1.
Boat Race
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The Boat Race is an annual rowing race between the Oxford University Boat Club and the Cambridge University Boat Club, rowed between mens open-weight eights on the River Thames in London, England. It is also known as the University Boat Race and the Oxford, although The Boat Race crews are male, the coxes can be men or women. In the 2017 race, which place on Sunday 2 April 2017. The first race was in 1829 and the event has been held annually since 1856, except during the First, a reserve boat race has been held since 1965. The course covers a 4. 2-mile stretch of the Thames in West London, members of both teams are traditionally known as blues and each boat as a Blue Boat, with Cambridge in light blue and Oxford dark blue. As of 2016 Cambridge has won the race 82 times and Oxford 80 times, Cambridge has led Oxford in cumulative wins since 1930. Upwards of 250,000 people watch the race from the banks of the each year. In 2009, a record 270,000 people watched the race live, a further 15 million or more watch it on television, it is the only rowing race currently broadcast on television not featuring national teams. The tradition was started in 1829 by Charles Merivale, a student at St Johns College, Cambridge, the University of Cambridge challenged the University of Oxford to a race at Henley-on-Thames but lost easily. Oxford raced in dark blue because five members of the crew, including the stroke, were from Christ Church, then Head of the River, there is a dispute as to the source of the colour chosen by Cambridge. The second race was in 1836, with the moved to a course from Westminster to Putney. Over the next two years, there was disagreement over where the race should be held, with Oxford preferring Henley, the race in 1877 was declared a dead heat. Both crews finished in a time of 24 minutes and 8 seconds in bad weather, the verdict of race judge, John Phelps, is suspect because he was reportedly over 70 and blind in one eye. Phelpss nickname Honest John was not a one, and he was not drunk under a bush at the time of the finish. He did have to judge who had won without the assistance of finish posts, with no clear way to determine who had surged forward at the exact finish line, Phelps could only pronounce it a dead heat. Koch believes that the press and Oxford supporters made up the stories about Phelps later, thus struggling over the remaining portion of the course, the two eights raced past the flag alongside one another, and the gun fired amid a scene of excitement rarely equalled and never exceeded. Cheers for one crew were succeeded by counter-cheers for the other, John Phelps, the waterman, who officiated, replied that the noses of the boats passed the post strictly level, and that the result was a dead heat. In 1959 some of the existing Oxford blues attempted to oust president Ronnie Howard, however, their attempt failed when Cambridge supported the president
2.
River Thames
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The River Thames is a river that flows through southern England, most notably through London. At 215 miles, it is the longest river entirely in England and it also flows through Oxford, Reading, Henley-on-Thames and Windsor. The lower reaches of the river are called the Tideway, derived from its tidal reach up to Teddington Lock. It rises at Thames Head in Gloucestershire, and flows into the North Sea via the Thames Estuary, the Thames drains the whole of Greater London. Its tidal section, reaching up to Teddington Lock, includes most of its London stretch and has a rise, in Scotland, the Tay achieves more than double the average discharge from a drainage basin that is 60% smaller. Along its course are 45 navigation locks with accompanying weirs and its catchment area covers a large part of South Eastern and a small part of Western England and the river is fed by 38 named tributaries. The river contains over 80 islands, in 2010, the Thames won the largest environmental award in the world – the $350,000 International Riverprize. The Thames, from Middle English Temese, is derived from the Brittonic Celtic name for the river, Tamesas, recorded in Latin as Tamesis and yielding modern Welsh Tafwys Thames. It has also suggested that it is not of Celtic origin. A place by the river, rather than the river itself, indirect evidence for the antiquity of the name Thames is provided by a Roman potsherd found at Oxford, bearing the inscription Tamesubugus fecit. It is believed that Tamesubugus name was derived from that of the river, tamese was referred to as a place, not a river in the Ravenna Cosmography. The rivers name has always pronounced with a simple t /t/, the Middle English spelling was typically Temese. A similar spelling from 1210, Tamisiam, is found in the Magna Carta, the Thames through Oxford is sometimes called the Isis. Ordnance Survey maps still label the Thames as River Thames or Isis down to Dorchester, richard Coates suggests that while the river was as a whole called the Thames, part of it, where it was too wide to ford, was called *lowonida. An alternative, and simpler proposal, is that London may also be a Germanic word, for merchant seamen, the Thames has long been just the London River. Londoners often refer to it simply as the river in such as south of the river. Thames Valley Police is a body that takes its name from the river. The marks of human activity, in cases dating back to Pre-Roman Britain, are visible at various points along the river
3.
Historic counties of England
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The historic counties of England were established for administration by the Normans, in most cases based on earlier kingdoms and shires established by the Anglo-Saxons and others. They ceased to be used for administration with the creation of the counties in 1889. They are alternatively known as ancient counties or traditional counties, where they are not included among the modern counties of England they are also known as former counties. Counties were used initially for the administration of justice, collection of taxes and organisation of the military and they continue to form the basis of modern local government in many parts of the country away from the main urban areas, although sometimes with considerably altered boundaries. The name of a county often gives a clue to how it was formed, either as a division took its name from a centre of administration. The majority of English counties are in the first category, with the name formed by combining the central town with the suffix -shire, for example Yorkshire. Former kingdoms, which became earldoms in the united England did not feature this formulation, so for Kent, Counties ending in the suffix -sex are also in this category and are former Saxon kingdoms. Many of these names are formed from compass directions, the third category includes counties such as Cornwall and Devon where the name corresponds to the tribes who inhabited the area. County Durham is anomalous in terms of naming and origin, not falling into any of the three categories, instead it was a diocese that was turned into the County Palatine of Durham, ruled by the Bishop of Durham. The expected form would otherwise be Durhamshire, but it was rarely used, there are customary abbreviations for many of the counties. In most cases these consist of simple truncation, usually with an s at the end signifying shire, some abbreviations are not obvious, such as Salop for Shropshire, Oxon for Oxfordshire, Hants for Hampshire and Northants for Northamptonshire. Counties were often prefixed with County of in official contexts, such as County of Kent and those counties named after central towns lost the -shire suffix, for example Yorkshire would be known as County of York. This usage was sometimes followed even where there was no town by that name, the -shire suffix was also appended for some counties, such as Devonshire, Dorsetshire and Somersetshire, despite their origin. There is still a Duke of Devonshire, Great Britain was first divided into administrative areas by the Romans, most likely following major geographical features such as rivers. Before their arrival there were distinct tribal areas, but they were in a constant state of flux as territory was gained, the areas that would later form the English counties started to take shape soon afterwards, with the Kingdom of Kent founded by settlers around 445. Once the Kingdom of England was united as a whole in 927 it became necessary to subdivide it for convenience and to this end. The whole kingdom was divided into shires by the time of the Norman conquest, robert of Gloucester accounts for thirty-five shires and William of Malmesbury thirty-two, Henry of Huntingdon, thirty-seven. In most cases the counties or shires in medieval times were administered by a sheriff on behalf of the monarch, after the Norman conquest the sheriff was replaced and the shires became counties, or areas under the control of a count, in the French manner
4.
Mortlake
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Mortlake is a suburban district of the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames on the south bank of the River Thames between Kew and Barnes. Historically it was part of Surrey and until 1965 was in the Municipal Borough of Barnes, for many centuries it had village status and extended far to the south, to include East Sheen and part of what is now Richmond Park. Its Stuart and Georgian history was one of malting, brewing, farming, watermen. A London landmark, the former Mortlake Brewery or Stag Brewery, is on the edge of Mortlake, the Waterloo to Reading railway line runs through Mortlake, which has a pedestrianised riverside, two riverside pubs and a village green. The Boat Race finishes at Mortlake every April, the Mortlake and Barnes Common ward of the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames has proved highly marginal. In the 2010 local elections local Liberal Democrats lost all three seats to local Conservatives to form an administration on the Council, Richmond Park, the constituency which includes Mortlake, also changed from Liberal Democrat to Conservative in the 2010 general election. The London Assembly constituency South West, which includes Mortlake, includes among its representatives Tony Arbour, Mortlake lay in the hundred of Brixton, all of which faded into obscurity. It rendered a large £38 plus 4s 4d from 17 houses in London, 2s 3d from houses in Southwark, the manor belonged to the Archbishops of Canterbury until the time of Henry VIII, when it passed by exchange to the Crown. From the early part of the 17th century until after the English Civil War, Mortlake was celebrated for the manufacture of tapestry, Mortlake was reduced by 732 acres when Richmond Park was created by Charles I in 1637. Other parishes also lost smaller amounts of land to the new deer park, Colston Houses forebear was built by Thomas Cromwell, Earl of Essex then acquired by Edward Colston, major benefactor and investor to the port city of Bristol. This was pulled down in 1860 and he had given land to extend the churchyard. Sir Henry Taylor, KCMG, the poet, lived in Mortlake in the 19th century. Since 1845, the Oxford and Cambridge Boat Race has had its point at Mortlake. Several other important rowing races over the Championship Course also either start or finish at the stone. The first National School in Mortlake was built providing compulsory education at primary level in 1869, followed by a school in 1890 and county level. Mortlakes most famous resident is John Dee, mathematician, astronomer, astrologer, alchemist. His house no longer exists but it became the Mortlake Tapestry Works, the cemetery of St Mary Magdalen’s Roman Catholic Church Mortlake contains the tomb of the Victorian explorer and orientalist Sir Richard Burton. Former British Prime Minister Henry Addington who, as Lord Sidmouth, was Ranger of Richmond Park, some businesses on the north side of the Upper Richmond Road make reference to the old ecclesiastical and ward boundaries supported by their still Mortlake side streets
5.
Putney
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Putney is a district in south-west London, England in the London Borough of Wandsworth. It is centred 5.1 miles south-west of Charing Cross, the area is identified in the London Plan as one of 35 major centres in Greater London. And thus we take leave of Putney, one of the pleasantest of the London suburbs, Putney is an ancient parish which covered 9.11 square kilometres and was until 1889 in the Hundred of Brixton in the county of Surrey. Its area has reduced by the loss of Roehampton to the south-west. In 1855 the parish was included in the area of responsibility of the Metropolitan Board of Works and was grouped into the Wandsworth District, in 1889 the area was removed from Surrey and became part of the County of London. The Wandsworth District became the Metropolitan Borough of Wandsworth in 1900, since 1965 Putney has formed part of the London Borough of Wandsworth in Greater London. The benefice of the remains a perpetual curacy whose patron is the Dean. It has a small chantry chapel removed from the east end of the south aisle, a charitable almshouse for 12 men and women, dedicated to the Holy Trinity, was erected by Sir Abraham Dawes, who provided it with an endowment. Putney was also birthplace of Thomas Cromwell, made Earl of Essex by Henry VIII and of Edward Gibbon, author of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, William Pitt, Earl of Chatham, died at a house on Putney Heath. At that time Putney took on Londons premier role in civil engineering, Putney had a second place of worship, for Independents and Roehampton was in the process of achieving separate parish status. The proprietors of the bridge distributed £31 per annum to watermen, and watermens widows and children, Putney in 1887 covered 9 square kilometres. Putney appears in the Domesday Book of 1086 as Putelei and it was noted that it did not fall into the category of local jurisdictions known as a manor, but obtained 20 shillings from the ferry or market toll at Putney belonging to the manor of Mortlake. One famous crossing at Putney was that of Cardinal Wolsey in 1529 upon his disgrace in falling out of favour with Henry VIII and on ceasing to be the holder of the Great Seal of England. As he was riding up Putney Hill he was overtaken by one of the royal chamberlains who presented him with a ring as a token of the continuance of his majestys favour. The first permanent bridge between Fulham and Putney was completed in 1729, and was the bridge to be built across the Thames in London. The ferry boat was on the side, however and the waterman. Walpole vowed that a bridge would replace the ferry, the Prince of Wales apparently was often inconvenienced by the ferry when returning from hunting in Richmond park and asked Walpole to use his influence by supporting the bridge. The bridge was a structure and lasted for 150 years
6.
London
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London /ˈlʌndən/ is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom. Standing on the River Thames in the south east of the island of Great Britain and it was founded by the Romans, who named it Londinium. Londons ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its 1. 12-square-mile medieval boundaries. London is a global city in the arts, commerce, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research and development, tourism. It is crowned as the worlds largest financial centre and has the fifth- or sixth-largest metropolitan area GDP in the world, London is a world cultural capital. It is the worlds most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the worlds largest city airport system measured by passenger traffic, London is the worlds leading investment destination, hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city. Londons universities form the largest concentration of education institutes in Europe. In 2012, London became the first city to have hosted the modern Summer Olympic Games three times, London has a diverse range of people and cultures, and more than 300 languages are spoken in the region. Its estimated mid-2015 municipal population was 8,673,713, the largest of any city in the European Union, Londons urban area is the second most populous in the EU, after Paris, with 9,787,426 inhabitants at the 2011 census. The citys metropolitan area is the most populous in the EU with 13,879,757 inhabitants, the city-region therefore has a similar land area and population to that of the New York metropolitan area. London was the worlds most populous city from around 1831 to 1925, Other famous landmarks include Buckingham Palace, the London Eye, Piccadilly Circus, St Pauls Cathedral, Tower Bridge, Trafalgar Square, and The Shard. The London Underground is the oldest underground railway network in the world, the etymology of London is uncertain. It is an ancient name, found in sources from the 2nd century and it is recorded c.121 as Londinium, which points to Romano-British origin, and hand-written Roman tablets recovered in the city originating from AD 65/70-80 include the word Londinio. The earliest attempted explanation, now disregarded, is attributed to Geoffrey of Monmouth in Historia Regum Britanniae and this had it that the name originated from a supposed King Lud, who had allegedly taken over the city and named it Kaerlud. From 1898, it was accepted that the name was of Celtic origin and meant place belonging to a man called *Londinos. The ultimate difficulty lies in reconciling the Latin form Londinium with the modern Welsh Llundain, which should demand a form *lōndinion, from earlier *loundiniom. The possibility cannot be ruled out that the Welsh name was borrowed back in from English at a later date, and thus cannot be used as a basis from which to reconstruct the original name. Until 1889, the name London officially applied only to the City of London, two recent discoveries indicate probable very early settlements near the Thames in the London area
7.
England
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England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west, the Irish Sea lies northwest of England and the Celtic Sea lies to the southwest. England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east, the country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain in its centre and south, and includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly, and the Isle of Wight. England became a state in the 10th century, and since the Age of Discovery. The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England, transforming its society into the worlds first industrialised nation, Englands terrain mostly comprises low hills and plains, especially in central and southern England. However, there are uplands in the north and in the southwest, the capital is London, which is the largest metropolitan area in both the United Kingdom and the European Union. In 1801, Great Britain was united with the Kingdom of Ireland through another Act of Union to become the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. In 1922 the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom, leading to the latter being renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain, the name England is derived from the Old English name Englaland, which means land of the Angles. The Angles were one of the Germanic tribes that settled in Great Britain during the Early Middle Ages, the Angles came from the Angeln peninsula in the Bay of Kiel area of the Baltic Sea. The earliest recorded use of the term, as Engla londe, is in the ninth century translation into Old English of Bedes Ecclesiastical History of the English People. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, its spelling was first used in 1538. The earliest attested reference to the Angles occurs in the 1st-century work by Tacitus, Germania, the etymology of the tribal name itself is disputed by scholars, it has been suggested that it derives from the shape of the Angeln peninsula, an angular shape. An alternative name for England is Albion, the name Albion originally referred to the entire island of Great Britain. The nominally earliest record of the name appears in the Aristotelian Corpus, specifically the 4th century BC De Mundo, in it are two very large islands called Britannia, these are Albion and Ierne. But modern scholarly consensus ascribes De Mundo not to Aristotle but to Pseudo-Aristotle, the word Albion or insula Albionum has two possible origins. Albion is now applied to England in a poetic capacity. Another romantic name for England is Loegria, related to the Welsh word for England, Lloegr, the earliest known evidence of human presence in the area now known as England was that of Homo antecessor, dating to approximately 780,000 years ago. The oldest proto-human bones discovered in England date from 500,000 years ago, Modern humans are known to have inhabited the area during the Upper Paleolithic period, though permanent settlements were only established within the last 6,000 years
8.
Sport rowing
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Rowing, often referred to as crew in the United States, is a sport with origins back to Ancient Egyptian times. It is based on propelling a boat on water using oars, by pushing against the water with an oar, a force is generated to move the boat. The sport can be recreational, where the focus is on learning the technique of rowing, or competitive. There are a number of different boat classes in which athletes compete, modern rowing as a competitive sport can be traced to the early 10th century when races were held between professional watermen on the River Thames in London, United Kingdom. Often prizes were offered by the London Guilds and Livery Companies, amateur competition began towards the end of the 18th century with the arrival of boat clubs at the British public schools of Eton College and Westminster School. Similarly, clubs were formed at the University of Oxford, with a race held between Brasenose College and Jesus College in 1815, at the University of Cambridge the first recorded races were in 1827. In 1843, the first American college rowing club was formed at Yale University, the International Rowing Federation, responsible for international governance of rowing, was founded in 1892 to provide regulation at a time when the sport was gaining popularity. Across six continents,150 countries now have rowing federations that participate in the sport, Rowing is one of the oldest Olympic sports. Though it was on the programme for the 1896 games, racing did not take due to bad weather. Womens rowing was added to the Olympic programme in 1976, today, only fourteen boat classes race at the Olympics, Each year the World Rowing Championships is staged by FISA with 22 boat classes raced. In Olympic years only the boat classes are raced at the World Championships. The European Rowing Championships are held annually, along with three World Rowing Cups in which each event earns a number of points for a country towards the World Cup title, since 2008, rowing has also been competed at the Paralympic Games. Many other competitions often exist for racing clubs, schools, and universities in each nation. While rowing, the athlete sits in the boat facing toward the stern and this may be done on a canal, river, lake, sea, or other large bodies of water. The sport requires strong core balance, physical strength, flexibility, whilst the action of rowing and equipment used remains fairly consistent throughout the world, there are many different types of competition. These include endurance races, time trials, stake racing, bumps racing, the many different formats are a result of the long history of the sport, its development in different regions of the world, and specific local requirements and restrictions. There are two forms of rowing, In sweep or sweep-oar rowing, each rower has one oar and this is generally done in pairs, fours, and eights. In some regions of the world, each rower in a boat is referred to either as port or starboard
9.
The Boat Race
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The Boat Race is an annual rowing race between the Oxford University Boat Club and the Cambridge University Boat Club, rowed between mens open-weight eights on the River Thames in London, England. It is also known as the University Boat Race and the Oxford, although The Boat Race crews are male, the coxes can be men or women. In the 2017 race, which place on Sunday 2 April 2017. The first race was in 1829 and the event has been held annually since 1856, except during the First, a reserve boat race has been held since 1965. The course covers a 4. 2-mile stretch of the Thames in West London, members of both teams are traditionally known as blues and each boat as a Blue Boat, with Cambridge in light blue and Oxford dark blue. As of 2016 Cambridge has won the race 82 times and Oxford 80 times, Cambridge has led Oxford in cumulative wins since 1930. Upwards of 250,000 people watch the race from the banks of the each year. In 2009, a record 270,000 people watched the race live, a further 15 million or more watch it on television, currently no other non-country-representative rowing races are broadcast by a television station. The tradition was started in 1829 by Charles Merivale, a student at St Johns College, Cambridge, Cambridge challenged Oxford to a race at Henley-on-Thames but lost easily. Oxford raced in dark blue because five members of the crew, including the stroke, were from Christ Church, then Head of the River, there is a dispute as to the source of the colour chosen by Cambridge. The second race was in 1836, with the moved to a course from Westminster to Putney. Over the next two years, there was disagreement over where the race should be held, with Oxford preferring Henley, the race in 1877 was declared a dead heat. Both crews finished in a time of 24 minutes and eight seconds in bad weather, the verdict of race judge, John Phelps, is suspect because he was reportedly over 70 and blind in one eye. Phelpss nickname Honest John was not a one, and he was not drunk under a bush at the time of the finish. He did have to judge who had won without the assistance of finish posts, with no clear way to determine who had surged forward at the exact finish line, Phelps could only pronounce it a dead heat. Koch believes that the press and Oxford supporters made up the stories about Phelps later, thus struggling over the remaining portion of the course, the two eights raced past the flag alongside one another, and the gun fired amid a scene of excitement rarely equalled and never exceeded. Cheers for one crew were succeeded by counter-cheers for the other, John Phelps, the waterman, who officiated, replied that the noses of the boats passed the post strictly level, and that the result was a dead heat. In 1959 some of the existing Oxford blues attempted to oust president Ronnie Howard, however, their attempt failed when Cambridge supported the president
10.
Tideway
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The Tideway is a name given to the part of the River Thames in England that is subject to tides. This stretch of water is downstream from Teddington Lock and is in its widest definition just under 160 kilometres long, the Tideway includes the Thames Estuary, the Thames Gateway and the Pool of London. London Bridge is used as the basis for published tide tables giving the times of high tide, high tide reaches Putney about 30 minutes later, similarly Teddington/Ham. Low-lying banks of London have been defended against natural vulnerability to flooding by storm surges, the Thames Barrier was constructed across the Thames at Woolwich to deal with this threat. The Tideway is managed by the Port of London Authority and is referred to as the Port of London. The upstream limit of its authority is marked by an obelisk just short of Teddington Lock, the PLA is responsible for one lock on the Thames, Richmond Lock. In London, the Thames is policed by the Thames Division, essex Police and Kent Police have responsibilities for the rest of the Tideway. 21st century criminal investigations have included the Roberto Calvi and Torso in the Thames cases, the London Fire Brigade has a fire boat on the river. As a result, there are four stations on the Thames, at, Teddington, Chiswick Pier, Tower Pier. The river is navigable to large ocean-going ships as far as the Pool of London at London Bridge and is the United Kingdoms second largest port by tonnage. Most trade is handled by Tilbury docks, ro-ro ferry terminals at Dagenham and Dartford, there is a speed limit of 8 knots west of Wandsworth Bridge and in tributary creeks, and except for authorised vehicles,12 knots between Wandsworth Bridge and Margaretness. The tidal river is used for leisure navigation and this section is not suitable for sporting activity because of the strong stream through the bridges. Rowing has a significant presence upstream of Putney Bridge, while sailing takes place in the same area, the annual Great River Race for traditional rowed craft takes place over the stretch from Greenwich to Ham. Thames meander challenges along the length of the Thames from Lechlade often pass through the London sections and finish well downstream, the Grand Union Canal joins the river at Brentford, with a branch – the Regents Canal – joining at Limehouse Basin. The other part of the network still connecting on the Tideway is the River Lea Navigation. Narrow low-lying belts beside the tidal section of the Thames regularly flood at spring tides, one such example exists at Chiswick Lane South, where the river, as pictured, overflows this road a few times per year. Although water quality has improved over the last 40 years and efforts to clean up the Tideway have led to the reintroduction of marine life and birds, the environment of the Tideway is still poor. Heavier rainfall in London causes overflows from pipes on the banks from the standard type of sewer in the capital
11.
Westminster Bridge
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Westminster Bridge is a road-and-foot-traffic bridge over the River Thames in London, linking Westminster on the west side and Lambeth on the east side. The bridge is painted green, the same colour as the leather seats in the House of Commons which is on the side of the Palace of Westminster nearest to the bridge. This is in contrast to Lambeth Bridge, which is red, in 2005–2007, it underwent a complete refurbishment, including replacing the iron fascias and repainting the whole bridge. It links the Palace of Westminster on the west side of the river with County Hall, the next bridge downstream is the Hungerford footbridge and upstream is Lambeth Bridge. Westminster Bridge was designated a Grade II* listed structure in 1981, for over 600 years, the nearest bridge to London Bridge was at Kingston. A bridge at Westminster was proposed in 1664, but opposed by the Corporation of London, despite further opposition in 1722, and after a new timber bridge was built at Putney in 1729, the scheme received parliamentary approval in 1736. Financed by private capital, lotteries and grants, Westminster Bridge was built between 1739–1750, under the supervision of the Swiss engineer Charles Labelye, the City of London responded to Westminster Bridge by removing the buildings on London Bridge and widening it in 1760–63. The City also commenced work on the Blackfriars Bridge, which opened in 1769, other bridges from that time include Kew Bridge, Battersea Bridge, and Richmond Bridge. The bridge was required for traffic from the expanding West End to the developing South London as well as to south coast ports, without the bridge, traffic from the West End would have to negotiate the congested routes to London Bridge such as the Strand and New Oxford Street. Roads south of the river were also improved, including the junction at the Elephant & Castle in Southwark, by the mid–19th century the bridge was subsiding badly and expensive to maintain. The current bridge was designed by Thomas Page and opened on 24 May 1862, with a length of 820 feet and a width of 85 feet, it is a seven-arch, cast-iron bridge with Gothic detailing by Charles Barry. It is the oldest road bridge across the Thames in central London, on 22 March 2017, a terrorist attack started on the bridge and continued into Bridge Street and Old Palace Yard. Five people - three pedestrians, one officer, and the attacker - died as a result of the incident. A colleague of the officer was armed and shot the attacker, more than 50 people were injured. An investigation is ongoing by the Metropolitan Police, in the 2002 British horror film 28 Days Later, the protagonist awakes from a coma to find London deserted and walks over an eerily empty Westminster Bridge whilst looking for signs of life. Westminster Bridge is the start and finish point for the Bridges Handicap Race, william Wordsworth wrote the sonnet Composed upon Westminster Bridge, September 3,1802. In the finale of the 24th James Bond film Spectre, Blofelds helicopter crashes into Westminster Bridge, Westminster Bridge at Structurae Westminster Bridge at Structurae Interactive Panorama, Westminster Bridge
12.
Wingfield Sculls
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The Wingfield Sculls is a rowing race held annually on the River Thames in London, England, on the 4 1⁄4 miles Championship Course from Putney to Mortlake. Due to tide changes on the Tideway, the race may therefore be in October or in November, the race was founded on 10 August 1830, at the instigation of barrister Henry Colsell Wingfield. The 2015 race took place on Thursday 12 November, Henry Colsell Wingfield, born 1805, an Old Westminster, married Jane Nicholls in Margate, Kent in 1828. Henry Wingfield was the grandson of a hatter, the son of an attorney and was raised at St James’s Parish. He and Jane lived at 37 Great Marlborough Street near Oxford Circus — now rebuilt as a Coffee Republic, in 1842 Jane divorced Henry for adultery. He farmed near Picton near South Marysburgh for 20 years, sometimes visiting England, in 1861, Henry Wingfield sold his farm and — wishing to spend his last days in England, embarked for Liverpool. The Wingfield Family Society have been involved with the Wingfield Sculls for the last 10 years and it has also has funded and presented a silver Trophy – based on Henry Wingfield’s original 1830 Trophy - for the revived Women’s Wingfields. Results Rowing on the River Thames Bibliography Cleaver, Hylton, A History of Rowing, british Amateur Rowing Association Almanacks, 1898–2007
13.
Chiswick Bridge
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Chiswick Bridge is a reinforced concrete deck arch bridge over the River Thames in west London. Built on the site of a ferry, the bridge is 606 feet long. At the time of its opening its 150-foot central span was the longest concrete span over the Thames, the bridge is possibly best known today for its proximity to the end of The Championship Course, the stretch of the Thames used for the Boat Race and other rowing races. The villages of Chiswick and Mortlake, about 6 miles west of central London on the north and south banks of the River Thames, had been linked by a ferry since at least the 17th century. Both areas were populated, so there was little demand for a fixed river crossing at that point. With the arrival of railways and the London Underground in the 19th century commuting to London became practical and affordable, however, the scheme was abandoned due to costs and arguments between various interested parties over the exact route the road should take. After the First World War, the population of the west London suburbs continued to grow, thanks to improved transport links. The Ministry of Transport agreed to pay heavy subsidies towards the cost, a new arterial road, now the A316 road, was given Royal Assent on 3 August 1928, and construction began in 1930. The construction of the required two new bridges to be built, at Twickenham and Chiswick. The proposal was authorised in 1928 and construction began in the same year, the bridge, along with the newly built Twickenham Bridge and the rebuilt Hampton Court Bridge, was opened by Edward, Prince of Wales on 3 July 1933, and the ferry service was permanently closed. The bridge has concrete foundations supporting a five-arch cellular reinforced concrete superstructure, the deck is supported by a concealed lattice of columns and beams rising from the arched superstructure. The structure is faced with 3,400 tons of Portland stone, the bridge is 606 feet long, and carries two 15-foot wide walkways, and a 40-foot wide road. At the time it was built, the 150-foot central span was the longest concrete span over the Thames, unusually for a Thames bridge, only three of Chiswick Bridges five spans cross the river, the shorter spans at each end of the bridge cross the former towpaths. To allow sufficient clearance for shipping without steep inclines, the roads to the bridge are elevated from some distance back from the river. The bridge was built by the Cleveland Bridge & Engineering Company at a cost of £208,284, additional costs such as building the approach roads and purchasing land brought the total cost of the bridge to £227,600. The Ministry of Transport paid 75% of the cost, with Surrey, the bridge was generally well received. Country Life praised the design as reflecting in its design the eighteenth century Palladian tradition of Lord Burlingtons famous villa at Chiswick. Chiswick Bridge is a transport route, and the eighth busiest of Londons 20 Thames road bridges
14.
Putney Bridge
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Putney Bridge is a bridge crossing of the River Thames in west London, linking Putney on the south side with Fulham to the north. The bridge has medieval churches at each end, St. Marys Church, Putney is located on the south and All Saints Church. Putney Bridge is the bridge in Britain to have a church at both ends. The current format is three lanes southbound and one lane northbound, Putney High Street, a main approach, is the main axis of a very commercial district centre. The north side of the bridge is 120m WSW of Putney Bridge tube station, parkland to the west includes the gardens of Fulham Palace, historic home of the Bishops of London. On the south side of the bridge are St. Marys Church, the ferry boat was on the opposite side, however and the waterman, who was drinking in the Swan, ignored the calls of Sir Robert and his servant and they were obliged to take another route. Walpole vowed that a bridge would replace the ferry, the then Prince of Wales equally was often inconvenienced by the ferry when returning from hunting in Richmond Park and asked Walpole to use his influence by supporting the bridge. The legal framework for construction of a bridge was approved by an Act of Parliament in 1726, built by local master carpenter Thomas Phillips to a design by architect Sir Jacob Acworth, the first bridge was opened in November 1729. In its first guise, from 1729 to 1886 it was slightly down river to the north and it was the only bridge between London Bridge and Kingston Bridge at the time. A toll bridge, it had tollbooths at either end of the timber-built structure, the bridge has been the starting point for The Boat Race since 1845 when the course was revised. The competitors are currently 32 men of Oxford and University of Cambridge with two crews of first and second eights, womens eights competed this for the first time in 2015, having since 1927 competed a shorter varsity race in Henley also in the early spring. The bridge was damaged by the collision of a river barge in 1870. Although part of the bridge was replaced, soon the entire bridge would be demolished. In 1886 construction of the bridge that stands today, on a new alignment, was completed. The Metropolitan Board of Works purchased the bridge in 1879, discontinued the tolls in 1880, the current bridge was designed by civil engineer Sir Joseph Bazalgette as a five-span structure, built of stone and Cornish granite. Bazalgette also designed Londons sewerage system, and the bridge integrates two of his five outfall sewers running perpendicular to it and it was constructed by John Waddell of Edinburgh, whose tender of £240,433 was accepted on 15 April 1882. It is 700 ft long and 43 ft wide, and was opened by the Prince, in 1933, the bridge was widened to its present three carriageways. Putney Bridge Approach was widened in consequence, further encroaching on the churchyard of All Saints Church, the stone marking the downstream end of the Championship Course is used for all boat races through Putney in olympic class rowing boats
15.
Mile
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The mile is an English unit of length of linear measure equal to 5,280 feet, or 1,760 yards, and standardised as exactly 1,609.344 metres by international agreement in 1959. The Romans divided their mile into 5,000 feet but the importance of furlongs in pre-modern England meant that the statute mile was made equivalent to 8 furlongs or 5,280 feet in 1593. This form of the mile then spread to the British-colonized nations who continue to employ the mile, the US Geological Survey now employs the metre for official purposes but legacy data from its 1927 geodetic datum has meant that a separate US survey mile continues to see some use. Derived units such as miles per hour and miles per gallon, however, continue to be abbreviated as mph, mpg. The modern English word mile derives from Middle English myl and Old English mīl, the present international mile is usually what is understood by the unqualified term mile. When this distance needs to be distinguished from the nautical mile, in British English, the statute mile may refer to the present international miles or to any other form of English mile since the 1593 Act of Parliament which set it as a distance of 1,760 yards. Under American law, however, the statute mile refers to the US survey mile, the mile has been variously abbreviated—with and without a trailing period—as m, M, ml, and mi. The American National Institute of Standards and Technology now uses and recommends mi in order to avoid confusion with the SI metre and millilitre. Derived units such as miles per hour and miles per gallon, however, continue to be abbreviated in the United States, United Kingdom, the BBC style holds that There is no acceptable abbreviation for ‘miles’ and so it should be spelt out when used in describing areas. The Roman mile consisted of a thousand paces as measured by every other step—as in the distance of the left foot hitting the ground 1,000 times. The ancient Romans, marching their armies through uncharted territory, would push a carved stick in the ground after each 1000 paces. Well-fed and harshly driven Roman legionaries in good weather thus created longer miles, the distance was indirectly standardised by Agrippas establishment of a standard Roman foot in 29 BC, and the definition of a pace as 5 feet. An Imperial Roman mile thus denoted 5,000 Roman feet, surveyors and specialized equipment such as the decempeda and dioptra then spread its use. In modern times, Agrippas Imperial Roman mile was empirically estimated to have been about 1,481 metres in length, in Hellenic areas of the Empire, the Roman mile was used beside the native Greek units as equivalent to 8 stadia of 600 Greek feet. The mílion continued to be used as a Byzantine unit and was used as the name of the zero mile marker for the Byzantine Empire. The Roman mile also spread throughout Europe, with its local variations giving rise to the different units below, also arising from the Roman mile is the milestone. All roads radiated out from the Roman Forum throughout the Empire –50,000 miles of stone-paved roads, at every mile was placed a shaped stone, on which was carved a Roman numeral, indicating the number of miles from the center of Rome – the Forum. Hence, one knew how far one was from Rome
16.
Yard
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The yard is an English unit of length, in both the British imperial and US customary systems of measurement, that comprises 3 feet or 36 inches. It is by international agreement in 1959 standardized as exactly 0.9144 meters, a metal yardstick originally formed the physical standard from which all other units of length were officially derived in both English systems. In the 19th and 20th centuries, increasingly powerful microscopes and scientific measurement detected variation in these prototype yards which became significant as technology improved. In 1959, the United States, United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, the name derives from the Old English gerd, gyrd, &c. which was used for branches, staves, and measuring rods. It is first attested in the late-7th century laws of Ine of Wessex, where the yard of land mentioned is the yardland, an old English unit of tax assessment equal to 1⁄4 hide. Around the same time, the Lindisfarne Gospels account of the messengers from John the Baptist in the Book of Matthew used it for a branch swayed by the wind. In addition to the yardland, Old and Middle English both used their forms of yard to denote the lengths of 15 or 16 1⁄2 ft used in computing acres. A unit of three English feet is attested in a statute of c. 1300 but there it is called an ell, the use of the word yard to describe this length is first attested in Langlands poem on Piers Plowman. The usage seems to derive from the prototype standard rods held by the king, the word yard is a homonym of yard in the sense of an enclosed area of land. This second meaning of yard has a related to the verb to gird and is probably not related. The origin of the measure is uncertain, both the Romans and the Welsh used multiples of a shorter foot, but 2 1⁄2 Roman feet was a step and 3 Welsh feet was a pace. The Proto-Germanic cubit or arms-length has been reconstructed as *alinâ, which developed into the Old English ęln, Middle English elne and this has led some to derive the yard of three English feet from pacing, others from the ell or cubit, others from Henry Is arm standard. Based on the etymology of the yard, others suggest it originally derived from the girth of a persons waist. But the yard was the standard adopted by the early English soverigns. The yard continued till the reign of Henry VII. when the ell was introduced, that being a yard, the ell was borrowed from the Paris drapers. Subsequently, however, Queen Elizabeth re-introduced the yard as the English standard of measure, the earliest record of a prototype measure is the statute II Edgar Cap. 8, which survives in several variant manuscripts, in it, Edgar the Peaceful directed the Witenagemot at Andover that the measure held at Winchester should be observed throughout his realm. The statutes of William I similarly refer to and uphold the measures of his predecessors without naming them
17.
Harvard University
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Although never formally affiliated with any denomination, the early College primarily trained Congregationalist and Unitarian clergy. Its curriculum and student body were gradually secularized during the 18th century, james Bryant Conant led the university through the Great Depression and World War II and began to reform the curriculum and liberalize admissions after the war. The undergraduate college became coeducational after its 1977 merger with Radcliffe College, Harvards $34.5 billion financial endowment is the largest of any academic institution. Harvard is a large, highly residential research university, the nominal cost of attendance is high, but the Universitys large endowment allows it to offer generous financial aid packages. Harvards alumni include eight U. S. presidents, several heads of state,62 living billionaires,359 Rhodes Scholars. To date, some 130 Nobel laureates,18 Fields Medalists, Harvard was formed in 1636 by vote of the Great and General Court of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. In 1638, it obtained British North Americas first known printing press, in 1639 it was named Harvard College after deceased clergyman John Harvard an alumnus of the University of Cambridge who had left the school £779 and his scholars library of some 400 volumes. The charter creating the Harvard Corporation was granted in 1650 and it offered a classic curriculum on the English university model—many leaders in the colony had attended the University of Cambridge—but conformed to the tenets of Puritanism. It was never affiliated with any denomination, but many of its earliest graduates went on to become clergymen in Congregational. The leading Boston divine Increase Mather served as president from 1685 to 1701, in 1708, John Leverett became the first president who was not also a clergyman, which marked a turning of the college toward intellectual independence from Puritanism. When the Hollis Professor of Divinity David Tappan died in 1803 and the president of Harvard Joseph Willard died a year later, in 1804, in 1846, the natural history lectures of Louis Agassiz were acclaimed both in New York and on the campus at Harvard College. Agassizs approach was distinctly idealist and posited Americans participation in the Divine Nature, agassizs perspective on science combined observation with intuition and the assumption that a person can grasp the divine plan in all phenomena. When it came to explaining life-forms, Agassiz resorted to matters of shape based on an archetype for his evidence. Charles W. Eliot, president 1869–1909, eliminated the position of Christianity from the curriculum while opening it to student self-direction. While Eliot was the most crucial figure in the secularization of American higher education, he was motivated not by a desire to secularize education, during the 20th century, Harvards international reputation grew as a burgeoning endowment and prominent professors expanded the universitys scope. Rapid enrollment growth continued as new schools were begun and the undergraduate College expanded. Radcliffe College, established in 1879 as sister school of Harvard College, Harvard became a founding member of the Association of American Universities in 1900. In the early 20th century, the student body was predominately old-stock, high-status Protestants, especially Episcopalians, Congregationalists, by the 1970s it was much more diversified
18.
Oxford University Boat Club
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Oxford University Boat Club is the rowing club of the University of Oxford, England, located on the River Thames at Oxford. The club was founded in the early 19th century, oUBCs boat house on the Isis burnt down in 1999 and much archival material, including photographs, was lost. OUBC now rows from its new boat house in Wallingford, south of Oxford. The boathouse was designed following a competition by Tuke Manton Architects LLP. The club has the use of the Redgrave Pinsent Rowing Lake in south Oxfordshire for training purposes, along with the GB Rowing squad and University College Oxford Boat Club. The club races against the Cambridge University Boat Club in The Boat Race on the Thames in London each year, oxfords team are commonly referred to as the Dark Blues. It has featured Olympic-level rowers and coxes, OUBC was one of five clubs which retained the right until 2012 to appoint representatives to the Council of British Rowing. The others were Leander Club, London Rowing Club, Thames Rowing Club, list of Oxford University Boat Race crews Rowing on the River Thames University rowing OUBC website
19.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
20.
Budweiser (Anheuser-Busch)
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Budweiser is an American-style pale lager produced by Anheuser-Busch, currently part of the multinational corporation Anheuser-Busch InBev. Introduced in 1876 by Carl Conrad & Co. of St and it is made with up to 30% rice in addition to hops and barley malt. Produced in various breweries around the world, Budweiser is a filtered beer available in draft, Beer has been brewed in České Budějovice since it was founded by King Ottokar II of Bohemia in 1245. The name Budweiser is an adjective, meaning of Budweis. In 1876, Adolphus Busch and his friend Carl Conrad, an importer, developed a Bohemian-style lager in the United States. Anheuser-Busch has a share in the United States of 50. 9% for all beers sold. This is primarily composed of Budweiser brands, in 2008, the Belgian-Brazilian beer giant InBev bought the majority of Anheuser-Busch stock at $70 per share in an all-cash agreement, creating the largest brewing company in the world. Anheuser-Busch advertises the Budweiser brand heavily, expending $449 million in 2012 in the United States and this made it the most advertised beverage brand in America and accounted for a third of the companys US marketing budget. The Budweiser from Budějovice has been called The Beer of Kings since the 16th century, Adolphus Busch adapted this slogan to The King Of Beers. This history notwithstanding, Anheuser Busch owns the trademark to both slogans in the United States, in 2010, the Bud Light brand paid $1 billion for a six-year licensing agreement with the NFL. Budweiser pays $20 million annually for MLB licensing rights, Budweiser also advertises extensively in motorsports, from Bernie Littles Miss Budweiser hydroplane boat to sponsorship of the Budweiser King Top Fuel Dragster driven by Brandon Bernstein. Anheuser-Busch has sponsored the CART championship and it is the Official Beer of NHRA and it was the Official Beer of NASCAR from 1998 to 2007. However, starting in 2016, the focus of A-Bs NASCAR sponsorship became its Busch brand, Budweiser has been sponsor of NASCAR teams such as Junior Johnson, Hendrick Motorsports, DEI, and Stewart-Haas Racing. Sponsored drivers include Dale Earnhardt, Jr. Kasey Kahne, in IndyCar, Budweiser sponsored Mario Andretti, Bobby Rahal, Scott Pruett, Roberto Guerrero, Scott Goodyear, Paul Tracy, Christian Fittipaldi, and Richie Hearn. Anheuser-Busch has placed Budweiser as a partner and sponsor of Major League Soccer. Anheuser-Busch has also placed Budweiser as a sponsor of the Premier League. In the early 20th century, the company commissioned a song called Under the Anheuser Bush. In 2009, Anheuser-Busch partnered with popular Chinese video-sharing site, Tudou. com for an online video contest
21.
Barnes Railway Bridge
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Barnes Railway Bridge is a Grade II listed railway bridge in the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames and the London Borough of Hounslow. It crosses the River Thames in London in a northwest to southeast direction at Barnes and it carries the South West Trains Hounslow Loop Line, and lies between Barnes Bridge and Chiswick stations. It can also be crossed on foot, and is one of two bridges in London to combine pedestrian and rail use, the other one being Fulham Railway Bridge. The original bridge at this location was built in 1849 to a design by Joseph Locke, the replacement bridge, designed by Edward Andrews, is three spans of wrought iron bow string girders carrying two railway tracks. The construction work was carried out by Head Wrightson on behalf of the London & South Western Railway and was completed in 1895, the original Locke span still stands unused on the upstream side. The bridge was given protection as a Grade II listed structure in 1983, Barnes Bridge is also a landmark often quoted for the Oxford and Cambridge Boat Race, because it is suggested that whichever crew is ahead at this point will win the race. In 2003 the crews were in almost equal position approaching the bridge, crossings of the River Thames Barnes Railway Bridge at Structurae Media related to Barnes Railway Bridge at Wikimedia Commons
22.
Chiswick Eyot
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Chiswick Eyot /ˈtʃɪzᵻk ˈeɪt/ is a small, narrow, uninhabited ait in the River Thames. It is on the Tideway by Chiswick, in the Borough of Hounslow, London, England, the island is beside The Championship Course and is a well-known landmark in the commentary on The Boat Race. A green pole stands on one end of the island, which is used for timings by rowers of that course, at the southwest, Chiswick Eyot was used during the industrial revolution mostly for the growing of grass and osiers. Much erosion has taken place, and it now becomes fully submerged at high tide, the London Borough of Hounslow declared the island a Local Nature Reserve of Greater London in 1993. Prior to 1934 when ownership passed to the council, Chiswick Eyot was owned by the Ecclesiastical Commissioners. St. Nicholas Church, Chiswick is 200m west of the island on a rise by the river. Islands in the River Thames Notes Citations Chiswicks tides on the Thames
23.
Fuller's Brewery
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Fullers Brewery is an independent family regional brewery founded in 1845 in Chiswick, West London. John Fullers Griffin Brewery dates from 1816, in 1845, his son, John Bird Fuller was joined by Henry Smith, the companys beers include London Pride. Fullers owns and operates over 380 pubs, inns and hotels across the south of England, Beer has been brewed on Fullers historic Griffin Brewery site in Chiswick since the seventeenth century. From the original brewery in the gardens of Bedford House on Chiswick Mall, money problems forced the owners, Douglas and Henry Thompson and Philip Wood, to seek a partner. John Fuller, of Neston Park, Wiltshire was approached to see if he would inject the required amount of money, in 1829 he joined the enterprise, but the partnership proved a difficult one and in 1841 Douglas Thompson fled to France and the partnership was dissolved. As well as its range of beers, The Griffin Brewery, on the A4 in Chiswick, is famous for having the oldest wisteria plant in the UK, the public can take a guided tour of the site. Fuller’s is well known as the brewer of London Pride and other award-winning ales such as Chiswick Bitter and its beers are exported to about 70 countries around the world. Its biggest overseas market is currently Sweden and its London Porter has won awards including Worlds Best Standard Porter and Europes Best Standard Porter at the World Beer Awards, and Champion Keg of Great Britain. Fullers 1845 has won awards including CAMRAs Champion Bottle Conditioned Beer in 1998, in February 1995 while visiting the Griffin Brewery, HRH Prince Charles added a handful of hops to a copper of 1845. Fullers Vintage Ale is released around Christmas and has made since 1997. In 2002, the year of the Golden Jubilee of Elizabeth II, Fullers added Goldings hops, past Masters XX Strong Ale is a bottle-conditioned 7. 5% strong ale based on a September 1891 entry in the brewing logs. It is made using Plumage Archer barley, Fullers Past Masters Double Stout is a 7. 4% bottle conditioned dark and creamy stout based on an August 1893 entry in the brewing logs. It was released in 2011 and is made using Plumage Archer barley. Fullers 1966 Strong Ale was released in 2013 using a recipe from June 1966 and it is a ruby coloured ale brewed with pale ale malt, Goldings and Fuggles hops and cane sugars. Gales HSB is a cask conditioned 4. 8% bitter and it was first brewed in 1959, Gales was originally brewed in Horndean, Hampshire. Fullers owns and operates over 380 pubs, inns and hotels across the south of England, with over 180 managed pubs and hotels, in 2005, Fuller’s added 111 pubs to its estate with the purchase of George Gale & Co. of Horndean, Hampshire. The brewery tap is the Mawson Arms, a Grade II* listed building, Fullers website Brewery profile from Ratebeer. com Fullers beers in Slovenia Profile at Google Finance
24.
St Paul's School (London)
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St Pauls School is a selective independent school for boys aged 13–18, founded in 1509 by John Colet and located on a 43-acre site by the River Thames, in Barnes, London. It is one of the original nine British Clarendon Schools public schools, however, The School successfully argued that the school should be omitted from the Public Schools Act 1868. Since 1881, St Pauls has had its own school, St Pauls Juniors. The school is currently being rebuilt and expanded, the work was scheduled to be completed in phases over the next thirty years. St Pauls School originally takes its name from St Pauls Cathedral in London, a cathedral school had existed since around 1103. By the 16th century however, it had declined, and in 1509 and he described himself in the statutes of the school as desyring nothing more thanne Educacion and bringing upp chyldren in good Maners and litterature. Originally, the school provided education for 153 children of all nacions and countries indifferently, primarily in literature and etiquette. The scholars were not required to make any payment, although they were required to be literate and had to pay for their own wax candles, Colet was an outspoken critic of the powerful and worldly Church of his day, a friend of Erasmus and Sir Thomas More. Erasmus wrote textbooks for the school and St Pauls was the first English school to teach Greek, Colet distrusted the Church as a managing body for his school, declaring that he found the least corruption in married laymen. For this reason, Colet assigned the management of the School and its revenues to the Mercers Company, the Mercers Company still forms the major part of the Schools governing body, and it continues to administer Colets trust. One of St Pauls early headmasters was Richard Mulcaster, famous for writing two influential treatises on education and his description in Positions of footeball as a refereed team sport is the earliest reference to organised modern football. For this description and his enthusiasm for the sport he is considered the father of modern football, between 1861 and 1864, the Clarendon Commission investigated the public school system in England and its report formed the basis of the Public Schools Act 1868. St Pauls was one of nine schools considered by the Clarendon Commission. According to Charles Dickens, Jr. writing in 1879 St Paul’s School, St Paul’s-churchyard — There are 153 scholars on the foundation, vacancies are filled up at the commencement of each term according to the results of a competitive examination. Candidates must be between 12 and 14 years of age, capitation scholars pay £20 a year. The governors of this school are appointed by the Mercers Company and the Universities of Oxford, Cambridge, the school exhibitions are determined as to number and value by the governors from time to time, and the school prizes are of considerable importance. The following are the university exhibitions, an exhibition, founded by Mr Stock in 1780 at Corpus Christi, of the yearly value of £30, given to a scholar recommended by the high master. Four exhibitions, in the college, value £10 a year each, founded by Mr George Sykes in 1766, consolidated now in one exhibition
25.
Hammersmith Bridge
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Hammersmith Bridge is a suspension bridge that crosses the River Thames in west London. The current bridge, which is Grade II* listed and was designed by the civil engineer Sir Joseph Bazalgette, is the second permanent bridge on the site. The construction of a bridge was first sanctioned by an Act of Parliament in 1824 and it was the first suspension bridge over the River Thames and was designed by William Tierney Clark. The bridge had a clear water-way of 688 feet 8 inches and its suspension towers were 48 feet above the level of the roadway, where they were 22 feet thick. The roadway was slightly curved upwards,16 feet above water. There were eight chains, composed of wrought-iron bars, each five inches deep, four of these had six bars in each chain, and four had only three, making thirty-six bars, which form a dip in the centre of about 29 feet. From these, vertical rods were suspended, which supported the roadway, the width of the carriageway was 20 feet, with two footways of 5 feet. The chains passed over the towers, and were secured to the piers on each shore. The suspension towers were of stone, and designed as archways of the Tuscan order, the approaches were provided with octagonal lodges, or toll-houses, with appropriate lamps and parapet walls, terminating with stone pillars, surmounted with ornamental caps. Construction of the bridge cost some £80,000 and it was operated as a toll bridge. In 1884 a temporary bridge was put up to allow a more limited cross-river traffic while a replacement was constructed, the current Hammersmith Bridge was designed by Sir Joseph Bazalgette and rests on the same pier foundations constructed for Tierney Clarks original structure. The new bridge was built by Dixon, Appleby & Thorne and was opened by the Prince of Wales on 11 June 1887, with much of the supporting structure built of wrought iron, it is 700 feet long and 43 feet wide and cost £82,117 to build. The bridge was refurbished in 1973 with replacement steel trusses, improvements to the mid-span hangers, new deck timbers were installed and surfacing was changed from wooden blocks to coated plywood panels. These panels were replaced in 1987. In 1984 the Barnes-side tower bearings failed under a load and had to be replaced. In February 1997 the bridge was closed to all traffic except buses, bicycles, motorcycles, emergency vehicles, structural elements of the bridge had been found to be corroded or worn, in particular cross girders and deck surfacing, as well as some areas of masonry. The bridge re-opened in July 1998 to all users, subject to a 7. 5-tonne weight restriction. Local bus flow was controlled by lights, and routes were required to convert from double-decker buses to smaller single-deckers to reduce the load on the bridge
26.
Harrods Furniture Depository
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The Harrods Furniture Depository buildings flank the South bank of the River Thames near Hammersmith Bridge in Barnes, London SW13. The present salmon-pink terracotta clad buildings date from 1914, the architect was W G Hunt. The buildings, which are Grade II listed, are no longer owned by Harrods, in 2000 the conversion to a residential estate was completed, consisting of 250 townhouses and penthouse suites known as Harrods Village. William Hunt Mansions, the river front building, is a key marker post on the annual Oxford
27.
Pub
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A pub, or public house, is an establishment licensed to sell alcoholic drinks, which traditionally include beer, ale and cider. It is a relaxed, social drinking establishment and a prominent part of British, Irish, New Zealand, Canadian, in many places, especially in villages, a pub is the focal point of the community. In his 17th century diary Samuel Pepys described the pub as the heart of England, Pubs can be traced back to Roman taverns, through the Anglo-Saxon alehouse to the development of the tied house system in the 19th century. In 1393, King Richard II of England introduced legislation that pubs had to display a sign outdoors to make them easily visible for passing ale tasters who would assess the quality of ale sold, most pubs focus on offering beers, ales and similar drinks. As well, pubs often sell wines, spirits, and soft drinks, meals, the owner, tenant or manager is known as the pub landlord or publican. The pub quiz was established in the UK in the 1970s and these alehouses quickly evolved into meeting houses for the folk to socially congregate, gossip and arrange mutual help within their communities. Herein lies the origin of the public house, or Pub as it is colloquially called in England. They rapidly spread across the Kingdom, becoming so commonplace that in 965 King Edgar decreed that there should be no more than one alehouse per village. A traveller in the early Middle Ages could obtain overnight accommodation in monasteries, the Hostellers of London were granted guild status in 1446 and in 1514 the guild became the Worshipful Company of Innholders. A survey in 1577 of drinking establishment in England and Wales for taxation purposes recorded 14,202 alehouses,1,631 inns, Inns are buildings where travellers can seek lodging and, usually, food and drink. They are typically located in the country or along a highway, in Europe, they possibly first sprang up when the Romans built a system of roads two millennia ago. Some inns in Europe are several centuries old, in addition to providing for the needs of travellers, inns traditionally acted as community gathering places. In Europe, it is the provision of accommodation, if anything, the latter tend to provide alcohol, but less commonly accommodation. Famous London inns include The George, Southwark and The Tabard, there is however no longer a formal distinction between an inn and other kinds of establishment. In North America, the aspect of the word inn lives on in hotel brand names like Holiday Inn. The Inns of Court and Inns of Chancery in London started as ordinary inns where barristers met to do business, traditional English ale was made solely from fermented malt. The practice of adding hops to produce beer was introduced from the Netherlands in the early 15th century, alehouses would each brew their own distinctive ale, but independent breweries began to appear in the late 17th century. By the end of the century almost all beer was brewed by commercial breweries, the 18th century saw a huge growth in the number of drinking establishments, primarily due to the introduction of gin
28.
Steve Fairbairn
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Fairbairn was born in Toorak, Melbourne, Australia the son of George Fairbairn, an early Victorian pioneer. Fairbairn was educated at Wesley College, Melbourne, and Geelong Grammar School, while reading Law at Jesus College, Cambridge, Fairbairn rowed for Cambridge in the Boat Race, in 1882,1883,1886 and 1887. He also raced regularly with Jesus College Boat Club, with success in the Cambridge University bumps races and Henley Royal Regatta and he also won the hammer throwing and putting the weight at the Freshmens sports. He later rowed with Thames Rowing Club in London, Fairbairn was an early proponent of training his crews to slide in their seats to facilitate leg-drive. He had realised that the secret to world-champion sculler Ned Hanlans uncanny successes was not that he rowed a longer stroke and he was also an advocate of fitting longer slides into boats to better allow the use of the legs. Fairbairns observations led him to develop a revolutionary rowing style featuring concurrent use of the legs, back and his philosophy was that rowing, when done well, should be a sublimely enjoyable experience. All of these features of his coaching are referred to as Fairbairnism, there is continuing debate among rowing coaches and historians as to whether Fairbairnism better describes a style of rowing or philosophy of coaching. Fairbairn was an iconoclast with strong views and great charisma, opinions of him and his methods tended to be extreme. In the 1920s and 1930s, many followed his lead completely. Fairbairn corresponded widely and wrote four volumes on coaching, his views were adopted by many coaches across the globe. However, others felt Fairbairnism to be anathema to the principles of English Orthodox style, to these observers, Fairbairns crews rowed sloppily. The schism between Orthodoxy and Fairbairnism had largely disappeared from rowing by the 1940s, Fairbairns books were collected, reprinted in 1951 and again in 1990. Fairbairn was a believer in the benefits of distance training. As such he developed the concept of the race, a long-distance race against the clock to mark the end of winter training. In 1926 he founded the Head of the River Race, for mens eights held annually since on The Championship Course on the River Thames in London, similarly he donated a trophy for a head race to be held annually on the River Cam. The Fairbairn Cup is the race held on the first Thursday and Friday after the end of the University of Cambridges Michaelmas Full Term. The race is organised by Jesus College Boat Club in Cambridge, Fairbairn died in London,16 May 1938. His ashes rest beneath the shadow of Jesus College chapel, a portrait by James Quinn hangs in the college
29.
Head of the River Race
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The race was founded by the rowing coach Steve Fairbairn who was a great believer in the importance of distance training over the winter. Mileage makes champions was one of Fairbairns repeated phrases included in his four volumes on rowing coaching and he devised the race while coaching at Thames Rowing Club to encourage this form of training and raise the standard of winter training among London clubs. He transformed the sport by introducing a full body and leg-drive catch, despite the choice of day of the week, the race went ahead with 23 entries at a cost of 5s per crew. So far the ARA were slumbering in sweet ignorance of the fact that racing was taking place on a Sunday. The Head of the River Committee agreed to abandon the December race, there was no race in 1937 and none from 1940–45 inclusive due to the second world war. As of 2014, London RC have won the race most often,14 times followed by Leander Club 13 times, an overtly GB National Squad, usually its eight, have won the race 12 times. Given these past combinations, crews that are partly the GB mens eight have won the more than 40 times. Overseas entries have claimed the top prize 4 times, the other categories pitch themselves at the top clubs around the UK and the overseas pennant is the main prize nationally only available to overseas winners of any rowing competition. Entries are typically required and accepted in January for overseas crews, the race is only open to mens eights and is considered to be the peak of the head race season — attracting the top UK crews as well as foreign clubs. Composite crews, drawn more than one club or institution, are not permitted. The Championship Course is that of the Oxford and Cambridge Boat Race but, unlike the Boat Race, the starting time for the race is different every year and depends on the tide — the first crew starts the race the next year. Start time is usually about 2 hours after high tide and crews start at about 10 second intervals, the record time of 16 min 37 s was set in 1987 by the Great Britain National Squad. The Race is usually held on the third or fourth Saturday in March each year, depending on tides and the date of the Boat Race. In other boats on the course are raced the Head of the River Fours sponsored by Fullers Brewery, the Veterans Fours Head of the River. The Pairs Head is run over a course from Chiswick Bridge to Hammersmith Bridge. The Veterans HOR and Pairs HOR sometimes race in the direction if tides do not permit the usual arrangement. The race has since at least 1990 seen an excess of crews wishing to enter so a few minimum race wins are imposed therefore sometimes for each category, medals are awarded to all 14 categories. The trophy is a statuette of the oarsman Jack Beresford, awarded to the fastest club crew normally rowing on the Thames Tideway
30.
Jesus College Boat Club (Cambridge)
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Jesus College Boat Club is the rowing club for members of Jesus College, Cambridge. It is the most successful Cambridge college boat club, holding the most headships between both sides of the club in both the May bumps and the Lent bumps, the Womens side also currently hold the headship of the Lent bumps. It has also had successes at other races and notable alumni. Jesus men have been head of the Lent Bumps on 39 occasions and head of the May Bumps on 24 occasions - more than any other boat club, although Jesus men have not been head in either event since 1974. Jesus also held the headship of the races for 11 consecutive years between 1875 and 1886 - a feat which has never been equalled. Jesus Women have been head of the Lent Bumps on 5 occasions, in recent years they have been somewhat more successful than the men, being head of the Lents 2016-present and head of the Mays in 2005 and 2007. Jesus also run the Fairbairn Cup, the biggest race on the Cam, the club appeared in the first six-oared bumps race in 1827 but performed indifferently. During the early years it rose on occasion to be second and achieved Head of the River in 1841, by 1875 it held Headship again and continued to for eleven years - a record not since equalled. In this time they refurbished the boathouse including the addition of a weathervane and, some years later, both of which were transferred to the current boathouse. After this period the clubs success declined with Trinity Hall Boat Club and Trinity having an almost monopoly of the Headship, until Jesus recovered it in 1909 and 1912-14. During the inter-war years the club was coached by Steve Fairbairn and held Headship on twelve occasions in the Lents, silver Goblets has been won by Humphrey Playford and John Campbell in 1921 and Thomas Cree and David Burnford in 1935. Jesus therefore have a total of 25 Henley wins, although the club has not managed an event win since 1958. JCBC runs two events of note, the first is the Fairbairn Cup Races, named after the famous Jesus Oarsman and Coach who began the event in the 1920s, Steve Fairbairn. In 1929 Fairbairn donated a cup and the races have continued ever since in their current form, historically, this is raced on the Thursday and Friday after the end of Michaelmas term, Thursday being the novice races and Friday being the senior races.3 km downstream. The Fairbairn Cup title is awarded to the fastest finishing college mens VIII, there are also divisions for IVs and novice VIIIs. JCBC has also run the Henley Spare Pairs Race on the day before Henley Royal Regatta and this event runs from the barrier to the regatta finish and is open to spare pairs of registered regatta entries. Cambridge University Combined Boat Clubs University rowing Jesus College Boat Club
31.
Thames Rowing Club
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Thames Rowing Club is the joint third-oldest non-academic rowing club on the Thames and is in Putney, London. It was founded in 1860, the year as Twickenham Rowing Club. The club colours are red, white and black in stripes, the TRC clubhouse is situated on Putney Embankment between Rotherwood Road and Festing Road, approximately 400 metres from the Putney end of the Championship Course. Its neighbouring clubs are Vesta Rowing Club and Imperial College Boat Club, as such, the clubs training water is the tidal stretch of the Thames, the club commonly trains upstream as far as Richmond Lock and less commonly downstream as far as Westminster Bridge. The clubhouse itself was constructed in 1879 with several later additions, in 2005, the club opened a new building behind the clubhouse, named in memory of former Club President and benefactor Alan Burrough, providing additional training facilities and boat storage. In May 2011, work began on substantial alterations and improvements to the clubhouse and these works were completed in November 2011. Thames Rowing Clubs stated focus is on racing and competition but it is open to complete beginners. Thames appears to have one of the largest active memberships of any UK rowing club, since first admitting women in 1973, the club has gained a strong reputation in womens rowing, and in 2012 won the Head pennant of the Womens Eights Head of the River Race. Thames also has a squad and additionally provides facilities to London Youth Rowing. Masters Rowing at Thames is very strong, at all such levels, as at July 2015, Thames had won events at Henley Royal Regatta 76 times. The club also had a member in the crew which won the Remenham Challenge Cup in 2008 and 2009. The current Head Coach is Ben Lewis, under him are the Mens coach, Sander Smulders and Womens coach, Bill Lucas. Thames was one of five clubs which retained the right until 2012 to appoint representatives to the Council of British Rowing, the others were Leander Club, London Rowing Club, Oxford University Boat Club and Cambridge University Boat Club. Thames is one of the clubs of Remenham Club, a social club for rowers, with a clubhouse. Thames Rowing Club was founded under the name City of London Rowing Club and according to its first rules, the earliest surviving minutes of a club meeting are dated January 1861 but are headed City of London Rowing Club. Founded 1860, and 1860 is commonly accepted as the year of foundation, three academic institutions aside, this makes it the third oldest rowing club on the Thames. The initial members were chiefly clerks and salesmen working in Londons textiles trade around Fore Street, at least one of the early meetings is known to have taken place in the Lord Raglan public house in St Martins-le-Grand. The club had boats at Simmons Boathouse and a room at the Red Lion Hotel at the foot of Putney High Street
32.
London Rowing Club
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London Rowing Club is the second-oldest of the non-academic active rowing clubs on the Thames in London, United Kingdom. It was founded in 1856 by members of the long-disbanded Argonauts Club wishing to compete at Henley Royal Regatta and it is regarded as one of the most high-performance and successful rowing clubs in Britain and its Patron is HRH Prince Philip, The Duke of Edinburgh. These three formed part of the crew won the Grand Challenge Cup at Henley in 1857. It is one of the seven founding clubs of the Remenham Club at Henley and was one of five clubs which retained the right to appoint representatives directly to the Council of British Rowing and this right was removed from those five clubs in September 2012. Sophie Hosking the Gold Medal winner and Rob Williams competed for Great Britain at the London Games in 2012 in the lightweight double sculls. Most recently the club won the Wyfolds in 2011 and also provided half of the oarsmen in the composite international lightweight crews that won the Club Quads in 2007. London is a High Performance Centre for lightweight rowing and has been the base for many successful international lightweights since the inception of the weight class. Two of its members, James Lindsay-Fynn and James Clarke, competed in the Beijing Olympic Games in 2008 as part of the Lightweight Mens Coxless Fours, nick Strange and Ben Helm competed in the lightweight double sculls and lightweight four at the Atlanta Games in 1996. The London lightweight four of 1994, Butt, Watson, Strange, former members of the club include the British racing driver, two-time Formula One World Champion and only driver to win the Triple Crown of Motorsport, Graham Hill. From 1952 to 1954, Hill rowed in twenty finals with London, usually as stroke of the crew and he also stroked the London eight for the highly ranked clubs/composites cup at Henley Royal Regatta. He used the colours of the club as his racing helmet design, as have his descendants, Formula One World Champion racing driver son, Damon. Rowing on the River Thames Leander Club Thames Rowing Club Water Boiling Aft, London Rowing Club, the First 150 Years 1856-2006 Author Christopher Dodd Official website
33.
Fulham Football Club
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Fulham Football Club is a professional association football club based in Fulham, Greater London, England. Founded in 1879, they play in the Championship, the tier of English football. They are the football team from London to have played in the Premier League. The club has spent 25 seasons in English footballs top division, the latter spell was associated with former chairman Mohamed Al-Fayed, after the club had climbed up from the fourth tier in the 1990s. The club has produced many English greats, including Johnny Haynes, George Cohen, Bobby Robson, Rodney Marsh and they play at Craven Cottage, a ground on the banks of the River Thames in Fulham which has been their home since 1896. Fulhams training ground is located near Motspur Park, where the clubs Academy is also situated, Fulham were formed in 1879 as Fulham St Andrews Church Sunday School F. C. founded by worshipers at the Church of England on Star Road, West Kensington. Fulhams mother church still today with a plaque commemorating the teams foundation. They won the West London Amateur Cup in 1887 and, having shortened the name from Fulham Excelsior to its present form in 1888, one of the clubs first ever kits was half red, half white shirts with white shorts worn in the 1886–87 season. Fulham started playing at their current ground at Craven Cottage in 1896, the club gained professional status on 12 December 1898, the same year that they were admitted into the Southern Leagues Second Division. They were the club from London to turn professional, following Arsenal. They adopted a red and white kit during the 1900–01 season, in 1902–03, the club won promotion from this division, entering the Southern League First Division. The club won the Southern League twice, in 1905–06 and 1906–07, Fulham joined The Football League after the second of their Southern League triumphs. The clubs first league game, playing in the Second Divisions 1907–08 season, the first win came a few days later at Derby Countys Baseball Ground by a score line of 1–0. Fulham finished the three points short of promotion in fourth place. The club progressed all the way to the semi-final of that seasons FA Cup, in the semi-final, however, they were heavily beaten, 6–0, by Newcastle United. This is still a loss for an FA Cup semi-final game. Two years later, the won the London Challenge Cup in the 1909–10 season. Fulhams first season in Division Two turned out to be the highest that the club would finish for 21 years, until in 1927–28 when the club were relegated to the 3rd Division South, created in 1920
34.
Women's Eights Head of the River Race
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The Womens Eights Head of the River Race is a processional rowing race held annually on the Tideway of the River Thames in London on the 4 1⁄4-mile Championship Course from Mortlake to Putney. A mirror of the Eights Head of the River for male crews and it is raced on the outgoing tide and starting around one hour after high tide in order to maximise advantage from the tidal flow. Around 300 crews of women compete for over a dozen trophies, there are categories for beginners, elite and veteran rowers. The race was first held in 1927 following the first running of the version in 1926. At first it was simply a match between Ace and Weybridge LARC and this race was run as a side-by-side race, with Weybridge winning in a boat borrowed from Thames Rowing Club. The second year featured the two crews, and the same result. In 1929, for the race, there was the addition of Alpha. Alpha won this running of the race, the first running of the race in processional format was in 1930, as the entries had risen to five, making it impossible to run fairly in the side-by-side format on the tidal river. Furnivall Sculling Club won this first processional version of the race and it then continued in similar format annually until the outbreak of war in 1939. The event restarted in 1950, with a course of 2 miles, as it was felt that the effects of the war years. Entries grew from the five to twelve by the mid 50s. The lack of sectional boats meant that it was difficult to transport boats from further afield. In the period from the 80s onwards with entries rising ten-fold from 27 in 1977 to 300 in 2009, international crews have been visiting London to compete and entries have come from France, Germany, Italy, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, the Netherlands and United States. Rowing on the River Thames Head of the River Race Head of the River Fours Womens Eights Head of the River Race web site
35.
Schools' Head of the River Race
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The Schools Head of the River Race is the UKs largest school-age processional race and is organised by Westminster School for crews aged between 14 and 18 years old. It is held in Spring, the end of the race season. The race is annually on the River Thames in London, England. It is rowed with the tide and is in the direction to The Boat Race. The event in its infancy offered a course for smaller boats, such as J15 4s, J15 B 8s. The shortened course ran from Hammersmith Bridge to the finishing post at Putney. However, CD Riches, the manager, changed this in 2009. The race is the largest head race of the season by junior crews. It attracts around 300 crews each year, composite crews, drawn from more than one club or school, are not permitted. All categories race the same course, in 2012, the J4- and WJ4- events were introduced. In 2013, the Mix 4x event was introduced to the race, in 2017, the course was considerably shortened on the day, retaining the usual start line but finishing at the bandstand shortly after Barnes bridge. The current record holders for the events are, Rowing on the River Thames Westminster School Boat Club Notes References Official Website
36.
Veterans Head
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The Vesta Veterans International Eights Head of the River Race is a rowing race held annually on the River Thames over the Championship Course. The direction in which the event is raced changes from year to year, dependent on the time of the tides and it is open to veteran eights, who race in categories determined by the average ages of the eight rowers. The race always takes place on the day following the Head of the River Race and it is organised by Vesta Rowing Club
37.
Women's Boat Race
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The Womens Boat Race is an annual rowing race between Cambridge University Womens Boat Club and Oxford University Womens Boat Club. First rowed in 1927, the race has taken place annually since 1964, since the 2015 race it has been rowed on the same day as the mens Boat Race on the River Thames in London, taking place around Easter. The race is rowed in eights and the cox can be male or female, the course covers a 4.2 miles stretch of the Thames in West London, from Putney to Mortlake. Members of both crews are known as blues and each boat as a Blue Boat, with Cambridge in light blue. As of 2017 Cambridge have won the race 42 times and Oxford 30 times, Cambridge has led Oxford in cumulative wins since 1966. The womens race has received coverage and grown in popularity since 2015. The 2017 race was won by Cambridge in a time on the new course. The first womens rowing event between Oxford and Cambridge was held on 15 March 1927 on The Isis in Oxford. This was not solely a race in the years up to 1935, the Times reported that large and hostile crowds gathered on the towpath and The New York Times stated a crowd of fully five thousand persons was on hand as a willing cheering section. The race covered a distance of approximately 1⁄2 mile over which the crews were judged on their style while rowing downstream and their speed while rowing back upstream. Reports differ as to the opinions on style, one suggests they failed to agree on a winner, another indicates that they deemed the style of each crew to be equal. As a result, the judges based their decision on speed, the next event in 1929 took place on the Tideway in London. At the 1935 race, after two intervening events, the crews took to the river together for the first time, racing on the Thames in London Oxfords boat was sent off first with the Cambridge boat following thirty seconds later. The 1936 race, held on The Isis, was the first to take place side by side, later, the location alternated between the River Cam in Cambridge and The Isis, over a distance of about 1,000 yards. Unlike the men’s race, the womens continued in most years through the Second World War, the Cambridge University Womens Boat Club was founded in 1941 when Girton College became the second womens college to cater for rowing. Until that year Cambridge was represented by Newnham College Boat Club, the first blues were awarded in 1941 when CUWBC raced against Oxford University Womens Boat Club, which had been founded in 1926. All of the Cambridge rowers in 1941 were members of Newnham College, the following year the first non-Newnham rower competed. In training after the 1952 race, Oxford rowed over a weir and was banned from the river, both OUWBC and later CUWBC suffered from lack of funds and the race fell into abeyance
38.
Head of the River Fours
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The Fullers Head of the River Fours is a processional rowing race held annually on the Tideway of the River Thames in London on the 4 1⁄4-mile Championship Course from Mortlake to Putney. The idea for a Tradesmens Tideway Head Race for fours, was first mooted in the early 1950s by the Thames Amateur Rowing Association. On picking a date for the new race the TARA dropped their plans after learning that the Tradesmens Rowing Clubs Association had also started to organise a similar open fours race, thus the fledging Head of the River 4s was first raced in 1955. In the following years the race was known as the Tradesmens Rowing Clubs Association Head of the River Fours, though even at this stage ARA clubs were entering along with NARA, in the late 1950s the ARA and NARA finally merged into the Amateur Rowing Association of Great Britain. The event then known simply as the Head of the River Fours. Since that time many changes have taken place to the race, including the course length, most crew/boat categories with four rowers have been added. In particular the introduction of quads was in 1969 attracting initially the lowest number of entries in a boat class, in the first race,34 crews rowed over a three-mile course from Chiswick Steps to Putney Pier. The entry has grown steadily over the years and in 1990 the race was extended to the full four, for many years the entry exceeded the 500 permitted maximum, but in 1997 the Port of London Authority agreed to a request for 50 more crews. Even with 550 places available the race is still heavily oversubscribed, coxless fours, Open Elite, Womens Elite, Open Senior, Womens Senior, Open Intermediate 1, Womens Intermediate 1. Coxed fours, Open Elite, Womens Elite, Open Intermediate 1, Womens Intermediate 1, Open Intermediate 2, Womens Intermediate 2, Open Junior, Rowing on the River Thames Head of the River Race – a similar race open to mens eights
39.
Scullers Head
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The Scullers Head of the River Race is a rowing race held annually on the River Thames Championship Course from Mortlake to Putney, open to single scullers only. The race is held in November or early December each year on a week usually to suit the mid-morning or mid-afternoon timing of the ebb tide, the Scullers Head was first raced in 1954 when it was won by John Marsden. It now admits entries of over 500 scullers and is the largest sculling race in the UK for a class of racing shell. In 2014 were the first admissions of categories for adaptive rowing for athletes with disabilities, the race is organised by Vesta Rowing Club, Putney, London. Held in late May/very early June at Eton-Dorney Lake, Diamond Challenge Sculls rowed by race-winning singles at Henley Royal Regatta, forming the second prerequisite of the rare accomplishment of a Triple Crown with those above and below. Wingfield Sculls rowed by singles along the course in reverse, the last component of the Triple Crown, held in October or early November. Where the Scullers Head is also won there is the possibility of a Quadruple Crown for a single sculler able to win all four events. As the Diamond Sculls is not open to women, a win at the Scullers Head forms the last leg of the UKs Triple Crown for a champion female single sculler. Rowing on the River Thames Scullers Head
40.
Tideway Scullers
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Tideway Scullers School is a rowing club on the Tideway of the River Thames next to Chiswick Bridge in Chiswick, London. The club has since 2000 outperformed Quintin Boat Club a few hundred metres upstream at junior and senior level. The club previously held the headship for the Head of the River Race, the largest UK eights event, and the senior squad holds the record for the Head of the River Fours course. Alec Hodges was a member and an organiser of Tideway Scullers School in approximately 1957. He was the force behind getting the TSS boathouse built in 1984, along with Lou Barry. Even when well in his seventies he would take three or four scullers out, one another, setting them on the road to sculling. He organised sculling courses every year, twisting the arms of lots of people to help, the club is believed to be the only non-academic related club named School for sculling, which is the propelling of boats with starboard and port oars for each oarsman or oarswoman. Rowing has also conducted from the site directly east of Chiswick Bridge from the outset. The club previously held the headship for the Head of the River Race, the largest UK eights event, Drysdale won the bronze medal in the single scull event. In London 2012 Olympics, in A-final, x1 Mahé Drysdale won gold, Alan Campbell taking home bronze Rowing on the River Thames British Rowing Almanack - All years Tideway Scullers website
41.
Thames Tradesmen's Rowing Club
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The Thames Tradesmens Rowing Club is a rowing club on the River Thames in London, United Kingdom at Chiswick Boathouse, 100m north-west of Barnes Railway Bridge, London. Thames Tradesmen compete in the Head of the River Race and its three offshoots for smaller boats than eights each year, the club organises a training camp each year before Henley Royal Regatta. During the Summer Season TTRC is prominent on the circuit and look to peak at Henley. Its clubroom is large with a view of the Barnes ornate riverside buildings across the river. It has a history and has inducted and enhanced the fitness. Thames Tradesmen is an open club which accepts all abilities and is always open to new members. Notes References Rowing on the River Thames
42.
Emanuel School Boat Club
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Emanuel School is a co-educational public school in Battersea, south-west London. The school was founded in 1594 by Anne Sackville, Lady Dacre and Queen Elizabeth I and occupies a 12-acre site near to Clapham Junction railway station. The school is part of the Headmasters and Headmistresses Conference and at the start of the 2014–15 academic year had 760 pupils between the ages of ten and eighteen, paying fees of £16,404 per year and it teaches the GCSE and A-Level syllabuses. Emanuel School is one of five schools administered by the United Westminster Schools Foundation and it came into being by the will of Anne, Lady Dacre, dated 1594. She was the daughter of Sir Richard Sackville by his wife Winifred and her brother was Thomas Sackville, 1st Earl of Dorset. She married Gregory Fiennes of Herstmonceaux and Chelsea, 10th Baron Dacre and he died on 25 September 1594 and she followed him, dying on 14 May 1595. Her epitaph states, Faeminei lux clara chori, pia, casta, pudica, aegis subsidium, with Lady Dacres benefaction in 1594, Emanuel Hospital, as it was first called, began. The children wore long tunics, rather similar in cut to those still worn by pupils at Christs Hospital. Thanks to the interest of Queen Elizabeth I, cousin to Lady Dacre, a charter was drawn up, mention is made of the Hospital and similar foundations in an undated letter written by Daniel Defoe, entitled A Scheme for a Royal Palace in the Place of White-Hall. In 1883, the school sought larger, newer buildings for the children, and the boy boarders, as they all then were, moved to the present buildings on the edge of Wandsworth Common. The Rev. A. Towsey, 1883–1894 The Rev. Dr A Chilton MVO, DD, 1894–1905 The Rev. H. Buchanan-Riley, 1905–1913 S. Goodwin, 1914–1927 G. H. Wyatt, 1927–1928 C. M. Broom, 1928–1953 J. B. Grundy, 1953–1963 W. S. Hipkins,1964 C. C, daily Chapel services are led by the Chaplain with regular Holy Communion services and musical concerts. Confirmation is available with the Chaplain who holds regular classes for pupils, whilst the Chapel is open for the use of pupils, teachers, staff. Paintings of Moses and Aaron that formed part of the altarpiece of St. Benet Fink are now held in Chapel
43.
Cygnet Rowing Club
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Cygnet Rowing Club is a rowing club founded in 1890 on the River Thames in England. The club is based at the Civil Service Sports Club Boathouse at Dukes Meadows in Chiswick, London, next to Barnes Bridge to the immediate west, the club was founded for non-manual male workers in the General Post Office and rowed at Putney. It later moved to Hammersmith and then to the CSSC Boathouse in the 1930s, after World War II it was decided to merge the several Civil Service rowing clubs that then existed into Cygnet, the one which had the largest membership. The club has competed intermittently before and since 2008 at Henley Royal Regatta
44.
Sons of the Thames
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Sons of the Thames is a rowing club in Hammersmith, London, England. It was originally formed in Putney over a hundred years ago with the aim, still enshrined in its constitution, originally a Trademens club that boated from Erith, the club moved up river to Putney, boating from the Dukes Head, and then to Hammersmith. The latest move, in 2000, was to share the premises of Linden House, on Upper Mall, the building has a 999-year lease, so another move is not expected soon. The club welcomes novices and offers a Learn to Row course each summer, more experienced members and graduates moving on from university boat clubs are also very welcome and will be integrated into the training squads for Henley and other regattas. The clubs official founding date is 1886, however there is evidence of crews racing under the Sons of the Thames name at least as far back as 1865, see also Joseph Sadler Crew Races. In 1861, Herbert Playford created the Sons of the Thames Regatta, the race was held on the Thames between Putney and Hammersmith and had the distinction that the competitors must not use slides. There are also mentions of a society called Sons of the Thames Society formed before 1790 to celebrate the annual Doggetts Coat, Sons of the Thames enjoyed success in the 1960s, winning twice at Henley. 1964, Wyfold Challenge Cup 1968, Silver Goblets & Nickalls Challenge Cup, Sons of the Thames are the 2010 winners of the Frank Harry Cup at Henley Womens Regatta, setting a new course record. 2010, Frank Harry Cup, James Renwick + Cat Hart, Emily Wright, Lyndsay Campbell, Sons of the Thames, along with Auriol Kensington Rowing Club and Furnivall Sculling Club organise a yearly head race, the winners of which receive the Dewar Challenge Shield. The race covers half the Championship Course in the direction, starting at Chiswick Bridge. The shield is named after Alice Dewar, a Furnival Captain in 1909, Rowing on the River Thames Official website
45.
Furnivall Sculling Club
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Furnivall Sculling Club is a rowing club based on the Tideway in Hammersmith, London. It was founded as Hammersmith Sculling Club in 1896 by Dr Frederick James Furnivall, after whom riverside gardens, Furnivall Gardens, for its initial five years, in the reign of Queen Victoria, the club was for women only and hosted the worlds first female rowing team. Furnivall extended membership to men in 1901, the club colours are a precise pallette, myrtle and old gold. The club was founded by and is named after Dr Frederick Furnivall and it was at the time called the Hammersmith Sculling Club for Girls. Given his passionate opposition to discrimination, he wanted to break into the world of river sport. In 1901, men were admitted to membership, and the name was changed to Furnivall Sculling Club for Girls. However, at least until after the 2nd World War the captaincy was restricted to members in honour of the original purpose of Dr Furnivall in founding the Club. Following his death in 1910, the Club honoured his memory by celebrating The Doctors Birthday for many years, Furnivall currently has over 100 members, of whom some 80 are full, active members. The club underwent a refurbishment in 2009 that resulted in the construction of the clubs ergometer training facility. The three clubs have a rivalry and enjoy subtly different emphases on age, gender and abilities within their squads. Rowing on the River Thames Frederick James Furnivall Notes References Official website
46.
Auriol Kensington Rowing Club
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Auriol Kensington Rowing Club is a rowing club in Hammersmith, west London, England. The club was formed in 1981 by the amalgamation of Auriol Rowing Club which was founded in 1896, the clubhouse is on Lower Mall adjacent to Hammersmith Bridge. Rowing is divided into two senior squads for oarsmen and women, a novice group for beginners and a masters section for older rowers. The club and its predecessors have a record of winners of the Wingfield Sculls. It is a mid-ranking London club by high level success, Rowing on the River Thames Auriol Kensington Rowing Club official website
47.
Imperial College Boat Club
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Imperial College Boat Club is the rowing club for Imperial College and has its boat house on the River Thames in Putney, London, United Kingdom. It was housed from 1919 in Thames Rowing Club but has had its own boathouse since 1938, the club has been highly successful, with many wins at Henley Royal Regatta including most recently in 2013 with victory in The Prince Albert Challenge Cup event. The club has been home to numerous National Squad oarsmen and women and is open to all rowers not just students of Imperial College London. The Gold medal winning GB 8+ at the 2000 Sydney Olympics had been based at Imperial Colleges recently refurbished boathouse, the most famous of Imperial College Boat Clubs coaches is Bill Mason. Bill is a former Olympic oarsman himself and for years was head coach. In that time he was responsible for numerous Henley Royal Regatta and he coached athletes at the club from novices up to international and developed the club substantially during his time in charge. His replacement was Olympic Gold Medallist Steve Trapmore who coached the club until September 2010, don McLachlan took over from 2010 until leaving in April 2013 to become lead coach at Rowing Ireland, just before the club won Henley Royal Regatta again a few months later. The current head coach is Stuart Whitelaw, University rowing Rowing on the River Thames Imperial College London Boat Club IC Empire
