 1982. He went on to study at Texas A&M University on a football scholarship, Harmon was one of the first to know that Mark Consuelos and co-star Kelly Ripa were dating and had secretly gotten married in Las Vegas. Forrester family Winsor Harmon at the Internet Movie Database
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Felicia Forrester
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Felicia Forrester is a fictional character from the CBS Daytime soap opera The Bold and the Beautiful. Originally portrayed by actress Colleen Dion-Scotti, the role has been portrayed by Lesli Kay since November 2005, Felicia is known as the black sheep of the Forrester family. The youngest daughter of Stephanie and Eric Forrester, Felicia has one brother, Thorne and she had another sister, Angela who is deceased. She also has three half-siblings, Ridge, Rick, and Bridget and she is affectionately known as Fifi, a name bestowed on her by her mothers friend, Sally Spectra. Kays performance in the role earned her a nomination for the Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series in 2007, in March and April 2008, the character made her first crossover to the series sister series, The Young and the Restless. The role of Felicia Forrester was originally cast with actress Colleen Dion-Scotti in 1989 and she first appeared on the series on January 11,1990. Dion-Scotti remained with the series until 1992, when she departed the series, the actress briefly returned in 1997, for a recurring spot with the series. In May 2004, it was announced that Dion-Scotti would return to the series in an attempt to reinvent the Forresters, in October, the actress announced that she would be exiting the series once again. She made her exit on December 4,2004. In October 2005, it was announced that former daytime veteran actress Lesli Kay had been hired into the role of Felicia, Kay was best known for her roles as Molly Conlan on As the World Turns, and also known as Lois Cerullo on General Hospital. Kay made her first on-screen appearance as Felicia on November 30,2005 opposite Taylor Hayes, in 2008, it was announced that Kay would crossover to The Young and the Restless, in what was considered to be a semi-permanent basis. Kays crossover to Y&R was short-lived and she returned to her home series, following the cancellation of As the World Turns, Kay has remained with B&B on a recurring stature, appearing when the series calls for her appearance. In August 2014, Kay reprised her role as Felicia for one episode of The Bold, a TV Soap reporter said that Kay had no more upcoming appearances scheduled. On September 2,2016, it was announced that Kay would again reprise her portrayal of Felicia on September 22,23 and 26, soon after Felicias arrival in Los Angeles in 1990, she forged ill-fated relationships with Jake MacClaine and Zach Hamilton. She left town in 1992, but returned in 1994 but left town again, Felicia returned in 1997 for her parents wedding. After Ridge was arrested for shooting Grant Chambers, Felicia tried to help him and then attempted to help him reunite with his wife. She was unsuccessful on both counts, and soon left town again, after seven years overseas, Felicia returned in July 2004. She quickly began an affair with Nick Marone, who discovered that Felicia had colon cancer
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Stephanie Forrester (The Bold and the Beautiful)
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Stephanie Forrester is a fictional character on the American soap opera, The Bold and the Beautiful. She has been portrayed since the inception in 1987 by Emmy-winning actress Susan Flannery. Stephanies lung cancer diagnosis played a role in the series. Jane Elliot was contacted by producer Gail Kobe for the role but, hayes did, however, appear in 2003 as Joanna Manning in one episode. Stephanie has been played since the beginning in 1987 by Flannery. In September 2007, Flannery asked the show for a medical leave, on October 10,2012, it was announced that Flannery had made the decision to quit the show as well after twenty-five years. During an interview with TV Guide, Bradley Bell announced that Stephanies character will be killed off after she loses her battle with cancer, I knew this day was coming but Ive been in denial about it. Ive been loving and treasuring every one of these last few days we have with Susan, Flannery signed a contract that would allow the show to build a storyline surrounding her exit. Stephanie last appeared on-screen via flashback on November 26,2012, Bradley Bell said that Stephanie, has always been a woman of great strength and character. She is known for her feud with Brooke Logan. However, in recent times, it has calmed down and they are extremely close, Bell has stated that, Stephanie and Brooke are the true supercouple of B&B. During a confrontation with Brooke, Stephanie collapsed, on September 24,2010, after being taken to the hospital, Stephanie was diagnosed with stage 4 lung cancer. Brooke became the person to know this secret, instead of rejoicing that her nemesis and arch-rival may soon be out of the picture, she became a confidant. Head writer and executive producer of The Bold and the Beautiful, Brad Bell, said that this was because she felt that her family, Bell also said that Shed rather die than be the center of attention. Stephanie then created a goofy bucket list, Bell said that this was all a part of her denial, in a second-level to the story, Stephanie meets a young woman, Dayzee Leigh who gives her a new lease on life, and convinces her to undergo treatment. Dayzee lived on skid row in Los Angeles, Stephanie wanted to survive her cancer to advocate for poverty after learning more about it, Stephanie has since overcome her cancer. Prior, there was speculation that Flannery was leaving the show. In 2012, she was diagnosed again, and according to Bell, She receives the diagnosis that the cancer has spread, Stephanie decided to throw a party which would be the last time she sees her loved ones
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Susan Flannery
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Susan Flannery is an Emmy-winning American actress, known for her roles in the daytime dramas The Bold and the Beautiful and Days of Our Lives. Flannery was born in Jersey City, New Jersey on July 31,1939 and she has an adopted daughter, Blaise. Flannery is known for playing Dr. Laura Spencer Horton on Days of Our Lives from 1966 until 1975 where she met writer and she acted in feature films including The Towering Inferno and The Gumball Rally. She also acted in the television series Dallas, playing Leslie Stewart during season four. Flannery since became best known worldwide for portraying Stephanie Douglas Forrester on the American soap opera The Bold and she was one of the original cast members of the series, only two of whom still appear. Flannery was also a director on the show, and was twice nominated for a Directors Guild of America Award for her work. After 25 years, she decided to leave the show in 2012, in her final storyline, Stephanie Forrester lost her battle with lung cancer, and died. Flannery appeared in two episodes of ABCs situation comedy Hope & Faith in 2004, with other actors from rival soaps. Flannery also appeared as a special guest on Good News Week and she appeared in a special episode of Wheel of Fortune with Deidre Hall and Peter Bergman in 2006. Flannery also directed the October 13,2008, episode of Guiding Light, Flannery came in at #1 in the Top 50 Soap Actresses of All Time poll on the internet blog We Love Soaps in 2010. She has taken a role in the American Federation of Television and Radio Artists in securing cable rights. Her efforts have had a impact on how The Bold
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Ridge Forrester
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Ridge Forrester is a fictional character from the CBS Daytime soap opera, The Bold and the Beautiful. The character was introduced in the premiere on March 23,1987 and has been a regular fixture ever since. Ronn Moss played the role since the beginning, and was one of four remaining original cast members for 25 years, along with Susan Flannery, John McCook, lane Davies briefly replaced Moss for a small amount of time in 1992. In October 2013, TV Guides Michael Logan reported that the role of Ridge was recast with former All My Children actor, Kaye made his first appearance as Ridge on December 13,2013. Father to Thomas, Steffy, and RJ, and stepfather to Hope, the one-time conflicted lover has finally settled down with Brooke, the true love of his life. In December 2013 during an interview with TV Guide, executive producer Bradley Bell talked about a significant change in Ridges personality following the recasting of the role. He described, Hes become very introspective about the first chapter of his life, Hes been working, traveling, keeping a low profile and really trying to analyze himself and the mistakes hes made. Hes been thinking a lot about what he wants for the remainder of his life, in August 2012, it was announced that Moss had decided to leave The Bold and the Beautiful after 25 years of being on the series. He will exit the series on September 14,2012, I do have people in mind in terms of a recast — some very interesting people. Bell also revealed that the character would return at some point in the future and he revealed, Bell later announced he would recast the role, should Moss choose not to return, and had several high-profile actors in mind. On October 15,2013, it was announced that former All My Children star Thorsten Kaye was recast in the role of Ridge and he made his on-screen debut on December 13,2013. Bradley Bell explained that Kaye was at the top of his list for a Ridge recast and he said, Ive had Thorsten on a list of several possible Ridges for a long time. Some of the actors on that list came from daytime, others had never done daytime before, Ridge Forrester is the son of Eric and Stephanie Forrester, the oldest of the five Forrester children, Thorne, Kristen, Felicia and Angela. He is initially portrayed as an arrogant playboy who enjoys his status as the favored son. Yet, like Eric, Ridge is a designer and soon becomes a central part of the family company. He dates the virginal heiress, Caroline Spencer Forrester and they fall in love and set a wedding date, but right before the wedding, Caroline finds out Ridge had a last minute fling and she collapsed at the wedding. Ridge didnt realize he really loved Caroline until she breaks up with him and she went on to marry his brother Thorne and Ridge ventured into a romance with Brooke Logan. Ridge moved Brooke in with him, she became pregnant but miscarried their child, during her recuperation, Ridge went into an inebriated Carolines bedroom while her husband Thorne was downstairs and had sex with Caroline
