1.
Privately held company
–
More ambiguous terms for a privately held company are unquoted company and unlisted company. Though less visible than their publicly traded counterparts, private companies have major importance in the worlds economy. In 2008, the 441 largest private companies in the United States accounted for US$1,800,000,000,000 in revenues and employed 6.2 million people, according to Forbes. In 2004, the Forbes count of privately held U. S. businesses with at least $1 billion in revenue was 305, cargill, Koch Industries, Bechtel, Publix, Pilot Corp. Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu, Hearst Corporation, Cox Enterprises, S. C, johnson, McWane, Carlson Companies, and Mars are among the largest privately held companies in the United States. In the broadest sense, the private corporation refers to any business not owned by the state. This usage is found in former communist countries to differentiate from former state-owned enterprises. In the United States, the privately held company is more often used to describe for-profit enterprises whose shares are not traded on the stock market. In countries with public trading markets, a privately held business is taken to mean one whose ownership shares or interests are not publicly traded. Often, privately held companies are owned by the company founders and/or their families, sometimes employees also hold shares of private companies. Most small businesses are privately held, Private companies may be called corporations, limited companies, limited liability companies, unlimited companies, or other names, depending on where and how they are organized and structured. In the United States, but not generally in the United Kingdom, privately held companies generally have fewer or less comprehensive reporting requirements and obligations for transparency, via annual reports, etc. than publicly traded companies do. For example, in the United States, unlike in Europe, in addition, private company executives may steer their ships without shareholder approval, allowing them to take significant action without delays. There is a requirement for large proprietary companies, which are required to lodge Form 388H to the ASIC containing their financial report. In the United States, private companies are held to different accounting auditing standards than are public companies, other companies, like Sageworks, provide aggregated data on privately held companies, segmented by industry code. Privately held companies also sometimes have restrictions on how many shareholders they may have, for example, the U. S. Securities Exchange Act of 1934, section 12, limits a privately held company, generally, to fewer than 2000 shareholders, and the U. S. Investment Company Act of 1940, requires registration of investment companies that have more than 100 holders, in Australia, section 113 of the Corporations Act 2001 limits a privately held company to fifty non-employee shareholders. Private enterprises comprise the sector of an economy
Privately held company
2.
Geotechnical engineering
–
Geotechnical engineering is the branch of civil engineering concerned with the engineering behavior of earth materials. A typical geotechnical engineering project begins with a review of project needs to define the material properties. Site investigations are needed to gain an understanding of the area in or on which the engineering will take place, a geotechnical engineer then determines and designs the type of foundations, earthworks, and/or pavement subgrades required for the intended man-made structures to be built. Foundations built for above-ground structures include shallow and deep foundations, retaining structures include earth-filled dams and retaining walls. Earthworks include embankments, tunnels, dikes and levees, channels, reservoirs, deposition of hazardous waste, Geotechnical engineering is also related to coastal and ocean engineering. Coastal engineering can involve the design and construction of wharves, marinas, ocean engineering can involve foundation and anchor systems for offshore structures such as oil platforms. The fields of engineering and engineering geology are closely related. However, the field of engineering is a specialty of engineering. Humans have historically used soil as a material for flood control, irrigation purposes, burial sites, building foundations, as the cities expanded, structures were erected supported by formalized foundations, Ancient Greeks notably constructed pad footings and strip-and-raft foundations. Until the 18th century, however, no basis for soil design had been developed. Several foundation-related engineering problems, such as the Leaning Tower of Pisa, the earliest advances occurred in the development of earth pressure theories for the construction of retaining walls. Henri Gautier, a French Royal Engineer, recognized the natural slope of different soils in 1717, a rudimentary soil classification system was also developed based on a materials unit weight, which is no longer considered a good indication of soil type. The application of the principles of mechanics to soils was documented as early as 1773 when Charles Coulomb developed improved methods to determine the pressures against military ramparts. By combining Coulombs theory with Christian Otto Mohrs 2D stress state, although it is now recognized that precise determination of cohesion is impossible because c is not a fundamental soil property, the Mohr-Coulomb theory is still used in practice today. In the 19th century Henry Darcy developed what is now known as Darcys Law describing the flow of fluids in porous media, albert Atterberg developed the clay consistency indices that are still used today for soil classification. Osborne Reynolds recognized in 1885 that shearing causes volumetric dilation of dense, modern geotechnical engineering is said to have begun in 1925 with the publication of Erdbaumechanik by Karl Terzaghi. Terzaghi also developed the framework for theories of bearing capacity of foundations, in his 1948 book, Donald Taylor recognized that interlocking and dilation of densely packed particles contributed to the peak strength of a soil. Critical state soil mechanics is the basis for many contemporary advanced constitutive models describing the behavior of soil, Geotechnical centrifuge modeling is a method of testing physical scale models of geotechnical problems
Geotechnical engineering
–
Boston 's
Big Dig presented geotechnical challenges in an urban environment.
Geotechnical engineering
–
Example of a slab-on-grade foundation.
Geotechnical engineering
–
Pile-driving for a bridge in
Napa, California.
Geotechnical engineering
–
A
compactor /
roller operated by U.S. Navy Seabees
3.
Elon Musk
–
Elon Reeve Musk is a South African-born Canadian-American business magnate, investor, engineer, and inventor. As of March 2017, he has a net worth of $13.9 billion. In December 2016, Musk was ranked 21st on Forbes list of The Worlds Most Powerful People, Musk has stated that the goals of SolarCity, Tesla, and SpaceX revolve around his vision to change the world and humanity. He has a brother, Kimbal, and a younger sister. His paternal grandmother was British, and he also has Pennsylvania Dutch ancestry, after his parents divorced in 1980, Musk lived mostly with his father in the suburbs of Pretoria. During his childhood he had an interest in reading and often did so for hours at a time, at age 10, he developed an interest in computing with the Commodore VIC-20. He taught himself computer programming at the age of 12, sold the code for a BASIC-based video game he created called Blastar, to a magazine called PC and Office Technology, a web version of the game is available online. Musk was severely bullied throughout his childhood, and was hospitalized when a group of boys threw him down a flight of stairs. Musk was initially educated at schools, attending the English-speaking Waterkloof House Preparatory School. Musk later graduated from Pretoria Boys High School and moved to Canada in June 1989, just before his 18th birthday, therefore, with the law change, he is considered to have always been a Canadian citizen by birth. At the age of 19, Musk was accepted into Queens University in Kingston, Ontario, Musk extended his studies for one year to finish the second bachelors degree. While at the University of Pennsylvania, Musk and fellow Penn student Adeo Ressi rented a 10-bedroom fraternity house, in 2002, he became a U. S. citizen. In 1995, Musk and his brother, Kimbal, started Zip2, the company developed and marketed an Internet city guide for the newspaper publishing industry. Musk obtained contracts with The New York Times and the Chicago Tribune, while at Zip2, Musk wanted to become CEO, however, none of the board members would allow it. Compaq acquired Zip2 for US$307 million in cash and US$34 million in stock options in February 1999, Musk received 7% or US$22 million from the sale. In March 1999, Musk co-founded X. com, an financial services and e-mail payment company. One year later, the merged with Confinity, which had a money transfer service called PayPal. The merged company focused on the PayPal service and was renamed PayPal in 2001, PayPals early growth was driven mainly by a viral marketing campaign where new customers were recruited when they received money through the service
Elon Musk
–
Musk at the 2015 Tesla Motors Annual Shareholder Meeting
Elon Musk
–
Musk and President
Barack Obama at the Falcon 9 launch site in 2010
Elon Musk
–
Musk observing an assembly demo at the reopening of the
NUMMI plant, now known as the
Tesla Factory (
Fremont, California) in 2010
Elon Musk
–
Musk standing in front of a Tesla Model S in 2011
4.
Hawthorne, California
–
Hawthorne is a city in southwestern Los Angeles County, California, United States. The city at the 2010 census had a population of 84,293, in 2013, the population was 86,199. The city was founded in 1905 as the Hawthorne Improvement Company by B. L. Harding, hardings daughter shared her birthday—July 4, American Independence Day—with New England author Nathaniel Hawthorne, and a decision was made to name the city after him. Hawthorne was once a whites only settlement, commonly called a sundown town, during the 1930s, signs warned African-Americans to be out of Hawthorne by sundown. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 6.1 square miles, to the north of Hawthorne is the unincorporated community of Lennox and the city of Inglewood. To the east is the community of Athens and the city of Gardena. To the south is the community of El Camino Village. Manhattan Beach is at the southwest corner of Hawthorne, and the city of El Segundo is to the west of Hawthorne, the unincorporated community of Del Aire is surrounded on three sides by the city of Hawthorne along western edge of Hawthorne. The Century Freeway runs along the boundary of Hawthorne, with the LACMTA Green Line light rail line running down the center of the Century Freeway. The San Diego Freeway runs along the boundary of Hawthorne. Major east–west streets in Hawthorne include Rosecrans Ave, El Segundo Ave. and Imperial Highway. Major north–south street include Aviation Blvd, prairie Ave. Crenshaw Blvd. and Van Ness Ave. Hawthorne is five miles from the Los Angeles International Airport. Hawthorne comprises ZIP codes 90250 and 90251 and it is in 310 area code, except for a small portion of northeastern Hawthorne, which is located in 323 area code. Hawthorne, like the rest of the Los Angeles basin, is known for its year-round Mediterranean climate, On average. The highest recorded temperature was 111 °F in 1961, on average, the coolest month is January. The lowest recorded temperature was 15 °F in 1963, the maximum average precipitation occurs in February. The period of April through November is warm to hot and dry with high temperatures of 71–79 °F. Due to the effect of the ocean, temperatures are cooler than more inland areas of Los Angeles
Hawthorne, California
–
Seal
Hawthorne, California
–
Location of Hawthorne in
Los Angeles County, California
Hawthorne, California
–
P-61s being built by Northrop Corp. during World War II in Hawthorne
5.
United States
–
Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
United States
–
Native Americans meeting with Europeans, 1764
United States
–
Flag
United States
–
The signing of the
Mayflower Compact, 1620.
United States
–
The
Declaration of Independence: the
Committee of Five presenting their draft to the
Second Continental Congress in 1776
6.
Infrastructure
–
Infrastructure refers to the fundamental facilities and systems serving a country, city, or area, including the services and facilities necessary for its economy to function. The word was imported from French, where it means subgrade, the word is a combination of the Latin prefix infra, meaning below, and structure. The military use of the term achieved currency in the United States after the formation of NATO in the 1940s and this crisis discussion contributed to an increase in infrastructure asset management and maintenance planning in the US. Public-policy discussions have been hampered by lack of a definition for infrastructure. A1987 US National Research Council panel adopted the public works infrastructure. The OECD also classifies communications as a part of infrastructure, the American Society of Civil Engineers has not defined the term, though issuing a US Infrastructure Report Card every 2-4 years. Hard infrastructure refers to the physical networks necessary for the functioning of an industrial nation. The term critical infrastructure distinguishes those infrastructure elements that, if damaged or destroyed. Similarly, a booking system might be critical infrastructure for an airline. These elements of infrastructure are the focus of efforts in the aftermath of natural disasters. The term infrastructure may be confused with the following overlapping or related concepts, service connections to municipal service and public utility networks would also be considered land improvements, not infrastructure. The term public works includes government-owned and operated infrastructure as well as buildings, such as schools. Public works generally refers to physical assets needed to deliver public services, public services include both infrastructure and services generally provided by government. Infrastructure may be owned and managed by governments or by private companies, generally, most roads, major ports and airports, water distribution systems and sewage networks are publicly owned, whereas most energy and telecommunications networks are privately owned. Publicly owned infrastructure may be paid for taxes, tolls, or metered user fees. Major investment projects are financed by the issuance of long-term bonds. Government owned and operated infrastructure may be developed and operated in the sector or in public-private partnerships. As of 2008 in the United States for example, public spending on infrastructure has varied between 2. 3% and 3. 6% of GDP since 1950, many financial institutions invest in infrastructure
Infrastructure
–
Grand Coulee Dam
7.
Tunnel
–
A tunnel is an underground passageway, dug through the surrounding soil/earth/rock and enclosed except for entrance and exit, commonly at each end. A pipeline is not a tunnel, though some recent tunnels have used immersed tube construction techniques rather than traditional tunnel boring methods, a tunnel may be for foot or vehicular road traffic, for rail traffic, or for a canal. The central portions of a transit network are usually in tunnel. Some tunnels are aqueducts to supply water for consumption or for hydroelectric stations or are sewers, utility tunnels are used for routing steam, chilled water, electrical power or telecommunication cables, as well as connecting buildings for convenient passage of people and equipment. Secret tunnels are built for military purposes, or by civilians for smuggling of weapons, contraband, special tunnels, such as wildlife crossings, are built to allow wildlife to cross human-made barriers safely. A tunnel is relatively long and narrow, the length is much greater than twice the diameter, although similar shorter excavations can be constructed. The definition of what constitutes a tunnel can vary widely from source to source, for example, the definition of a road tunnel in the United Kingdom is defined as a subsurface highway structure enclosed for a length of 150 metres or more. In the United States, the NFPA definition of a tunnel is An underground structure with a length greater than 23 m. The place where a road, railway, canal or watercourse passes under a footpath, cycleway, or another road or railway is most commonly called a bridge or, if passing under a canal, an aqueduct. Where it is important to stress that it is passing underneath, it may be called an underpass, a longer underpass containing a road, canal or railway is normally called a tunnel, whether or not it passes under another item of infrastructure. An underpass of any length under a river is usually called a tunnel. In the US, the term means an underground rapid transit system. Rail station platforms may be connected by tunnels or footbridges. Much of the technology of tunneling evolved from mining and military engineering. The etymology of the mining, military engineering, and civil engineering reveals these deep historic connections. A major tunnel project must start with an investigation of ground conditions by collecting samples from boreholes. An informed choice can then be made of machinery and methods for excavation and ground support, in planning the route, the horizontal and vertical alignments can be selected to make use of the best ground and water conditions. It is common practice to locate a tunnel deeper than otherwise would be required and this may be a particular concern in large-diameter tunnels
Tunnel
–
Decorated entrance to a road tunnel in
Guanajuato,
Mexico
Tunnel
–
Utility tunnel for heating pipes between
Rigshospitalet and Amagerværket in
Copenhagen,
Denmark
Tunnel
–
Tunnel on the
Taipei Metro in
Taiwan
Tunnel
–
Southern portal of the 421 m long (1,381 ft)
Chirk canal tunnel
8.
Twitter
–
Twitter is an online news and social networking service where users post and interact with messages, tweets, restricted to 140 characters. Registered users can post tweets, but those who are unregistered can only read them, users access Twitter through its website interface, SMS or a mobile device app. Twitter Inc. is based in San Francisco, California, United States, Twitter was created in March 2006 by Jack Dorsey, Noah Glass, Biz Stone, and Evan Williams and launched in July. The service rapidly gained worldwide popularity, in 2012, more than 100 million users posted 340 million tweets a day, and the service handled an average of 1.6 billion search queries per day. In 2013, it was one of the ten most-visited websites and has described as the SMS of the Internet. As of 2016, Twitter had more than 319 million monthly active users. On the day of the 2016 U. S. presidential election, Twitter proved to be the largest source of breaking news, Twitters origins lie in a daylong brainstorming session held by board members of the podcasting company Odeo. Jack Dorsey, then a student at New York University. The original project name for the service was twttr, an idea that Williams later ascribed to Noah Glass, inspired by Flickr. The developers initially considered 10958 as a code, but later changed it to 40404 for ease of use. Work on the project started on March 21,2006, when Dorsey published the first Twitter message at 9,50 PM Pacific Standard Time, Dorsey has explained the origin of the Twitter title. we came across the word twitter, and it was just perfect. The definition was a short burst of inconsequential information, and chirps from birds, and thats exactly what the product was. The first Twitter prototype, developed by Dorsey and contractor Florian Weber, was used as a service for Odeo employees. Williams fired Glass, who was silent about his part in Twitters startup until 2011, Twitter spun off into its own company in April 2007. Williams provided insight into the ambiguity that defined this early period in a 2013 interview, With Twitter and they called it a social network, they called it microblogging, but it was hard to define, because it didnt replace anything. There was this path of discovery with something like that, where over time you figure out what it is, Twitter actually changed from what we thought it was in the beginning, which we described as status updates and a social utility. It is that, in part, but the insight we eventually came to was Twitter was really more of an information network than it is a social network, the tipping point for Twitters popularity was the 2007 South by Southwest Interactive conference. During the event, Twitter usage increased from 20,000 tweets per day to 60,000, the Twitter people cleverly placed two 60-inch plasma screens in the conference hallways, exclusively streaming Twitter messages, remarked Newsweeks Steven Levy
Twitter
–
A blueprint sketch, c. 2006, by
Jack Dorsey, envisioning an
SMS -based
social network.
Twitter
–
Twitter's homepage as of August 2015 (only in select countries)
Twitter
–
Jack Dorsey, a co-founder and the chairman of Twitter, in 2009
Twitter
–
Twitter's San Francisco, California headquarters, as seen from a corner on Market Street
9.
Los Angeles
–
Los Angeles, officially the City of Los Angeles and often known by its initials L. A. is the cultural, financial, and commercial center of Southern California. With a census-estimated 2015 population of 3,971,883, it is the second-most populous city in the United States, Los Angeles is also the seat of Los Angeles County, the most populated county in the United States. The citys inhabitants are referred to as Angelenos, historically home to the Chumash and Tongva, Los Angeles was claimed by Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo for Spain in 1542 along with the rest of what would become Alta California. The city was founded on September 4,1781, by Spanish governor Felipe de Neve. It became a part of Mexico in 1821 following the Mexican War of Independence, in 1848, at the end of the Mexican–American War, Los Angeles and the rest of California were purchased as part of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, thereby becoming part of the United States. Los Angeles was incorporated as a municipality on April 4,1850, the discovery of oil in the 1890s brought rapid growth to the city. The completion of the Los Angeles Aqueduct in 1913, delivering water from Eastern California, nicknamed the City of Angels, Los Angeles is known for its Mediterranean climate, ethnic diversity, and sprawling metropolis. Los Angeles also has an economy in culture, media, fashion, science, sports, technology, education, medicine. A global city, it has been ranked 6th in the Global Cities Index, the city is home to renowned institutions covering a broad range of professional and cultural fields, and is one of the most substantial economic engines within the United States. The Los Angeles combined statistical area has a gross metropolitan product of $831 billion, making it the third-largest in the world, after the Greater Tokyo and New York metropolitan areas. The city has hosted the Summer Olympic Games in 1932 and 1984 and is bidding to host the 2024 Summer Olympics and thus become the second city after London to have hosted the Games three times. The Los Angeles area also hosted the 1994 FIFA mens World Cup final match as well as the 1999 FIFA womens World Cup final match, the mens event was watched on television by over 700 million people worldwide. The Los Angeles coastal area was first settled by the Tongva, a Gabrielino settlement in the area was called iyáangẚ, meaning poison oak place. Gaspar de Portolà and Franciscan missionary Juan Crespí, reached the present site of Los Angeles on August 2,1769, in 1771, Franciscan friar Junípero Serra directed the building of the Mission San Gabriel Arcángel, the first mission in the area. The Queen of the Angels is an honorific of the Virgin Mary, two-thirds of the settlers were mestizo or mulatto with a mixture of African, indigenous and European ancestry. The settlement remained a small town for decades, but by 1820. Today, the pueblo is commemorated in the district of Los Angeles Pueblo Plaza and Olvera Street. New Spain achieved its independence from the Spanish Empire in 1821, during Mexican rule, Governor Pío Pico made Los Angeles Alta Californias regional capital
Los Angeles
Los Angeles
Los Angeles
Los Angeles
10.
SpaceX
–
Space Exploration Technologies Corporation, better known as SpaceX, is an American aerospace manufacturer and space transport services company headquartered in Hawthorne, California. It was founded in 2002 by entrepreneur Elon Musk with the goal of reducing space transportation costs, SpaceX has since developed the Falcon launch vehicle family and the Dragon spacecraft family, which both currently deliver payloads into Earth orbit. As of March 2017, SpaceX has since flown ten missions to the International Space Station under a cargo resupply contract, SpaceX announced in 2011 they were beginning a privately funded reusable launch system technology development program. In December 2015, a first stage was flown back to a landing pad near the launch site and this was the first such achievement by a rocket for orbital spaceflight. In April 2016, with the launch of CRS-8, SpaceX successfully vertically landed a first stage on an ocean drone-ship landing platform, in May 2016, in another first, SpaceX again landed a first stage, but during a significantly more energetic geostationary transfer orbit mission. In March 2017, SpaceX became the first to successfully re-launch and this is the main purpose this System was designed for. In February 2017, Elon Musk announced that the company had contracted by two private individuals to send them in a Dragon spacecraft on a free return trajectory around the Moon. Provisionally launching in 2018, this may become the first instance of lunar tourism. Musk tried to buy cheap rockets from Russia, but returned empty-handed after failing to find rockets for an affordable price, on the flight home, Musk realized that he could start a company that could build the affordable rockets he needed. According to early Tesla and SpaceX investor Steve Jurvetson, Musk calculated that the raw materials for building a rocket actually were only 3 percent of the price of a rocket at the time. SpaceX started with the smallest useful orbital rocket, instead of building a complex and riskier launch vehicle. In early 2002, Musk was seeking staff for his new space company, Musk approached renowned rocket engineer Tom Mueller and Mueller agreed to work for Musk, and thus SpaceX was born. SpaceX was first headquartered in a warehouse in El Segundo, California, the company has grown rapidly since it was founded in 2002, growing from 160 employees in 2005 to nearly 5,000 in late 2015 and February 2016. At year-end 2012, SpaceX had over 40 launches on its manifest representing about $4 billion in contract revenue, the contracts included both commercial and government customers. As of December 2013, SpaceX had a total of 50 future launches under contract, Musk has stated that one of his goals is to improve the cost and reliability of access to space, ultimately by a factor of ten. CEO Elon Musk said, I believe $500 per pound or less is very achievable, a major goal of SpaceX has been to develop a rapidly reusable launch system. Musk stated in a 2011 interview that he hopes to send humans to Mars surface within 10–20 years, in 2010, Musks calculations convinced him that the colonization of Mars was possible. After completing its primary burn, the first stage of the rocket detached from the second stage as usual
SpaceX
–
The company's headquarters, located in
Hawthorne, California.
SpaceX
–
SpaceX employees with the Dragon capsule at SpaceX HQ in Hawthorne, California, February, 2015.
SpaceX
–
Falcon 9 v1.1 rocket cores under construction at the SpaceX Hawthorne facility, November 2014.
SpaceX
–
SpaceX McGregor engine test bunker, September 2012
11.
TED conference
–
TED is a media organization which posts talks online for free distribution, under the slogan ideas worth spreading. TED was founded in February 1984 as a conference, which has been held annually since 1990. TEDs early emphasis was technology and design, consistent with its Silicon Valley origins, but it has broadened its focus to include talks on many scientific, cultural. The main TED conference is held annually in Vancouver, British Columbia, prior to 2014, the conference was held in Long Beach. TED events are held throughout North America and in Europe and Asia. They address a range of topics within the research and practice of science and culture. The speakers are given a maximum of 18 minutes to present their ideas in the most innovative, TEDs current curator is the British former computer journalist and magazine publisher Chris Anderson. Since June 2006, TED Talks have been offered for free viewing online, under an Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives Creative Commons license, as of March 2016, over 2,400 TED Talks are freely available on the website. In June 2011, TED Talks combined viewing figure stood at more than 500 million, not all TED Talks are equally popular, however. Those given by academics tend to be watched more online while art, TED was conceived in 1984 by architect and graphic designer Richard Saul Wurman, who observed a convergence of the fields of technology, entertainment, and design. Presentations were given by famous mathematician Benoit Mandelbrot and influential members of the community, like Nicholas Negroponte. The event was unsuccessful, it took six years before the second conference was organized. In 2000, Wurman, looking for a successor at age 65, met with new-media entrepreneur, Andersons UK media company Future bought TED. And in November 2001, Andersons non-profit The Sapling Foundation acquired TED from Future for £6m, in February 2002, Anderson gave a TED Talk in which he explained his vision of the conference and his future role of curator. Wurman left after the 2002 conference, in 2006, attendance cost was $4,400 per person and was by invitation only. The membership model was shifted in January 2007 to a membership fee of $6,000, which includes attendance of the conference, club mailings, networking tools. The 2017 conference will be $8,500 per attendee, in 2014, the conference was relocated to Vancouver. TED is currently funded by a combination of revenue streams, including conference attendance fees, corporate sponsorships, foundation support, licensing fees
TED conference
–
External video
TED conference
–
TED Conferences, LLC
TED conference
–
Bill Clinton addresses TED, 2007
TED conference
–
Curator
Chris Anderson in 2007
12.
Hobby
–
A hobby is a regular activity that is done for enjoyment, typically during ones leisure time. Hobbies can include collecting themed items and objects, engaging in creative and artistic pursuits, playing sports, a list of hobbies is lengthy and always changing as interests and fashions change. By continually participating in a hobby, one can acquire substantial skill. Engagement in hobbies has increased since the nineteenth century as workers have more leisure time and advancing production. As some hobbies have become popular, like stamp collecting, others have been created following technological advances. Hobbyists are a part of a group of people engaged in leisure pursuits where the boundaries of each group overlap to some extent. The Serious Leisure Perspective groups hobbyists with amateurs and volunteers and identifies three broad groups of activity with hobbies being found mainly in the Serious leisure category. Casual leisure is intrinsically rewarding, short-lived, pleasurable activity requiring little or no preparation b, Serious leisure is the systematic pursuit of an amateur, hobbyist, or volunteer that is substantial, rewarding and results in a sense of accomplishment. Project-based leisure is a short-term often a one-off project that is rewarding, in the 16th century, the term hobyn had the meaning of small horse and pony. The term hobby horse was documented in a 1557 payment confirmation for a Hobbyhorse from Reading, the item, originally called a Tourney Horse, was made of a wooden or basketwork frame with an artificial tail and head. It was designed for a child to mimic riding a real horse, by 1816 the derivative, hobby, was introduced into the vocabulary of a number of English people. Over the course of subsequent centuries, the term came to be associated with recreation, a hobby became an activity that is practised regularly and usually with some worthwhile purpose. Hobbies are usually, but not always, practised primarily for interest and enjoyment, the origins pursuits that others thought somewhat childish or trivial. However, as early as 1676 Sir Matthew Hale, in Contemplations Moral and Divine and he was acknowledging that a hobby horse produces a legitimate sense of pride. By the mid 18th century there was a flourishing of hobbies as working people had more hours of work. They spent more time to pursue interests that brought them satisfaction, however, there was concern that these working people might not use their leisure time in worthwhile pursuits. The hope of weaning people away from bad habits by the provision of counter-attractions came to the fore in the 1830s, the flourishing book and magazine trade of the day encouraged worthwhile hobbies and pursuits. The burgeoning manufacturing trade made materials used in hobbies cheap and was responsive to the interests of hobbyists
Hobby
–
In the 18th-century novel
The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman, the characters' hobby-horses, or particular obsessions, are discussed in detail. Here, Uncle Toby's obsession with the military leads to him and Trim—who gets caught up in Toby's enthusiasm—to begin acting out military actions. Illustration by
George Cruikshank.
Hobby
–
Writing articles for Wikipedia is a hobby for some people.
Hobby
–
A
stamp album used in
stamp collecting.
Hobby
–
An
amateur magician performing.
13.
Tunnel boring machine
–
A tunnel boring machine, also known as a mole, is a machine used to excavate tunnels with a circular cross section through a variety of soil and rock strata. They may also be used for microtunneling and they can bore through anything from hard rock to sand. Tunnel diameters can range from a metre to 19.25 metres to date, tunnels of less than a metre or so in diameter are typically done using trenchless construction methods or horizontal directional drilling rather than TBMs. Tunnel boring machines are used as an alternative to drilling and blasting methods in rock, TBMs have the advantages of limiting the disturbance to the surrounding ground and producing a smooth tunnel wall. This significantly reduces the cost of lining the tunnel, and makes them suitable to use in heavily urbanized areas, the major disadvantage is the upfront cost. TBMs are expensive to construct, and can be difficult to transport, the longer the tunnel, the less the relative cost of tunnel boring machines versus drill and blast methods. This is because tunneling with TBMs is much more efficient and results in shortened completion times, the first successful tunnelling shield was developed by Sir Marc Isambard Brunel to excavate the Thames Tunnel in 1825. The first boring machine reported to have built was Henri-Joseph Mauss Mountain Slicer. Commissioned by the King of Sardinia in 1845 to dig the Fréjus Rail Tunnel between France and Italy through the Alps, Maus had it built in 1846 in a factory near Turin. It consisted of more than 100 percussion drills mounted in the front of a locomotive-sized machine, the Revolutions of 1848 affected the funding, and the tunnel was not completed until 10 years later, by using less innovative and less expensive methods such as pneumatic drills. In the United States, the first boring machine to have built was used in 1853 during the construction of the Hoosac Tunnel. Made of cast iron, it was known as Wilsons Patented Stone-Cutting Machine and it drilled 10 feet into the rock before breaking down. Wilsons machine anticipated modern TBMs in the sense that it employed cutting discs, like those of a disc harrow, which were attached to the rotating head of the machine. In contrast to traditional chiseling or drilling and blasting, this method of removing rock relied on simple metal wheels to apply a transient high pressure that fractured the rock. Also in 1853, the American Ebenezer Talbot also patented a TBM that employed Wilsons cutting discs, although they were mounted on rotating arms, which in turn were mounted on a rotating plate. The cutting head of Englishs TBM consisted of a drill bit behind which were a pair of opposing arms on which were mounted cutting discs. From June 1882 to March 1883, the machine tunneled, through chalk, however, despite this success, the cross-Channel tunnel project was abandoned in 1883 after the British military raised fears that the tunnel might be used as an invasion route. During the late 19th and early 20th century, inventors continued to design, build, TBMs employing rotating arrays of drills or hammers were patented
Tunnel boring machine
–
A tunnel boring machine used to excavate the
Gotthard Base Tunnel, the world's longest rail
tunnel.
Tunnel boring machine
–
A tunnel boring machine that was used at
Yucca Mountain nuclear waste repository
Tunnel boring machine
–
Cutting shield used for the
New Elbe Tunnel.
Tunnel boring machine
–
Top view of a model of the TBM used on the
Gotthard Base Tunnel.
14.
Samuel Becket
–
Samuel Barclay Beckett was an Irish avant-garde novelist, playwright, theatre director, and poet, who lived in Paris for most of his adult life and wrote in both English and French. He is widely regarded as among the most influential writers of the 20th century, Becketts work offers a bleak, tragicomic outlook on human existence, often coupled with black comedy and gallows humour, and became increasingly minimalist in his later career. He is considered one of the last modernist writers, and one of the key figures in what Martin Esslin called the Theatre of the Absurd. Beckett was awarded the 1969 Nobel Prize in Literature for his writing, which—in new forms for the novel and he was elected Saoi of Aosdána in 1984. The Becketts were members of the Anglican Church of Ireland, the family home, Cooldrinagh in the Dublin suburb of Foxrock, was a large house and garden complete with tennis court built in 1903 by Samuels father, William. Samuel Beckett was born on Good Friday,13 April 1906, to William Frank Beckett, a quantity surveyor and descendant of the Huguenots, and Maria Jones Roe, a nurse, Beckett had one older brother, Frank Edward Beckett. At the age of five, Beckett attended a local playschool, where he started to learn music, in 1919, Beckett went to Portora Royal School in Enniskillen, County Fermanagh. A natural athlete, Beckett excelled at cricket as a left-handed batsman, later, he was to play for Dublin University and played two first-class games against Northamptonshire. As a result, he became the only Nobel literature laureate to have played first class cricket, Beckett studied French, Italian, and English at Trinity College, Dublin from 1923 to 1927. He was elected a Scholar in Modern Languages in 1926, Beckett graduated with a BA and, after teaching briefly at Campbell College in Belfast, took up the post of lecteur danglais at the École Normale Supérieure in Paris from November 1928 to 1930. While there, he was introduced to renowned Irish author James Joyce by Thomas MacGreevy and this meeting had a profound effect on the young man. Beckett assisted Joyce in various ways, one of which was research towards the book that became Finnegans Wake, in 1929, Beckett published his first work, a critical essay entitled Dante. Becketts close relationship with Joyce and his family cooled, however, Becketts first short story, Assumption, was published in Jolass periodical transition. In 1930, Beckett returned to Trinity College as a lecturer, in November 1930, he presented a paper in French to the Modern Languages Society of Trinity on the Toulouse poet Jean du Chas, founder of a movement called le Concentrisme. It was a parody, for Beckett had in fact invented the poet and his movement that claimed to be at odds with all that is clear. Beckett later insisted that he had not intended to fool his audience, when Beckett resigned from Trinity at the end of 1931, his brief academic career was at an end. He spent some time in London, where in 1931 he published Proust, two years later, following his fathers death, he began two years treatment with Tavistock Clinic psychoanalyst Dr. Wilfred Bion. Aspects of it became evident in Becketts later works, such as Watt, in 1932, he wrote his first novel, Dream of Fair to Middling Women, but after many rejections from publishers decided to abandon it
Samuel Becket
–
Beckett in 1977
Samuel Becket
–
Samuel Beckett Walk, Paris (France).
Samuel Becket
–
Portrait of Samuel Beckett by
Reginald Gray, painted in Paris, 1961 (from the collection of Ken White, Dublin).
Samuel Becket
–
Tomb of Samuel Beckett at the Cimetière de
Montparnasse
15.
Waiting for Godot
–
Waiting for Godot is Becketts translation of his own original French play, En attendant Godot, and is subtitled a tragicomedy in two acts. The original French text was composed between 9 October 1948 and 29 January 1949, the premiere was on 5 January 1953 in the Théâtre de Babylone, Paris. The English language version was premiered in London in 1955, in a poll conducted by the British Royal National Theatre in 1990 it was voted the “most significant English language play of the 20th century”. Vladimir takes up the thought loftily, while Estragon vaguely recalls having been beaten the night before, finally, his boots come off, while the pair ramble and bicker pointlessly. When Estragon suddenly decides to leave, Vladimir reminds him that they must stay, unfortunately, the pair cannot agree on where or when they are expected to meet with this Godot. They only know to wait at a tree, and there is indeed a leafless one nearby, eventually, Estragon dozes off and Vladimir rouses him but then stops him before he can share his dreams—another recurring activity between the two men. Estragon wants to hear an old joke, which Vladimir cannot finish without going off to urinate, since every time he starts laughing, upon Vladimirs return, the increasingly jaded Estragon suggests that they hang themselves, but they abandon the idea when the logistics seem ineffective. They then speculate on the rewards of continuing to wait for Godot. When Estragon declares his hunger, Vladimir provides a carrot, at which Estragon idly gnaws, Pozzo barks abusive orders at Lucky, which are always quietly followed, while acting civilly though tersely towards the other two. Pozzo enjoys a snack of chicken and wine, before casting the bones to the ground. Having been in a state of silence ever since the arrival of Pozzo and Lucky. Pozzo ignores this and explains his intention to sell Lucky, who begins to cry, Estragon takes pity and tries to wipe away Luckys tears, but, as he approaches, Lucky violently kicks him in the shin. Pozzo then rambles nostalgically but vaguely about his relationship with Lucky over the years, before offering Vladimir, Estragon begins to beg for money when Pozzo instead suggests that Lucky can dance and think for their entertainment. Luckys dance, the Net, is clumsy and shuffling, Luckys thinking is a long-winded and disjointed monologue—it is the first, Pozzo then has Lucky pack up his bags, and they hastily leave. Vladimir and Estragon, alone again, reflect on whether they met Pozzo, a boy then arrives, purporting to be a messenger sent from Godot to tell the pair that Godot will not be coming that evening but surely tomorrow. During Vladimirs interrogation of the boy, he asks if he came the day before, after the boy departs, the moon appears and the two men verbally agree to leave and find shelter for the night, but they merely stand without moving. It is daytime again and Vladimir begins singing a round about the death of a dog. Again, Estragon claims to have been beaten last night, despite no apparent injury, Vladimir comments that the formerly bare tree now has leaves and tries to confirm his recollections of yesterday against Estragons extremely vague, unreliable memory
Waiting for Godot
–
First English edition (publ.
Grove Press) translated by the author
Waiting for Godot
–
Vladimir and Estragon (June 2010 production of the play at
The Doon School, India)
Waiting for Godot
–
Mehdi Bajestani as masked
Lucky (production by
Naqshineh Theatre)
Waiting for Godot
–
Waiting for Godot, directed by
Macedonian theatre director Bore Angelovski
16.
LAX
–
It is most often referred to by its IATA airport code LAX, with the letters pronounced individually. LAX is in the southwestern Los Angeles area along the Pacific Ocean between the neighborhood of Westchester to its north and the city of El Segundo to its immediate south. It is owned and operated by Los Angeles World Airports, an agency of the government of Los Angeles, formerly known as the Department of Airports. In 2015, LAX handled 74,936,256 passengers, the airport holds the claim for the worlds busiest origin and destination airport, and has for many years. To wit, relative to airports, many more travelers begin or end their trips in Los Angeles than use it as a connection. The airport also was the third busiest by aircraft movements. It is also the airport to rank among the top five U. S. airports for both passenger and cargo traffic. It is also notable for being one of the few U. S. airports with four parallel runways, LAX serves as a hub for Alaska Airlines, American Airlines, Delta Air Lines, United Airlines, and Virgin America. The airport serves as a city for Allegiant Air, Air New Zealand, Qantas, Southwest Airlines, Spirit Airlines. LAX serves as either a hub or focus city for more Mainline US Carriers than any airport in the Country and is the only airport that all three legacy carriers have designated a hub. As the largest international airport on the U. S, West Coast, LAX is a major gateway to and from Europe, Latin America, Asia and Oceania. With its deep connections to Asia and Latin America in particular, in 1928, the Los Angeles City Council selected 640 acres in the southern part of Westchester for a new airport. The fields of wheat, barley and lima beans were converted into dirt landing strips without any terminal buildings and it was named Mines Field for William W. Mines, the real estate agent who arranged the deal. 1, was erected in 1929 and is in the National Register of Historic Places, Mines Field opened as the airport of Los Angeles in 1930 and the city purchased it to be a municipal airfield in 1937. The name became Los Angeles Airport in 1941 and Los Angeles International Airport in 1949, in the 1930s the main airline airports were Burbank Airport in Burbank and the Grand Central Airport in Glendale. Mines Field did not extend west of Sepulveda Boulevard, Sepulveda was rerouted circa 1950 to loop around the west ends of the extended east–west runways, which by November 1950 were 6,000 feet long. A tunnel was completed in 1953 allowing Sepulveda Boulevard to revert to straight, for the next few years the two runways were 8,500 feet long. Before the 1930s, existing airports used a two-letter abbreviation based on the stations at the airports
LAX
LAX
–
Los Angeles International Airport
LAX
–
FAA airport diagram
LAX
–
Los Angeles Municipal Airport on
Army Day, c. 1931
17.
Culver City
–
Culver City is a city in Los Angeles County, California. The city was named after its founder, Harry Culver, as of the 2010 census, the city had a population of 38,883. It is mostly surrounded by the city of Los Angeles, over the years, it has annexed more than 40 pieces of adjoining land and now comprises about five square miles. Since the 1920s, Culver City has been a center for motion picture and later television production, from 1932 to 1985, it was the headquarters for the Hughes Aircraft Company. National Public Radio West and Sony Pictures Entertainment have headquarters in the city, the NFL Network studio is also based in Culver City. Archaeological evidence suggests a human presence in the area of present-day Culver City since at least 8,000 BC, the region was the homeland of the Tongva-Gabrieliño Native Americans, who held a presence in the region for over 8,000 years. The city was founded primarily on the lands of the former Rancho La Ballona, Rancho Rincon de los Bueyes, and Rancho La Cienega o Paso de la Tijera. In 1861, during the American Civil War, Camp Latham was established by the 1st California Infantry under Col. James H. Carleton and the 1st California Cavalry under Lt. Col. Benjamin F. Davis. Named for California Senator Milton S. Latham, the camp was the first staging area for the training of Union troops and their operations in Southern California. It was located on land of the Rancho La Ballona, on the South side of Ballona Creek, near what is now the intersection of Jefferson, the post was later moved to Camp Drum, which became the Drum Barracks. Harry Culver first attempted to establish Culver City in 1913, the city was incorporated on September 20,1917, the city was one of many all-white planned communities started in the Los Angeles area around this time. The first film studio in Culver City was built by Thomas Ince in 1918, in 1919, silent film comedy producer Hal Roach built his studios there, and Metro Goldwyn Mayer in the 20s. During Prohibition, speakeasies and nightclubs such as the Cotton Club lined Washington Boulevard, Culver Center, one of Southern Californias first shopping malls, was completed in 1950 on Venice Boulevard near the Overland Avenue intersection. Today, it has retail stores, a supermarket, a Rite Aid department store, Best Buy. Hughes Aircraft opened its Culver City plant in July 1941, there the company built the H-4 Hercules transport. Hughes was also a subcontractor in World War II. It developed and patented a flexible feed chute for faster loading of machine guns on B-17 bombers, Hughes produced more ammunition belts than any other American manufacturer, and built 5,576 wings and 6,370 rear fuselage sections for Vultee BT-13 trainers. Hughes grew after the war, and in 1953 Howard Hughes donated all of his stock in the company to the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, after he died in 1976, the institute sold the company, which made it the second-best-endowed medical research foundation in the world
Culver City
–
Culver City sign in October 2010, at sunset.
Culver City
–
Seal
Culver City
–
The site of Culver City, 1913
Culver City
–
Sony Pictures Entertainment office building in Culver City.
18.
Westwood, Los Angeles
–
Westwood is a commercial and residential neighborhood in the northern central portion of the Westside region of Los Angeles, California. It is the home of the University of California, Los Angeles, the 2000 census found the forty-seven thousand people living in the neighborhood were generally young and moderately diverse ethnically, with a generally high level of income and education. The neighborhood was developed after 1919, with a new campus of the University of California opened in 1926, other attractions besides the UCLA campus include Westwood Village, with its historic motion picture theaters, restaurants and shopping, Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery and the Hammer Museum. Holmby Hills is considered one of the wealthiest residential areas in Los Angeles, a Mormon temple is also prominent. There are several schools and one middle school in the neighborhood. The 2010 U. S. census counted 47,916 residents in the 3. 68-square-mile Westwood neighborhood—or 13,036 people per square mile, in 2008, the city estimated that the population had increased to 52,041. The median age for residents was 27, considered young for the city, the neighborhood was considered moderately diverse ethnically, with a high percentage of Asians and of whites. The breakdown was whites,62. 9%, Asians,23. 1%, Latinos,7. 0%, blacks,2. 0%, and others,4. 9%. Iran and Taiwan were the most common places of birth for the 31. 3% of the residents who were born abroad—about the same percentage as in the city at large, the median yearly household income in 2008 dollars was $68,716, a high figure for Los Angeles. The percentages of households that earned $125,000 yearly and higher or that earned $20,000 or less were high for Los Angeles County, the average household size of two people was low for Los Angeles. Renters occupied 64. 1% of the stock and house- or apartment owners held 35. 9%. The percentages of never-married men and women were among the countys highest, in 2000 there were 309 families headed by single parents, a low percentage for the city. Five percent of the population had served in the military, a low figure for both the city and the county, the southern portion of Holmby Hills is also part of the Westwood district. Upon Arthur Letts death, his son-in-law, Harold Janss, vice president of Janss Investment Company, inherited the land and developed the area and started advertising for new homes in 1922. The tract comprises approximately 1000 residential and business lots, situated west of the Los Angeles Country Club on Santa Monica Boulevard, the selection of a new campus in the Westwood hills was announced on March 21,1925. The owners of the estate, the Janss brothers, agreed to sell the property for approximately $1 million, municipal bond measures passed by Los Angeles, Santa Monica, Beverly Hills and Venice provided for that amount. Proposition 10, a bond measure passed that year, provided $3 million for new campus construction. Thus the predecessor of the University of California, Los Angeles, was established in Westwood and her killer, Durrell DeWitt Collins,23, was sentenced to two concurrent terms of 27 years to life in prison
Westwood, Los Angeles
–
High-rise buildings line
Wilshire Boulevard through the Westwood area
Westwood, Los Angeles
–
Westwood neighborhood as delineated by the Los Angeles Times. Mormon Temple in red.
Westwood, Los Angeles
–
Westwood Village.
Westwood, Los Angeles
–
Los Angeles California Temple
19.
Hyperloop
–
Hyperloop is a proposed mode of passenger and freight transportation that would propel a pod-like vehicle through a reduced-pressure tube that would exceed airliner speed. The alpha version of the proposal, published on the SpaceX website, describes design claims of the system, the pods would accelerate to cruising speed gradually using a linear electric motor and glide above their track using passive magnetic levitation or air bearings. The tubes could also go above ground on columns or underground and it is hoped that the system will be highly energy-efficient, quiet and autonomous. The concept, created by Elon Musk in 2012, incorporates reduced-pressure tubes in which pressurized capsules ride on an air cushion driven by induction motors. Preliminary cost estimates for the LA–SF suggested route were included in the white paper—US$6 billion for a passenger-only version, the Hyperloop concept has been explicitly open-sourced by Musk and SpaceX, and others have been encouraged to take the ideas and further develop them. To that end, a few companies have formed. SpaceX is building an approximately 1-mile-long subscale track for its pod design competition at its headquarters in Hawthorne, some experts are skeptical, saying that the proposals ignore the expenses and risks of developing the technology and that the idea is completely impractical. Claims have also made that the Hyperloop is too susceptible to disruption from a power outage or terror attacks to be considered safe. The general idea of trains or other transportation traveling through evacuated tubes dates back more than a century although the railway was never a commercial success. Musk first mentioned that he was thinking about a concept for a mode of transport, calling it the Hyperloop, in July 2012 at a PandoDaily event in Santa Monica. The name Hyperloop was chosen because it would go in a loop, Musk envisions the more advanced versions will be able to go at hypersonic speed. In May 2013, Musk likened the Hyperloop to a cross between a Concorde and a railgun and an air hockey table, from late 2012 until August 2013, a group of engineers from both Tesla and SpaceX worked on the conceptual modelling of Hyperloop. An early system design was published in the Tesla and SpaceX blogs, Musk has also invited feedback to see if the people can find ways to improve it. The Hyperloop will be an open source design, the following day he announced a plan to demonstrate the project. In June 2015, SpaceX announced that it would build a 1-mile-long test track to be located next to SpaceXs Hawthorne facility, the track would be used to test pod designs supplied by third parties in the competition. The MIT Hyperloop team developed the first Hyperloop pod prototype, which they unveiled at the MIT museum on May 13,2016 and their design was based on electrodynamic suspension for levitating and used eddy current braking. On January 29,2017, approximately one year after winning one of the Hyperloop pod competition. Developments in high-speed rail have historically been impeded by the difficulties in managing friction and air resistance, the vactrain concept theoretically eliminates these obstacles by employing magnetically levitating trains in evacuated or partly evacuated tubes, allowing for speeds of thousands of miles per hour
Hyperloop
–
A 3D sketch of the Hyperloop infrastructure. The steel tubes are rendered transparent in this image.
20.
New York City
–
The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange
New York City
–
Clockwise, from top:
Midtown Manhattan,
Times Square, the
Unisphere in
Queens, the
Brooklyn Bridge,
Lower Manhattan with
One World Trade Center,
Central Park, the
headquarters of the United Nations, and the
Statue of Liberty
New York City
–
New Amsterdam, centered in the eventual
Lower Manhattan, in 1664, the year
England took control and renamed it "New York".
New York City
–
The
Battle of Long Island, the largest battle of the
American Revolution, took place in
Brooklyn in 1776.
New York City
–
Broadway follows the Native American Wickquasgeck Trail through Manhattan.
21.
Philadelphia
–
In 1682, William Penn, an English Quaker, founded the city to serve as capital of the Pennsylvania Colony. Philadelphia was one of the capitals in the Revolutionary War. In the 19th century, Philadelphia became an industrial center. It became a destination for African-Americans in the Great Migration. The areas many universities and colleges make Philadelphia a top international study destination, as the city has evolved into an educational, with a gross domestic product of $388 billion, Philadelphia ranks ninth among world cities and fourth in the nation. Philadelphia is the center of activity in Pennsylvania and is home to seven Fortune 1000 companies. The Philadelphia skyline is growing, with a market of almost 81,900 commercial properties in 2016 including several prominent skyscrapers. The city is known for its arts, culture, and rich history, Philadelphia has more outdoor sculptures and murals than any other American city. Fairmount Park, when combined with the adjacent Wissahickon Valley Park in the watershed, is one of the largest contiguous urban park areas in the United States. The 67 National Historic Landmarks in the city helped account for the $10 billion generated by tourism, Philadelphia is the only World Heritage City in the United States. Before Europeans arrived, the Philadelphia area was home to the Lenape Indians in the village of Shackamaxon, the Lenape are a Native American tribe and First Nations band government. They are also called Delaware Indians and their territory was along the Delaware River watershed, western Long Island. Most Lenape were pushed out of their Delaware homeland during the 18th century by expanding European colonies, Lenape communities were weakened by newly introduced diseases, mainly smallpox, and violent conflict with Europeans. Iroquois people occasionally fought the Lenape, surviving Lenape moved west into the upper Ohio River basin. The American Revolutionary War and United States independence pushed them further west, in the 1860s, the United States government sent most Lenape remaining in the eastern United States to the Indian Territory under the Indian removal policy. In the 21st century, most Lenape now reside in the US state of Oklahoma, with communities living also in Wisconsin, Ontario. The Dutch considered the entire Delaware River valley to be part of their New Netherland colony, in 1638, Swedish settlers led by renegade Dutch established the colony of New Sweden at Fort Christina and quickly spread out in the valley. In 1644, New Sweden supported the Susquehannocks in their defeat of the English colony of Maryland
Philadelphia
–
From top left, the Philadelphia skyline, a
statue of Benjamin Franklin, the
Liberty Bell, the
Philadelphia Museum of Art,
Philadelphia City Hall, and
Independence Hall
Philadelphia
–
An 18th century map of Philadelphia.
Philadelphia
–
Penn's Treaty with the Indians by
Benjamin West
Philadelphia
–
Benjamin Franklin, 1777
22.
Baltimore
–
Baltimore is the largest city in the U. S. state of Maryland, and the 29th-most populous city in the country. It was established by the Constitution of Maryland and is not part of any county, thus, it is the largest independent city in the United States, with a population of 621,849 as of 2015. As of 2010, the population of the Baltimore Metropolitan Area was 2.7 million, founded in 1729, Baltimore is the second largest seaport in the Mid-Atlantic. Baltimores Inner Harbor was once the leading port of entry for immigrants to the United States. With hundreds of identified districts, Baltimore has been dubbed a city of neighborhoods, in the War of 1812, Francis Scott Key wrote The Star-Spangled Banner, later the American national anthem, in Baltimore. More than 65,000 properties, or roughly one in three buildings in the city, are listed on the National Register, more than any city in the nation. The city has 289 properties listed on the National Register of Historic Places, the historical records of the government of Baltimore are located at the Baltimore City Archives. The city is named after Cecil Calvert, second Lord Baltimore, of the Irish House of Lords, Baltimore Manor was the name of the estate in County Longford on which the Calvert family lived in Ireland. Baltimore is an anglicization of the Irish name Baile an Tí Mhóir, in 1608, Captain John Smith traveled 210 miles from Jamestown to the uppermost Chesapeake Bay, leading the first European expedition to the Patapsco River. The name Patapsco is derived from pota-psk-ut, which translates to backwater or tide covered with froth in Algonquian dialect, a quarter century after John Smiths voyage, English colonists began to settle in Maryland. The area constituting the modern City of Baltimore and its area was first settled by David Jones in 1661. He claimed the area today as Harbor East on the east bank of the Jones Falls stream. In the early 1600s, the immediate Baltimore vicinity was populated, if at all. The Baltimore area had been inhabited by Native Americans since at least the 10th millennium BC, one Paleo-Indian site and several Archaic period and Woodland period archaeological sites have been identified in Baltimore, including four from the Late Woodland period. During the Late Woodland period, the culture that is called the Potomac Creek complex resided in the area from Baltimore to the Rappahannock River in Virginia. It was located on the Bush River on land that in 1773 became part of Harford County, in 1674, the General Assembly passed An Act for erecting a Court-house and Prison in each County within this Province. The site of the house and jail for Baltimore County was evidently Old Baltimore near the Bush River. In 1683, the General Assembly passed An Act for Advancement of Trade to establish towns, ports, one of the towns established by the act in Baltimore County was on Bush River, on Town Land, near the Court-House
Baltimore
–
Sixth Regiment fighting railroad strikers, July 20, 1877
Baltimore
Baltimore
–
The
Battle Monument commemorates the
Battle of Baltimore.
Baltimore
–
The
Great Baltimore Fire of 1904, looking west from
Pratt and
Gay streets
23.
Washington, D.C.
–
Washington, D. C. formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D. C. is the capital of the United States. The signing of the Residence Act on July 16,1790, Constitution provided for a federal district under the exclusive jurisdiction of the Congress and the District is therefore not a part of any state. The states of Maryland and Virginia each donated land to form the federal district, named in honor of President George Washington, the City of Washington was founded in 1791 to serve as the new national capital. In 1846, Congress returned the land ceded by Virginia, in 1871. Washington had an population of 681,170 as of July 2016. Commuters from the surrounding Maryland and Virginia suburbs raise the population to more than one million during the workweek. The Washington metropolitan area, of which the District is a part, has a population of over 6 million, the centers of all three branches of the federal government of the United States are in the District, including the Congress, President, and Supreme Court. Washington is home to national monuments and museums, which are primarily situated on or around the National Mall. The city hosts 176 foreign embassies as well as the headquarters of international organizations, trade unions, non-profit organizations, lobbying groups. A locally elected mayor and a 13‑member council have governed the District since 1973, However, the Congress maintains supreme authority over the city and may overturn local laws. D. C. residents elect a non-voting, at-large congressional delegate to the House of Representatives, the District receives three electoral votes in presidential elections as permitted by the Twenty-third Amendment to the United States Constitution, ratified in 1961. Various tribes of the Algonquian-speaking Piscataway people inhabited the lands around the Potomac River when Europeans first visited the area in the early 17th century, One group known as the Nacotchtank maintained settlements around the Anacostia River within the present-day District of Columbia. Conflicts with European colonists and neighboring tribes forced the relocation of the Piscataway people, some of whom established a new settlement in 1699 near Point of Rocks, Maryland. 43, published January 23,1788, James Madison argued that the new government would need authority over a national capital to provide for its own maintenance. Five years earlier, a band of unpaid soldiers besieged Congress while its members were meeting in Philadelphia, known as the Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783, the event emphasized the need for the national government not to rely on any state for its own security. However, the Constitution does not specify a location for the capital, on July 9,1790, Congress passed the Residence Act, which approved the creation of a national capital on the Potomac River. The exact location was to be selected by President George Washington, formed from land donated by the states of Maryland and Virginia, the initial shape of the federal district was a square measuring 10 miles on each side, totaling 100 square miles. Two pre-existing settlements were included in the territory, the port of Georgetown, Maryland, founded in 1751, many of the stones are still standing
Washington, D.C.
–
Clockwise from top left:
Smithsonian Institution Building,
Rock Creek Park,
National Mall (including the
Lincoln Memorial in the foreground),
Howard Theatre and the
Frederick Douglass National Historic Site
Washington, D.C.
–
Map of the District of Columbia in 1835, prior to the
retrocession
Washington, D.C.
–
Ford's Theatre in the 19th century, site of the 1865
assassination of
President Lincoln
Washington, D.C.
–
Crowds surrounding the
Reflecting Pool during the 1963
March on Washington
24.
San Francisco
–
San Francisco, officially the City and County of San Francisco, is the cultural, commercial, and financial center of Northern California. It is the birthplace of the United Nations, the California Gold Rush of 1849 brought rapid growth, making it the largest city on the West Coast at the time. San Francisco became a consolidated city-county in 1856, after three-quarters of the city was destroyed by the 1906 earthquake and fire, San Francisco was quickly rebuilt, hosting the Panama-Pacific International Exposition nine years later. In World War II, San Francisco was a port of embarkation for service members shipping out to the Pacific Theater. Politically, the city votes strongly along liberal Democratic Party lines, San Francisco is also the headquarters of five major banking institutions and various other companies such as Levi Strauss & Co. Dolby, Airbnb, Weebly, Pacific Gas and Electric Company, Yelp, Pinterest, Twitter, Uber, Lyft, Mozilla, Wikimedia Foundation, as of 2016, San Francisco is ranked high on world liveability rankings. The earliest archaeological evidence of habitation of the territory of the city of San Francisco dates to 3000 BC. Upon independence from Spain in 1821, the became part of Mexico. Under Mexican rule, the system gradually ended, and its lands became privatized. In 1835, Englishman William Richardson erected the first independent homestead, together with Alcalde Francisco de Haro, he laid out a street plan for the expanded settlement, and the town, named Yerba Buena, began to attract American settlers. Commodore John D. Sloat claimed California for the United States on July 7,1846, during the Mexican–American War, montgomery arrived to claim Yerba Buena two days later. Yerba Buena was renamed San Francisco on January 30 of the next year, despite its attractive location as a port and naval base, San Francisco was still a small settlement with inhospitable geography. The California Gold Rush brought a flood of treasure seekers, with their sourdough bread in tow, prospectors accumulated in San Francisco over rival Benicia, raising the population from 1,000 in 1848 to 25,000 by December 1849. The promise of fabulous riches was so strong that crews on arriving vessels deserted and rushed off to the gold fields, leaving behind a forest of masts in San Francisco harbor. Some of these approximately 500 abandoned ships were used at times as storeships, saloons and hotels, many were left to rot, by 1851 the harbor was extended out into the bay by wharves while buildings were erected on piles among the ships. By 1870 Yerba Buena Cove had been filled to create new land, buried ships are occasionally exposed when foundations are dug for new buildings. California was quickly granted statehood in 1850 and the U. S. military built Fort Point at the Golden Gate, silver discoveries, including the Comstock Lode in Nevada in 1859, further drove rapid population growth. With hordes of fortune seekers streaming through the city, lawlessness was common, and the Barbary Coast section of town gained notoriety as a haven for criminals, prostitution, entrepreneurs sought to capitalize on the wealth generated by the Gold Rush
San Francisco
–
San Francisco and the
Golden Gate Bridge from
Marin Headlands
San Francisco
–
Mission San Francisco de Asís (Mission Dolores)
San Francisco
–
1853
United States Coast Survey Map
San Francisco
–
Francis Samuel Marryat, Hilltop of San Francisco, California, Looking toward the Bay, 1849. M.& N. Hanhart Chromolithograph
25.
Texas
–
Texas is the second largest state in the United States by both area and population. Other major cities include Austin, the second most populous state capital in the U. S. Texas is nicknamed the Lone Star State to signify its former status as an independent republic, and as a reminder of the states struggle for independence from Mexico. The Lone Star can be found on the Texan state flag, the origin of Texass name is from the word Tejas, which means friends in the Caddo language. Due to its size and geologic features such as the Balcones Fault, although Texas is popularly associated with the U. S. southwestern deserts, less than 10 percent of Texas land area is desert. Most of the centers are located in areas of former prairies, grasslands, forests. Traveling from east to west, one can observe terrain that ranges from coastal swamps and piney woods, to rolling plains and rugged hills, the term six flags over Texas refers to several nations that have ruled over the territory. Spain was the first European country to claim the area of Texas, Mexico controlled the territory until 1836 when Texas won its independence, becoming an independent Republic. In 1845, Texas joined the United States as the 28th state, the states annexation set off a chain of events that caused the Mexican–American War in 1846. A slave state before the American Civil War, Texas declared its secession from the U. S. in early 1861, after the Civil War and the restoration of its representation in the federal government, Texas entered a long period of economic stagnation. One Texan industry that thrived after the Civil War was cattle, due to its long history as a center of the industry, Texas is associated with the image of the cowboy. The states economic fortunes changed in the early 20th century, when oil discoveries initiated a boom in the state. With strong investments in universities, Texas developed a diversified economy, as of 2010 it shares the top of the list of the most Fortune 500 companies with California at 57. With a growing base of industry, the leads in many industries, including agriculture, petrochemicals, energy, computers and electronics, aerospace. Texas has led the nation in export revenue since 2002 and has the second-highest gross state product. The name Texas, based on the Caddo word tejas meaning friends or allies, was applied by the Spanish to the Caddo themselves, during Spanish colonial rule, the area was officially known as the Nuevo Reino de Filipinas, La Provincia de Texas. Texas is the second largest U. S. state, behind Alaska, though 10 percent larger than France and almost twice as large as Germany or Japan, it ranks only 27th worldwide amongst country subdivisions by size. If it were an independent country, Texas would be the 40th largest behind Chile, Texas is in the south central part of the United States of America. Three of its borders are defined by rivers, the Rio Grande forms a natural border with the Mexican states of Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo León, and Tamaulipas to the south
Texas
–
Sam Rayburn Reservoir
Texas
–
Flag
Texas
–
Texas Hill Country
Texas
–
Big Bend National Park.
26.
Radiation shielding
–
The IAEA also states The accepted understanding of the term radiation protection is restricted to protection of people. Suggestions to extend the definition to include the protection of species or the protection of the environment are controversial. Ionizing radiation is used in industry and medicine, and can present a significant health hazard. It causes microscopic damage to living tissue, which can result in burns and radiation sickness at high exposures. Fundamental to radiation protection is the reduction of expected dose and the measurement of dose uptake. The ICRP recommends, develops and maintains the International System of Radiological Protection based on evaluation of the body of scientific studies available, the recommendations it makes flow down to national regulators, which have the opportunity to incorporate them into law. This is shown in the accompanying diagram, the types of exposure, as well as government regulations and legal exposure limits are different for each of these groups, so they must be considered separately. There are three factors that control the amount, or dose, of radiation received from a source, Radiation exposure can be managed by a combination of these factors, Time, Reducing the time of an exposure reduces the effective dose proportionally. An example of reducing radiation doses by reducing the time of exposures might be improving operator training to reduce the time they take to handle a source, distance, Increasing distance reduces dose due to the inverse square law. Distance can be as simple as handling a source with forceps rather than fingers, Shielding, The term biological shield refers to a mass of absorbing material placed around a reactor, or other radioactive source, to reduce the radiation to a level safe for humans. Hence, shielding strength or thickness is measured in units of g/cm2. The radiation that manages to get through falls exponentially with the thickness of the shield, in x-ray facilities, walls surrounding the room with the x-ray generator may contain lead sheets, or the plaster may contain barium sulfate. Operators view the target through a glass screen, or if they must remain in the same room as the target. Almost any material can act as a shield from gamma or x-rays if used in sufficient amounts, practical radiation protection tends to be a job of juggling the three factors to identify the most cost effective solution. These use the overall principles, Justification, No unnecessary use of radiation is permitted. Limitation, Each individual must be protected against risks that are far too large through individual radiation dose limits, optimization, Radiation doses should all be kept as low as reasonably achievable. This means that it is not enough to remain under the radiation dose limits, as permit holder, you are responsible for ensuring that radiation doses are as low as reasonably achievable, which means that the actual radiation doses are often much lower than the permitted limit. ALARP is an acronym for an important principle in exposure to radiation and other health risks
Radiation shielding
–
A
lead castle built to shield a radioactive sample in a lab
Radiation shielding
–
International policy relationships in radiological protection
Radiation shielding
–
Hand-held ion chamber survey meter in use
Radiation shielding
–
Taking an X-ray image with early
Crookes tube apparatus in 1896. The Crookes tube is visible in the centre. The standing man is viewing his hand with a
fluoroscope screen. This was a common method of setting up the tube power. No precautions against radiation exposure are being taken; its hazards were not known at the time.
27.
The Verge
–
The Verge is an American technology news and media network operated by Vox Media. It has offices in Manhattan, New York City, the network publishes news items, long-form feature stories, product reviews, podcasts, and an entertainment show. The website uses its own proprietary publishing platform with video content, the networks content is financed through advertising and sponsorship and is managed by its editor-in-chief Nilay Patel and executive editor Dieter Bohn. The site launched on November 1,2011, the Verge won five Webby Awards for the year 2012 including awards for Best Writing, Best Podcast for The Vergecast, Best Visual Design, Best Consumer Electronics Site, and Best Mobile News App. Throughout the 2010s, AOL began to acquire websites in pursuit of a new content strategy for the company. One of their first acquisitions was Weblogs, Inc. in 2005, a company that ran dozens of websites, including Engadget, according to Business Insider, Engadget became the industry-leading gadget site, and AOLs most popular and important media property. All Things Digital called it one of the largest in tech, joshua Topolsky became Engadgets editor-in-chief in 2007, and was responsible for new efforts like The Engadget Show and their mobile app, and the sites continued growth. When the acrimony between the two editors escalated in January 2011, AOL didnt intervene, the next month, an internal AOL editor training document called The AOL Way, a new content strategy that prioritized profitability metrics, leaked to the press. The document leaked before Engadget writers and editors saw it internally, the AOL Way dispirited the Engadget staff and created an ideological schism between the two entities. Topolsky and up to eight of Engadgets most prominent writers, editors, the other departing editors included managing editor Nilay Patel and staffers Paul Miller, Ross Miller, Joanna Stern, Chris Ziegler, as well as product developers Justin Glow, and Dan Chilton. In early April 2011, Topolsky announced that their new site would be done in partnership with sports news website SB Nation. Jim Bankoff of SB Nation saw an overlap in the two sites demographics and an opportunity to expand SB Nations model, Bankoff previously worked at AOL in 2005, where he led their Engadget acquisition. Other news outlets viewed the partnership as positive for both SB Nation and Topolskys staff, and negative for AOLs outlook, Bankoff also expressed a wish to attract other journalists and bloggers outside of the sports medium to Vox Media. Development of the Vox Medias content management system, Chorus, is led by Trei Brundrett, by August 2011, the site had reached 1 million unique visitors and 3.4 million page views. By October 2011, the site had 3 million unique views per month and 10 million total page views, time listed the site in its Best Blogs of 2011, calling the prototype site exemplary. The site closed upon The Verges launch on November 1,2011, on June 11,2014, The Verge launched a new section on TheVerge. com called This Is My Next, edited by David Pierce, as a buyers guide for consumer electronics. The Verge launched November 1,2011, along with an announcement of a new parent company, according to the company, the site launched with 4 million unique visitors and 20 million pageviews. At the time of Topolskys departure, Engadget had 14 million unique visitors, Vox Media overall doubled its unique visitors to about 15 million during the last half of 2012
The Verge
–
The Verge 's logo, a modified
Penrose triangle, and wordmark.
28.
YouTube
–
YouTube is an American video-sharing website headquartered in San Bruno, California. The service was created by three former PayPal employees—Chad Hurley, Steve Chen, and Jawed Karim—in February 2005, Google bought the site in November 2006 for US$1.65 billion, YouTube now operates as one of Googles subsidiaries. Unregistered users can watch videos on the site, while registered users are permitted to upload an unlimited number of videos. Videos deemed potentially offensive are available only to registered users affirming themselves to be at least 18 years old, YouTube earns advertising revenue from Google AdSense, a program which targets ads according to site content and audience. As of February 2017, there are more than 400 hours of content uploaded to YouTube each minute, as of April 2017, the website is ranked as the second most popular site in the world by Alexa Internet, a web traffic analysis company. YouTube was founded by Chad Hurley, Steve Chen, and Jawed Karim, Hurley had studied design at Indiana University of Pennsylvania, and Chen and Karim studied computer science together at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Karim could not easily find video clips of either event online, Hurley and Chen said that the original idea for YouTube was a video version of an online dating service, and had been influenced by the website Hot or Not. YouTube began as a venture capital-funded technology startup, primarily from an $11.5 million investment by Sequoia Capital between November 2005 and April 2006, YouTubes early headquarters were situated above a pizzeria and Japanese restaurant in San Mateo, California. The domain name www. youtube. com was activated on February 14,2005, the first YouTube video, titled Me at the zoo, shows co-founder Jawed Karim at the San Diego Zoo. The video was uploaded on April 23,2005, and can still be viewed on the site, YouTube offered the public a beta test of the site in May 2005. The first video to reach one million views was a Nike advertisement featuring Ronaldinho in November 2005. Following a $3.5 million investment from Sequoia Capital in November, the site grew rapidly, and in July 2006 the company announced that more than 65,000 new videos were being uploaded every day, and that the site was receiving 100 million video views per day. The site has 800 million unique users a month and it is estimated that in 2007 YouTube consumed as much bandwidth as the entire Internet in 2000. The choice of the name www. youtube. com led to problems for a similarly named website, the sites owner, Universal Tube & Rollform Equipment, filed a lawsuit against YouTube in November 2006 after being regularly overloaded by people looking for YouTube. Universal Tube has since changed the name of its website to www. utubeonline. com, in October 2006, Google Inc. announced that it had acquired YouTube for $1.65 billion in Google stock, and the deal was finalized on November 13,2006. In March 2010, YouTube began free streaming of certain content, according to YouTube, this was the first worldwide free online broadcast of a major sporting event. On March 31,2010, the YouTube website launched a new design, with the aim of simplifying the interface, Google product manager Shiva Rajaraman commented, We really felt like we needed to step back and remove the clutter. In May 2010, YouTube videos were watched more than two times per day
YouTube
–
From left to right:
Chad Hurley,
Steve Chen, and
Jawed Karim
YouTube
–
Screenshot of YouTube's homepage
YouTube
–
YouTube's headquarters as of 2010 in
San Bruno, California.
29.
Zip2
–
Zip2 was a company which primarily provided and licensed online city guide software to newspapers. The company started as Global Link Information Network in 1995 founded by brothers Elon and Kimbal Musk in Palo Alto, initially, Global Link provided local businesses with an Internet presence by linking their services to searchers and providing directions. Elon Musk combined a free Navteq database with a Palo Alto business database to create the first system, the company then began to assist newspapers in designing online city guides before being purchased by Compaq Computer in 1999. In 1996, Global Link received US$3 million in investments from Mohr Davidow Ventures, Davidow Ventures changed the fundamental strategy of Zip2 from localized direct to business sales to instead selling national back end software packages to newspapers to build their own directories. Elon Musk was appointed the Chief Technology Officer and Rich Sorkin became the Chief Executive Officer, Zip2 trademarked We Power the Press as its official slogan and continued to grow. By 1998, the company had partnered with about 160 newspapers, including The New York Times, to develop guides to cities, according to chairman and founder Elon Musk, twenty of those newspapers led to full-scale city guides. The New York Times reported that Zip2 also provided newspapers with a directory, calendar. Zip2 allowed for communication between users and advertisers. Users could message advertisers and have that message forwarded to their fax machine, likewise, advertisers could fax users and users could view that fax using specific URLs. One Zip2 product was called Auto Guide, autoGuide connected online newspaper users with local dealership or private party car sellers. In April 1998, Zip2 attempted to merge with CitySearch, its main competitor, while Musk initially supported the merger, he persuaded the board of directors to not undergo the merger. The two companies cited incompatibilities in cultures and technology as the reason for the failure, according to The New York Times. In February 1999, Compaq Computer offered US$307 million to acquire Zip2, Elon and Kimbal Musk, the original founders, netted US$22 million and $15 million respectively. The company was purchased to create a unit for Compaqs AltaVista web search engine
Zip2
–
Musk at the 2015 Tesla Motors Annual Shareholder Meeting
Zip2
–
Musk and President
Barack Obama at the Falcon 9 launch site in 2010
Zip2
–
Musk observing an assembly demo at the reopening of the
NUMMI plant, now known as the
Tesla Factory (
Fremont, California) in 2010
Zip2
–
Musk standing in front of a Tesla Model S in 2011
30.
PayPal
–
PayPal is one of the worlds largest Internet payment companies. The company operates as a payment processor for online vendors, auction sites and other commercial users, established in 1998, PayPal had its IPO in 2002, and became a wholly owned subsidiary of eBay later that year. In 2014, PayPal moved $228 billion in 30 currencies across more than 190 nations, the same year, eBay announced plans to spin-off PayPal into an independent company by mid-2015 and this was completed on July 18,2015. On July 20,2015, PayPal had its second IPO, PayPal was established in December 1998 as Confinity, a company that developed security software for handheld devices founded by Max Levchin, Peter Thiel, Luke Nosek and Ken Howery. PayPal was developed and launched as a transfer service at Confinity in 1999. In March 2000, Confinity merged with X. com, a banking company founded by Elon Musk. Musk was optimistic about the success of the money transfer business Confinity was developing. Musk and then-president and CEO of X. com, Bill Harris, disagreed on this point, in October of that year, Musk made the decision that X. com would terminate its other Internet banking operations and focus on the PayPal money service. The X. com company was then renamed PayPal in 2001, Paypals IPO listed under the ticker PYPL at $13 per share and ended up generating over $61 million. Shortly after PayPals IPO, the company was acquired by eBay in July 2002 for $1.5 billion, more than 70 percent of all eBay auctions accepted PayPal payments, and roughly 1 in 4 closed auction listings were transacted via PayPal. PayPal acquired the VeriSign payment solution in 2005 to expand its e-commerce business, by the end of 2007, the company generated $1.8 billion in revenue. In November 2008, the company acquired Bill Me Later, a payments company offering transactional credit at over 9000 online merchants in the US. PayPal revenues for Q12009 were $643 million, up 11 percent year over year,42 percent of revenues in Q12009 were from international markets. PayPals Total Payment Volume, the value of transactions in Q12009 was nearly $16 billion. By 2010, PayPal had over 100 million active user accounts in 190 markets through 25 different currencies, in July 2011, fourteen alleged members of the Anonymous hacktivist group were charged with attempting to disrupt PayPals operations. The denial of service attacks occurred in December 2010, after PayPal stopped processing donations to Wikileaks, on December 5,2013,13 of the PayPal 14 pleaded guilty to misdemeanor and felony charges related to the attacks. The company continued to focus on growth and growth of its Merchant Services division. In 2011, PayPal announced that it would begin moving its business offline so that customers can make payments via PayPal in stores
PayPal
–
PayPal's corporate headquarters in San Jose, California
PayPal
–
eBay, PayPal, Kijiji, and StubHub in Toronto
PayPal
–
PayPal Operations Center and main office located in
Omaha, NE
31.
SolarCity
–
SolarCity Corporation is an American company that specializes in solar energy services. Headquartered in San Mateo, California, it is the largest solar energy provider in the US. SolarCity sells renewable energy to customers at prices below utility rates, the company has over 15,000 employees. SolarCity has grown rapidly as well as the market in the United States. The company has diversified in 2014 and 2015, with the aim of lowering costs, currently, SolarCity installs more solar energy systems than any other company in the United States with just under 110,000 new installations in 2015. In 2015, SolarCity installed 870MW of solar power, approximately 28% of non-utility solar installation in the U. S. that year and it offers energy storage services through its parent company, Tesla Inc. including a turnkey residential battery backup service that incorporates Teslas Powerwall. In 2013, Solar Power World magazine listed SolarCity as the No.2 overall solar installation company in the U. S. The company is one of the members of The Alliance for Solar Choice, or TASC. SolarCity purchased Paramount Solar from Paramount Equity for $120 million in 2013, in March 2016 SpaceX bought $90 million of SolarCity stock. In June 2016, Musks car company, Tesla, formally submitted an offer to acquire SolarCity for $2. 5–3 billion, according to Musk, the reason for this is Creating a seamlessly integrated Tesla battery & solar power product that looks beautiful. On August 1,2016, SolarCity accepted Tesla Motors offer of 2.6 billion, other steps to finalize the merger will not complete until later in 2016. As of August 2016, Musk owned 22% of SolarCity stock, in August 2016, it was announced that the company plans to take up $5 million in charges to cover its planned layoffs. The company was cutting the salary of its two co-founders from $275,000 to $1 per year. On March 2,2017 it was announced that SolarCity eliminated 3,000 jobs in 2016 and this information was disclosed in a regulatory filing the previous day. The company did so to preserve cash, the job cuts affected workers across the entire company, operations, installations, manufacturing, and sales and marketing. In operations, installations, and manufacturing, 22% of jobs were cut, in sales and marketing, 27% of jobs were cut. 2016 was the first year in the history that SolarCity cut its workforce. At the end of 2016, SolarCity had 12,243 employees, at the end of 2015, in 2015, the number of employees had grown by 68. 7%
SolarCity
–
Original SolarCity headquarters in
Foster City, California
SolarCity
–
Installation vehicles with the original SolarCity logo
SolarCity
–
SolarCity vehicle with current SolarCity logo at night
32.
Wet Nellie
–
Not to be confused with Wet Nelly. Wet Nellie is a submarine, created for the 1977 James Bond film The Spy Who Loved Me in the shape of a Lotus Esprit S1 sports car. The Esprit was chosen to give James Bond a glamorous car to drive, Wet Nellie is named in reference to Little Nellie, an autogyro featured in the James Bond film You Only Live Twice. Little Nellie was named after Nellie Wallace, the submarine does not maintain a dry interior, and thus is a wet sub that requires occupants to don scuba gear. It was built by Perry Oceanographic, Inc. of Riviera Beach, Florida, USA, specifically for the film, using a Lotus Esprit S1 bodyshell, for about $100,000 at the time. The wedge shape of the Esprit is designed to provide downforce, so would force the submarine to dive, the sub requires a crew of two to operate. It has four electric motors that allowed forward motion only, the interior bears no resemblance to that of a car, being just a platform for the scuba divers, and the equipment used to operate, drive, and power the sub. During filming of The Spy Who Loved Me, the submarine was piloted by ex-U. S, the fictional history of the car in the film was that it was developed by Q-Branch. In filming, six Esprits were used, several specially modified for water duty, upon completion of filming, the submarine went on a promotional tour. Afterwards, it was shipped to Long Island, New York, the storage unit was prepaid for 10 years, at the end of the lease, no one claimed the contents, so the contents of the storage locker were placed on auction. The buyer paid less than $100 for the unit, the buyers did not know the contents when they bought it, and from 1989 to 2013 occasionally exhibited the submarine. The then owner, also owner of a rental shop, had the exterior restored. It was put up for auction as a Bond Car in 2013, in September 2013, the submarine sold at auction for £550,000, at RM Auctions in Battersea, south west London. Elon Musk bought the vehicle, and as of 2013, planned to convert it into the functional car-submarine from the film, Musk stated that he plans to use Tesla Motors electric drive train in making his conversion a reality
Wet Nellie
–
Wet Nellie
33.
Talulah Riley
–
Talulah Jane Riley-Milburn, known professionally as Talulah Riley, is an English actress. She has appeared in such as Pride & Prejudice, St Trinians, The Boat That Rocked, St. Trinians 2, The Legend of Frittons Gold. Riley grew up in Hemel Hempstead in Hertfordshire, the child of Una Riley, founder of a security systems company and a PR company. Her father now works as a screenwriter and has written episodes of Silent Witness, Prime Suspect, Riley attended Cheltenham Ladies College, Berkhamsted Collegiate School and Haberdashers Askes School for Girls. While acting in London, she studied for a degree in Natural Sciences at the Open University, rileys television credits include episodes of Poirot, Marple, Doctor Who. She played Lila, a writer, in the short-lived E4 series Nearly Famous. She played Angela in the 2016 television remake of Westworld, Riley made her stage debut in The Philadelphia Story at the Old Vic in 2005. Her performance in a 2006 revival of Tennessee Williams Summer and Smoke was described by critic Rachel Read as being delightful, Riley appeared as a disguise used by Tom Hardys character in Inception. Also in 2010, The Summer House was released, which starred Riley in the lead role, by the end of the first day of release, it was the number one film on iTunes worldwide and dominated that position for several days. She also appeared in White Frog and she was featured on the March 2010 cover of Esquire. In 2011, she was named a Brit to Watch by the British Academy of Film, in 2008, Riley began dating billionaire entrepreneur Elon Musk and in 2010 they married at Dornoch Cathedral. In January 2012, Musk announced that he had ended his relationship with Riley. In March 2012, Musk was seeking a divorce, however, in July 2013, Musk and Riley remarried. In a 60 Minutes interview in 2014, the stated that they had reconciled and were living together again. On 31 December 2014, the Associated Press reported that Musk had filed for divorce and it was reported that Riley had been living separately from Musk for six months and filed for a second divorce in Los Angeles Superior Court on 21 March 2016. The divorce was finalised in October 2016, Talulah Riley at the Internet Movie Database
Talulah Riley
–
Riley on the set of
St. Trinian's 2: The Legend of Fritton's Gold in 2009.
34.
Kimbal Musk
–
Kimbal Musk is a South African-born Canadian-American entrepreneur, venture capitalist and environmentalist who has invested in several technology and food companies. He owns The Kitchen Cafe, LLC, a family of community restaurants located in Boulder, Fort Collins, Denver, Glendale, Chicago and he co-founded The Kitchen Community, a 5013 nonprofit that brings outdoor vegetable gardens called Learning Gardens to schoolyards and community spaces. He sits on the boards of Tesla Inc and he is the younger brother of billionaire businessman Elon Musk and a major Tesla shareholder. Musk grew up in a household, with his brother Elon, sister Tosca. His mother was a prominent dietitian, and his father had his own engineering practice, after finishing high school in Pretoria, South Africa, Musk left to meet his brother in Kingston, Ontario and enrolled in university to pursue a degree in business at Queens University. While in school, Musk first worked at Scotiabank and he graduated with his degree from Queens University in 1995. Musks first entrepreneurship venture was a painting business with College Pro Painters in 1995. Zip2 Corporation was a city guide that provided content for the new online versions of the New York Times. The company was sold in 1999 to Compaq for $307 million, after selling Zip2, Musk invested in several young software and technology companies. Musk was an investor in his brother’s venture X. com. X. com merged with PayPal, which in October 2002 was acquired by eBay for $1.5 billion in stock, while Elon stayed in California, Kimbal moved to New York and enrolled into the French Culinary Institute in New York City. In April 2004, Musk opened The Kitchen Boulder, a community bistro in Boulder, Colorado with Jen Lewin, the Kitchen has been named one of America’s Top Restaurants according to Food & Wine, Zagat’s, Gourmet, and the James Beard Foundation. Musk and Matheson expanded their restaurant for the first time and opened The Kitchen Upstairs, a cocktail lounge, from 2006 to 2011 Musk served as the CEO of OneRiot, an advertising network for the real-time, social web. In September 2011 Walmart-Labs acquired OneRiot for a purchase price. In 2011, Next Door opened in downtown Boulder as an urban casual, Next Door has locations in Glendale and Denver Union Station. In 2012, The Kitchen Denver opened on the 16th Street Mall, each of The Kitchen restaurants donates a percentage of sales to help plant Learning Gardens in their local community. In 2012, The Kitchen Community built 26 gardens in Colorado,16 in Chicago, in December 2012, Chicago Mayor Rahm Emanuel handed The Kitchen Community nonprofit $1 million to install 80 gardens in Chicago city schools. By the end of 2015, four years after its founding, The Kitchen Community built 260 Learning Gardens across Chicago, Denver, Los Angeles and Memphis
Kimbal Musk
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Kimbal Musk
Kimbal Musk
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The Kitchen
35.
Lyndon Rive
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Rive co-founded SolarCity with his brother Peter in 2006. SolarCity is the largest residential solar installer in the United States, prior to co-founding SolarCity, Lyndon Rive co-founded the enterprise software company Everdream, which was ultimately acquired by Dell. Rive started his first company at age 17 before leaving his native South Africa, in his spare time, Rive plays underwater hockey. Rive is a cousin of SolarCity investor and entrepreneur Elon Musk, in 2010, Rive was named to the MIT Technology Review TR35 as one of the top 35 innovators in the world under age 35. In 2013, Rive was an EY Entrepreneur of the Year Award winner in the Northern California Region, Lyndon Rive as technologist and underwater hockey player
Lyndon Rive
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Rive in 2015
