1.
Newspaper
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A newspaper is a serial publication containing news about current events, other informative articles about politics, sports, arts, and so on, and advertising. A newspaper is usually, but not exclusively, printed on relatively inexpensive, the journalism organizations that publish newspapers are themselves often metonymically called newspapers. As of 2017, most newspapers are now published online as well as in print, the online versions are called online newspapers or news websites. Newspapers are typically published daily or weekly, News magazines are also weekly, but they have a magazine format. General-interest newspapers typically publish news articles and feature articles on national and international news as well as local news, typically the paper is divided into sections for each of those major groupings. Papers also include articles which have no byline, these articles are written by staff writers, a wide variety of material has been published in newspapers. As of 2017, newspapers may also provide information about new movies, most newspapers are businesses, and they pay their expenses with a mixture of subscription revenue, newsstand sales, and advertising revenue. Some newspapers are government-run or at least government-funded, their reliance on advertising revenue, the editorial independence of a newspaper is thus always subject to the interests of someone, whether owners, advertisers, or a government. Some newspapers with high editorial independence, high quality. This is a way to avoid duplicating the expense of reporting from around the world, circa 2005, there were approximately 6,580 daily newspaper titles in the world selling 395 million print copies a day. Worldwide annual revenue approached $100 billion in 2005-7, then plunged during the financial crisis of 2008-9. Revenue in 2016 fell to only $53 billion, hurting every major publisher as their efforts to gain online income fell far short of the goal. Besides remodeling advertising, the internet has also challenged the business models of the era by crowdsourcing both publishing in general and, more specifically, journalism. In addition, the rise of news aggregators, which bundle linked articles from online newspapers. Increasing paywalling of online newspapers may be counteracting those effects, the oldest newspaper still published is the Gazzetta di Mantova, which was established in Mantua in 1664. While online newspapers have increased access to newspapers by people with Internet access, literacy is also a factor which prevents people who cannot read from being able to benefit from reading newspapers. Periodicity, They are published at intervals, typically daily or weekly. This ensures that newspapers can provide information on newly-emerging news stories or events, currency, Its information is as up to date as its publication schedule allows
2.
Broadsheet
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A broadsheet is the largest newspaper format and is characterized by long vertical pages. The term derives from types of popular prints usually just of a sheet, sold on the streets and containing various types of material. The first broadsheet newspaper was the Dutch Courante uyt Italien, Duytslandt, other common newspaper formats include the smaller Berliner and tabloid/compact formats. Many broadsheets measure approximately 29 1⁄2 by 23 1⁄2 inches per full broadsheet spread, australian and New Zealand broadsheets always have a paper size of A1 per spread. South African broadsheet newspapers have a spread sheet size of 820 by 578 mm or 32.3 by 22.8 in. Others measure 22 inches or 560 millimetres vertically, in the United States, the traditional dimensions for the front page half of a broadsheet are 15 inches wide by 22 3⁄4 inches long. However, in efforts to save newsprint costs many U. S. newspapers have downsized to 12 inches wide by 22 3⁄4 inches long for a folded page. Many rate cards and specification cards refer to the size with dimensions representing the front page half of a broadsheet size, rather than the full. Some quote actual page size and others quote the area size. The two versions of the broadsheet are, Full broadsheet – The full broadsheet typically is folded vertically in half so that it forms four pages, the four pages are called a spread. Half broadsheet – The half broadsheet is usually a page that is not folded vertically and just includes a front. In uncommon instances, an entire newspaper can be a two-page half broadsheet or four-page full broadsheet, totally self-contained advertising circulars inserted in a newspaper in the same format are referred to as broadsheets. Broadsheets typically are also folded horizontally in half to accommodate newsstand display space, the horizontal fold however does not affect the page numbers and the content remains vertical. The most important newspaper stories are placed above the fold and this contrasts with tabloids which typically do not have a horizontal fold. The broadsheet has since emerged as the most popular format for the dissemination of printed news, historically, broadsheets developed after the British in 1712 placed a tax on newspapers based on the number of their pages. The original purpose of the broadsheet, or broadside, was for the purpose of posting royal proclamations, acts, eventually the people began using the broadsheet as a source for political activism by reprinting speeches, ballads or narrative songs originally performed by bards. With the early mechanization of the 19th century came an increase in production of printed materials including the broadside as well as the penny dreadful. In this period all over Europe began to print their issues on broadsheets
3.
Gannett Company
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Gannett Company, Inc. is a publicly traded American media holding company headquartered in Tysons Corner, Virginia, near McLean in Greater Washington DC. It is the largest U. S. newspaper publisher as measured by total daily circulation and its assets include the national newspaper USA Today and the erstwhile weekly USA Weekend. Its largest non-national newspaper is The Arizona Republic in Phoenix, Arizona, in 2015, Gannett Co. Inc. spun off its publishing business into a separate publicly traded entity, while retaining the internet media divisions. Immediately following the spin off, the former parent Company renamed itself Tegna, the spun off publishing business renamed itself Gannett. Gannett Company, Inc. was formed in 1923 by Frank Gannett in Rochester, New York as an outgrowth of the Elmira Gazette, by 1979, the chain had grown to 79 newspapers. In 1979, Gannett acquired Combined Communications Corp. operator of 17 television stations, as well as an advertising division. The company was headquartered in Rochester until 1986, when it moved to Arlington County and its former headquarters building, the Gannett Building, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985. Gannetts oldest newspaper still in circulation is the Leaf-Chronicle located in Clarksville, in 2001, the company moved to its current headquarters in Tysons Corner, a suburb of Washington, D. C. The practice has spread throughout the chain, on March 7,2011, Gannett replaced the stylized G logo in use since the 1970s, and adopted a new company tagline, Its all within reach. In 2010, Gannett increased executive salaries and bonuses, for example, Bob Dickey, Gannetts U. S. newspapers division president, was paid $3.4 million in 2010, the next year, the company laid off 700 U. S. employees to cut costs. In the memo announcing the layoffs, Dickey wrote, While we have many ways to reduce costs. The USA Today website became the one to allow unrestricted access. On August 21,2012, Gannett acquired Blinq Media, around the first week of October 2012, Gannett entered a dispute against Dish Network regarding compensation fees and Dishs AutoHop commercial-skip feature on its Hopper digital video recorders. Gannett ordered that Dish discontinue AutoHop on the account that it is affecting advertising revenues for Gannetts television station, Gannett threatened to pull all of its stations should the skirmish continue beyond October 7 and Dish and Gannett fail to reach an agreement. The two parties reached an agreement after extending the deadline for a few hours. On June 13,2013, Gannett announced plans to buy Dallas-based Belo Corporation for $1.5 billion, the purchase would add 20 additional stations to Gannetts portfolio and make the company the fourth largest television broadcaster in the U. S. with 43 stations. On December 16,2013, the United States Department of Justice announced that Gannett, Belo, the deal was approved by the FCC on December 20, and it was completed on December 23. On February 28,2014, Meredith Corporation officially took over control of KMOV
4.
Jackson, Mississippi
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Jackson, officially the City of Jackson, is the capital city and largest urban center of the U. S. state of Mississippi. It is the seat of Hinds County, equally sharing its county power with the Town of Raymond. The City of Jackson also owns more than 3,000 acres, Jackson is on the Pearl River, which drains into the Gulf of Mexico, and it is part of the Jackson Prairie region of the state. The city is named after General Andrew Jackson, who was honored for his role in the Battle of New Orleans during the War of 1812, the current slogan for the city is The City with Soul. It has had numerous musicians prominent in blues, gospel, folk, and jazz, the city is the anchor for the metropolitan statistical area. While its population declined from 184,256 at the 2000 census to 173,514 at the 2010 census, the 2010 census ascribed a population of 539,057 to the five-county Jackson metropolitan area. The Choctaw name for the locale was Chisha Foka, the area now called Jackson was obtained by the United States under the terms of the Treaty of Doaks Stand in 1820, by which the Choctaw ceded some of their land. After the treaty was ratified, European-American settlers began to move into the area, under pressure from the U. S. government, the Choctaw Native Americans agreed to removal after 1830 from all their lands east of the Mississippi River under the terms of several treaties. They gave up their membership and became state and United States citizens at the time. Today, most Choctaw in Mississippi have reorganized and are part of the federally recognized Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians and they live in several majority-Indian communities located throughout the state. The largest community is located in Choctaw 100 mi northeast of Jackson, the village became known as LeFleurs Bluff. During the late 18th century and early 19th century, this site had a trading post and it was connected to markets in Tennessee. Tennessee soldiers returning from the military campaigns near New Orleans in 1815 built a road that connected Lake Pontchartrain in Louisiana to this district. A United States treaty with the Choctaw, the Treaty of Doaks Stand in 1820, LeFleurs Bluff was developed when it was chosen as the site for the new states capital city. The Mississippi General Assembly decided in 1821 that the state needed a centrally located capital and they commissioned Thomas Hinds, James Patton, and William Lattimore to look for a suitable site. The absolute center of the state was a swamp, so the group had to widen their search, after surveying areas north and east of Jackson, they proceeded southwest along the Pearl River until they reached LeFleurs Bluff in todays Hinds County. The Assembly passed an act on November 28,1821, authorizing the site as the permanent seat of the government of the state of Mississippi, One Whig politician lamented the new capital as a serious violation of principle because it was not at the absolute center of the state. The capital was named for General Andrew Jackson, to honor his victory at the Battle of New Orleans during the War of 1812 and he was later elected as the seventh President of the United States
5.
Mississippi
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Mississippi /ˌmɪsᵻˈsɪpi/ is a state in the southern region of the United States, with part of its southern border formed by the Gulf of Mexico. Its western border is formed by the Mississippi River, the state has a population of approximately 3 million. It is the 32nd most extensive and the 32nd most populous of the 50 United States, located in the center of the state, Jackson is the state capital and largest city, with a population of approximately 175,000 people. The state is heavily forested outside of the Mississippi Delta area, before the American Civil War, most development in the state was along riverfronts, where slaves worked on cotton plantations. After the war, the bottomlands to the interior were cleared, by the end of the 19th century, African Americans made up two-thirds of the Deltas property owners, but timber and railroad companies acquired much of the land after a financial crisis. Clearing altered the Deltas ecology, increasing the severity of flooding along the Mississippi, much land is now held by agribusinesses. The states catfish aquaculture farms produce the majority of farm-raised catfish consumed in the United States, since the 1930s and the Great Migration, Mississippi has been majority white, albeit with the highest percentage of black residents of any U. S. state. From the early 19th century to the 1930s, its residents were mostly black, whites retained political power through Jim Crow laws. In 2010, 37% of Mississippians were African Americans, the highest percentage of African Americans in any U. S. state, since gaining enforcement of their voting franchise in the late 1960s, most African Americans support Democratic candidates in local, state and national elections. Conservative whites have shifted to the Republican Party, African Americans are a majority in many counties of the Mississippi-Yazoo Delta, an area of historic settlement during the plantation era. Since 2011 Mississippi has been ranked as the most religious state in the country, the states name is derived from the Mississippi River, which flows along its western boundary. Settlers named it after the Ojibwe word misi-ziibi, in addition to its namesake, major rivers in Mississippi include the Big Black River, the Pearl River, the Yazoo River, the Pascagoula River, and the Tombigbee River. Major lakes include Ross Barnett Reservoir, Arkabutla Lake, Sardis Lake, Mississippi is entirely composed of lowlands, the highest point being Woodall Mountain, in the foothills of the Cumberland Mountains,807 feet above sea level. The lowest point is sea level at the Gulf coast, the states mean elevation is 300 feet above sea level. Most of Mississippi is part of the East Gulf Coastal Plain, the coastal plain is generally composed of low hills, such as the Pine Hills in the south and the North Central Hills. The Pontotoc Ridge and the Fall Line Hills in the northeast have somewhat higher elevations, yellow-brown loess soil is found in the western parts of the state. The northeast is a region of black earth that extends into the Alabama Black Belt. The coastline includes large bays at Bay St. Louis, Biloxi, the northwest remainder of the state consists of the Mississippi Delta, a section of the Mississippi Alluvial Plain
6.
International Standard Serial Number
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An International Standard Serial Number is an eight-digit serial number used to uniquely identify a serial publication. The ISSN is especially helpful in distinguishing between serials with the same title, ISSN are used in ordering, cataloging, interlibrary loans, and other practices in connection with serial literature. The ISSN system was first drafted as an International Organization for Standardization international standard in 1971, ISO subcommittee TC 46/SC9 is responsible for maintaining the standard. When a serial with the content is published in more than one media type. For example, many serials are published both in print and electronic media, the ISSN system refers to these types as print ISSN and electronic ISSN, respectively. The format of the ISSN is an eight digit code, divided by a hyphen into two four-digit numbers, as an integer number, it can be represented by the first seven digits. The last code digit, which may be 0-9 or an X, is a check digit. Formally, the form of the ISSN code can be expressed as follows, NNNN-NNNC where N is in the set, a digit character. The ISSN of the journal Hearing Research, for example, is 0378-5955, where the final 5 is the check digit, for calculations, an upper case X in the check digit position indicates a check digit of 10. To confirm the check digit, calculate the sum of all eight digits of the ISSN multiplied by its position in the number, the modulus 11 of the sum must be 0. There is an online ISSN checker that can validate an ISSN, ISSN codes are assigned by a network of ISSN National Centres, usually located at national libraries and coordinated by the ISSN International Centre based in Paris. The International Centre is an organization created in 1974 through an agreement between UNESCO and the French government. The International Centre maintains a database of all ISSNs assigned worldwide, at the end of 2016, the ISSN Register contained records for 1,943,572 items. ISSN and ISBN codes are similar in concept, where ISBNs are assigned to individual books, an ISBN might be assigned for particular issues of a serial, in addition to the ISSN code for the serial as a whole. An ISSN, unlike the ISBN code, is an identifier associated with a serial title. For this reason a new ISSN is assigned to a serial each time it undergoes a major title change, separate ISSNs are needed for serials in different media. Thus, the print and electronic versions of a serial need separate ISSNs. Also, a CD-ROM version and a web version of a serial require different ISSNs since two different media are involved, however, the same ISSN can be used for different file formats of the same online serial
7.
Jasper County, Mississippi
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Jasper County is a county located in the U. S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2010 census, the population was 17,062, Jasper County is part of the Laurel, MS Micropolitan Statistical Area. Bay Springs growth passed that of Paulding, no roadway connected the two parts of the county until one was built in 1935-1936. The still largely rural county is the producer in the state of gas and oil, located in the southeast, and of timber, cattle. William Jasper who distinguished himself in the defense of Fort Moultrie in 1776 during the American Revolutionary War. When a shell from a British warship shot away the flagstaff, he recovered the flag, raised it on a temporary staff, Jasper was killed in the Siege of Savannah in 1779. During the antebellum years, cotton was cultivated with slave labor on plantations in the county. This was the heyday of the county seat of Paulding, Mississippi and it was a trading center for the plantations, as well as for yeomen farmers in the area. About 1900 that community was incorporated as a city, in 1906 the state legislature designated Bay Springs as the second county seat. It attracted major timber companies, such as Georgia Pacific, medical facilities have been built at Bay Springs, with the Jasper General Hospital operating since 1962. Jasper General Patient Rehab was constructed on the grounds in 2012 to supplement the offerings. Recreation in the county includes a 9-hole golf course at the Bay Springs Country Club, fishing and hunting are available, including around Lake Claude Bennett near Rose Hill. In the 21st century, the county is largely rural, leading the state in timber, cattle. It is the major producer of gas and oil, with resources concentrated near the community of Heidelberg. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 677 square miles. Interstate 59 U. S.52. 6% were Black or African American,46. 3% White,0. 1% Native American,0. 1% Asian,0. 4% of some other race and 0. 6% of two or more races. As of the census of 2000, there were 18,149 people,6,708 households, the population density was 27 people per square mile. There were 7,671 housing units at a density of 11 per square mile
8.
Meridian, Mississippi
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Meridian is the sixth largest city in the state of Mississippi, United States. It is the county seat of Lauderdale County and the city of the Meridian. Along major highways, the city is 93 mi east of Jackson, Mississippi,154 mi west of Birmingham, Alabama,202 mi northeast of New Orleans, Louisiana, and 231 mi southeast of Memphis, Tennessee. During the American Civil War, General William Tecumseh Sherman burned much of the city to the ground in the Battle of Meridian. Union Station, built in 1906, is now a center, giving access to the Meridian Transit System, Greyhound Buses. Although the economy slowed with the decline of the industry, the city has diversified, with healthcare, military. The area is served by two military facilities, Naval Air Station Meridian and Key Field, which provide over 4,000 jobs, NAS Meridian is home to the Regional Counter-Drug Training Academy and the first local Department of Homeland Security in the state. Key Field is named after brothers Fred and Al Key, who set an endurance flight record in 1935. The field is now home to the 186th Air Refueling Wing of the Air National Guard, rush Foundation Hospital is the largest non-military employer in the region, employing 2,610 people. Among the citys many arts organizations and historic buildings are the Riley Center, the Meridian Museum of Art, Meridian Little Theatre, Meridian was home to two Carnegie libraries, one for whites and one for African Americans. The Carnegie Branch Library, now demolished, was one of a number of Carnegie libraries built for blacks in the Southern United States during the segregation era, the city has been selected as the future location of the Mississippi Arts and Entertainment Center. Jimmie Rodgers, the Father of Country Music, was born in Meridian, Highland Park houses a museum which displays memorabilia of his life and career, as well as railroad equipment from the steam-engine era. The park is home to the Highland Park Dentzel Carousel. It is the worlds only two-row stationary Dentzel menagerie in existence, after the treaty was ratified, European-American settlers began to move into the area. Most of McLemores land was bought in 1853 by Lewis A. Ragsdale, John T. Ball, a merchant from Kemper County, bought the remaining 80 acres. Ragsdale and Ball, now known as the founders of the city, there was much competition over the proposed name of the settlement. Ball erected a house on the Mobile and Ohio Railroad – the sign on which would alternate between Meridian and Sowashee each day. Eventually the continued development of the led to an influx of railroad workers who overruled the others in the city
9.
American Civil War
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The American Civil War was an internal conflict fought in the United States from 1861 to 1865. The Union faced secessionists in eleven Southern states grouped together as the Confederate States of America, the Union won the war, which remains the bloodiest in U. S. history. Among the 34 U. S. states in February 1861, War broke out in April 1861 when Confederates attacked the U. S. fortress of Fort Sumter. The Confederacy grew to eleven states, it claimed two more states, the Indian Territory, and the southern portions of the western territories of Arizona. The Confederacy was never recognized by the United States government nor by any foreign country. The states that remained loyal, including border states where slavery was legal, were known as the Union or the North, the war ended with the surrender of all the Confederate armies and the dissolution of the Confederate government in the spring of 1865. The war had its origin in the issue of slavery. The Confederacy collapsed and 4 million slaves were freed, but before his inauguration, seven slave states with cotton-based economies formed the Confederacy. The first six to declare secession had the highest proportions of slaves in their populations, the first seven with state legislatures to resolve for secession included split majorities for unionists Douglas and Bell in Georgia with 51% and Louisiana with 55%. Alabama had voted 46% for those unionists, Mississippi with 40%, Florida with 38%, Texas with 25%, of these, only Texas held a referendum on secession. Eight remaining slave states continued to reject calls for secession, outgoing Democratic President James Buchanan and the incoming Republicans rejected secession as illegal. Lincolns March 4,1861 inaugural address declared that his administration would not initiate a civil war, speaking directly to the Southern States, he reaffirmed, I have no purpose, directly or indirectly to interfere with the institution of slavery in the United States where it exists. I believe I have no right to do so, and I have no inclination to do so. After Confederate forces seized numerous federal forts within territory claimed by the Confederacy, efforts at compromise failed, the Confederates assumed that European countries were so dependent on King Cotton that they would intervene, but none did, and none recognized the new Confederate States of America. Hostilities began on April 12,1861, when Confederate forces fired upon Fort Sumter, while in the Western Theater the Union made significant permanent gains, in the Eastern Theater, the battle was inconclusive in 1861–62. The autumn 1862 Confederate campaigns into Maryland and Kentucky failed, dissuading British intervention, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which made ending slavery a war goal. To the west, by summer 1862 the Union destroyed the Confederate river navy, then much of their western armies, the 1863 Union siege of Vicksburg split the Confederacy in two at the Mississippi River. In 1863, Robert E. Lees Confederate incursion north ended at the Battle of Gettysburg, Western successes led to Ulysses S. Grants command of all Union armies in 1864
10.
Hattiesburg American
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The Hattiesburg American is a U. S. newspaper based in Hattiesburg, Mississippi, that serves readers in Forrest, Lamar, and surrounding counties in south-central Mississippi. The newspaper is owned by Gannett Company, Inc, the Hattiesburg American was founded in 1897 as a weekly newspaper, the Hattiesburg Progress. In 1907, the Hattiesburg Progress was acquired by The Hattiesburg Daily News, when the U. S. entered World War I in 1917, the newspaper was renamed the Hattiesburg American. The Hattiesburg American was purchased by the Harmon family in the 1920s and was sold to the Hederman family in 1960, Gannett Company acquired the newspaper in 1982. In the early 1960s, the Hattiesburg American spoke out against the development of the Republican Party in Mississippi, the publication echoed the state Democratic contention that the primary beneficiaries of a two-party system would be the 920,000 Negroes who dwell here. The American also criticized then freshman U. S, representative Robert Taft, Jr. son of the late U. S. Senator Robert A. Taft of Ohio, for having remarked that no segregationist belongs on a Republican ticket or even in the party, in 2005, the Hattiesburg American received Gannetts 10th Freedom of Information Award for outstanding work on behalf of the First Amendment. In settlement documents filed in court in Jackson, Mississippi. In 2009, publication of the Hattiesburg American was moved to Gannetts Clarion-Ledger facility in Jackson, in June 2014, the Hattiesburg American staff announced they would vacate the Main Street location and move their offices to 4200 Mamie Street in midtown Hattiesburg. Lewis Elliott Chaze Iris Kelso Hattiesburg American
11.
Hattiesburg, Mississippi
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Hattiesburg is a city in the U. S. state of Mississippi, primarily in Forrest County and extending west into Lamar County. The city population was 45,989 at the 2010 census and it is the principal city of the Hattiesburg, Mississippi, Metropolitan Statistical Area which encompasses Forrest, Lamar and Perry counties. Founded in 1882 by civil engineer William H. Hardy, Hattiesburg was named in honor of Hardys wife Hattie, the town was incorporated two years later with a population of 400. Hattiesburgs population first expanded as a center of the lumber and railroad industries and it now attracts newcomers to the area because of the diversity of the economy, strong neighborhoods and the central location in South Mississippi. Hattiesburg is home to The University of Southern Mississippi and William Carey University, South of Hattiesburg is Camp Shelby, the largest National Guard training base east of the Mississippi River. What is now Hattiesburg was previously inhabited by the Choctaw Native Americans, between 1763 and 1783 the area that is currently Hattiesburg fell under the jurisdiction of the colony of British West Florida. After the treaty was ratified, European-American settlers began to move into the area, Hattiesburg is positioned at the fork of the Leaf and Bouie Rivers, and was founded in 1882 by Captain William H. Hardy, a civil engineer. The city of Hattiesburg was incorporated in 1884 with a population of approximately 400, originally called Twin Forks and later Gordonville, the city received its final name of Hattiesburg from Capt. Hardy, in honor of his wife Hattie. In 1884, a railroad — known then as the New Orleans and Northeastern — was built from Meridian, Mississippi, through Hattiesburg to New Orleans. The completion of the Gulf and Ship Island Railroad from Gulfport, Mississippi, to Jackson, Mississippi, ran through Hattiesburg, though it was 20 years in the building, the G&SIRR more than fulfilled its promise. It gave the state a deep harbor, more than doubled the population of towns along its route, built the City of Gulfport. In 1924, the G&SIRR operated as a subsidiary of the Illinois Central Railroad, Hattiesburg gained its nickname, the Hub City, in 1912 as a result of a contest in a local newspaper. This suggestion came because the city was the intersection of a number of important rail lines, later the city also became the intersection of U. S. Highway 49, U. S. Highway 98 and U. S. Highway 11, and later, Interstate 59. Hattiesburg is centrally located less than 100 miles from the capital of Jackson as well as the Mississippi Gulf Coast, New Orleans and Mobile. The region around Hattiesburg was involved in the arms race of the Cold War. In the 1960s, two devices were detonated in the salt domes near Lumberton, Mississippi, about 28 miles southwest of Hattiesburg. Extensive follow-up of the area by the EPA has not revealed levels of contamination in the area that would be harmful to humans. Throughout the 20th Century, Hattiesburg benefited from the founding of Camp Shelby, the growing metropolitan area that includes Hattiesburg, Forrest and Lamar Counties, was designated a Metropolitan Statistical Area in 1994 with a combined population of more than 100,000 residents
12.
Democratic Party (United States)
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The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party. The Democrats dominant worldview was once socially conservative and fiscally classical liberalism, while, especially in the rural South, since Franklin D. Roosevelt and his New Deal coalition in the 1930s, the Democratic Party has also promoted a social-liberal platform, supporting social justice. Today, the House Democratic caucus is composed mostly of progressives and centrists, the partys philosophy of modern liberalism advocates social and economic equality, along with the welfare state. It seeks to provide government intervention and regulation in the economy, the party has united with smaller left-wing regional parties throughout the country, such as the Farmer–Labor Party in Minnesota and the Nonpartisan League in North Dakota. Well into the 20th century, the party had conservative pro-business, the New Deal Coalition of 1932–1964 attracted strong support from voters of recent European extraction—many of whom were Catholics based in the cities. After Franklin D. Roosevelts New Deal of the 1930s, the pro-business wing withered outside the South, after the racial turmoil of the 1960s, most southern whites and many northern Catholics moved into the Republican Party at the presidential level. The once-powerful labor union element became smaller and less supportive after the 1970s, white Evangelicals and Southerners became heavily Republican at the state and local level in the 1990s. However, African Americans became a major Democratic element after 1964, after 2000, Hispanic and Latino Americans, Asian Americans, the LGBT community, single women and professional women moved towards the party as well. The Northeast and the West Coast became Democratic strongholds by 1990 after the Republicans stopped appealing to socially liberal voters there, overall, the Democratic Party has retained a membership lead over its major rival the Republican Party. The most recent was the 44th president Barack Obama, who held the office from 2009 to 2017, in the 115th Congress, following the 2016 elections, Democrats are the opposition party, holding a minority of seats in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a minority of governorships, and state legislatures, though they do control the mayoralty of cities such as New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, Houston, and Washington, D. C. The Democratic Party traces its origins to the inspiration of the Democratic-Republican Party, founded by Thomas Jefferson, James Madison and that party also inspired the Whigs and modern Republicans. Organizationally, the modern Democratic Party truly arose in the 1830s, since the nomination of William Jennings Bryan in 1896, the party has generally positioned itself to the left of the Republican Party on economic issues. They have been liberal on civil rights issues since 1948. On foreign policy both parties changed position several times and that party, the Democratic-Republican Party, came to power in the election of 1800. After the War of 1812 the Federalists virtually disappeared and the national political party left was the Democratic-Republicans. The Democratic-Republican party still had its own factions, however. As Norton explains the transformation in 1828, Jacksonians believed the peoples will had finally prevailed, through a lavishly financed coalition of state parties, political leaders, and newspaper editors, a popular movement had elected the president
13.
Constitution of Mississippi
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The Constitution of the State of Mississippi, also known as the Mississippi Constitution, is the governing document for the U. S. state of Mississippi. It describes and enumerates the structures and functions of the Mississippian state government and lists the rights and privileges that are held by the states residents and it was adopted on November 1,1890. Throughout its existence as a U. S. state, Mississippi has had four state-level constitutions, the first one was created in 1817, upon Mississippis ascension from a U. S. territory to that of a U. S. state. It was used until 1832, when the constitution was created and adopted to end property ownership as a prerequisite for voting. The fourth constitution was adopted in November 1890 and was created by a convention consisting mostly of Democrats in order to prevent the states African American citizens from voting, the most recent modification to have been made to the states constitution occurred in June 2013. Mississippi regained its congressional representation after it was fully readmitted back into the United States in February 1870, unlike the 1868 constitution, the 1890 one did not go to the people of the state at large for their approval and ratification. The convention created, approved, and ratified it all on its own initiative, Mississippi was not the only U. S. As with Mississippis current 1890 constitution, the 1895 South Carolinian constitution is still in use today. There were legislative efforts to replace the Mississippian constitution that was adopted in 1890 with a new one, notably in the 1930s and 1950s, However, despite these efforts, the 1890 constitution, with its subsequent modifications and amendments, still remains in effect today. The 1817 constitution was the first constitution Mississippi had ever had as a U. S. state and it was replaced in 1832 by a new state constitution, which then was used until 1868. The 1832 state constitution was in effect until 1868, and removed the requirement that voters must own property to cast ballots, However, the right to vote and run for elected office was restricted to white men only. Women and African Americans were still prohibited from voting in the state or being elected into office under this constitution, the 1832 constitution was the last state constitution of Mississippi that was used while slavery was still legal in the United States. It was superseded in 1868, three years after the abolition of slavery, when it was replaced by a new constitution, the constitution changed how judges were chosen, with them being elected and no longer appointed, as defined in Article IV. The new constitution even required politicians to deliver an affirmation that they would not engage in a duel, as noted by future Republican U. S. Calhoun, a positive good. The 1868 constitution was adopted on May 15,1868, and this was unlike the 1890 constitution that replaced it 22 years, for that constitution was completely created and approved by a convention. In use for 22 years, the 1868 constitution was the first in the history of the state to have approved by popular consent. It was also the first state constitution of Mississippi to have created by both African American and white delegates. However, this proved inaccurate, as the Republican candidate, Ulysses S. Grant
14.
Washington, D.C.
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Washington, D. C. formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D. C. is the capital of the United States. The signing of the Residence Act on July 16,1790, Constitution provided for a federal district under the exclusive jurisdiction of the Congress and the District is therefore not a part of any state. The states of Maryland and Virginia each donated land to form the federal district, named in honor of President George Washington, the City of Washington was founded in 1791 to serve as the new national capital. In 1846, Congress returned the land ceded by Virginia, in 1871. Washington had an population of 681,170 as of July 2016. Commuters from the surrounding Maryland and Virginia suburbs raise the population to more than one million during the workweek. The Washington metropolitan area, of which the District is a part, has a population of over 6 million, the centers of all three branches of the federal government of the United States are in the District, including the Congress, President, and Supreme Court. Washington is home to national monuments and museums, which are primarily situated on or around the National Mall. The city hosts 176 foreign embassies as well as the headquarters of international organizations, trade unions, non-profit organizations, lobbying groups. A locally elected mayor and a 13‑member council have governed the District since 1973, However, the Congress maintains supreme authority over the city and may overturn local laws. D. C. residents elect a non-voting, at-large congressional delegate to the House of Representatives, the District receives three electoral votes in presidential elections as permitted by the Twenty-third Amendment to the United States Constitution, ratified in 1961. Various tribes of the Algonquian-speaking Piscataway people inhabited the lands around the Potomac River when Europeans first visited the area in the early 17th century, One group known as the Nacotchtank maintained settlements around the Anacostia River within the present-day District of Columbia. Conflicts with European colonists and neighboring tribes forced the relocation of the Piscataway people, some of whom established a new settlement in 1699 near Point of Rocks, Maryland. 43, published January 23,1788, James Madison argued that the new government would need authority over a national capital to provide for its own maintenance. Five years earlier, a band of unpaid soldiers besieged Congress while its members were meeting in Philadelphia, known as the Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783, the event emphasized the need for the national government not to rely on any state for its own security. However, the Constitution does not specify a location for the capital, on July 9,1790, Congress passed the Residence Act, which approved the creation of a national capital on the Potomac River. The exact location was to be selected by President George Washington, formed from land donated by the states of Maryland and Virginia, the initial shape of the federal district was a square measuring 10 miles on each side, totaling 100 square miles. Two pre-existing settlements were included in the territory, the port of Georgetown, Maryland, founded in 1751, many of the stones are still standing
15.
Martin Luther King Jr.
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Martin Luther King Jr. was an American Baptist minister and activist who was a leader in the Civil Rights Movement. He is best known for his role in the advancement of civil rights using nonviolent civil disobedience based on his Christian beliefs, King became a civil rights activist early in his career. He led the 1955 Montgomery bus boycott and helped found the Southern Christian Leadership Conference in 1957, with the SCLC, King led an unsuccessful 1962 struggle against segregation in Albany, Georgia, and helped organize the 1963 nonviolent protests in Birmingham, Alabama. King also helped to organize the 1963 March on Washington, where he delivered his famous I Have a Dream speech, on October 14,1964, King received the Nobel Peace Prize for combating racial inequality through nonviolent resistance. In 1965, he helped to organize the Selma to Montgomery marches, in the final years of his life, King expanded his focus to include opposition towards poverty and the Vietnam War, alienating many of his liberal allies with a 1967 speech titled Beyond Vietnam. In 1968, King was planning a national occupation of Washington, D. C. to be called the Poor Peoples Campaign, Kings death was followed by riots in many U. S. cities. Ray, who fled the country, was arrested two months later at London Heathrow Airport, King was posthumously awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom and the Congressional Gold Medal. Martin Luther King Jr. Day was established as a holiday in numerous cities and states beginning in 1971, hundreds of streets in the U. S. have been renamed in his honor, and a county in Washington State was also renamed for him. The Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial on the National Mall in Washington, King was born on January 15,1929, in Atlanta, Georgia, to the Reverend Martin Luther King, Sr. and Alberta Williams King. It was during this time he chose to be called Martin Luther King in honor of the German reformer Martin Luther, King had Irish ancestry through his paternal great-grandfather, as well as African ancestry. King was a child, between an older sister, Willie Christine King, and a younger brother, Alfred Daniel Williams King. King sang with his choir at the 1939 Atlanta premiere of the movie Gone with the Wind. His mother was an accomplished organist and choir leader, and she took him to various churches to sing and he received attention for singing I Want to Be More and More Like Jesus. King later became a member of the choir in his church. King said that his father regularly whipped him until he was fifteen, King saw his fathers proud and fearless protests against segregation, such as King Sr. When King was a child, he befriended a boy whose father owned a business near his familys home. When the boys were six, they started school, King had to attend a school for African Americans, King lost his friend because the childs father no longer wanted the boys to play together. King suffered from depression throughout much of his life, in his adolescent years, he initially felt resentment against whites due to the racial humiliation that he, his family, and his neighbors often had to endure in the segregated South
16.
Mississippi State University
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Mississippi State, Mississippi is the official designation for the area that encompasses the university. It is classified in the category of R2, Doctoral Universities – Higher Research Activity by the Carnegie Foundation, the university has campuses in Starkville, Meridian, Biloxi, and Vicksburg, Mississippi. The university began as The Agricultural and Mechanical College of the State of Mississippi and it was created by the Mississippi Legislature on February 28,1878, to fulfill the mission of offering training in agriculture, horticulture and the mechanical arts. Without excluding other scientific and classical studies, including military tactics, the university received its first students in the fall of 1880 in the presidency of General Stephen D. Lee. In 1887 Congress passed the Hatch Act, which provided for the establishment of the Agricultural Experiment Station in 1888, the Cooperative Extension Service was established in 1914 by the Smith-Lever Act. The university has since had its mission expanded and redefined by the Legislature, in 1932, the Legislature renamed the university as Mississippi State College. In 1958 the Legislature renamed the university as Mississippi State University in recognition of its academic development, the university was uneventfully desegregated in July 1965, when Richard E. Holmes of Starkville became the first African-American student to enroll. The School of Architecture admitted its first students in 1973, the College of Veterinary Medicine admitted its first class in 1977, the MSU Vet school is the largest veterinary school under one roof in the nation. The School of Accountancy was established in 1979, the program has been vastly expanded and has a separate college. This was made possible by funding by Bobby Shackouls, an MSU alumnus and retired CEO, in March 2009, Mississippi State announced the conclusion of the universitys seven-year capital campaign, with more than $462 million received in private gifts and pledges. Mississippi State University is accredited by the Commission on Colleges of the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools to award baccalaureate, masters, specialist, today, the university has the following colleges and schools, As of Fall 2011, Mississippi States enrollment was 20,424. The university has 160 buildings, and the grounds comprise about 4,200 acres, including farms, pastures, the university also owns an additional 80,000 acres across the state. Mississippi State University operates an off-campus, degree-granting center in Meridian that offers undergraduate and graduate programs, in cooperation with the U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, the College of Engineering offers the Master of Science degree to students in Vicksburg. Mississippi States campus is centered on the quadrangle, called the Drill Field due to its heavy use by the Corps of Cadets prior to the end of World War II. The Drill Field is defined at its north and south ends by the buildings, Lee Hall. Old Main was the dormitory, west of Lee Hall, it burned in a tragic fire. The largest building fronting the Drill Field is Mitchell Memorial Library, from the Drill Field, the campus radiates in all directions. Humanities are found to the south, while Agriculture dominates the west section, to the west and northwest are also found the athletic facilities, including Scott Field and the Humphrey Coliseum, or The Hump
17.
Loyola University Chicago
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Loyola University Chicago is a private American Catholic research university located in Chicago, Illinois. Founded in 1870 by the Jesuits, today Loyola is one of the largest Catholic universities in the nation, comprising eleven colleges and schools, Loyola offers over 80 undergraduate and 140 graduate/professional programs and enrolls approximately 16,000 students total. Loyola has six campuses located across the Chicago metropolitan area, as well as a campus in Rome and guest programs in Beijing and Ho Chi Minh City. The flagship Lake Shore Campus is located along the shores of Lake Michigan in the Rogers Park and Edgewater neighborhoods of Chicago, Loyolas athletic teams, nicknamed the Ramblers, compete in NCAA Division I as members of the Missouri Valley Conference. Loyola won the 1963 NCAA mens basketball championship, and remains the school from Illinois to do so. The Ramblers are also two-time NCAA champions in mens volleyball, Loyola alumni have won Emmy, Grammy, Peabody, and Pulitzer awards, as well as Guggenheim and MacArthur fellowships. Loyola was established as St. Ignatius College on June 30,1870 by Jesuit priest and educator Fr. At that time Chicago was a smaller but rapidly growing city just shy of 300,000 people. To meet the needs of Chicago, Loyola established professional schools in law, medicine, business. The Chicago College of Dental Surgery became part of the university in 1923, a downtown campus was founded in 1914, and with it the School of Sociology. As the predecessor to the Social of Social Work it enrolled Loyolas first female students, Loyola Academy, a college prep high school, occupied Dumbach Hall on the Lake Shore Campus until it was relocated to north suburban Wilmette in 1957. The current Water Tower Campus opened in 1949, in 1962, Loyola opened a campus in Rome near the site of the 1960 Summer Olympics. The university legally separated from the Jesuits in 1970, and today is under lay control, Loyola purchased neighboring Mundelein College in 1991. Major capital campaigns since the turn of the century have greatly enhanced Loyolas academic profile, in 2005 the Loyola University Museum of Art was established on the Water Tower Campus, and the Rome campus was renamed in honor of Director Emeritus John P. Felice. The $50 million gift is the largest in Loyola history, in 2010, Loyola purchased the Resurrection Retreat Center in Woodstock, which became the schools fifth campus for retreat and ecological study. In 2012, Loyola alumnus Michael R. Quinlan donated $40 million to the business school, during this time over 200,000 square-feet of LEED-certified sustainable spaces have been built on the Lake Shore Campus alone, along with significant mixed-use developments on the Water Tower Campus. Today, Loyola ranks among the top 100 universities in the nation and she is the first female president in the history of the university. Loyolas flagship Lake Shore Campus is located along the shores of Lake Michigan in the Rogers Park and Edgewater neighborhoods on the side of Chicago
18.
African Americans
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African Americans are an ethnic group of Americans with total or partial ancestry from any of the Black racial groups of Africa. The term may also be used to only those individuals who are descended from enslaved Africans. As a compound adjective the term is usually hyphenated as African-American, Black and African Americans constitute the third largest racial and ethnic group in the United States. Most African Americans are of West and Central African descent and are descendants of enslaved peoples within the boundaries of the present United States. On average, African Americans are of 73. 2–80. 9% West African, 18–24% European, according to US Census Bureau data, African immigrants generally do not self-identify as African American. The overwhelming majority of African immigrants identify instead with their own respective ethnicities, immigrants from some Caribbean, Central American and South American nations and their descendants may or may not also self-identify with the term. After the founding of the United States, black people continued to be enslaved, believed to be inferior to white people, they were treated as second-class citizens. The Naturalization Act of 1790 limited U. S. citizenship to whites only, in 2008, Barack Obama became the first African American to be elected President of the United States. The first African slaves arrived via Santo Domingo to the San Miguel de Gualdape colony, the ill-fated colony was almost immediately disrupted by a fight over leadership, during which the slaves revolted and fled the colony to seek refuge among local Native Americans. De Ayllón and many of the colonists died shortly afterwards of an epidemic, the settlers and the slaves who had not escaped returned to Haiti, whence they had come. The first recorded Africans in British North America were 20 and odd negroes who came to Jamestown, as English settlers died from harsh conditions, more and more Africans were brought to work as laborers. Typically, young men or women would sign a contract of indenture in exchange for transportation to the New World, the landowner received 50 acres of land from the state for each servant purchased from a ships captain. An indentured servant would work for years without wages. The status of indentured servants in early Virginia and Maryland was similar to slavery, servants could be bought, sold, or leased and they could be physically beaten for disobedience or running away. Africans could legally raise crops and cattle to purchase their freedom and they raised families, married other Africans and sometimes intermarried with Native Americans or English settlers. By the 1640s and 1650s, several African families owned farms around Jamestown and some became wealthy by colonial standards and purchased indentured servants of their own. In 1640, the Virginia General Court recorded the earliest documentation of slavery when they sentenced John Punch. One of Dutch African arrivals, Anthony Johnson, would own one of the first black slaves, John Casor
19.
Ross Barnett
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Ross Robert Barnett was the Governor of Mississippi from 1960 to 1964. He was a prominent member of the Dixiecrats, Southern Democrats who supported racial segregation, born in Standing Pine in Leake County in the heart of Mississippi, Barnett was the youngest of ten children of John William Barnett, a Confederate veteran, and the former Virginia Ann Chadwick. He served in the United States Army during World War I, four years later, he followed that with an LL. B. from the University of Mississippi at Oxford. In 1929, he married Mary Pearl Crawford, a schoolteacher, over the next quarter century, Barnett became one of the states most successful trial lawyers, earning more than $100,000 per year with specialty in damage suits. He often donated his skills to causes and served as president of the Mississippi Bar Association for two years beginning in 1943. Using the income derived from his fees, Barnett sought to try his hand at politics, unsuccessfully running twice for Governor of Mississippi. On his third try in 1959, he won the election and was inaugurated on January 19,1960, during his term in office, he celebrated the centennial of the American Civil War. Barnett traveled to Civil War sites to pay homage to fallen Sons Of Mississippi, during his time as governor, Barnett, a staunch segregationist and Democrat, became noted for his tumultuous clashes with the Civil Rights Movement. Barnett arranged for the arrest of Freedom Riders in 1961 and then imprisoned them at Parchman Farm, while their offenses were minor, the Freedom Riders were strip-searched, had beds taken away, and were humiliated and brutalized in the prison. Barnett was a member of the white supremacist Citizens Councils movement as well, with the accreditation of the states medical school and other universities in jeopardy due to the political interventions, the IHL board reversed their action after the riots on the campus. Barnett was fined $10,000 and sentenced to jail for contempt, only two Mississippi legislators opposed Barnetts efforts to defy the federal authorities, Joe Wroten and Karl Wiesenburg. The Ole Miss Rebels were playing the Kentucky Wildcats,41,000 fans cheered at the stadium waving thousands of Confederate flags. At halftime, a gigantic Confederate flag was unveiled on the field, the crowd shouted We want Ross. Barnett went to the field, grabbed the microphone at the 50-yard line and said to an enthusiastic crowd, I love and I respect our heritage. Until the 1960s, Mississippians had known no alternative to segregation, Barnett, a Baptist Sunday school teacher, declared The Good Lord was the original segregationist. He put the man in Africa. He made us white because he wanted us white, and He intended that we should stay that way, Barnett said that Mississippi had the largest percent of black Americans because they love our way of life here, and that way is segregation. In 1963, Barnett tried to prevent the mens team of Mississippi State University from playing an NCAA Tournament game against the racially integrated team from Loyola of Chicago
20.
Byron De La Beckwith
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Byron De La Beckwith, Jr. was an American white supremacist and Klansman from Greenwood, Mississippi, who in 1994 was convicted of assassinating civil rights leader Medgar Evers on June 12,1963. Two previous trials in 1964 on this charge had resulted in hung juries, seven years after being convicted of killing Evers, De La Beckwith died in prison in 2001 at the age of 80 while serving a life sentence. De La Beckwith was born in Colusa, California, the son of Susan Southworth Yerger and Byron De La Beckwith and his father died of pneumonia when he was five years old. One year later, De La Beckwith and his mother settled in Greenwood, Mississippi and his mother died of lung cancer when he was 12 years old, and he was raised by his uncle William Greene Yerger and his wife. In January 1942, De La Beckwith enlisted in the United States Marine Corps and he fought at the Battle of Guadalcanal and was shot in the waist during the Battle of Tarawa. De La Beckwith was honorably discharged in August 1945, after serving in the Marine Corps, De La Beckwith moved to Providence, Rhode Island, where he married Mary Louise Williams. The couple returned to Mississippi, where settled in his hometown of Greenwood. De La Beckwith and Williams divorced and he later married Thelma Lindsay Neff. His adult son Delay De La Beckwith is prominently featured in Paul Saltzmans documentary The Last White Knight about his and his fathers lives, De La Beckwith worked as a salesman for most of his life, selling tobacco, fertilizer, wood stoves and a variety of other goods. He attended the Greenwood Episcopal Church of the Nativity, the group was formed in Mississippi that year to resist integration and maintain exclusion of most blacks from the political system in the state. The White Citizens Council was founded in 1954 following the United States Supreme Courts ruling in Brown v. Board of Education that de jure public school segregation was unconstitutional, begun in Mississippi, chapters arose in towns across the South to resist integration. Their members used a variety of tactics to suppress black activism. The councils applied severe pressure through boycotts of black businesses, denial of loans and credit to African Americans, firing people from jobs, in Mississippi they prevented school integration until 1964. De La Beckwith became a member of the White Citizens Council, however, on June 12,1963, at age 42, he assassinated NAACP civil rights leader Medgar Evers shortly after the activist arrived home in Jackson. The state twice prosecuted De La Beckwith for murder in 1964, the jurors were all male and all white. Mississippi had effectively disenfranchised black voters since 1890, and they were excluded from serving on juries, during the second trial, the former Governor Ross Barnett interrupted the trial to shake hands with De La Beckwith while Myrlie Evers, the widow of the activist, was testifying. In the 1980s, the Jackson Clarion Ledger published reports on its investigation of the trial and it used state resources to investigate members of the jury pool during voir dire so the defense could try to pick the best jury. Although De La Beckwith gave his name when asked by the committee, in the following years, De La Beckwith became a leader in the segregationist Phineas Priesthood, an offshoot of the white supremacist Christian Identity Movement
21.
Medgar Evers
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Medgar Wiley Evers was an American civil rights activist from Mississippi who worked to overturn segregation at the University of Mississippi and to enact social justice and voting rights. He was murdered by a segregationist, a World War II veteran and college graduate, he became active in the Civil Rights Movement in the 1950s. He became a secretary for the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. He also worked on voting rights and registration, economic opportunity, access to public facilities, Evers was assassinated by Byron De La Beckwith, a member of the White Citizens Council, a group formed in 1954 to resist integration of schools and civil rights activity. As a veteran, Evers was buried with military honors at Arlington National Cemetery. His murder and the trials inspired civil rights protests, as well as numerous works of art, music. All-white juries failed to reach verdicts in the first two trials of Beckwith and he was convicted in a new state trial in 1994, based on new evidence. Myrlie Evers, widow of the activist, became a noted activist in her own right and his brother Charles Evers was the first African-American mayor elected in Mississippi in the post-Reconstruction era when he won in 1969 in Fayette. Evers was born July 2,1925, in Decatur, Mississippi, the family included Jesses two children from a previous marriage. The Evers family owned a farm, and James also worked at a sawmill. Evers walked twelve miles to attend segregated schools, and earned his high school diploma, Evers served in the United States Army during World War II from 1943 to 1945. He was sent to the European Theater and he fought in the Battle of Normandy in June 1944, after the end of the war, Evers was honorably discharged as a sergeant. In 1948, Evers enrolled at Alcorn College majoring in business administration and he also competed on the debate, football, and track teams, sang in the choir, and was junior class president. He earned his Bachelor of Arts in 1952, on December 24,1951, he married classmate Myrlie Beasley. Together they had three children, Darrell Kenyatta, Reena Denise, and James Van Dyke Evers, the couple moved to Mound Bayou, Mississippi a town developed by African Americans, where Evers became a salesman for T. R. M. Howards Magnolia Mutual Life Insurance Company. Howard was also president of the Regional Council of Negro Leadership, Evers and his brother Charles also attended the RCNLs annual conferences in Mound Bayou between 1952 and 1954, which drew crowds of ten thousand or more. In 1954, Evers applied to the segregated University of Mississippi Law School and he submitted his application in concert with the NAACP as a test case. That year the US Supreme Court had ruled that segregation of schools was unconstitutional
22.
Pulitzer Prize
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The Pulitzer Prize /ˈpʊlᵻtsər/ is an award for achievements in newspaper, magazine and online journalism, literature, and musical composition in the United States. It was established in 1917 by provisions in the will of American Joseph Pulitzer who had made his fortune as a newspaper publisher, Prizes are awarded yearly in twenty-one categories. In twenty of the categories, each receives a certificate. The winner in the service category of the journalism competition is awarded a gold medal. The Pulitzer Prize does not automatically consider all applicable works in the media, entries must fit in at least one of the specific prize categories, and cannot simply gain entrance for being literary or musical. Works can also only be entered in a maximum of two categories, regardless of their properties, each year,102 jurors are selected by the Pulitzer Prize Board to serve on 20 separate juries for the 21 award categories, one jury makes recommendations for both photography awards. For each award category, a jury makes three nominations, the board selects the winner by majority vote from the nominations or bypasses the nominations and selects a different entry following a 75% majority vote. The board can also vote to issue no award, the board and journalism jurors are not paid for their work, however, the jurors in letters, music, and drama receive a $2,000 honorarium for the year, and each chair receives $2,500. Anyone whose work has been submitted is called an entrant, the jury selects a group of nominated finalists and announces them, together with the winner for each category. However, some journalists who were submitted, but not nominated as finalists. For example, Bill Dedman of msnbc, Dedman wrote, To call that submission a Pulitzer nomination is like saying that Adam Sandler is an Oscar nominee if Columbia Pictures enters Thats My Boy in the Academy Awards. Many readers realize that the Oscars dont work that way—the studios dont pick the nominees and its just a way of slipping Academy Awards into a bio. The Pulitzers also dont work that way, but fewer people know that, newspaper publisher Joseph Pulitzer gave money in his will to Columbia University to launch a journalism school and establish the Prize. It allocated $250,000 to the prize and scholarships and he specified four awards in journalism, four in letters and drama, one in education, and four traveling scholarships. After his death, the first Pulitzer Prizes were awarded June 4,1917, many people have won more than one Pulitzer Prize. Nelson Harding is the person to have won a Prize in two consecutive years, the Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Cartooning in 1927 and 1928. Four prizes Robert Frost, Poetry Eugene ONeill, Drama Robert E, in rare instances, contributors to the entry are singled out in the citation in a manner analogous to individual winners. Journalism awards may be awarded to individuals or newspapers or newspaper staffs, infrequently, Awards are made in categories relating to journalism, arts, letters and fiction
23.
Time (magazine)
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Time is an American weekly news magazine published in New York City. It was founded in 1923 and for decades was dominated by Henry Luce, a European edition is published in London and also covers the Middle East, Africa and, since 2003, Latin America. An Asian edition is based in Hong Kong, the South Pacific edition, which covers Australia, New Zealand and the Pacific Islands, is based in Sydney, Australia. In December 2008, Time discontinued publishing a Canadian advertiser edition, Time has the worlds largest circulation for a weekly news magazine, and has a readership of 26 million,20 million of which are based in the United States. As of 2012, it had a circulation of 3.3 million making it the eleventh most circulated magazine in the United States reception room circuit, as of 2015, its circulation was 3,036,602. Richard Stengel was the editor from May 2006 to October 2013. Nancy Gibbs has been the editor since October 2013. Time magazine was created in 1923 by Briton Hadden and Henry Luce, the two had previously worked together as chairman and managing editor respectively of the Yale Daily News. They first called the proposed magazine Facts and they wanted to emphasize brevity, so that a busy man could read it in an hour. They changed the name to Time and used the slogan Take Time–Its Brief and it set out to tell the news through people, and for many decades the magazines cover depicted a single person. More recently, Time has incorporated People of the Year issues which grew in popularity over the years, notable mentions of them were Barack Obama, Steve Jobs, Matej Turk, etc. The first issue of Time was published on March 3,1923, featuring Joseph G. Cannon, the retired Speaker of the House of Representatives, on its cover, a facsimile reprint of Issue No. 1, including all of the articles and advertisements contained in the original, was included with copies of the February 28,1938 issue as a commemoration of the magazines 15th anniversary. The cover price was 15¢ On Haddens death in 1929, Luce became the dominant man at Time, the Intimate History of a Publishing Enterprise 1923–1941. In 1929, Roy Larsen was also named a Time Inc. director, J. P. Morgan retained a certain control through two directorates and a share of stocks, both over Time and Fortune. Other shareholders were Brown Brothers W. A. Harriman & Co. the Intimate History of a Changing Enterprise 1957–1983. According to the September 10,1979 issue of The New York Times, after Time magazine began publishing its weekly issues in March 1923, Roy Larsen was able to increase its circulation by utilizing U. S. radio and movie theaters around the world. It often promoted both Time magazine and U. S. political and corporate interests, Larsen next arranged for a 30-minute radio program, The March of Time, to be broadcast over CBS, beginning on March 6,1931
24.
Jackson Public School District
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The Jackson Public School District is a public school district based in Jackson, Mississippi. In addition to Jackson, the district serves a portion of the Byram community and it is the second largest school district in the state and is the only urban school district in the state. Dr. Freddrick Murray is the superintendent of Jackson Public Schools. The Jackson Public Schools Board of Trustees announced Dr. Murrays appointment in the fall of 2016, a veteran educator of more than 20 years with an extensive leadership background, Dr. Murray most recently served as Chief Academic Officer of High Schools. Prior to joining the Districts administrative in that capacity, Dr. Murray served as a principal at several schools and was able to increase academic performance with each appointment. Each member is appointed by the mayor and confirmed by the city council to represent the schools in each of the seven wards. JPS serves nearly 28,000 students overall in grades pre-K-12 and it is the second largest public school district in Mississippi. JPS is located in the capital, Jackson, Mississippi. The district has 38 elementary schools,13 middle schools,7 high schools and this is a total of 60 schools. There are nearly 5,000 employees in the district, the district offers a variety of special programs such as Academic and Performing Arts Complex, International Baccalaureate, and Montessori. The new schools opened in 2010, in March 2010, First Lady Michelle Obama visited Pecan Park Elementary and Brinkley Middle Schools as a part of her Lets Move program. In 2012, Bradley Elementary School became the Bradley Complex and is used as a headquarters for the Districts Campus Enforcement Office, also that year, the former Bailey Magnet High School became Bailey APAC Middle School. In 2012, the number of Advanced Placement scholars doubled from the previous year, Jackson State University and Jackson Public Schools made a historic agreement on May 16,2013, creating a partnership to enhance the quality of education offered at Blackburn Middle School. The school became a JSU laboratory school, where excellence in education theory, through this construct, Blackburn provides clinical experience for JSU students and creates a living laboratory for research and applied practices to improve teaching. It was renamed Blackburn Laboratory Middle School, youth Court Schools There were a total of 31,941 students enrolled in the Jackson Public School District during the 2006-2007 school year. The gender makeup of the district was 50% female and 50% male, the racial makeup of the district was 97. 51% African American,1. 83% White,0. 45% Hispanic,0. 18% Asian, and 0. 03% Native American. 76. 6% of the students were eligible to receive free lunch. In April 2005, the adopted a policy requiring elementary
25.
Callaway High School (Mississippi)
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Callaway High School is a high school in Jackson, Mississippi. The current principal of Callaway High School is William Trammell III, built in 1966 on approximately twenty acres in North Jackson, Callaway was named after former educator and community activist Robert Callaway. Students in grades nine through twelve are enrolled, the mascot of Callaway is the Charger. There were a total of 1211 students enrolled in Callaway High during the 2006–07 school year, the gender makeup of the district was 51% female and 49% male. The racial makeup of the school was 100% African American, Callaway High School, named after former educator Robert M. Callaway, was built in 1966. Robert, a Lafayette County native, began his career teaching Choctaw Indians in the mountains of McCurtain County, Oklahoma. Before assuming duties as principal of Liberty Grove School, later H. V. Watkins Elementary in Jackson, he taught at Darling in Quitman County and he was principal at Watkins from 1936 to 1956. The Mississippi Childrens Choir recorded A New Creation at Callaway in 1994, the following schools feed into Callaway High School. Coach Brent, in three seasons with the Mighty Chargers, has won two state titles and a Grand Slam Challenge title. In the 2008–09 season, Callaways guards Deville Smith and Julysses Noble led Callaway to a class 4A state title, after the 2008–09 season, the Mississippi High School Activities Association added the 6A division, which in turn took Callaway from 4A to 5A. In the 2009–10 season, after the graduation of Noble to SECs Arkansas, in the 1975 football season Callaway High School won the Big Eight Conference State title.1 team in the state. The coach, Charles A. Allman, was chosen Coach of the Year for Metro Jackson three times, and Coach of the Year in 5-A Football for Callaway in 1977 by the MAC and his teams at Callaway had a 33-game winning streak in the 70s. Team member Tyrone Keys once stated that the defense on the 1975 Callaway defense could have played in the SEC. The offense was one of the tops in the state that year. A book has written by team member Jerome Gentry to discuss the 1975 team. The book, Mississippi’s Uncovered Glory, tells the story about the unity of black and white team members working together to create a powerful bond of achievement. The team included Roy Coleman the first black quarterback to play at Ole Miss, Charles Thomas, basketball player for Maccabi Rishon LeZion of the Israeli Basketball Premier League Official website
26.
Lanier High School (Jackson, Mississippi)
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Lanier High School is a high school in Jackson, Mississippi, United States. The current principal of Lanier High School is Michael McDonald, there were a total of 872 students enrolled in Lanier High during the 2006–2007 school year. The gender makeup of the district was 52% female and 48% male, the racial makeup of the school is 100. 00% African American. The following schools feed into Lanier High School, Jackson Public School District Official website
27.
Murrah High School
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Murrah High School is a public high school located in Jackson, Mississippi, USA. The school is a part of the Jackson Public School District, there are a total of 1,600 students enrolled at Murrah High School. The racial makeup of the school is 93. 52% African American,0. 59% Asian,0. 44% Hispanic,0. 15% Native American, william Belton Murrah was an American bishop in the Methodist Episcopal Church South elected in 1910. Born in Pickensville, Alabama, he was educated at Southern University in Greensboro, Alabama, in 1897 Murrah received his LLD from Wofford College in South Carolina. Prior to his election to the Episcopacy, he served from 1890 to 1910 as the first President of Millsaps College in Jackson, Murrah High School and Murrah Hall at Millsaps College were both named after him. JPS is a partner with the University of Mississippi Medical Center in the Base Pair research mentorship program funded by the Howard Hughes Medical Institute. The primary focus for Base Pair is to utilize the physical resources, the program matches high school students with UMC faculty members for in-depth experiences in the sciences.3 million for science education enhancement into the district. Base Pair-trained high school students are authors on more than five dozen published scientific papers or abstracts, twenty-five Base Pair graduates are currently in post-baccalaureate academic programs, including 12 in M. D. M. D. /Ph. D. Ph. D. or masters degree in science training, six of these are currently enrolled in a program at the University of Mississippi Medical Center. Visit the UMC Base Pair Web site at http, //www. umc. edu/basepair/ The Student Oriented Academic Research program is a companion to the Base Pair program at Murrah High School, SOAR was developed to implement advanced science research activities for JPS students outside of the UMC zone. In this program, students are enrolled in Biology II during their junior year, the SOAR program supports advanced biomedical and forensic science laboratory research by students at each high school site. Murrahs Speech and Debate Team, currently coached by Micah Everson, Murrah students have competed at the National Speech and Debate Tournament each of the last four years, A. Taylor, Taylor/Campbell, and Rucker/Porter. Previous Murrah coaches include Sonya Harvey, now coaching at Madison Central High School, the Academic and Performing Arts Complex is open to students in grades 4-12 who are academic achievers and/or who show aptitude for one or more of the visual or performing arts. There is an application process each year for entrance into the programs for the following school year. Academics, Eligibility for the division is based on past grades, standardized tests, entrance tests. Cooperative learning and higher order thinking skills are emphasized, courses in math, science, language arts, and social studies prepare students to take further APAC and Advanced Placement/APAC classes in high school. APAC academic courses are offered for grades 4-5 at Power APAC Elementary, for grades 6-8 at Bailey APAC Middle School, also in APAC, students use skills, textbooks & items above their grade level. Performing Arts, The performing arts division offers classes in dance, music, theatre arts, students must make application and audition for entry into the program
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Jackson Academy (Mississippi)
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Jackson Academy is an independent, co-educational college preparatory school in Jackson, Mississippi. Jackson Academy was founded in 1959 on the basis of teaching children phonetic reading, today, the campus is thriving with nearly 1250 students in grades K3 through 12. The school is a member of the prestigious Cum Laude Society Academic Honorary, JA is the largest independent school in Mississippi. Jackson Academy is accredited by Southern Association of Colleges and Schools, the Mississippi State Times announced the opening of a new academy in Jackson, Mississippi, set to debut in early September 1959. The name of the new school was to be Jackson Academy, Jackson Academy, led by founder and headmaster Loyal M Bearss, was to have its foundation on the old educational standards of reading, writing, and arithmetic. In 1959, Jackson Academy began operation in a residence on Northview Drive in Jackson. The school included grades primer through fourth grade, by 1963 Jackson Academy had grown to some 103 students, after which the JA Corporation purchased 5.5 acres on Ridgewood Road where main campus is located today. Peter Jernberg was Jackson Academys headmaster from July 1988 until November 2005, in December 2006, Pat Taylor was named headmaster. Taylor came to Jackson Academy from Mobile, AL, where he served as Assistant Headmaster at St. Pauls Episcopal School, in 2014, Clifton Kling became president. Jackson Academy is currently involved in the most transformational expansion in the school’s history, Phase One includes the following, a performing arts center for school programs, theatrical productions and concerts as well as classroom and rehearsal space for choral music and a black-box theater. Phase Two, Phase Two will include replacement of long-serving facilities with a new, state-of-the-art junior/senior high building to serve grades 7-12, Jackson Academy also excels in developing successful student athletes. JA student athletes compete in volleyball, football, soccer, basketball, tennis, swimming, dance, cheer, golf, softball, cross-country, track. In 2010, student athlete Davis Rogers was named one of 6 male national finalists for the Wendys High School Heisman Award after being selected from approximately 55,000 national applicants, Jackson Academy has won seven MAIS AAA Division I Championships in football. Jan Sojourner, head coach of the Varsity Lady Raiders. After her first year of coaching at Jackson Academy she has posted a winning record each of her over 30 seasons, with 4 Overall State Championships and numerous divisional championships. Bill Ball, head coach of the Varsity Raiders, carries a 277-83 record in his first 10 years at Jackson Academy with 2 Overall State Championships. Jay Powell, with a record of 91-49 as head baseball coach, the 2011 team broke numerous personal and team records on their way to winning the Championship including most runs scored in a season, most strikeouts thrown, most home runs, most wins. Bryan Eubank has been the voice of the Raiders in some capacity since 2000, bryan spent 2005–2007 as the voice of the Mississippi Braves before returning to call all three major sports for the Raiders in the fall of 2007
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Jackson State University
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Jackson State University is a historically Black college and university in Jackson, Mississippi, United States. It was founded during the Reconstruction era in 1877 in Natchez, the Society moved the school to the capital, Jackson, in 1882, renaming it Jackson College. It developed its present campus in 1902 and it became a state-supported public institution in 1940. The university is a member of the Thurgood Marshall College Fund, under the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education, Jackson State University is classified as a research university with high research activity. In the fall of 2015, Jackson State University reached a student population of nearly 10,000 students, the university ranked as the fourth-largest HBCU in the nation. The campus contains 51 academic and administrative buildings on 245 acres, the main campus is located on JR Lynch Street between Prentiss and Dalton streets in the central region of the city. Ayer Hall was constructed in 1903 and is the oldest structure on campus and it was named in honor of the first president of the institution. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977, green-Gibb Pedestrian Walkway was named in honor of those who died in the Jackson State killings in 1970. The Walter Payton Health & Wellness Center was constructed in 2006. E. B, du Bois Honors College School of Life Long Learning In 2015, JSU became the first university in Mississippi approved by the legislature to establish a School of Public Health. JSU is the university in Mississippi to earn two consecutive Apple Distinguished School distinctions. Apple Inc. biennially acknowledges schools that uniquely incorporate technology into its curriculum, since 2012, Jackson State University has provided all first-time, full-time freshmen brand new iPads to increase technology usage on campus. JSU is the first and only HBCU in Mississippi to support a bachelors and masters level engineering program, JSU is one of only two universities in Mississippi with a comprehensive meteorology degree program. Diverse Issues in Higher Education ranked JSU as among the top universities in the nation for producing African Americans with bachelors degrees in education, biology, du Bois Honors College is a selective interdisciplinary college at the university that provides an unique academic experience for high-achieving undergraduate students. Jackson State University consistently ranks in the top 20 of HBCUs out of over 100 in the according to the U. S. News & World Report annual HBCU ranking. Athletic teams are a member of the NCAA Division I-FCS Southwestern Athletic Conference, all SWAC sports are DI with Football being FCS. Currently, the university teams in mens and womens basketball, baseball, softball, golf, tennis, soccer, and bowling, womens volleyball. The universitys mascot is the Tiger, and the teams are referred to as the Blue Bengals. The Tiger mens football team has a history, winning and sharing 16 SWAC titles
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Hinds Community College
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Hinds Community College is a community college with its main campus located in Raymond, Mississippi, about five miles west of Jackson, the state capital. The Hinds Community College District includes Hinds County, Claiborne County, part of Copiah County, Rankin County, with an enrollment of over 12,000 students at six campuses, it is the largest community college in Mississippi. The college currently provides academic courses for the first two years of four-year degree programs that must be completed at senior colleges or universities. It also provides two-year technical degree programs, post-secondary career programs, secondary career education, the college began as a small agricultural high school in 1917 with 117 students and eight faculty members. In its transformation into a college, it began offering college-level academic courses in 1922 and was accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges. During the World War II years, an education curriculum was added to the colleges offerings. Branch locations in Jackson and Vicksburg were opened in the 1970s and these branches primarily offered high school vocational education, though some college-level night courses were taught. The Pearl-Rankin Vocational/Career Center was opened in the town of Pearl in 1983, offering high school vocational education and this branch later became the Rankin Campus, it now offers academic, technical, and career programs. The Jackson Campus-Nursing/Allied Health Center was opened in Jackson in 1984, offering nursing and this center, together with the existing branch in Jackson, became known as the Jackson Campus. A Resource and Coordinating Unit for Economic Development was added in 1988 in Raymond, the Vicksburg branch became the Vicksburg Campus in 2002 and now offers college-level programs. Hinds Junior College changed its name to Hinds Community College in 1987, Hinds linked up with other two-year colleges by means of the Community College Network in 1994. This system allows a course to be offered at one location while students may participate in the course at several other college locations by means of video conferencing. All of the state public two-year colleges formed the Mississippi Virtual Community College in 1999 to offer courses to students over the Internet, Hinds offers dance, art, ceramic, and theater classes. Their dance classes are well-regarded and Montage, the dance troupe, the band is well-regarded and has been asked to perform in France
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Belhaven University
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Belhaven University is a private Christian liberal arts university located in Jackson, Mississippi. Founded by Lewis Fitzhugh and later donated to the Presbyterian Church in the United States, Belhaven is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools to award Associate, Baccalaureate, and masters degrees. Twenty-seven Bachelors Degrees and eight Masters Degrees are offered, in addition to traditional majors, programs of general studies are available. There are also programs in Christian Ministry, Medicine, Dentistry, Law. Belhaven maintains satellite campuses for graduate and undergraduate studies in Atlanta, Houston, Memphis and Orlando, in 1894, Belhaven College was chartered by Doctor Lewis Fitzhugh as the Belhaven College for Young Ladies in a house on Boyd Street in Jackson, Mississippi. The name Belhaven was chosen as it was the home of Colonel Jones S. Hamilton in Scotland. A fire destroyed the building in February,1895, but with the help of Jackson citizens. Fitzhugh served as president until his death in 1904, upon which his heirs sold the college to Doctor J. R. Preston, Preston then donated the title of the college to the Presbyterian Church, marking the beginning of Belhavens religious affiliation. It was then merged with The McComb Female Institute, Dr. R. V. Lancaster became the third president as the two institutions merged. In 1915 the Board of Trustees changed the name to Belhaven College. During these years improved curricula guidelines and student services were established, Dr. W. H. Frazier succeeded Lancaster as president from 1918–21, and during his tenure enrollment grew to 230 students. In 1921, the Reverend Guy T. Gillespie of Lexington, Mississippi, began a 33-year presidency during which Belhaven was first accredited, an endowment fund begun, and scholarships made available. In 1939, Belhaven was merged with the Mississippi Synodical College, in 1954, the Board of Trustees voted to allow the enrollment of male students, making Belhaven a fully co-educational institution. Dr. McFerran Crowe succeeded Gillespie as President and over the six years he expanded and upgraded the faculty. The first singing Christmas tree in the world debuted at Belhaven in 1933, from 1960 to 1961, Dr. Robert F. Cooper served as acting president until the board selected Dr. Howard J. Cleland to replace him. Under Clelands 17-year tenure, an expansion program resulted in six major new buildings, while enrollment. In 1965, a faculty member was fired for being gay, in 1972, the Synod of Mississippi officially transferred ownership of the college to the board of trustees, making Belhaven a fully independent college. In March,1978, Doctor Verne R. Kennedy became the first Belhaven alumnus to serve as the executive of Belhaven College
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Millsaps College
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Millsaps College is a private liberal arts college located in Jackson, Mississippi, the state capital. Founded in 1890 and affiliated with the United Methodist Church, Millsaps is home to 985 students, one of 40 colleges featured in Loren Popes Colleges That Change Lives, it is one of only 21 private colleges nationwide named a Best Buy in the 2013 Fiske Guide to Colleges. The college was founded in 1889–90 by a Confederate veteran, Major Reuben Webster Millsaps, Dr. William Belton Murrah was the colleges first president, and Bishop Charles Betts Galloway of the Methodist Episcopal Church South organized the colleges early fund-raising efforts. Both men were honored with halls named in their honor, Major Millsaps and his wife are interred in a tomb near the center of campus. The current United Methodist Church continues to have affiliations with the college,1890, Major Reuben Webster Millsaps founds the college with a personal gift of $50,000. 1901, Millsaps builds the first golf course in Mississippi,1902, Mary Letitia Holloman becomes the first female graduate of Millsaps. 1908, Sing-Ung Zung of Soochow, China, becomes the first international student to graduate from Millsaps,1914, Old Main, one of the first buildings on campus, burns and is replaced by Murrah Hall. 1916, Major Millsaps dies and is buried on campus,1943, Johnny Carson attends Millsaps for V-12 naval officer training, entertaining his comrades with a magic and humor act. 1944, Louis H. Wilson, who graduated from the college in 1941, Wilson became a General and the 26th Commandant of the Marine Corps in 1975. He was the first Marine Corps Commandant to serve full-time on the Joint Chiefs of Staff,1953, Dean Martin and Jerry Lewis judge a Millsaps beauty contest. 1965, Millsaps becomes the first all-white college in Mississippi to voluntarily desegregate,1967, Robert Kennedy during his presidential campaign speaks at the college about obligations of young Americans to give back to their country. 1975, President Jimmy Carter speaks to Millsaps students about the crisis in the Middle East,1988, Millsaps initiates the first campus chapter of Habitat for Humanity in Mississippi. 1989, Millsaps becomes the first school in Mississippi to have a chapter of the Phi Beta Kappa honor society and his last day as president of Millsaps College was June 30,2000. Dr. Frances Lucas - Dr. Lucas was the first female to hold the post at Millsaps, Dr. Lucas resigned on April 23,2009. Lucas cited disagreements with faculty as the reason for her resignation, howard McMillan, Dean of Millsaps Else School of Management took over as Interim President in August 2009. Dr. Robert Pearigen, Vice President of University Relations at The University of the South, was selected to serve as the president of the college. He began his term in office on July 1,2010, despite its religious affiliation, the curriculum is secular. The writing-intensive core curriculum requires each student to compile a portfolio of written work before completion of the sophomore year
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Union Station (Jackson, Mississippi)
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Union Station is an intermodal transit station in Jackson, Mississippi, United States. It is operated by the Jackson Transit System and serves Amtraks City of New Orleans rail line, Greyhound Lines intercity buses, train service first came to Jackson, Mississippi in 1840, when the Clinton and Vicksburg Railway established a connection. The city became a more prominent rail hub after the American Civil War as a stop for what became the Illinois Central Railroad. The modern Georgian Revival station was built in 1927 by Illinois Central when the lines were rebuilt through downtown. The city undertook a $20 million renovation funded by the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act, the city converted the building into the Jackson Transit Systems primary bus station and added facilities for Greyhound Lines. The former freighthouse was converted for use by Amtrak, and other areas of the building were redesigned for commercial use, Dale and Associates received a 2005 Mississippi AIA Merit Award for the completed project. It is listed as a Mississippi Landmark, media related to Jackson, Mississippi at Wikimedia Commons Amtrak – Stations – Jackson, MS Jackson Amtrak Station Jackson, MS
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Hawkins Field (airport)
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Hawkins Field is a joint civil-military public airport three miles northwest of Jackson, in Hinds County, Mississippi. It is owned by the City of Jackson and operated by the Jackson Metropolitan Airport Authority, the National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2011–2015 called it a general aviation facility. Aviation in Jackson began in 1928 with the purchase of 151 acres of land in the City of Jackson known then as Davis Stock Farm. Davis Field, Jackson’s first airport was dedicated November 9,1928, delta Air Lines made its first flight that year beginning in Dallas landing in Jackson and several other cities on their way to Atlanta. In 1936 the Works Progress Administration’s, Civil Conservation Corps invested $62,150 to improve the airport with a building and paving of an apron. In 1941 the airfield was named Hawkins Field after A. F. Hawkins, in May 1941 the Dutch government-in-exile, following the occupation of the Netherlands, established the Royal Netherlands Military Flying School at Hawkins Field. The school operated Lend-Lease aircraft with pilots from the Mississippi Institute of Aeronautics. Training was conducted with U. S. Army Air Corps and later with U. S. Army Air Forces units in the southeast United States, however, operation of the school, in June 1941 Hawkins Field was redesignated Jackson Army Airfield. It activated on May 1,1942 and was used by the United States Army Air Forces Flying Training Command as a flying training airfield. When the U. S. Army took over Hawkins Field, construction was rapid given the emergency wartime conditions and within three months the post was to be in full operation. The airfield had four concrete runways 3,317 by 150 feet NNE/SSW,3,310 by 150 feet NNW/SSE,4,825 by 150 feet NW/SE,5,400 by 150 feet NNW/SSE, asphalt on first two runways and concrete the others. The runways were laid out on an A layout, with one extended length main runway, to conserve critical materials, most facilities were constructed of wood, concrete, brick, gypsum board and concrete asbestos. There were libraries, social clubs for officers, and enlisted men, the 35th Base Headquarters and Air Base Squadron was responsible for the operation of the non-flying elements of the base. Training was re-organized under the 2159th Army Air Force Base Unit, the Netherlands aviators left in May 1945 and flight training was closed down in October. Third Air Force operated the airfield as an Air Force Reserve training center until March 31,1949 when the United States Air Force excessed Hawkins Field and it was not until 1949 that Hawkins was again classified as a civil airfield. With the introduction of jet service to Jackson in 1963, the City began work to annex land in Rankin County, allen C. Thompson Field, Jackson Municipal Airport opened later that year, one of the first airports with parallel runways versus cross wind intersecting runways. With the opening of Jackson Municipal Airport, Hawkins Field became a general aviation airport, the Kerry Committee report which began in the United States Senate in early 1986 contains a U. S. Customs and DEA investigation report on drug trafficking using DC-4 aircraft at Hawkins Field. The United States Air Force returned in the summer of 1953 when the Mississippi Air National Guard began utilizing certain facilities of Hawkins Field, six Fairchild C-119 Flying Boxcars replaced the RB-26 in 1957 when the 183d became an Aeromedical Transport Squadron as part of the Military Air Transport Service
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Jackson Free Press
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It is currently the only member of the Association of Alternative Newsweeklies in the state of Mississippi. JFP distributes approximately 17,000 free copies to 425+ locations throughout the Jackson metropolitan area each week and it is known locally for its annual Best of Jackson awards as nominated by its readers and its online political blogs. It also sponsors local events such as the Fondren ArtMix, JubileeJam, the Chick Ball, the Race, Religion & Society Series. The newspaper is named after the Mississippi Free Press, a civil rights movement newspaper started by a coalition including Medgar Evers. Smith, and printed by white newspaper publisher Hazel Brannon Smith, in its first four years of publication, JFP won 14 national writing awards from the Association of Alternative Newsweeklies. In January 2007, the Justice Department announced that Seale had been indicted for federal kidnapping, the weekly has also attracted attention with its dogged coverage of Jackson mayor Frank Melton. JFPs Adam Lynch broke the story on the web site that the mayor had taken a group of young men to bust up an alleged drughouse with sledgehammers. That revelation led to the indictment of the mayor and his bodyguards on multiple criminal charges and they were eventually found not guilty of any criminal wrongdoing by a jury. The Jackson Free Press launched its active Web site with multiple blogs in 2002, as the paper is a newsweekly, the Web site provides immediate breaking news and forums for discussions on news appearing in the print version and topics posted by readers. The JFPs efforts to fight the scheme, which was blasted by Editor & Publisher magazine as a violation of independent publications First Amendment rights, was written up in media across the country. JFP started a blog called the Goliath Blog to chronicle MIPAs successes in the battle, MIPA efforts led to an investigation of the strategy by Mississippi Attorney General Jim Hood List of alternative weekly newspapers Official website
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Jackson Zoo
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The Jackson Zoo is located in Jackson, Mississippi. The Jackson Zoo has attracted people from across the state and beyond for more than 90 years, the zoo boasts an animal collection representing over 200 species and nearly 380 individual animals that provide glimpses of native wildlife from around the world. The Jackson Zoo is situated within the historic 110-acre Livingston Park and welcomes approximately 112,000 visitors annually from Mississippi,20,000 school children make their way to the zoo throughout the school year. Guests can also enjoy fare from the Elephant House Cafe, purchase keepsake merchandise from the Jackson Zoo Trading Company, picnics are permitted in Livingston Park and rides are available on the Endangered Species Carousel or the train. A Splash Pad is open in the summer, the Jackson Zoo is the second largest zoo in the state and is the only zoo accredited by the Zoo and Aquarium Association in the state. In 1916, the city of Jackson purchased from Samuel Livingston 79 acres of undeveloped land, by 1919, a group of firefighters were collecting various animals, housing them in the central fire station, what is now the Chamber of Commerce Building. In 1921, after the collection had evolved from rabbits and squirrels to include exotics like zebras, the city decided to move them to the purchased land. In the 1930s, many new buildings were erected with help from the Works Progress Administration during the Great Depression. The City of Jackson, like almost every city and state. With the public works, the City and zoo director Irl Bennett left a heritage of facilities that have served Jackson for some 80 years, today, many of the buildings constructed by the WPA are still standing. At the time, the Castle served as Monkey Island, housing several dozen rhesus macaques, the grounds also served as a park to its visitors, with much of the zoos land remaining open, a scenic location with a lake for visitors to enjoy during the hot summers. In 1948, the collection was expanded thanks to the efforts of Dr. Jacob L. Reddix, in the 1970s, the childrens petting zoo was added, later renovated to what is now the Discovery Zoo. An animal hospital was built to perform routine checkups, for surgeries for any of the residents, in 1975, James L. Swigert became the director. With the help of the City Council and a design group, in 1985, taking in more space from Livingston Park allowed for the development of the African Rainforest Exhibit. In 1987, Barbara Barrett Piazza was hired as director, in 1989, accreditation came from the Association of Zoos and Aquariums. In 1995, the government provided $4 million for improvements to the facilities. In 1998, the city agreed to a $1.5 million match, including the African Savannah and the Mississippi Wilderness Exhibits, it would be the largest capital improvement project in the zoo’s history. In 1996, the zoo became a member of a community organization called ZAPP in an endeavor to assist with the regeneration of the surrounding the location
