1.
Oakland, California
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Oakland /ˈoʊklənd/ is the largest city and the county seat of Alameda County, California, United States. The city was incorporated in 1852, Oaklands territory covers what was once a mosaic of California coastal terrace prairie, oak woodland, and north coastal scrub. Its land served as a resource when its hillside oak and redwood timber were logged to build San Francisco. In the late 1860s, Oakland was selected as the terminal of the Transcontinental Railroad. Following the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, many San Francisco citizens moved to Oakland, enlarging the citys population, increasing its housing stock and it continued to grow in the 20th century with its busy port, shipyards, and a thriving automobile manufacturing industry. Oakland is known for its sustainability practices, including a top-ranking for usage of electricity from renewable resources, in addition, due to a steady influx of immigrants during the 20th century, along with thousands of African-American war-industry workers who relocated from the Deep South during the 1940s. Oakland is the most ethnically diverse city in the country. The earliest known inhabitants were the Huchiun Indians, who lived there for thousands of years, the Huchiun belonged to a linguistic grouping later called the Ohlone. In Oakland, they were concentrated around Lake Merritt and Temescal Creek, in 1772, the area that later became Oakland was claimed, with the rest of California, by Spanish settlers for the King of Spain. In the early 19th century, the Spanish crown granted the East Bay area to Luis María Peralta for his Rancho San Antonio, the grant was confirmed by the successor Mexican republic upon its independence from Spain. Upon his death in 1842, Peralta divided his land among his four sons, Most of Oakland fell within the shares given to Antonio Maria and Vicente. The portion of the parcel that is now Oakland was called encinal—Spanish for oak grove—due to the oak forest that covered the area. In 1851, three men—Horace Carpentier, Edson Adams, and Andrew Moon—began developing what is now downtown Oakland, on May 4,1852, the Town of Oakland incorporated. Two years later, on March 25,1854, Oakland re-incorporated as the City of Oakland, with Horace Carpentier elected the first mayor, the city and its environs quickly grew with the railroads, becoming a major rail terminal in the late 1860s and 1870s. In 1868, the Central Pacific constructed the Oakland Long Wharf at Oakland Point, a number of horsecar and cable car lines were constructed in Oakland during the latter half of the 19th century. The first electric streetcar set out from Oakland to Berkeley in 1891, at the time of incorporation, Oakland consisted of the territory that lay south of todays major intersection of San Pablo Avenue, Broadway, and Fourteenth Street. The city gradually annexed farmlands and settlements to the east and the north, Oaklands rise to industrial prominence, and its subsequent need for a seaport, led to the digging of a shipping and tidal channel in 1902. This resulted in the town of Alameda being made an island
2.
Hip hop music
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It developed as part of hip hop culture, a subculture defined by four key stylistic elements, MCing/rapping, DJing/scratching with turntables, break dancing, and graffiti writing. Other elements include sampling beats or bass lines from records, while often used to refer solely to rapping, hip hop more properly denotes the practice of the entire subculture. Hip hops early evolution occurred as sampling technology and drum machines became available and affordable. Turntablist techniques such as scratching and beatmatching developed along with the breaks and Jamaican toasting, rapping developed as a vocal style in which the artist speaks or chants along rhythmically with an instrumental or synthesized beat. The Sugarhill Gangs 1979 song Rappers Delight is widely regarded to be the first hip hop record to gain popularity in the mainstream. The 1980s marked the diversification of hip hop as the genre developed more complex styles, prior to the 1980s, hip hop music was largely confined within the United States. However, during the 1980s, it began to spread to scenes in dozens of countries. New school hip hop was the wave of hip hop music, originating in 1983–84 with the early records of Run-D. M. C. The Golden age hip hop period was a period between the mid-1980s and the early 1990s. Notable artists from this era include the Juice Crew, Public Enemy, & Rakim, Boogie Down Productions and KRS-One, EPMD, Slick Rick, Beastie Boys, Kool G Rap, Big Daddy Kane, Ultramagnetic MCs, De La Soul, and A Tribe Called Quest. Gangsta rap is a subgenre of hip hop that often focuses on the violent lifestyles, in the West Coast hip hop style, G-funk dominated mainstream hip hop for several years during the 1990s. I. G. In the 1990s, hip hop began to diversify with other regional styles emerging, such as Southern rap, at the same time, hip hop continued to be assimilated into other genres of popular music, examples being Neo soul and nu metal. Hip hop became a pop music genre in the mid-1990s. The popularity of hip hop music continued through the 2000s, with hip hop influences also increasingly finding their way into mainstream pop, the United States also saw the success of regional styles such as crunk, a Southern genre that emphasized the beats and music more than the lyrics. Starting in 2005, sales of hip hop music in the United States began to severely wane, during the mid-2000s, alternative hip hop secured a place in the mainstream, due in part to the crossover success of artists such as OutKast and Kanye West. Creation of the hip hop is often credited to Keith Cowboy, rapper with Grandmaster Flash. However, Lovebug Starski, Keith Cowboy, and DJ Hollywood used the term when the music was known as disco rap. Cowboy later worked the hip hop cadence into a part of his stage performance, the first use of the term in print was in The Village Voice, by Steven Hager, later author of a 1984 history of hip hop
3.
EMI Records
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The label was later launched worldwide. Records Ltd. legal entity was created in 1957 as the record manufacturing and it oversaw EMIs various labels, including The Gramophone Co. Ltd. Columbia Graphophone Company, and Parlophone Co. Ltd, in July 1965, the standalone EMI Record companies were extracted from E. M. I. Records Ltd. and folded into The Gramophone Company Ltd, on 1 July 1973, The Gramophone Co. Ltd. was renamed EMI Records Ltd. Records Ltd. was wound down and its activities were absorbed into EMI Records Ltd, earlier, on 1 January 1973, all of The Gramophone Company Ltd. pop labels had been rebranded as EMI. EMI Records then signed new acts that became global successes, Kraftwerk, Renaissance, Queen, Olivia Newton-John, Iron Maiden, Kate Bush, Sheena Easton, Pink Floyd, in 1997, EMI Records American division was folded into Virgin Records. In 2010, EMI Records opened a music division, EMI Records Nashville, which includes on its roster Troy Olsen, Alan Jackson, Kelleigh Bannen. EMI Records Nashville is a label to the Capitol Nashville unit of Universal Music Group. EMI Christian Music Group was renamed Capitol Christian Music Group, EMI Classics was sold to Warner Music Group on February 2013. After EU regulatory approval, EMI Classics was absorbed into Warner Classics on July 2013, abbey Road Studios List of record labels
4.
Warner Bros. Records
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Warner Bros. Records was established on March 19,1958, as the recorded-music division of the American film studio Warner Bros. For most of its existence it was one of a group of labels owned and operated by larger parent corporations. The sequence of companies that controlled Warner Bros. and its allied labels evolved through a series of corporate mergers. Over this period, Warner Bros. Records grew from a minor player in the music industry to become one of the top recording labels in the world. In 2003, these assets were divested by their then owner Time Warner. This independent company traded as the Warner Music Group before being bought by Access Industries in 2011, WMG is the smallest of the three major international music conglomerates and the worlds last publicly traded major music company. Cameron Strang serves as CEO of the company, artists currently signed to Warner Bros. At the end of the silent movie period, Warner Bros, pictures decided to expand into publishing and recording so that it could access low-cost music content for its films. This new group controlled valuable copyrights on standards by George and Ira Gershwin and Jerome Kern, the label signed rising radio and recording stars Bing Crosby, Mills Brothers, and Boswell Sisters. In December 1931, Warner Bros. offloaded Brunswick to the American Record Corporation for a fraction of its former value, in a lease arrangement which did not include Brunswicks pressing plants. Warner Bros. sold Brunswick a second time, this time along with the old Brunswick pressing plants Warner owned, to Decca Records in exchange for a financial interest in Decca. The studio stayed out of the business for more than 25 years. Warner Bros. reëntered the record business in 1958 with the establishment of its own recording division, by this time, the established Hollywood studios were reeling from multiple challenges to their former dominance - the most notable being the introduction of television in the late 1940s. Legal changes also had a impact on their business—lawsuits brought by major stars had effectively overthrown the old studio contract system by the late 1940s. Pictures sold off much of its library in 1948 and, beginning in 1949. Semenenko in particular had a professional interest in the entertainment business. With the record business booming - sales had topped US$500 million by 1958 - Semnenko argued that it was foolish for Warner Bros, another impetus for the labels creation was the brief music career of Warner Bros. actor Tab Hunter. In 1958, the studio signed Hunter as its first artist to its newly formed record division, to establish the label, the company hired former Columbia Records president James B
5.
Epitaph Records
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Epitaph Records is a Hollywood-based independent record label owned by Bad Religion guitarist Brett Gurewitz. The label was originally just a logo and a P. O. box created in the 1980s for the purpose of selling Bad Religion records, Gurewitz took the name from a King Crimson song of the same name. Throughout the 1980s and 1990s most of the bands on Epitaph were punk and pop groups, while there are many post-hardcore. A large portion of the label, known as Hellcat Records, is owned by Tim Armstrong. Several sister-labels also exist, such as ANTI-, Burning Heart Records, Fat Possum Records, Hellcat Records, the lable has recently been added to the Forza Horizon franchise as a radio station. Brett Gurewitz formed Epitaph Records as a vehicle for releases by his band Bad Religion and its first release for the label was Bad Religions 1981 self-titled EP, followed by their debut How Could Hell Be Any Worse. Which was also the labels first full-length release, also released during this period was Peace thru Vandalism, an EP by The Vandals, who were the first band besides Bad Religion to sign to Epitaph. Two more Bad Religion releases followed – Into the Unknown and the EP Back to the Known – before their temporary split, after Gurewitz had cleaned up his drug issues, both Epitaph and Bad Religion were revived in 1987. In the following year, Epitaph released its first record as a label, which was L7s self-titled album. Also in 1988, Bad Religion released Suffer, which was released and distributed by Epitaph. Not only is Suffer often cited as one of the bands best by fans, in 1989, Gurewitz signed NOFX to Epitaph. This was followed by Bad Religions next two albums – No Control and Against the Grain – which sold 60,000 and 100,000 copies respectively. By 1993, more punk acts had signed to Epitaph, including Pennywise, Down by Law, Coffin Break, The Offspring, Rancid, SNFU, Total Chaos and Claw Hammer. Epitaphs expansion saw the label relocate to new offices in Silver Lake, recipe for Hate was followed by their 1994 highly successful release Stranger Than Fiction. Brett Gurewitz is thought to have left Bad Religion as a result of internal disputes and that year Bad Religion and Epitaph received widespread fame, both within and outside the punk community, when Bad Religion, NOFX, Rancid and The Offspring all released hit records. This was a big year for punk in the mainstream, Rancid appeared on Saturday Night Live the following year, playing Ruby Soho and Roots Radicals. In 2001, Brett Gurewitz returned to Bad Religion, and the returned to Epitaph Records, releasing six more albums. In mid-2005 Epitaph was added to the official list of RIAA members along with several other independent labels
6.
ANTI-
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ANTI- is an American record label founded in 1999 as a sister label to Epitaph. While Epitaphs focus has mostly been on punk rock, ANTI-s roster includes country, hip hop, reggae, soul, indie folk, rap rock, indie rock, headed by Andy Kaulkin, ANTI- first gained attention by releasing Tom Waitss Grammy Award-winning Mule Variations in 1999. Other veteran recording artists such as rhythm and blues singers Solomon Burke, Bettye LaVette, official website Anti- discography at Discogs Anti/Epitaph statistics and previews at Last. FM Anti statistics at Last. FM
7.
Street Sweeper Social Club
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Street Sweeper Social Club is an American rap rock supergroup, formed in Los Angeles, California in 2006. The band primarily consists of guitarist Tom Morello of Rage Against the Machine, the band had been testing songs out during Tom Morellos Nightwatchman tour and released an album on June 16,2009. Stanton Moore drummed for the group for the recording of the album although he did not join the band for the following tour, Street Sweeper Social Club opened for Nine Inch Nails and Janes Addiction in May 2009. Street Sweeper Social Club describes itself as more than a band and their 2010 EP The Ghetto Blaster EP includes covers of M. I. A. Paper Planes and LL Cool Js Mama Said Knock You Out, after a Coup show in Los Angeles Morello approached Riley over a dinner with the idea of forming a band to play anthems for the revolution. Morello gave Riley a cassette with instrumental demo songs asking Riley to listen to it, write something and then get back to him. On the 2008 Nightwatchman tour, Riley made frequent appearances on stage to play the song 100 Little Curses with Morello, after playing the song, Morello confirmed that an album was in the works and would be out in early 2009. In the Spring of 2009, Street Sweeper Social Club announced a tour of the United States with Nine Inch Nails. For the recording of the debut album the duo enlisted the help of drummer Stanton Moore while Morello handled both the guitar and bass playing throughout the recording. It was announced on April 14,2009 that the band was changing their name from Street Sweeper to Street Sweeper Social Club via Trent Reznors official blog, in late April 2009, the band revealed details and the release date for the bands self-titled debut album. Warner Music Group released the album on June 16,2009, in April 2009, former Satellite Party and Freedom Fighter Orchestra instrumentalist Carl Restivo revealed, via his MySpace page, that he has been asked to join the band. Later Eric Gardner and Dave Gibbs joined to play drums and bass respectively completing the bands touring line-up, on June 11,2009, Street Sweeper Social Club put their entire new album on their MySpace page, before the official release five days later. On June 17,2009, appeared on Late Night with Jimmy Fallon, on October 14,2009, Tom Morello and Boots Riley performed alongside Public Enemy at the VH1 Hip Hop Honors. The band released The Ghetto Blaster EP in August 2010, the EP features covers of Paper Planes by M. I. A, besides Morello and RIley the album was recorded with touring members Carl Restivo, Dave Gibbs and Eric Gardner. They have performed at Coachella and performed at the 2010 Rock The Bells festival as well as the Voodoo Experience, on August 2,2010, the band performed their cover of M. I. As Paper Planes on Lopez Tonight to promote the EP. When asked whats next for Street Sweeper Social Club, Riley confirmed that there will be full length Street Sweeper Social Club album. Street Sweeper Social Clubs music video of their cover of MIAs Paper Planes was released on Oct. 5th,2010 via YouTube
8.
Dead Prez
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Dead Prez, stylized as dead prez, is a hip hop duo from the United States, composed of stic. man and M-1, formed in 1996 in New York City. They are known for their style, combined with socialist lyrics focused on both militant social justice and Pan-Africanism. The duo maintains an ethical stance against corporate control over the media, in 1990, M-1 headed to Tallahassee to attend FAMU where he and stic. man met and formed a relationship due to their mutual love of music and similar leftist political ideology. There, their views solidified, M-1 becoming particularly interested in the Black Panther Party, M-1 joined the International Peoples Democratic Uhuru Movement in Chicago for three years, stic. man remained in Florida. Burned out by the labor of Uhuru, M-1 and stic. man chose to focus on music. Brand Nubians Lord Jamar discovered them in New York City and signed them a deal with Loud Records, although dead prez was not always Louds top priority, they built a fan base due to their over-the-top performances. Prior to the release of their album in 2000, they had already contributed songs to film soundtracks. Their first recorded song, The Game of Life appeared on the 1997 soundtrack to the film Soul in the Hole, in 1998 their song D. O. P. E. was featured in the movie Slam. Also in 1998, they were featured on the skit The Rain and the Sun off Big Puns album Capital Punishment, the duos debut album was 2000s Lets Get Free, with their most popular single to date Hip Hop. The instrumental version of their song Hip Hop was used as Dave Chappelles entrance music for his show on Comedy Central, the popular video game SKATE also features the song Hip Hop in their sound track. In 2001 they collaborated with The Coup, another politically active hip hop outfit, in 2002, dead prez contributed to Red Hot + Riot, a compilation album created by the Red Hot Organization in tribute to the music and work of Nigerian musician Fela Kuti. The money raised by the CD was used for various charities devoted to raising AIDS awareness and they collaborated with fellow hip-hop artists Talib Kweli and Bilal and Brazilian singer Jorge Ben to remake the famous Fela Kuti song Shuffering and Shmiling for the album. Also in 2002, dead prez released the independent mix tape Turn off the Radio, The Mixtape Vol.1, followed by the release of Turn off the Radio, The Mixtape Vol.2, Get Free or Die Tryin in 2003. Also in 2003, their song Hell Yeah was featured in the 2 Fast 2 Furious soundtrack, in 2004, Columbia Records finally released Revolutionary But Gangsta. They were featured in the film Dave Chappelles Block Party, in 2006, in 2006, they and former 2Pac collaborators, the Outlawz, jointly released two new albums, Cant Sell Dope Forever and Soldier 2 Soldier. In 2006, M1 also recorded an album titled Confidential. From the album, the song Til We Get There was on the EA Sports video game NBA Live 07, in 2007, stic. man released his own solo record named Manhood with Boss Up Inc. / Traffic records. M-1 further appeared with ProfessorD. us, of the politically charged Hip Hop group The Dope Poet Society, on the track, M-1 and ProfessorD. us trade verses in response to the question why is your music always so political
9.
Talib Kweli
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Talib Kweli Greene is an American hip hop recording artist, entrepreneur, and social activist. He is the son of professional educators, in 2011, Kweli founded Javotti Media, which is self-defined as a platform for independent thinkers and doers. Kweli earned recognition early on through his work with fellow Brooklyn artist, Yasiin Bey, formerly known as Mos Def, Kwelis career continued with solo success including collaborations with famed producers Kanye West, Just Blaze, and Pharrell Williams. Kweli is known to artists on the rise, such as J. Cole, Jay Electronica, Kendrick Lamar. Born in Brooklyn, New York, Kweli grew up in a household in Park Slope and his mother, Brenda Greene, is an English professor at Medgar Evers College of the City University of New York and his father an administrator at Adelphi University. His younger brother, Jamal Greene, is a professor of Constitutional Law at Columbia Law School, a graduate of Yale Law School, and former clerk to Justice John Paul Stevens on the Supreme Court. As a youth, he was drawn to Afrocentric rappers, such as De La Soul, Kweli was a student at Cheshire Academy, a boarding school in Connecticut. He was previously a student at Brooklyn Technical High School before being academically dismissed and he later studied experimental theater at New York University. Kweli made his debut in 1996, with featured five appearances on Doom. In Cincinnati, Kweli also met DJ Hi-Tek and the two collaborated on a few well received underground recordings as Reflection Eternal, including Fortified Live, shortly afterwards, upon returning to New York, he reconnected with Mos Def and formed Black Star. Kweli brought along Hi-Tek to produce their album, 1998s Mos Def. The album, released amidst a late 90s renaissance of conscious, Afrocentric hip hop, was hailed by critics. Kweli and Hi-Tek continued their Reflection Eternal partnership on the 2000 album Train of Thought, which was met with critical acclaim. The album was recorded at Electric Lady Studios, Hip Hop for Respect was organized by Mos Def and Kweli to speak out against police brutality, specifically, the case of Amadou Diallo. The project released one EP for Rawkus Entertainment, on February 4,1999, Amadou Diallo was shot 41 times by four police officers while reaching into his pocket for his wallet. The project aimed to assemble 41 emcees to represent the 41 shots fired, producers included DJ Khalil Mr. Khaliyl, Organized Noize, and 88-Keys. In 2001, Kweli and Mos Def, contributed to the Red Hot + Indigo compilation album created by the Red Hot Organization, the compilation was a tribute to Duke Ellington, that raised money for various charities devoted to increasing AIDS awareness and fighting the disease. Black Star collaborated with fellow artists John Patton and Ron Carter to record Money Jungle, in 2002, Kweli contributed to the critically acclaimed Red Hot + Riot, a compilation CD created by the Red Hot Organization in tribute to the music and work of Nigerian musician Fela Kuti
10.
E-40
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Earl Stevens better known by his stage name E-40, is an American rapper, entrepreneur, and investor from Vallejo, California. He is a member of the rap group The Click. He has released studio albums to date, appeared on numerous movie soundtracks. Initially an underground artist, his 1995 solo album In a Major Way opened him up to a wider audience, beginning in 1998, he began collaborating with more mainstream rappers outside of the Bay Area. He rose to even higher popularity in 2006 with his single Tell Me When to Go which was produced by Lil Jon. Earl E-40 Stevens graduated from Dr. James J. Hogan Senior High School in Vallejo, E-40 made his rap debut in 1986, with the EP Lets Side as a member of The Click. The EP was co-produced by Mike Mosley and Al Eaton and was released on Sick Wid It Records, in 1992 they released second album, Down and Dirty, and in 1993 E-40 made his solo album debut. Federal, a nine-track LP/14-track CD produced by Studio Ton and released by Sick Wid It Records in association with SMG, after a talent show at Grambling State University, the emcee and his cousin B-Legit decided to attempt a career in rap. Together, and with his sister Suga-T, they released their 1993 mainstream radio hit Captain Save a Hoe and they moved back to Vallejo and teamed up with D-Shot, E-40s brother, to form the group MVP or Most Valuable Players. E-40s gospel singing uncle helped them put out the record, Suga-T was then added to the group to form The Click. Thus, six solo albums were to follow, beginning with In a Major Way in 1995 as well as remastered versions of E-40s independent Sick Wid It recordings from previous years. In a Major Way was regionally well-received, with guest spots by such rappers as Tupac Shakur and Mac Mall, as well as his son Droop-E. His collaboration with southern rappers continued in 1998, when he was given guest appearances on albums by Southern rappers, including Lost by Eightball, in 2003, E-40 began hosting E-Feezy Radio, a weekly program San Francisco hip-hop radio station KMEL that showcased Bay Area hip hop. KMEL regularly broadcast the program until 2008, after completing a deal with Jive Records he signed with Lil Jons BME Recordings and Warner Bros. After the signing, he appeared on Lil Jons single Snap Yo Fingers, also featuring Sean P of YoungBloodz, which became a hit reaching the top 10 of the Billboard Hot 100. Afterwards, his single Tell Me When To Go, featuring Oakland rapper Keak Da Sneak, became popular throughout the United States, publicity for E-40 was achieved through the MTV special My Block, The Bay. He later released U And Dat in April 2006, featuring T-Pain and Kandi Girl and his album My Ghetto Report Card debuted at #1 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart and #3 on the Billboard Hot 200 on March 14,2006. Released through Sick Wid It/BME/Warner Bros, Records, the album was produced by Lil Jon, Rick Rock, and E-40s son, Droop-E
11.
Black Thought
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Tariq Luqmaan Trotter, better known as Black Thought, is an American artist who is the lead MC of the Philadelphia-based hip hop group The Roots, as well as an occasional actor. Black Thought was born Tariq Luqmaan Trotter, to Thomas and Cassandra Trotter, Trotter attended the Philadelphia High School for Creative and Performing Arts and Millersville University studying Journalism. In 1987, Trotter became friends with drummer Ahmir Questlove Thompson and formed a duo performing on the streets of Philadelphia. Trotter would subsequently spend some time as one of two MCs in the group The Square Roots, the one was Malik B. whom Tariq met in college. In high-school, Black Thought converted to the sect of The Nation of Gods. With the help of genetic testing, Black Thought learned that he was descended from the Mende people of Sierra Leone. The Square Roots renamed themselves the Roots and released their debut album Organix in 1993, the Roots signed to DGC and followed up with Do You Want More. Recorded without any sampling, the album was popular among alternative music fans than those of hip hop. Around the release of the album, The Roots performed at the Lollapalooza alternative music festival, illadelph Halflife, the bands 1996 album, became its first album to chart within the top 40 spots on the Billboard 200 because of the successful single What They Do. Things Fall Apart followed in 1999, the year the band played at the Woodstock 99 concert, in 2000, The Roots won the Grammy Award for Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group for You Got Me, with guest performances by Erykah Badu and Eve. The Roots album Things Fall Apart was nominated for the Best Rap Album award, for Jay-Zs acoustic concert for the television program MTV Unplugged, The Roots provided instrumentals. Most of the songs from the project appeared on The Roots Phrenology album, in 2006, he began working on a collaborative project with producer Danger Mouse, titled Dangerous Thoughts. As of December 2011, the album had not been released, in a June 2008 interview with Brian Kayser of the website HipHopGame, Black Thought spoke of another solo project that was scheduled for release on the Razor and Tie music corporation. He stated that there would be the possibility of Questlove working on production, as of September 2014, neither Black Thought nor the solo album are listed on the Razor & Tie website. In February 2011, Black Thought, along with 10. Deep, truck North and P. O. R. N. —released the mixtape The Prestige. Together with U. K. artist Lotek, Black Thought appeared on the song Living in Bunkers, by Australian hip hop group Hilltop Hoods, also in March 2012, Black Thought performed with Nneka and Clef nite at BET106 and Park. They performed the song God Knows Why, from the formers album Soul Is Heavy, in early 2013, Black Thought confirmed his continuing work, with Jim James and Tunde Adebimpe, on a solo album entitled Talented Mr. Trotter. At this time, he work on a memoir with journalist and music critic Jeff Chang
12.
Rage Against The Machine
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Rage Against the Machine is an American rock band from Los Angeles, California. Formed in 1991, the group consists of rapper and vocalist Zack de la Rocha, bassist and backing vocalist Tim Commerford, guitarist Tom Morello, and drummer Brad Wilk. They draw inspiration from heavy metal instrumentation, as well as hip hop acts such as Afrika Bambaataa, Public Enemy, the Beastie Boys. Rage Against the Machine is well known for the members leftist and revolutionary political views, as of 2010, they had sold over 16 million records worldwide. In 1992, the band released its debut album, which became a commercial and critical success. In 2003, the album was ranked number 368 on Rolling Stones list of the 500 greatest albums of all time, the band did not release a follow-up record until 1996, with Evil Empire. The bands third album, The Battle of Los Angeles, followed in 1999, and in 2003, during their initial nine-year run, they became one of the most popular and influential bands in music history, according to music journalist Colin Devenish. They were also ranked No.33 on VH1s 100 Greatest Artists of Hard Rock, the band had a large influence on the nu metal genre which came to prominence during the second half of the 1990s. In 2000, the released the cover album Renegades. The same year, growing tensions over the direction of the band prompted de la Rocha to quit, the same year, Rage Against the Machine announced a reunion and performed together for the first time in seven years at the Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival in April 2007. Up until 2011, the continued to perform at more live venues. In 2016, Morello, Commerford and Wilk formed a new band, Prophets of Rage, with Chuck D, Tom soon contacted Brad Wilk, who had unsuccessfully auditioned for Lock Up. This line-up went on to form Rage Against the Machine, the newly christened Rage Against the Machine named themselves after a song de la Rocha had written for his former popular underground hardcore punk band, Inside Out. Kent McClard, with whom Inside Out were associated, had coined the phrase rage against the machine in a 1989 article in his zine No Answers. Shortly after forming, they gave their first public performance on October 23,1991, at The Quad of California State University, not all 12 songs made it onto the final album—two were eventually included as B-sides, while three others never saw an official release. Several record labels expressed interest, and the band signed with Epic Records. Morello said, Epic agreed to everything we asked—and theyve followed through and we never saw a conflict as long as we maintained creative control. The Fuck You version, which contains 17 iterations of the word fuck, was accidentally played on the BBC Radio 1 Top 40 singles show on February 21,1993
13.
Anti-Flag
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Anti-Flag are an American punk band from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States. The band is known for political activism, focusing on anti-war activism, anti-imperialism, class struggle, human rights. Anti-Flag is known also for their advocacy of political action groups such as Greenpeace. Most recently, the band has declared solidarity with the global Occupy Together movement, Anti-Flag was formed in 1988 by singer/guitarist Justin Sane and drummer Pat Thetic. During the bands early years, various guitarists and bassists moved in and out of the band, including Justins sister, the band failed to solidify, and it fell apart after playing just one show. In 1992, Justin and Pat reformed the band, now with Andy Flag on bass, a 17-song demo album called 17 Songs was released the same year. In 1996, the released their first album, Die For the Government. Andy Flag left the band in the summer of 1996 because of disputes between himself and Justin. For a brief time after Andys departure in 1996, Sean Whelan of Pittsburgh band the Bad Genes filled in on bass and it was during this time that Sean was also playing in another band with guitarist Chris Head, whom he introduced to the band. In early 1997, Pittsburgh guitarist Chris Head began filling in on bass, in late 1997, Jamie Cock took over as the new bassist, moving Chris Head over to second guitar, which he preferred. The current line-up finalized in 1999 when Chris Barker, also known as Chris No,2, replaced Jamie Cock on bass. In 1998, the released their second full-length release, Their System Doesnt Work For You. The album contained all nine Anti-Flag songs from the 1996 Anti-Flag/d. b. s, split album North America Sucks, as well as 10 new unreleased songs. The band decided to release the album independently, and Their System Doesnt Work For You became the release for the bands own A-F Records. In 1999, Anti-Flag released the album A New Kind of Army on Go-Kart Records/A-F Records, the album addressed topics such as abortion, political corruption, racism, fascism, troubled youth, police brutality, and unity within the American youth. The cover art page unfolded into a poster featuring the phrase Too smart to fight, in addition to this, the band had a disclaimer at the bottom of its album cover saying, Anti-Flag does not mean Anti-American. In 2000, Anti-Flag was invited to participate in Vans Warped Tour, during this time, the members of Anti-Flag met NOFXs Fat Mike, owner of the Fat Wreck Chords record label. This meeting spawned a friendship that would lead to Anti-Flags release of two albums on the label, in 2001, Anti-Flag teamed with punk music producer Mass Giorgini to record the album Underground Network, released on Fat Wreck Chords
14.
Les Claypool
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Leslie Edward Les Claypool is an American musician, singer, songwriter, composer, author and actor best known as the bassist and lead vocalist of the band Primus. Claypools playing style on the electric bass mixes tapping, flamenco-like strumming, whammy bar bends, Claypool has also self-produced and engineered his solo releases from his own studio, Rancho Relaxo. 2006 saw the release of a feature film Electric Apricot written. Claypool was born September 29,1963, in Richmond, California, Claypool decided to become a bass player, pursuing the instrument from the age of fourteen. Claypool has cited Larry Graham, Chris Squire, Tony Levin, Roger Waters, Geddy Lee, Paul McCartney, Geezer Butler, Bootsy Collins, Stanley Clarke and he went to school with and was a friend of guitarist Kirk Hammett, later of Metallica. For several years before forming Primus, Claypool worked as a carpenter, in 1986, after the death of Metallica bassist Cliff Burton, Hammett encouraged Claypool to audition for Metallica as Burtons successor. Metallica frontman James Hetfield remarked that Claypool was not offered the job because he was too good, Claypool said later that he was unaware of Metallicas success and influence and auditioned mainly out of friendship with Hammett, and further stated he would not have fit in with the band. Claypool replaced them with guitarist Larry LaLonde and drummer Tim Alexander, Claypool is considered to be the leader of the band, as well as the driving force behind its blending of funk with other genres. Claypool frequently utilizes the technique, prominent in funk music. I guess people just have to categorize you, in 1991, the band was featured in the cult classic movie Bill and Teds Bogus Journey, performing Tommy the Cat live. Claypool and Tom Waits first recorded on each others records in 1991 and have continued to do so since, in 1997, Primus was asked to play and record the theme song for the animated television show South Park. In 1999, he allowed Activisions use of the song Jerry Was a Race Car Driver in the video game Tony Hawks Pro Skater. Primus went on hiatus in 2000, in mid-2003, Claypool reunited with former Primus drummer Tim Alexander and guitarist Larry LaLonde to record a DVD/EP called Animals Should Not Try to Act Like People. Primus continued touring into 2004, performing their 1990 release Frizzle Fry as their set, as documented on the DVD Hallucino-Genetics. The band toured in 2006 on their Primus, The Beat a Dead Horse Tour 2006, and played at a small number of festivals in 2008. In 2010, Alexander, who had left the band for the time due to lack of interest, was replaced by Jay Lane. The band subsequently resumed touring after the free June 2010 Rehearsal was released later that year, in 2013, Lane left Primus for the second time to focus on his other band RatDog, who were coming off hiatus at the time, and was replaced again by Alexander. In 1996, Claypool produced, engineered and released an album, Les Claypool
15.
Del the Funky Homosapien
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Teren Delvon Jones, better known as Del the Funky Homosapien or Sir DZL, is an alternative American hip hop MC, producer and singer. Born in Oakland, California, he is the cousin of seminal west coast rapper Ice Cube, in 1991, with the help of Ice Cube, Del released his first solo album, I Wish My Brother George Was Here, at the age of 18. The album was a success largely due to the popularity of the hit single. Ultimately Del, who was not pleased with the musical range of the album, severed his production-artist relationship with Ice Cube for his next album. No Need for Alarm saw the introduction of the Oakland clique Hieroglyphics, whose members included Souls of Mischief, Casual, Pep Love, Del. No Need for Alarm helped to both the regional Oakland sound of hip hop, as well as the freestyle based, golden era 90s style of hip hop being expanded at the time. Del would not produce another album for five years, about a month before the release of his third album, Future Development, Del received a letter from his label, Elektra, stating that his contract had been terminated. Future Development became available in 1998, the album was only available on the Hieroglyphics website in tape form, but was re-released in 2002 under the Hieroglyphics Imperium label. Del also released another collaborative work with the Hieroglyphics crew in 1998, two years later, Del released his fourth solo album, Both Sides of the Brain, as well as Deltron 3030 which was a collaborative work with artists Dan the Automator and Kid Koala. With Nakamura and Koala, Del was also a guest performer for Gorillaz 2001 eponymous album Gorillaz and he appeared on the singles Clint Eastwood and Rock the House. 2003 saw the release of Full Circle, the second album from the Hieroglyphics crew. In 2004 Elektra released The Best of Del tha Funkee Homosapien, the CD only includes songs from his first two albums, along with a handful of b-sides from that era. Del was not pleased and advised people to not buy the CD, on March 11,2008 Del released Eleventh Hour through Definitive Jux. On March 31,2009 Dels next album Funk Man was made available for download on the internet. The album is available at his page on Bandcamp, though he gave away some hard copies on his supporting Funk Man tour, in September of the same year, he released a new album, Automatik Statik, for an unfixed rate with a minimum of $3. Del released his next album It Aint Illegal Yet on August 6,2010, there is no fixed price for the album, allowing listeners to pay whatever they wish for the album. Del shared a free LP entitled Iller Than Most on January 2,2014 and he uploaded the record to SoundCloud under the username Zartan Drednaught COBRA. He described the project as lyrically ill but fun to listen to, Del handled the production on the project as well
16.
Das Racist
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Das Racist was an American alternative hip hop group based in Brooklyn, New York City, composed of MCs Heems and Kool A. D. and hype man Ashok Kondabolu. Known for their use of humor, academic references, foreign allusions, Spin picked Das Racist as one of fifty acts to watch at the 2010 SXSW festival, and in April 2010, MTV Iggy selected Das Racist as one of the 25 Best New Bands in the World. Rolling Stone declared the song hahahaha jk. from Sit Down, Spin also featured Das Racist on the cover of its November 2011 issue with an article written by Daps brother, comedian Hari Kondabolu. On November 28,2011, the made their United States television debut on Conan. At the PULS Festival, formerly known as on3-Festival, in December 2012 in Munich, Heems revealed Das Racist is breaking up and were not a band anymore. The next day, Kool A. D. revealed that he had left the band in October 2012, though his reasons for doing so and the status of recorded materials for the groups second album remain unknown. Suri and Vazquez met in 2003 at Wesleyan University in Middletown, however, they formed Das Racist only after both had moved to New York following their graduation from college. Kondabolu, who had met Suri when they were students at New Yorks Stuyvesant High School, soon joined as their hype man. Suri and Kondabolu are both from Queens, New York and of Indian descent, and Vazquez is of Afro-Cuban and Italian descent, Vazquez is also a member of power-pop band Boy Crisis. Himanshu Suri stated in an interview, Das Racist first began attracting attention with their song Combination Pizza Hut, in November 2008, The Guardian called Das Racist a funny and funky duo, placing them on a list of eight bands worth checking out. In March 2009, Baltimore-based electronic musician Dan Deacon referred to Combination Pizza Hut, death & Taxes magazine described the song as an existential meditation on consumer identity in corporate America and both feverishly juvenile and somehow profound. Das Racists first album, the Shut Up, Dude mixtape, was released as a download in March 2010. The mixtape received positive reviews, earning a score of 7, Pitchfork named the video one of the forty best of 2010, and it was selected to screen at the 2011 Sundance Film Festival. Six months later, Das Racist released their second mixtape Sit Down, Man on September 14,2010, also as a free download. Sit Down, Man received even better reviews, earning a score of 8 from Spin magazine, as well as an 8.7 and Best New Music from Pitchfork Media, and was downloaded over 40,000 times in the first week. Guests on Sit Down, Man include El-P, Despot, Vijay Iyer and their first commercially released album, titled Relax, was released on September 13,2011, on Suris own Greedhead Music label. The album includes production from Diplo, El-P, Rostam Batmanglij, and Anand Wilder, as well as guest appearances from El-P, Danny Brown, Bikram Singh, and Despot. Das Racist consider Relax to be an accessible album
17.
Latoya London
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LaToya Renee London is an American R&B and soul singer and actress who was the fourth-place finalist on the third season of the reality/talent-search television series American Idol. Her debut album, Love & Life, was released in September 2005 and she currently is performing as part of an extended residency with the Carolina Opry. London was born in San Francisco, California and raised in Oakland, California and her interest in singing began when she was just 4 years old, when she frequently sang when attending Allen Temple Baptist church. As a teenager, she sang with the Oakland Youth Chorus from 1993 to 1996, in 1996, she graduated from Skyline High School. She also worked as a waitress and a bartender and even sang in a Christian rock group and she was also a backup vocalist and did frequent guest vocals for several Bay Area artists. When she began American Idol, she was the lead vocalist in a band, All-Star Jukebox, London auditioned for the third season of American Idol in Los Angeles, California. Although she moved on each round, she had not been featured prominently in any aired footage and was written off by many fans before the first studio performances. However, as a member of the group of eight semifinalists, she sang Eric Carmens All by Myself. She was voted through to the final 12 contestants with 32.3 percent of audience votes, in the following nine weeks, London had several high points on American Idol. Cowell called her performance of Chaka Khans Aint Nobody amazing and awesome, London was central to one of the first controversies of the show. Together, these three had been dubbed The Three Divas for their critically acclaimed performances, London had the highest vote totals out of the three, and Hudson was ultimately eliminated. Londons second controversy occurred on May 11,2004, when the four contestants each performed two disco songs. Cowell also suggested that contestant Jasmine Trias would almost certainly be voted off the next day, however, on May 12, London became the ninth of the 12 finalists to be eliminated, finishing in fourth place, with Barrino also landing in the bottom two. Londons farewell song was Dont Rain on My Parade and her rendition of Harold Melvin & the Blue Notes If You Dont Know Me by Now on the top-selling compilation disc, American Idol Season 3, Greatest Soul Classics, was praised as one of the albums best. She was also featured on the group track, Aint No Mountain High Enough. In the summer of 2004, London performed with the other top 10 finalists in American Idol season three international tour, which crossed the United States and also visited China and Singapore. London has also performed the anthem for numerous National Football League games. She has shared the stage with such icons and superstars as Elton John, Whoopi Goldberg, Barry Manilow, Gladys Knight, Nancy Wilson, Chaka Khan, Rachelle Ferrell, Goapele, and Burt Bacharach
18.
Atari Teenage Riot
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Atari Teenage Riot is a German digital hardcore group formed in Berlin in 1992. The name was taken from a Portuguese Joe song entitled Teenage Riot from the album Teen-age Riot, the group was founded as an attack on the Neo-Nazi subculture by fusing hardcore punk views with German techno, it consisted of three Berliners—Alec Empire, Hanin Elias and MC Carl Crack. ATRs early releases were surrounded by controversy in Germany, ATR never delivered a commercially viable demo to Phonogram. The major label Intercord signed the group in 1995 for Germany, aTRs record label Digital Hardcore Recordings released the debut album Delete Yourself. In 1996 the Beastie Boys licensed the album and released it in the USA with extra songs under the title Burn Berlin Burn on their label Grand Royal, the band toured with Wu-Tang Clan, Rage Against The Machine, Nine Inch Nails, Ministry, Moby and Beck. In 1999, ATR released the album 60 Second Wipe Out, according to Magnet, Empires guitar-playing values speed-thrash malevolence, and when paired with Endos painful skronkage, the album is decidedly denser than its predecessor. Elias left ATR at the Brixton Academy show in the winter of 1999, the plan had been to tour with Nine Inch Nails in the US during the spring of 2000, but ATR decided to cancel the show to recharge. Crack also needed time to recuperate from his psychosis attacks, in the autumn of 2000, ATR started working on their fourth album. The song Rage, featuring Tom Morello from Rage Against The Machine, was chosen as a single until the release of the fourth album. Rage was part of the sessions for 60 Second Wipe Out. On 6 September 2001, Crack, who had struggled with psychiatric issues. The media hype surrounding Cracks death is disputed by ATR, according to a friend, he had spoken a few weeks before his death about a doctor’s report which said his psychosis attacks would worsen with age. According to that friend, Crack said he would kill himself than become a zombie. Witnesses have said Crack tried to out to his friends because he felt the psychosis starting again. When his body was found by police with large quantities of medication in his stomach and it is still unclear if this happened while he was in a state of psychosis or not. The other half of the continue to work together. Endo assisted in the production of Empires solo recordings, as well as being a key member of his live band, DHR released Atari Teenage Riot, 1992-2000, a collection of the bands best known recordings, on 3 July 2006. In October 2009, Elias contacted Empire to play concerts together
19.
Killer Mike
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Michael Render, better known by his stage name Killer Mike, is an American hip hop recording artist, actor and activist from Atlanta, Georgia. He is the founder of Grind Time Official Records, which he launched through the SMC and he has since released five full-length albums as a solo artist. In December 2008, Mike confirmed he signed to fellow Atlanta-based rapper T. I. s Grand Hustle Records, music, produced entirely by American rapper-producer El-P. In 2013, the two formed a duo, branding themselves Run the Jewels. The two signed to Fools Gold Records and released their debut in June of that year. Killer Mike is also known as a social and political activist, focusing on subjects including social inequality, police brutality, and systemic racism. He was a visible and vocal supporter of Bernie Sanders during his 2016 U. S. presidential campaign, Killer Mike has been featured in the films 20 Funerals, Idlewild and ATL. In 1995, Killer Mike briefly attended Morehouse College, where he met producers The Beat Bullies and he was also featured on several other tracks that year, including Poppin Tags from Jay-Zs The Blueprint 2. Killer Mike released his album, Monster, in 2003. The albums lead single was Akshon, which featured OutKast on guest vocals, a remix of Akshon was included on the soundtrack of EA Sports video game Madden NFL2004. The albums second single was A. D. I. D. A. S, featuring Big Boi and Sleepy Brown, which peaked at #60 on the Billboard Hot 100. It is Killer Mikes highest charting single to date as a lead artist, following the release of his own material, he appeared on Flip Flop Rock and Bust on the Speakerboxx half of OutKasts Speakerboxxx/The Love Below double album. He also appeared on Southern Takeover with Pastor Troy on Chamillionaires CD The Sound of Revenge, Killer Mike appeared alongside T. I. on the song Never Scared by Bone Crusher in his album AttenCHUN. It peaked at #26 on the Hot 100, becoming Mikes second top 40 hit, the song was also used on the Madden NFL2004 game soundtrack and by the Atlanta Braves for their 2003 season. What was to be his second album, Ghetto Extraordinary, had its release pushed back several times due to disputes between Big Boi and Sony Records. Originally recorded in 2005, the album was eventually self-released as a mixtape in 2008. Killer Mikes second official album, I Pledge Allegiance to the Grind, was released on his own Grind Time Official label in 2006, according to an article published in the June 2007 issue of XXL, Killer Mike addressed why he left the Purple Ribbon roster. He stated that he felt as if Purple Ribbon was the equivalent to the Clippers, while he wanted to join the Lakers
20.
Joe Henry
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Joseph Lee Joe Henry is an American singer-songwriter, guitarist, and producer. He has released 13 studio albums and produced recordings for other artists. Henry was born in Charlotte, North Carolina, the state where his parents and he eventually grew up in Oakland Township, Michigan and attended Rochester Community Schools. He graduated from Rochester Adams High School, then attended and graduated from the University of Michigan, Henry moved to Brooklyn, NY in 1985 and began performing in local music venues. He released his first album Talk of Heaven in 1986, the album earned him a recording contract with A&M, which subsequently released the albums Murder of Crows in 1989 and Shuffletown in 1990. Shuffletown, produced by T-Bone Burnett, represented a shift in direction towards the alt country genre. Henrys next two recordings, Short Mans Room and Kindness of the World, utilized members of the band the Jayhawks. The song Kings Highway was later recorded by Joan Baez in 2003, for his 1996 album Trampoline, Henry incorporated guitarist Page Hamilton of Helmet and a reviewer at Trouserpress called the album idiosyncratic broadmindedness. 1999s Fuse was recorded with producers Daniel Lanois and T-Bone Burnett, the album was called an atmospheric marvel by one reviewer and Ann Powers of the New York Times wrote, Henry has found the sound that completes his verbal approach. Scar, released in 2001, featured jazz musicians Marc Ribot, Brian Blade, Brad Mehldau, 2003s self-produced Tiny Voices album was Henrys first recording on Epitaphs Anti label. Jurek described this album as the sound of. electric guitars in an abandoned yet fully furnished Tiki bar in Raymond Chandlers Los Angeles. Henrys wife talked him into letting her send Madonna, who is her sister, a demo of his song Stop, Henrys own tango-tinged version of the song appeared on Scar and was featured in an episode of The Sopranos. In the early 2000s, Henry was an member of the Independent Music Awards judging panel to support independent artists. In September 2006, Henry and Loudon Wainwright III began composing the music for the Judd Apatow movie Knocked Up in Henrys home studio, some instrumentals were used as background score for the film while other songs appeared on Wainwrights 2007 Strange Weirdos which Henry produced. In 2007, Henry released Civilians, which was described as a rich, the final track on the album, God Only Knows, was used in a TCM Remembers 2008 TV commercial. Bonnie Raitts 2012 album Slipstream, which Henry produced, contained versions of two songs from Civilians, in 2009, Henry released his ninth solo record, Blood from Stars which incorporates orchestral blues with guitarist Marc Ribot, pianist Jason Moran and his son on saxophone. The album focuses on facets of blues with a sprinkling of jazz, rock and pop, in May 2011, Henry released the album Reverie with simple acoustic instrumention on guitar, upright bass, piano and drums. When you listen to Reverie, especially on headphones, you can hear traffic in the background or a neighbor calling her dog and its not always a pristine recording environment
21.
Vernon Reid
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Vernon Alphonsus Reid is an English-born American guitarist, songwriter, composer, and bandleader. Reid was born in London, England, to Caribbean parents and he attended the prestigious math-science-engineering Brooklyn Technical High School, then New York University. He first came to prominence in the 1980s in the band of drummer Ronald Shannon Jackson, 1984s Smash & Scatteration was a duo record with guitarist Bill Frisell. In 1985, Reid co-founded the Black Rock Coalition with journalist Greg Tate, Reid is best known for leading Living Colour. Early versions of the formed in New York City in 1983, but the personnel solidified in 1985–86. Living Colour broke up in 1995 but eventually reformed in 2000, since then, they have released two more albums, Collideøscope in October 2003 on Sanctuary Records and The Chair in the Doorway in September 2009 on Megaforce Records. Living Colours music has had a cultural impact, especially the song Cult of Personality. Cult of Personality has maintained constant radio airplay since its release, the song is known not just for its music, but its lyrical commentary on the phenomenon of cult of personality. Brooks and WWEs use of the song culminated in 2013, when Reid, in addition to his work with Living Colour, Reid has been engaged in a number of other projects. He released Mistaken Identity, his first solo album, in 1996 and has collaborated with the choreographers Bill T. Jones on Still/Here and Donald Byrd on Jazztrain. He performed Party Til The End of Time at the Brooklyn Academy of Music with The Roots and he also composed and performed Bring Your Beats a childrens program for BAM. Ulmers subsequent albums, No Escape from the Blues, The Electric Lady Sessions, Birthright, Reid also appears on Guitar Oblique with guitarists David Torn and Elliott Sharp. Reid composed the score for the film Paid in Full, directed by Charles Stone III, Reid also composed the score for the celebrated documentary Ghosts of Attica, which aired on Court TV in the fall of 2001 and has been featured at several film festivals. He composed the score for another documentary directed by Lichtenstein, Almost Home, Reid and DJ Logic, calling themselves Yohimbe Brothers, released an album in September 2002 entitled Front End Lifter. The Yohimbe Brothers have been touring on and off since the release of the album, Reid was also the music supervisor for the film Mr.3000, starring Bernie Mac and directed by Charles Stone III, the film was released in September 2004. Reid has a prolific output in a variety of contexts. Jesus, B. B. King, Madeleine Peyroux, Meridiem, Jack Bruce, Terry Bozzio, Black Sugar Transmission and DJ Spooky among many others. Reid played at Americas Millennium Gala, New Years Eve 31 December 1999, among those in the audience were President Bill Clinton and First Lady Hillary Clinton
22.
Boots Riley
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Raymond Lawrence Riley, better known by his stage name Boots Riley, is an American rapper and producer best known as the lead vocalist of The Coup and Street Sweeper Social Club. Some of his songs call for the overthrow of the class by the working class. Boots Riley was born in 1971 into a family of radical organizers in Chicago, the family later moved to Detroit and then to Oakland by the time he was 6. His interest in politics began at an age, inspiring him to join the radical Progressive Labor Party. In 1991 Riley founded the hip hop group The Coup with fellow United Parcel Service worker E-roc. Pam the Funkstress, DJ for the group, joined in 1992, Boots was chief lyric writer and produced the music on the albums. They released a song on a 1991 compilation album called Dope Like A Pound Or A Key along with fellow former UPS worker Spice-1 and future Thug Life member Mopreme Shakur, then known as Mocedes. The album was released on Wax That Azz Records, which was owned by Pierre The Beat Fixer James, in 1991, he and other hip hop artists created the Mau Mau Rhythm Collective. The Mau Mau Rhythm Collective was actively involved in the campaign to stop the FBIs Weed And Seed program from coming to Oakland. They used the popularity of their concerts to bring a large number of youth to take over a closed Oakland city council meeting. In 1992, The Coup signed to Wild Pitch Records/EMI, the group released their debut album Kill My Landlord in 1993. Two singles from album, Dig It and Not Yet Free, received play on BET. MTV Raps, and mix shows on national Black radio, also, in 1993, E-40 released the video for Practice Lookin Hard. It was a song based around Bootss lyric, I got a mirror in my pocket, the video featured Boots Riley singing the chorus while he, Tupac Shakur, and E-40 reflected light into the camera from a handheld mirror while dancing around. In 1994, The Coup released their album, Genocide & Juice. It featured guest appearances by E-40 and Spice-1, fueled by video play and some radio play for the single Fat Cats And Bigga Fish, the album shot up the charts, but stalled when EMI suddenly absorbed Wild Pitch. At this point, E-roc left The Coup on amicable terms, at this time, Boots decided to stop making music in favor of forming an organization called The Young Comrades, with a few other radical, black community organizers. The organization mounted a few important campaigns in Oakland which yielded some minor victories, 1998s Steal This Album, released on indie label Dogday Records, was called a masterpiece of slow-rolling West Coast funk by Rolling Stone magazine
23.
Funk
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Funk is a music genre that originated in the mid- 1960s when African American musicians created a rhythmic, danceable new form of music through a mixture of soul music, jazz, and rhythm and blues. Like much of African-inspired music, funk typically consists of a groove with rhythm instruments playing interlocking grooves. Funk uses the same richly-colored extended chords found in jazz, such as minor chords with added sevenths and elevenths. Other musical groups, including Sly and the Family Stone and Parliament-Funkadelic, soon began to adopt, Funk samples have been used extensively in genres including hip hop, house music, and drum and bass. It is also the influence of go-go, a subgenre associated with funk. The word funk initially referred to a strong odor and it is originally derived from Latin fumigare via Old French fungiere and, in this sense, it was first documented in English in 1620. In 1784 funky meaning musty was first documented, which, in turn, in early jam sessions, musicians would encourage one another to get down by telling one another, Now, put some stank on it. At least as early as 1907, jazz songs carried titles such as Funky, as late as the 1950s and early 1960s, when funk and funky were used increasingly in the context of jazz music, the terms still were considered indelicate and inappropriate for use in polite company. According to one source, New Orleans-born drummer Earl Palmer was the first to use the word funky to explain to other musicians that their music should be made more syncopated, the style later evolved into a rather hard-driving, insistent rhythm, implying a more carnal quality. This early form of the set the pattern for later musicians. The music was identified as slow, sexy, loose, riff-oriented, a great deal of funk is rhythmically based on a two-celled onbeat/offbeat structure, which originated in sub-Saharan African music traditions. New Orleans appropriated the bifurcated structure from the Afro-Cuban mambo and conga in the late 1940s, New Orleans funk, as it was called, gained international acclaim largely because James Browns rhythm section used it to great effect. Funk creates an intense groove by using strong guitar riffs and bass lines, like Motown recordings, funk songs used bass lines as the centerpiece of songs. Slap basss mixture of thumb-slapped low notes and finger popped high notes allowed the bass to have a rhythmic role. In funk bands, guitarists typically play in a style, often using the wah-wah sound effect. Guitarist Ernie Isley of The Isley Brothers and Eddie Hazel of Funkadelic were notably influenced by Jimi Hendrixs improvised solos, Eddie Hazel, who worked with George Clinton, is one of the most notable guitar soloists in funk. Ernie Isley was tutored at an age by Jimi Hendrix himself. Jimmy Nolen and Phelps Collins are famous funk rhythm guitarists who both worked with James Brown, on Browns Give It Up or Turnit a Loose, Jimmy Nolens guitar part has a bare bones tonal structure
24.
Punk rock
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Punk rock is a rock music genre that developed in the early to mid-1970s in the United States, United Kingdom, and Australia. Rooted in 1960s garage rock and other forms of what is now known as proto-punk music, Punk bands typically produced short or fast-paced songs, with hard-edged melodies and singing styles, stripped-down instrumentation, and often political, anti-establishment lyrics. Punk embraces a DIY ethic, many bands self-produce recordings and distribute them through informal channels, the term punk was first used in relation to rock music by some American critics in the early 1970s, to describe garage bands and their devotees. The following year saw punk rock spreading around the world, for the most part, punk took root in local scenes that tended to reject association with the mainstream. An associated punk subculture emerged, expressing youthful rebellion and characterized by distinctive styles of clothing and adornment, by the beginning of the 1980s, faster, more aggressive styles such as hardcore and street punk had become the predominant mode of punk rock. Musicians identifying with or inspired by punk also pursued a range of other variations, giving rise to post-punk. At the end of the 20th century, punk rock had been adopted by the mainstream, as pop punk and punk bands such as Green Day. The first wave of rock was aggressively modern, distancing itself from the bombast. According to Ramones drummer Tommy Ramone, In its initial form, unfortunately, what happens is that people who could not hold a candle to the likes of Hendrix started noodling away. Soon you had endless solos that went nowhere, by 1973, I knew that what was needed was some pure, stripped down, no bullshit rock n roll. In critic Robert Christgaus description, It was also a subculture that rejected the political idealism. Technical accessibility and a DIY spirit are prized in punk rock, in the early days of punk rock, this ethic stood in marked contrast to what those in the scene regarded as the ostentatious musical effects and technological demands of many mainstream rock bands. Musical virtuosity was often looked on with suspicion, according to Holmstrom, punk rock was rock and roll by people who didnt have very many skills as musicians but still felt the need to express themselves through music. In December 1976, the English fanzine Sideburns published an illustration of three chords, captioned This is a chord, this is another, this is a third. The title of a 1980 single by the New York punk band Stimulators, inscribed a catchphrase for punks basic musical approach. The previous year, when the rock revolution began in Great Britain, was to be both a musical and a cultural Year Zero. As a Clash associate describes singer Joe Strummers outlook, Punk rock is meant to be our freedom, were meant to be able to do what we want to do. Scholar Daniel S. Traber argues that attaining authenticity in the identity can be difficult, as the punk scene matured, he observes
25.
Hip hop
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Hip hop is a subculture and art movement developed by African-Americans and Latinos from the inner-city South Bronx neighbourhood in New York City in the late 1970s. Jamaican immigrant DJ Kool Herc also played a key role in developing hip hop music, at 1520 Sedgwick Avenue, Herc mixed samples of existing records and DJed percussion breaks, mixing this music with his own Jamaican-style toasting to rev up the crowd and dancers. These youths mixed these influences with existing musical styles associated with African Americans prior to the 1970s, Hip hop music became popular outside of the African-American community in the late 1980s, with the mainstream commercial success of gangsta rap. Critic Greg Tate described the hip hop movement as the only avant-garde still around, Hip hop culture has spread to both urban and suburban communities throughout the United States and subsequently the world. These elements were adapted and developed considerably, particularly as the art spread to new continents and merged with local styles in the 1990s. Sampling older culture and re-using it in a new context or a new format is called flipping in hip hop culture. Hip hop music follows in the footsteps of earlier African-American-rooted musical genres such as blues, jazz, rag-time, funk, cowboy later worked the hip hop cadence into his stage performance. The group frequently performed with artists who would refer to this new type of music by calling them hip hoppers. The name was meant as a sign of disrespect, but soon came to identify this new music. The song Rappers Delight, by The Sugarhill Gang, released in 1979, begins with the phrase I said a hip, hop the hippie the hippie to the hip hip hop, and you dont stop. Lovebug Starski, a Bronx DJ who put out a single called The Positive Life in 1981, and DJ Hollywood then began using the term when referring to this new disco rap music. Bill Alder, an independent consultant, once said, There was hardly ever a moment when rap music was underground, one of the very first so-called rap records, was a monster hit. Hip hop pioneer and South Bronx community leader Afrika Bambaataa also credits Lovebug Starski as the first to use the hip hop. Bambaataa, former leader of the Black Spades gang, also did much to popularize the term. In the 1970s, an urban movement known as Hip Hop began to develop in the South Bronx in New York City. It focused on emceeing over breakbeats, house parties and neighbourhood block party events, Hip hop music has been a powerful medium for protesting the impact of legal institutions on minorities, particularly police and prisons. Jamaican-born DJ Clive Kool Herc Cindy Campbell pioneered the use of DJing percussion breaks in hip hop music, beginning at Hercs home in a high-rise apartment at 1520 Sedgwick Avenue, the movement later spread across the entire borough. Herc created the blueprint for hip hop music and culture by building upon the Jamaican tradition of impromptu toasting, on August 11,1973 DJ Kool Herc was the DJ at his sisters back-to-school party
26.
Soul music
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Soul music is a popular music genre that originated in the United States in the late 1950s and early 1960s. It combines elements of African-American gospel music, rhythm and blues, Soul music became popular for dancing and listening in the United States, where record labels such as Motown, Atlantic and Stax were influential during the Civil Rights Movement. Soul also became popular around the world, directly influencing rock music, catchy rhythms, stressed by handclaps and extemporaneous body moves, are an important feature of soul music. Other characteristics are a call and response between the lead vocalist and the chorus and a tense vocal sound. The style also occasionally uses improvisational additions, twirls and auxiliary sounds, Soul music reflected the African-American identity and it stressed the importance of an African-American culture. The new-found African-American consciousness led to new styles of music, which boasted pride in being black, Soul music dominated the U. S. R&B chart in the 1960s, and many recordings crossed over into the pop charts in the U. S. By 1968, the music genre had begun to splinter. Some soul artists developed funk music, while other singers and groups developed slicker, more sophisticated, by the early 1970s, soul music had been influenced by psychedelic rock and other genres, leading to psychedelic soul. The United States saw the development of neo soul around 1994, there are also several other subgenres and offshoots of soul music. The term soul had been used among African-American musicians to emphasize the feeling of being an African-American in the United States, according to another source, Soul music was the result of the urbanization and commercialization of rhythm and blues in the 60s. The phrase soul music itself, referring to music with secular lyrics, is first attested in 1961. The term soul in African-American parlance has connotations of African-American pride, gospel groups in the 1940s and 1950s occasionally used the term as part of their name. The jazz style that derived from gospel came to be called soul jazz, important innovators whose recordings in the 1950s contributed to the emergence of soul music included Clyde McPhatter, Hank Ballard, and Etta James. Ray Charles is often cited as popularizing the genre with his string of hits starting with 1954s I Got a Woman. Singer Bobby Womack said, Ray was the genius and he turned the world onto soul music. Charles was open in acknowledging the influence of Pilgrim Travelers vocalist Jesse Whitaker on his singing style, little Richard and James Brown were equally influential. Sam Cooke and Jackie Wilson are also acknowledged as soul forefathers. Cooke became popular as the singer of gospel group The Soul Stirrers
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Political hip hop
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Political hip hop is a subgenre of hip hop music that was developed in the 1980s as a way of turning rap music into a call for action and a form of social activism. Inspired by 1970s political preachers such as The Last Poets and musician Gil Scott-Heron and it has helped to create a new form of social expression for subordinate groups to speak about their exclusions, injustices and lack of power. Political hip hop is the use of hip hop music to send messages to inspire action or to convince the listener of a particular worldview. There is no all-encompassing political hip hop ideology, rather, there are perspectives that range anywhere from Libertarianism to the values of the Five Percent Nation. Conscious hip hop is not necessarily overtly political, but the two are used interchangeably. The term nation-conscious rap has been used to specifically describe hip hop music with strong political messages and themes. Themes of conscious hip hop include afrocentricity, religion, aversion to crime & violence, culture, songs expressing the theme of black pride include James Browns Say it Loud, and Billy Pauls Am I Black Enough for You. The ideals articulated by Gil Scott-Heron and other artists were not a reality, changes in predominant African-American musical genres were closely correlated with major transformations in the sociopolitical and economic environment for African Americans. One of the first socially conscious hip-hop songs was How We Gonna Make The Black Nation Rise. by Brother D with Collective Effort, furthermore, the complex sociopolitical issues before hip hop and during all of its stages severely influenced its birth and direction. Examples of conscious and political hip-hop music throughout the decades include Whodinis Growing Up, Kurtis Blow, early gangsta rap often showed significant overlap with political and conscious rap. Pioneers in the rap genre such as Ice-T, N. W. A. Ice-Ts work would focus on other topics, for example, he rapped about free speech on his third album. Ice Cubes first two albums were produced by the hip hop production team the Bomb Squad, known for their work with the rap group Public Enemy. Furthermore, Ice Cube produced and appeared on the controversial and radical political rap/gangsta rap album Guerillas in tha Mist by Da Lench Mob in the wake of the 1992 Los Angeles Riots, the artists who consistently produce conscious rap are largely underground. However, mainstream artists are increasingly including elements of conscious hip-hop in their songs, there are hundreds of artists whose music could be described as political or who identify as political rappers, see the List of Political hip hop artists page for a partial list. Hip Hops outreach to the world is widespread. From the onset of hip hop in the 80s throughout the 90s the culture was either ignored or criticized by politicians on both sides, there was one cultural idea that seemed to have bi-partisan support, that rap music was a symptom of the destruction of American values. This opinion, however, fails to recognize the oppression and injustices experienced by blacks and other minority groups which rap music
28.
The Clash
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The Clash were an English punk rock band that formed in 1976 as part of the original wave of British punk. Along with punk, their music incorporated elements of reggae, dub, funk, ska, for most of their recording career the Clash consisted of Joe Strummer, Mick Jones, Paul Simonon and Nicky Topper Headon. Headon left the group in 1982, and internal friction led to Joness departure the following year, the group continued with new members, but finally disbanded in early 1986. The Clash achieved commercial success in the United Kingdom with the release of their debut album, The Clash. Their third album, London Calling, released in the UK in December 1979 and it was declared the best album of the 1980s a decade later by Rolling Stone. In 1982 they reached new heights of success with the release of Combat Rock and their final album, Cut the Crap, was released in 1985. The Clashs politicised lyrics, musical experimentation, and rebellious attitude had a influence on rock. They became widely referred to as The Only Band That Matters, originally a promotional slogan introduced by the record label. In January 2003, shortly after the death of Joe Strummer, in 2004, Rolling Stone Magazine ranked the Clash number 28 on their list of the 100 greatest artists of all time. Before the Clashs founding, the future members were active in different parts of the London music scene. John Graham Mellor sang and played guitar in the pub rock act the 101ers. Mick Jones played guitar in protopunk band London SS, which rehearsed for much of 1975 without ever playing a live show and recording only a single demo. London SS was managed by Bernard Rhodes, an associate of impresario Malcolm McLaren and a friend of the members of the McLaren managed band. Jones and his bandmates became friendly with Sex Pistols Glen Matlock and Steve Jones, among those who auditioned for London SS without making the cut were Paul Simonon, who tried out as a vocalist, and drummer Terry Chimes. Nicky Headon drummed with the band for a week, then quit, after London SS broke up in early 1976, Rhodes continued as Joness manager. In February, Jones saw the Sex Pistols perform for the first time, You knew straight away that was it, and it was a new scene, new values—so different from what had happened before. At the instigation of Rhodes, Jones contacted Simonon in March, soon Jones, Simonon on bass, Keith Levene on guitar and whoever we could find really to play the drums were rehearsing. Chimes was asked to audition for the new band and got the job, the band was still searching for a lead singer
29.
Rage Against the Machine
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Rage Against the Machine is an American rock band from Los Angeles, California. Formed in 1991, the group consists of rapper and vocalist Zack de la Rocha, bassist and backing vocalist Tim Commerford, guitarist Tom Morello, and drummer Brad Wilk. They draw inspiration from heavy metal instrumentation, as well as hip hop acts such as Afrika Bambaataa, Public Enemy, the Beastie Boys. Rage Against the Machine is well known for the members leftist and revolutionary political views, as of 2010, they had sold over 16 million records worldwide. In 1992, the band released its debut album, which became a commercial and critical success. In 2003, the album was ranked number 368 on Rolling Stones list of the 500 greatest albums of all time, the band did not release a follow-up record until 1996, with Evil Empire. The bands third album, The Battle of Los Angeles, followed in 1999, and in 2003, during their initial nine-year run, they became one of the most popular and influential bands in music history, according to music journalist Colin Devenish. They were also ranked No.33 on VH1s 100 Greatest Artists of Hard Rock, the band had a large influence on the nu metal genre which came to prominence during the second half of the 1990s. In 2000, the released the cover album Renegades. The same year, growing tensions over the direction of the band prompted de la Rocha to quit, the same year, Rage Against the Machine announced a reunion and performed together for the first time in seven years at the Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival in April 2007. Up until 2011, the continued to perform at more live venues. In 2016, Morello, Commerford and Wilk formed a new band, Prophets of Rage, with Chuck D, Tom soon contacted Brad Wilk, who had unsuccessfully auditioned for Lock Up. This line-up went on to form Rage Against the Machine, the newly christened Rage Against the Machine named themselves after a song de la Rocha had written for his former popular underground hardcore punk band, Inside Out. Kent McClard, with whom Inside Out were associated, had coined the phrase rage against the machine in a 1989 article in his zine No Answers. Shortly after forming, they gave their first public performance on October 23,1991, at The Quad of California State University, not all 12 songs made it onto the final album—two were eventually included as B-sides, while three others never saw an official release. Several record labels expressed interest, and the band signed with Epic Records. Morello said, Epic agreed to everything we asked—and theyve followed through and we never saw a conflict as long as we maintained creative control. The Fuck You version, which contains 17 iterations of the word fuck, was accidentally played on the BBC Radio 1 Top 40 singles show on February 21,1993
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Bass drum
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A bass drum, or kick drum, is a large drum that produces a note of low definite or indefinite pitch. Bass drums are percussion instruments and vary in size and are used in musical genres. Three major types of bass drums can be distinguished, the type usually seen or heard in orchestral, ensemble or concert band music is the orchestral, or concert bass drum. It is the largest drum of the orchestra, the kick drum, a term for a bass drum associated with a drum kit. It is struck with an attached to a pedal, usually seen on drum kits. The pitched bass drum, generally used in marching bands and drum corps and this is tuned to a specific pitch and is usually played in a set of three to six drums. A bass drum is cylindrical with the drums diameter much greater than the drums depth. There is normally a head at both ends of the cylinder. The heads may be made of skin or plastic. There is normally a means of adjusting the tension either by threaded taps or by strings, Bass drums are built in a variety of sizes, but size has little to do with the volume produced by the drum. The size chosen being based on convenience and aesthetics, music Bass drums have many synonyms and translations, such as Gran Cassa, Grosse caisse, Grosse Trommel, and Bombo. Bass drums are too large to be held and are always mounted in some way. The usual ways of mounting a bass drum are, Using a shoulder harness so that the heads are vertical, on a floor stand as part of a drum kit. The heads are always vertical when mounted in this way, in this situation, the heads may be adjusted to any position between vertical and horizontal. It is possible for the drum to have a single cymbal mounted on it. Bass drums can have a variety of strikers depending on the music, when the drum is mounted vertically, the mallet above may be held in one hand and a rute held in the other. 2 matching bass drum mallets or a double headed mallet are used for playing drum rolls, when used as part of a drum kit, a variation of the mallet described above is mounted on a pedal and called a beater. The earliest known predecessor to the drum was the Turkish davul
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Beat (music)
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In music and music theory, the beat is the basic unit of time, the pulse, of the mensural level. In popular use, beat can refer to a variety of related concepts including, tempo, meter, specific rhythms, Rhythm in music is characterized by a repeating sequence of stressed and unstressed beats and divided into bars organized by time signature and tempo indications. Metric levels faster than the level are division levels. Beat has always been an important part of music, some music genres such as disco will in general de-emphasize the beat, while other such as funk emphasize the beat to accompany dance. The downbeat is the first beat of the bar, i. e. number 1, the upbeat is the last beat in the previous bar which immediately precedes, and hence anticipates, the downbeat. Both terms correspond to the direction taken by the hand of a conductor, an anticipatory note or succession of notes occurring before the first barline of a piece is sometimes referred to as an upbeat figure, section or phrase. Alternative expressions include pickup and anacrusis, the latter term was borrowed from the field of poetry, in which it refers to one or more unstressed extrametrical syllables at the beginning of a line. In music that progresses regularly in 44 time, counted as 1234,1234. The first beat of the bar is usually the strongest accent in the melody and the likeliest place for a change, the third is the next strongest. The second and fourth are weaker—the off-beats, subdivisions that fall between the pulse beats are even weaker and these, if used frequently in a rhythm, can also make it off-beat. The effect can be simulated by evenly and repeatedly counting to four. This is a technique of African polyrhythm that transferred to popular western music. According to Grove Music, the Offbeat is where the downbeat is replaced by a rest or is tied over from the preceding bar, the downbeat can never be the off-beat because it is the strongest beat in 44 time. Certain genres tend to emphasize the off-beat, where this is a characteristic of rocknroll. A back beat, or backbeat, is a syncopated accentuation on the off beat, in a simple 44 rhythm these are beats 2 and 4. A big part of R&Bs attraction had to do with the stompin backbeats that make it so eminently danceable, an early record with an emphasised back beat throughout was Good Rockin Tonight by Wynonie Harris in 1948. There is a back beat on Roll Em Pete by Pete Johnson and Big Joe Turner. A distinctive back beat can be heard on Back Beat Boogie by Harry James And His Orchestra, outside U. S. popular music, there are early recordings of music with a distinctive backbeat, such as the 1949 recording of Mangaratiba by Luiz Gonzaga in Brazil
32.
Capitalism
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Capitalism is an economic system based on private ownership of the means of production and their operation for profit. Characteristics central to capitalism include private property, capital accumulation, wage labor, voluntary exchange, a price system, economists, political economists, and historians have adopted different perspectives in their analyses of capitalism and have recognized various forms of it in practice. These include laissez-faire or free market capitalism, welfare capitalism, different forms of capitalism feature varying degrees of free markets, public ownership, obstacles to free competition, and state-sanctioned social policies. Most existing capitalist economies are mixed economies, which elements of free markets with state intervention. Capitalism has existed under many forms of government, in different times, places. Following the decline of mercantilism, mixed capitalist systems became dominant in the Western world, Capitalism has been criticized for prioritizing profit over social good, natural resources, and the environment, and that is a cause of inequality and economic instabilities. Supporters believe that it provides better products through competition, and creates strong economic growth, the term capitalist, meaning an owner of capital, appears earlier than the term capitalism. It dates back to the mid-17th century, capitalist is derived from capital, which evolved from capitale, a late Latin word based on caput, meaning head – also the origin of chattel and cattle in the sense of movable property. Capitale emerged in the 12th to 13th centuries in the sense of referring to funds, stock of merchandise, sum of money, by 1283 it was used in the sense of the capital assets of a trading firm. It was frequently interchanged with a number of other words – wealth, money, funds, goods, assets, property, the Hollandische Mercurius uses capitalists in 1633 and 1654 to refer to owners of capital. In French, Étienne Clavier referred to capitalistes in 1788, six years before its first recorded English usage by Arthur Young in his work Travels in France, David Ricardo, in his Principles of Political Economy and Taxation, referred to the capitalist many times. Samuel Taylor Coleridge, an English poet, used capitalist in his work Table Talk, Pierre-Joseph Proudhon used the term capitalist in his first work, What is Property. To refer to the owners of capital, benjamin Disraeli used the term capitalist in his 1845 work Sybil. The initial usage of the term capitalism in its modern sense has been attributed to Louis Blanc in 1850, Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels referred to the capitalistic system. And to the capitalist mode of production in Das Kapital, the use of the word capitalism in reference to an economic system appears twice in Volume I of Das Kapital, p.124, and in Theories of Surplus Value, tome II, p.493. Marx did not extensively use the form capitalism but instead those of capitalist, and capitalist mode of production, also according to the OED, Carl Adolph Douai, a German-American socialist and abolitionist, used the phrase private capitalism in 1863. Capital has existed incipiently on a scale for centuries, in the form of merchant, renting and lending activities. Simple commodity exchange, and consequently simple commodity production, which are the basis for the growth of capital from trade, have a very long history
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Police brutality
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Police brutality is one of several forms of police misconduct which involves undue violence by police members. Widespread police brutality exists in countries and territories, even those that prosecute it. Although illegal, it can be performed under the color of law, the term police brutality was in use in the American press as early as 1872, when the Chicago Tribune reported on the beating of a civilian under arrest at the Harrison Street Police Station. Cases of police brutality appear to have been frequent then, with the bludgeoning of citizens by patrolmen armed with nightsticks or blackjacks. Portions of the population may perceive the police to be oppressors, in addition, there is a perception that victims of police brutality often belonging to relatively powerless groups, such as minorities, the disabled, the young, and the poor. After facing federal trial, two of the four officers were convicted and received 32 months prison sentence, the case was widely seen as a key factor in the reform of the Los Angeles Police Department. According to data released by the Bureau of Justice Statistics, between 2003 and 2009 at least 4,813 people died in the process of being arrested by local police. Of the deaths classified as law enforcement homicides,2,876 deaths occurred of which 1,643 or 57. 1% of the people who died were people of color, Police brutality entails serious violations of the human rights to life and physical security. In accordance with human rights law, victims have a right to forcibly resist police brutality where absolutely necessary to prevent serious and irreparable harm. Notably, police brutality entailing extrajudicial killings, torture and inhuman treatment may be resisted, incidents of police brutality in Austria seem to be largely influenced and triggered by racism and prejudice against foreign nationals and ethnic minorities within the community. This underlying issue has continued to be present and relevant when examining cases of police brutality within Austria, for example, in Vienna there tends to be an association made between Viennas drug problem and the citys African migrants. This has led to the existence of cultural stereotypes which have then led to the racial profiling of African migrants. There have been a number of highly publicised incidents in Austria where police have either tortured, publicly humiliated, the most notorious of these incidents occurred in the late 1990s, however recent reports in 2015 show that police are still treating civilians in this way. 24 April 1996, Mr Jevremovic, a Serbian Romani man and he escaped, and later a large group of police came into his home without a warrant, and violently beat him and his wife before taking them both into custody. May 1996, Marcus Omofuma, an Illegal Nigerian immigrant, was being deported from Vienna when the officers taped him to his chair like a mummy and he suffocated whilst in police custody. November 1998, Dr C, a black Austrian citizen, was stopped by police after reversing his car into a street and was asked Why are you driving the wrong way. He was beaten unconscious and handcuffed, Police continued beating him after he regained consciousness. After he was arrested, he spent 11 days in hospital recovering,28 July 2015, A 27-year-old man, suspected of being a pickpocket, was handcuffed and violently thrown into the ground whilst under police custody
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Romance (love)
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Romance is the expressive and pleasurable feeling from an emotional attraction towards another person often associated with sexual attraction. It is eros rather than agape, philia, or storge, historically, the term romance originates with the medieval ideal of chivalry as set out in its chivalric romance literature. Humans have an inclination to form bonds with one another through social interactions. The debate over an exact definition of love may be found in literature as well as in the works of psychologists, philosophers, biochemists and other professionals. The addition of drama to relationships of close, deep and strong love, psychologist Charles Lindholm defined love to be. an intense attraction that involves the idealization of the other, within an erotic context, with expectation of enduring sometime into the future. The word was originally an adverb of the Latin origin Romanicus, the connecting notion is that European medieval vernacular tales were usually about chivalric adventure, not combining the idea of love until late into the seventeenth century. In primitive societies, tension existed between marriage and the erotic, but this was expressed in taboo regarding the menstrual cycle. Anthropologists such as Claude Lévi-Strauss show that there were forms of courtship in ancient as well as contemporary primitive societies. There may not be evidence, however, that members of such societies formed loving relationships distinct from their established customs in a way that would parallel modern romance, before the 18th century, many marriages were not arranged, but rather developed out of more or less spontaneous relationships. After the 18th century, illicit relationships took on an independent role. In bourgeois marriage, illicitness may have become more formidable and likely to cause tension, in Ladies of the Leisure Class, Rutgers University professor Bonnie G. Smith depicts courtship and marriage rituals that may be viewed as oppressive to modern people. She writes When the young women of the Nord married, they did so without illusions of love and they acted within a framework of concern for the reproduction of bloodlines according to financial, professional, and sometimes political interests. Subsequent sexual revolution has lessened the conflicts arising out of liberalism, anthony Giddens, in his book The Transformation of Intimacy, Sexuality, Love and Eroticism in Modern Society, states that romantic love introduced the idea of a narrative into an individuals life. He adds that telling a story was one of the meanings of romance, according to Giddens, the rise of romantic love more or less coincided with the emergence of the novel. It was then that romantic love, associated with freedom and therefore the ideals of romantic love, for the discourse of intimacy emotional closeness was much more important than passion. This does not mean by any means that intimacy is to replace romance, on the contrary, intimacy and romance coexist. The 21st century has seen the growth of globalization and people now live in a world of transformations that affect almost every aspect of our lives, one example of the changes experienced in relationships was explored by Giddens regarding homosexual relationships. According to Giddens since homosexuals were not able to marry they were forced to more open
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Fast food
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Fast food is a type of mass-produced food that is prepared and served very quickly. The food is typically less nutritionally valuable compared to other foods, Fast food restaurants are traditionally distinguished by their ability to serve food via a drive-through. Outlets may be stands or kiosks, which may provide no shelter or seating, franchise operations that are part of restaurant chains have standardized foodstuffs shipped to each restaurant from central locations. Fast food began with the first fish and chip shops in Britain in the 1860s, drive-through restaurants were first popularized in the 1950s in the United States. The term fast food was recognized in a dictionary by Merriam–Webster in 1951, according to the National Institutes of Health, fast foods are quick alternatives to home-cooked meals. They are also high in saturated fat, sugar, salt, Eating too much fast food has been linked to, among other things, colorectal cancer, obesity and high cholesterol. The traditional family dinner is increasingly being replaced by the consumption of takeaway, as a result, the time invested on food preparation is getting lower and lower, with an average couple in the United States spending 47 minutes and 19 seconds per day on food preparation in 2013. The concept of ready-cooked food for sale is closely connected with urban development, homes in emerging cities often lacked adequate space or proper food preparation accouterments. Additionally, procuring cooking fuel could cost as much as purchased produce, frying foods in vats of searing oil proved as dangerous as it was expensive, and homeowners feared that a rogue cooking fire might easily conflagrate an entire neighborhood. Thus, urbanites were encouraged to purchase pre-prepared meats or starches, such as bread or noodles, in Ancient Rome, cities had street stands - a large counter with a receptacle in the middle from which food or drink would have been served. It was during post-WWII American economic boom that Americans began to more and buy more as the economy boomed. As a result of this new desire to have it all, coupled with the strides made by women while the men were away, Eating out, which had previously been considered a luxury, became a common occurrence, and then a necessity. Workers, and working families, needed quick service and inexpensive food for lunch and dinner. This need is what drove the phenomenal success of the early fast food giants, Fast food became an easy option for a busy family, as is the case for many families today. In the mornings, bread soaked in wine was eaten as a snack and cooked vegetables and stews later in popina. In Asia, 12th century Chinese scarfed down fried dough, soups and their Baghdadi contemporaries supplemented home-cooked meals with processed legumes, purchased starches, and even ready-to-eat meats. As in Roman cities during antiquity, many of these establishments catered to those who did not have means to cook their own food, unlike richer town dwellers, many often could not afford housing with kitchen facilities and thus relied on fast food. Travelers, as well, such as en route to a holy site, were among the customers
36.
Steal This Album
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Steal This Album is the third studio album by Oakland hip hop duo The Coup, released four years after their second album Genocide & Juice. It is a homage to 1960s-1980s radical Abbie Hoffmans Steal This Book, the album became the groups most critically successful release, and is widely considered to be their best album. Steal This Album features the signature sound, funky live-instrumentation production and socially conscious, political lyrics delivered in a humorous. It features the single Me & Jesus the Pimp in a 79 Granada Last Night, a seven+ minute storytelling track
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Abbie Hoffman
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Abbot Howard Abbie Hoffman was an American political and social activist and anarchist who co-founded the Youth International Party. The group was known collectively as the Chicago Eight, when Seales prosecution was separated from the others, while the defendants were initially convicted of intent to incite a riot, the verdicts were overturned on appeal. Hoffman continued his activism into the 1970s, and remains an icon of the anti-war movement, Hoffman was born November 30,1936 in Worcester, Massachusetts, to John Hoffman and Florence Schanberg. Hoffman was raised in a household and had two younger siblings. As a child in the 1940s–50s, he was a member of what has been described as the generation between the beatniks and hippies. He described his childhood as idyllic and the 40s as a time to grow up in. On June 3,1954, 17-year-old Hoffman was arrested for the first time, during his school days, he became known as a troublemaker who started fights, played pranks, vandalized school property, and referred to teachers by their first names. In his sophomore year, Hoffman was expelled from Classical High School, as an atheist, Hoffman wrote a paper declaring that God could not possibly exist, for if he did, there wouldnt be any suffering in the world. The irate teacher ripped up the paper and called him a Communist punk. Hoffman jumped on the teacher, after his expulsion, he attended Worcester Academy, graduating in 1955. Hoffman engaged in many behaviors typical of rebellious teenagers in the 1950s, such as riding motorcycles, wearing leather jackets, upon graduating, he enrolled in Brandeis University, where he studied under professors such as noted psychologist Abraham Maslow, often considered the father of humanistic psychology. He was also a student of Marxist theorist Herbert Marcuse, who Hoffman said had an effect on his political outlook. Hoffman would later cite Marcuses influence during his activism and his theories on revolution and he was on the Brandeis tennis team, which was coached by journalist Bud Collins. Hoffman graduated with a B. A. in psychology in 1959 and that fall, he enrolled at the University of California, Berkeley, where he completed coursework toward a masters degree in psychology. Soon after, he married his pregnant girlfriend Sheila Karklin in May 1960, during the Vietnam War, Hoffman was an anti-war activist, using deliberately comical and theatrical tactics. In late 1966, Hoffman met with a radical group called the Diggers. He later returned to New York and published a book with this knowledge, doing so was considered a violation by the Diggers. Diggers co-founder Peter Coyote explained, Abbie, who was a friend of mine, was always a media junky and we explained everything to those guys, and they violated everything we taught them. One of Hoffmans well-known stunts was on August 24,1967, the protesters threw fistfuls of real and fake dollar bills down to the traders below, some of whom booed, while others began to scramble frantically to grab the money as fast as they could
