1.
Sacramento
–
Sacramento is the capital city of the U. S. state of California and the seat of Sacramento County. It is at the confluence of the Sacramento River and the American River in the portion of Californias expansive Central Valley. Its estimated 2014 population of 485,199 made it the sixth-largest city in California, Sacramento is the cultural and economic core of the Sacramento metropolitan area, which includes seven counties with a 2010 population of 2,414,783. In 2002, the Civil Rights Project at Harvard University conducted for Time magazine named Sacramento Americas Most Diverse City, Sacramento became a city through the efforts of the Swiss immigrant John Sutter, Sr. his son John Augustus Sutter, Jr. and James W. Marshall. Sacramento grew quickly thanks to the protection of Sutters Fort, which was established by Sutter in 1839, the city was named after the Sacramento River, which forms its western border. The river was named by Spanish cavalry officer Gabriel Moraga for the Santísimo Sacramento, California State University, Sacramento, is the largest university in the city and one of 23 campuses in the California State University system. University of the Pacific is a university with one of its three campuses in Sacramento. In addition, the University of California, Davis, located in nearby Davis, operates its UC Davis Medical Center, nisenan and Plains Miwok Native Americans had lived in the area for perhaps thousands of years. Unlike the settlers who would eventually make Sacramento their home, these Native Americans left little evidence of their existence. Traditionally, their diet was dominated by acorns taken from the oak trees in the region, and by fruits, bulbs, seeds. In 1808, the Spanish explorer Gabriel Moraga discovered and named the Sacramento Valley, a Spanish writer with the Moraga expedition wrote, Canopies of oaks and cottonwoods, many festooned with grapevines, overhung both sides of the blue current. Birds chattered in the trees and big fish darted through the pellucid depths, the air was like champagne, and drank deep of it, drank in the beauty around them. The valley and the river were then christened after the Most Holy Sacrament of the Body and Blood of Christ, John Sutter first arrived on August 13,1839 at the divergence of the American and Sacramento Rivers with a Mexican land grant of 50,000 acres. The next year, he and his party established Sutters Fort, representing Mexico, Sutter called his colony New Helvetia, a Swiss inspired name, and was the political authority and dispenser of justice in the new settlement. Soon, the colony began to grow as more and more pioneers headed west, within just a few short years, John Sutter had become a grand success, owning a ten-acre orchard and a herd of thirteen thousand cattle. Fort Sutter became a stop for the increasing number of immigrants coming through the valley. In 1847, Sutter hired James Marshall to build a sawmill so that he could continue to expand his empire, Sutter received 2,000 fruit trees in 1847, which started the agriculture industry in the Sacramento Valley. In 1848, when gold was discovered by James W. Marshall at Sutters Mill in Coloma and he hired topographical engineer William H
Sacramento
Sacramento
Sacramento
Sacramento
2.
Punk rock
–
Punk rock is a rock music genre that developed in the early to mid-1970s in the United States, United Kingdom, and Australia. Rooted in 1960s garage rock and other forms of what is now known as proto-punk music, Punk bands typically produced short or fast-paced songs, with hard-edged melodies and singing styles, stripped-down instrumentation, and often political, anti-establishment lyrics. Punk embraces a DIY ethic, many bands self-produce recordings and distribute them through informal channels, the term punk was first used in relation to rock music by some American critics in the early 1970s, to describe garage bands and their devotees. The following year saw punk rock spreading around the world, for the most part, punk took root in local scenes that tended to reject association with the mainstream. An associated punk subculture emerged, expressing youthful rebellion and characterized by distinctive styles of clothing and adornment, by the beginning of the 1980s, faster, more aggressive styles such as hardcore and street punk had become the predominant mode of punk rock. Musicians identifying with or inspired by punk also pursued a range of other variations, giving rise to post-punk. At the end of the 20th century, punk rock had been adopted by the mainstream, as pop punk and punk bands such as Green Day. The first wave of rock was aggressively modern, distancing itself from the bombast. According to Ramones drummer Tommy Ramone, In its initial form, unfortunately, what happens is that people who could not hold a candle to the likes of Hendrix started noodling away. Soon you had endless solos that went nowhere, by 1973, I knew that what was needed was some pure, stripped down, no bullshit rock n roll. In critic Robert Christgaus description, It was also a subculture that rejected the political idealism. Technical accessibility and a DIY spirit are prized in punk rock, in the early days of punk rock, this ethic stood in marked contrast to what those in the scene regarded as the ostentatious musical effects and technological demands of many mainstream rock bands. Musical virtuosity was often looked on with suspicion, according to Holmstrom, punk rock was rock and roll by people who didnt have very many skills as musicians but still felt the need to express themselves through music. In December 1976, the English fanzine Sideburns published an illustration of three chords, captioned This is a chord, this is another, this is a third. The title of a 1980 single by the New York punk band Stimulators, inscribed a catchphrase for punks basic musical approach. The previous year, when the rock revolution began in Great Britain, was to be both a musical and a cultural Year Zero. As a Clash associate describes singer Joe Strummers outlook, Punk rock is meant to be our freedom, were meant to be able to do what we want to do. Scholar Daniel S. Traber argues that attaining authenticity in the identity can be difficult, as the punk scene matured, he observes
Punk rock
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The
Ramones ' 1976
debut album laid down the musical "blueprint for punk", while its cover image had a similarly formative influence on punk visual style.
Punk rock
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Johnny Rotten and Steve Jones of the Sex Pistols
Punk rock
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The Clash, performing in 1980
Punk rock
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British punks, circa 1986
3.
Gothabilly
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Gothabilly, is one of several music and cultural subgenres of rockabilly. The name is a word that combines gothic and rockabilly. The earliest known use of the word gothabilly was by The Cramps in the late 1970s, to describe their blend of somber, rockabilly-influenced punk rock. Since then the term has come to describe a fashion with goth influence seen in softer textures of black silks, satins, lace and velvet, corsets, top hats, antique jewelry, PVC, and leather. The term gothabilly was not popularized until the release of a series of international gothabilly compilation albums released by Skully Records in the mid-1990s, the Cramps are considered to be equally influential to the psychobilly genre. Gothabilly is particularly active in the portion of the United States
Gothabilly
–
Jacqui Vixen of Devilish Presley in 2008
4.
Psychobilly
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Psychobilly is a fusion genre of rock music that mixes elements of punk rock, rock and roll, rockabilly, and rhythm and blues. It is one of several subgenres of rockabilly which also include thrashabilly, punkabilly, surfabilly and gothabilly, merriam-Webster defines it as music that blends punk rock and rockabilly, another dictionary defines it as loud frantic rockabilly music. Psychobilly, while rooted in the twang of rockabilly, owes just as much to the sound of straight up three-chord punk, Psychobilly bands and lyrics usually take an apolitical stance, a reaction to the right- and left-wing political attitudes which divided other British youth cultures. Many psychobilly bands are trios of guitar, upright bass and drums. Psychobilly gained underground popularity in Europe beginning in the early 1980s, with the UK band The Meteors, the second wave of psychobilly began with the 1986 release of British band Demented Are Gos debut album In Sickness & In Health. The genre soon spread throughout Europe, inspiring a number of new such as Mad Sin and the Nekromantix. The evolution of psychobilly as a genre is described as having occurred in waves. In the mid- to late 1970s, as punk rock became popular, several rockabilly and garage rock bands appeared who would influence the development of psychobilly. The term psychobilly was first used in the lyrics to the country song One Piece at a Time, written by Wayne Kemp for Johnny Cash, the lyrics describe the construction of a psychobilly Cadillac using stolen auto parts. It wasnt meant as a style of music, nevertheless, The Cramps, along with artists such as Screamin Jay Hawkins, are considered important precursors to psychobilly. Their 1979 album Songs the Lord Taught Us is considered influential to the formation of the psychobilly genre, about. com calls The Meteors the first true psychobilly band and notes their blend of the themes of horror, punk and rockabilly. They were the first band to use the term Psychobilly as a description of their music, formed in South London in 1980, they are considered the first verifiable psychobilly band. Their albums In Heaven and Wreckin Crew are recognized as landmarks of the years of the genre. Starting in the scene, the Meteors were quickly shunned for being too different. Excuses for exclusion from rockabilly concerts varied from the band having too extreme of a sound to their drummer having green hair, the Meteors blended elements of punk rock, rockabilly, and horror film themes in their music. Another commentator argues that The Misfits American Nightmare may have been the first psychobilly song, the Meteors also articulated psychobillys apolitical stance, a reaction to the right- and left-wing political attitudes which divided other British youth cultures. Fans of The Meteors, known as the Crazies, are attributed with inventing the style of slam dancing known as wrecking. The short-lived Sharks, formed in Bristol in 1980, followed closely behind The Meteors with their influential album Phantom Rockers, Demented Are Go are a Welsh psychobilly band that was formed around 1982 in Cardiff
Psychobilly
–
Demented Are Go 's upright bassist.
Psychobilly
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The Cramps are considered progenitors of psychobilly.
Psychobilly
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The Meteors are considered the first definitive psychobilly band.
Psychobilly
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The influential German band
Mad Sin in 2008. From a psychobilly fashion perspective, note the bassist's red-dyed pompadour and the guitarist on the right's crop cut sides.
5.
Garage rock
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Garage rock is a raw and energetic style of rock and roll that flourished in the mid-1960s, most notably in the United States and Canada. The term derives from the perception that groups were made up of young amateurs who rehearsed in the family garage. The style, a precursor to rock, is characterized by aggressive and unsophisticated lyrics and delivery. In the US and Canada, surf rock—and later the Beatles, hundreds of acts produced regional hits, and some had national hits. Though largely associated with North America, counterparts were present elsewhere as part of the beat boom of the era. As critics of the period began to prescribe a scope for genre, they used the term punk rock. Garage rock has experienced various revivals in the years and continues to influence acts who prefer a back to basics. In the early- to mid-1980s, several garage revival scenes sprung up featuring acts that consciously attempted to replicate the look, in the 2000s, a wave of garage rock revival acts associated with the post-punk revival emerged, and a handful achieved airplay and commercial success. The term garage rock comes from the perception that its performers were young and amateurish, while numerous bands were made up of middle-class teenagers from the suburbs, others were from rural or urban areas or were composed of professional musicians in their twenties. The term garage band often refers to acts in this genre. Garage bands performed in a variety of venues, less-established groups typically played at parties, school dances, and teen clubs. For acts of legal age, bars, nightclubs, and college fraternity socials also provided regular engagements, occasionally, local groups had the opportunity to open at shows for famous touring acts. Some garage rock bands went on tour, particularly better-known acts, groups often competed in battles of the bands, which gave musicians an opportunity to gain exposure and a chance to win a prize, such as free recording time in a local studio. Battles of the bands were held, locally, regionally and nationally, and two of the most prestigious contests were held annually by the Tea Council of the U. S. A. and the Music Circus. Performances often sounded amateurish, naïve or intentionally raw, with typical themes revolving around the traumas of high school life, instrumentation was characterized by electric guitars often distorted through a fuzzbox, teamed with bass and drums. Guitarists sometimes played using aggressive-sounding bar chord riffs, sometimes referred to as power chords, organs such as the Farfisa were commonly used as well as mouth harmonicas or hand-held percussion such as tambourines. Occasionally, the tempo sped up in certain passages, sometimes referred to as raveups, Garage rock acts were diverse in both musical ability and in style, ranging from crude two- and three-chord music to near-studio musician quality. There were also variations in flourishing scenes, such as in California
Garage rock
–
The D-Men (later
the Fifth Estate) in 1964
Garage rock
–
Richard Berry, whose 1957 song "
Louie Louie " inspired
the Wailers,
the Kingsmen, and in turn thousands of other garage bands
Garage rock
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Paul Revere and the Raiders in 1967
Garage rock
–
The Pleasure Seekers (Suzi Quatro at far right) pictured in 1966
6.
Surf punk
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Surf music is a subgenre of rock music associated with surf culture, particularly as found in Southern California. It was especially popular from 1962 to 1964 in two major forms, the first is instrumental surf, distinguished by reverb-drenched electric guitars played to evoke the sound of crashing waves, largely pioneered by Dick Dale and the Del-Tones. The second is vocal surf, which took the original sound and added vocal harmonies backed by basic Chuck Berry rhythms. Dick Dale developed the sound from instrumental rock, where he added Middle Eastern and Mexican influences, a spring reverb. His regional hit Lets Go Trippin launched the surf music craze, the genre reached national exposure when it was represented by vocal groups such as the Beach Boys, Jan and Dean, and Bruce & Terry. Their vocal surf style drew more from African-American genres such as doo wop with its scat singing, Dale is quoted on such groups, They were surfing sounds surfing lyrics. In other words, the music wasnt surfing music, the words made them surfing songs. The real surfing music is instrumental, at the height of its popularity, surf music rivaled girl groups and Motown for top American popular music trends. It is sometimes referred to interchangeably with the California Sound, during the later stages of the surf music craze, many of its groups started to write songs about cars and girls, this was later known as hot rod rock. Surf music began in the early 1960s as instrumental music, almost always in straight 4/4 time. The outboard separate Fender Reverb Unit that was developed by Fender in 1961 was the actual first wet surf reverb tone and this unit is the reverb effect heard on Dick Dale records, and others such as Pipeline by the Chantays and Point Panic by the Surfaris. It had more of a wet plucky tone than the built in amp reverb, guitarists also made use of the vibrato arm on their guitar to bend the pitch of notes downward, electronic tremolo effects and rapid tremolo picking. Guitar models favored included those made by Fender, Mosrite, Teisco, or Danelectro, Surf music was one of the first genres to universally adopt the electric bass, particularly the Fender Precision Bass. Classic surf drum kits tended to be Rogers, Ludwig, Gretsch or Slingerland, some popular songs also incorporated a tenor or baritone saxophone, as on The Lively Ones Surf Rider and The Revels Comanche. Often an electric organ or an electric piano featured as backing harmony, by the early 1960s, instrumental rock and roll had been pioneered successfully by performers such as Link Wray, The Ventures and Duane Eddy. This trend was developed by Dick Dale, who added Middle Eastern and Mexican influences, the distinctive reverb, groups such as The Bel-Airs, The Challengers and then Eddie & the Showmen followed Dale to regional success. The Chantays scored a top ten hit with Pipeline, reaching number 4 in May 1963. The group also had two other hits, Surfer Joe and Point Panic
Surf punk
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1963 performance flyer, promoting surf musicians
Surf punk
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Dick Dale performing in 2005
Surf punk
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The Beach Boys performing in 1964
7.
Illegal Records
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Illegal Records was an independent record label, founded by Miles Copeland III with his younger brother Stewart Copeland and the manager of The Police, Paul Mulligan in 1977. The label released The Polices debut single, Fall Out, Copeland went on to sign more artists and start several other indie sublabels including Deptford Fun City Records, Step-Forward Records and Total Noise Records. He also launched the divisions, France & Netherlands, that released some of the same titles with different catalogue numbers. In 1979, after Copeland started I. R. S, Records, Illegal became its distributor in UK and Europe. It continued its operations until 1988, when it merged its operations with I. R. S, Deptford Fun City Records - Outlet for Deptford bands such as Alternative TV and Squeeze. Step-Forward Records - Sublabel for Punk bands such as Chelsea, The Fall & The Cortinas, list of record labels, I–Q Discogs page
Illegal Records
–
Illegal Records
8.
I.R.S. Records
–
Records was an American record label founded by Miles Copeland III and Jay Boberg in 1979. I. R. S. produced some of the most popular bands of the 1980s, including R. E. M. and The Go-Gos. His brother Ian was the head of a talent agency, Frontier Booking International, while his brother Stewart played drums for The Police, a band that Copeland managed. The Polices first album was released on A&M Records in 1978 with a hit single, Roxanne, building on success with the Police, Copeland convinced Jerry Moss, co-owner of A&M, to establish the I. R. S. division in 1979. Releases were distributed by A&M until 1985, by MCA Records until 1990, in 2011, EMI revived the label, as of 2012, the new label has Chiddy Bang and Foxy Shazam on its roster. In October 2013, shortly after the integration of EMI into its successor, Universal Music Group, Nashville, with Striking Matches, Marc Scibilia and Cowboy Jack Clement on its roster before being shut down once again in 2015. In 1985, Copeland brokered a deal to switch the labels distributor to MCA Records, under the agreement, A&M continued to release the labels pre-1985 catalog, much of which still can be found under the A&M banner. The last I. R. S release was All Set by the Buzzcocks, shortly after, Copeland formed Ark 21 Records. Records sponsored a monthly MTV show called I. R. S, Records Presents The Cutting Edge, hosted by Peter Zaremba of The Fleshtones. The series concentrated on bands that recorded for the label, faulty Products was the UK holding company for I. R. S. Records of the UK record labels set up by Copeland and it included Illegal Records, Deptford Fun City Records and others. Faulty Products was also an American independent record label and distribution company for other indie labels between 1980 and 1982, the label released The Polices debut single, Fall Out. Deptford Fun City Records was set up by Miles Copeland in the late 1970s as an outlet for Deptford, England bands such as Alternative TV and Squeeze. No Speak, also known as No Speak Records, was set up as an imprint of I. R. S. in January 1988. It released albums by Stewart Copeland, Wishbone Ash, and William Orbit, tribal America was a label run by Rob DiStefano that was distributed by I. R. S from 1991 until IRS folded in 1996. It concentrated on music, a type of electronic dance music. DiStefano went on to found Twisted America Records, I. R. S. s roster of musicians included The Alarm, The Bangles, Berlin, Black Sabbath, Buzzcocks, J. J. E. M. Renaissance, Stan Ridgway, Skafish, The Stranglers, Fine Young Cannibals, on the Charts was a 1994 compilation album that chronicled I. R. S
I.R.S. Records
–
I.R.S. Records
9.
Enigma Records
–
Enigma Records was a popular rock and alternative American record label in the 1980s. Enigma Records launched as a division of Greenworld Distribution, an independent music importer/distributor, four years later, in 1985, Enigma severed ties with its former parent Greenworld and became its own company. Enigma was initially located in Torrance, California, then El Segundo, California and finally Culver City, Enigma was founded and run by brothers William and Wesley Hein. Jim Martone joined the company in 1984, Enigma focused on punk rock, alternative, and heavy metal music though it also released techno, jazz and classical music through subsidiary labels. The labels first release was Motley Crues Too Fast For Love, the album was initially released under the bands own Leathür Records imprint but manufactured, marketed and distributed by what would become the Enigma Records team. After the band moved on to Elektra Records, the Enigma Records name was adopted, Enigmas next major success was with the techo pop band Berlin. Enigma Records was initially distributed through independent record importers/distributors such as JEM Records, in 1984, Enigma entered into a joint venture with EMI America to sign and develop new artists. Among the artists signed under the venture were the Red Hot Chili Peppers, in 1986, Enigma moved its distribution to Capitol/EMI, a major record label, while leaving its Restless Records division with the independent distributors who had previously distributed Enigma. Poison, a rock band, and The Smithereens were two of the first artists released under the joint Enigma / Capitol relationship, both of which had significant success. That same year it launched a video line, which was also distributed by Capitol. One of Enigmas biggest commercial successes was with the Christian rock band Stryper, in addition to the primary Enigma Records label, the company had two smaller subsidiary labels as well as a music publishing company. Enigma Retro focused on re-issues of material licensed from other such as Straight Records, Bizarre Records. The Restless Records division focused on alternative artists not intended for major label distribution, Enigma also released film soundtracks including The Terminator and Rivers Edge. Enigma released an album, Enigma Variations, with various artists. Enigma had a joint venture with Mute Records and released certain Mute titles in the United States, sonic Youths landmark 1988 album Daydream Nation was originally released on Enigma Records, in association with Blast First Records. Enigma was formerly acquired by Capitol/EMI in 1989, some of its catalog and operations were merged into the still independent Restless Records in 1991. Enigmas Canadian division was closed in 1992 and was reorganized into FRE Records before shuttering in 1999, the U-Krew Untouchables The Vandals Vinnie Vincent Invasion Voivod Wall of Voodoo Wednesday Week Wild Dogs Ike Willis Wire XYZ List of record labels
Enigma Records
–
Enigma Entertainment Corp.
10.
Epitaph Records
–
Epitaph Records is a Hollywood-based independent record label owned by Bad Religion guitarist Brett Gurewitz. The label was originally just a logo and a P. O. box created in the 1980s for the purpose of selling Bad Religion records, Gurewitz took the name from a King Crimson song of the same name. Throughout the 1980s and 1990s most of the bands on Epitaph were punk and pop groups, while there are many post-hardcore. A large portion of the label, known as Hellcat Records, is owned by Tim Armstrong. Several sister-labels also exist, such as ANTI-, Burning Heart Records, Fat Possum Records, Hellcat Records, the lable has recently been added to the Forza Horizon franchise as a radio station. Brett Gurewitz formed Epitaph Records as a vehicle for releases by his band Bad Religion and its first release for the label was Bad Religions 1981 self-titled EP, followed by their debut How Could Hell Be Any Worse. Which was also the labels first full-length release, also released during this period was Peace thru Vandalism, an EP by The Vandals, who were the first band besides Bad Religion to sign to Epitaph. Two more Bad Religion releases followed – Into the Unknown and the EP Back to the Known – before their temporary split, after Gurewitz had cleaned up his drug issues, both Epitaph and Bad Religion were revived in 1987. In the following year, Epitaph released its first record as a label, which was L7s self-titled album. Also in 1988, Bad Religion released Suffer, which was released and distributed by Epitaph. Not only is Suffer often cited as one of the bands best by fans, in 1989, Gurewitz signed NOFX to Epitaph. This was followed by Bad Religions next two albums – No Control and Against the Grain – which sold 60,000 and 100,000 copies respectively. By 1993, more punk acts had signed to Epitaph, including Pennywise, Down by Law, Coffin Break, The Offspring, Rancid, SNFU, Total Chaos and Claw Hammer. Epitaphs expansion saw the label relocate to new offices in Silver Lake, recipe for Hate was followed by their 1994 highly successful release Stranger Than Fiction. Brett Gurewitz is thought to have left Bad Religion as a result of internal disputes and that year Bad Religion and Epitaph received widespread fame, both within and outside the punk community, when Bad Religion, NOFX, Rancid and The Offspring all released hit records. This was a big year for punk in the mainstream, Rancid appeared on Saturday Night Live the following year, playing Ruby Soho and Roots Radicals. In 2001, Brett Gurewitz returned to Bad Religion, and the returned to Epitaph Records, releasing six more albums. In mid-2005 Epitaph was added to the official list of RIAA members along with several other independent labels
Epitaph Records
11.
Lux Interior
–
Erick Lee Purkhiser, better known as Lux Interior, was an American singer and a founding member of the rockabilly band The Cramps from 1972 until his death in 2009 at age 62. Born in Akron, Ohio, he grew up in its suburb of Stow. He met his wife Kristy Wallace, better known as Poison Ivy, Ivy Rorschach, in Sacramento in 1972, when he and a friend picked her up when she was hitchhiking. The couple founded the band after they moved from California to Ohio in 1973, and then to New York in 1975, where they soon became part of the flourishing punk scene. Lux Interiors name came from an old car commercial, having flirted with the names Vip Vop and Raven Beauty. Interior was known for a frenetic and provocative stage show included high heels, near-nudity. His speciality was the blow job, where he could get the entire head of an SM-58 microphone into his mouth. The Cramps gave their last show in November 2006, tom Kenny, who voices SpongeBob, attended his memorial ceremony in 2009. Interior was also a painter and visual artist, in particular he was a 3D camera collector and enthusiast with which he created artworks and collages. Lux Interior died at 4,30 a. m. on February 4,2009, the cause of death was aortic dissection. He is survived by his wife Ivy and two brothers, Michael Purkhiser and Ronald Skip Purkhiser, the memorial service for Lux was held on February 21 at the Windmill Chapel of the Self-Realization Fellowship Lake Shrine. Luxs brother Michael also provided insight into his relationship with Lux in a newspaper article, official Site of The Cramps Obituary Obituary Lux Lives – Long Live Lux Interior in Trebuchet Magazine
Lux Interior
–
Lux Interior live, 18 October 2004
12.
Poison Ivy (musician)
–
Kristy Marlana Wallace, known as Poison Ivy or Poison Ivy Rorschach, is a guitarist, songwriter, arranger, producer, and occasional vocalist who co-founded the American rockabilly band The Cramps. Ivy was born in San Bernardino, California and raised near Sacramento, in 1972, while attending Sacramento State College, Wallace met future Cramps singer Lux Interior. Two years later moved to his hometown of Akron, Ohio. In 1976, as part of the punk rock scene. They quickly gained a reputation for their unusual, rockabilly-inspired music, songs written by Poison Ivy/Lux Interior and performed by other artists include Human Fly, New Kind of Kick, and Thee Most Exalted Potentate of Love. Early on, Ivy used a clear plexiglass Dan Armstrong guitar, since 1985 she has mostly used a 1958 Gretsch 6120 hollow-body. She uses Fender Pro Reverb amplifiers onstage, and smaller Valco, throughout The Cramps career Ivy co-wrote with Lux Interior all of the groups original songs and provided the arrangements for songs they covered. She produced or co-produced several of their albums and singles, sang on the songs Kizmiaz and Get Off the Road and she was married to Cramps singer Lux Interior, with whom she had been for 37 years, until his death on February 4,2009. Official Site of The Cramps Media related to Poison Ivy at Wikimedia Commons
Poison Ivy (musician)
–
Poison Ivy performing in 2005
13.
CBGB
–
CBGB was a New York City music club opened in 1973 by Hilly Kristal in Manhattans East Village. The club was previously a bar and before that was a dive bar. From the early 1980s onward, CBGB was known for hardcore punk, one storefront beside CBGB became the CBGB Record Canteen, a record shop and café. In the late 1980s, CBGB Record Canteen was converted into an art gallery and second performance space, on the other side, CBGB was operating a small cafe and bar in the mid-1990s, which served classic New York pizza, among other items. The club closed upon its final concert, played by Patti Smith, CBGB Radio launched on the iheartradio platform in 2010, and CBGB music festivals began in 2012. In 2013, CBGBs onetime building,315 Bowery, was added to the National Register of Historic Places as part of the National Bowery Historic District. CBGB was founded in December 1973 on the site of Kristals earlier bar, Hillys on the Bowery, initially, Kristal focused on his more profitable East Village nightspot, Hillys, which Kristal closed amid complaints from the bars neighbors. After Hillys closure, Kristal focused on the Bowery club and its full name — CBGB & OMFUG — stands for Country, Bluegrass, Blues and Other Music for Uplifting Gormandizers. Although a gormandizer is usually a ravenous eater of food, what Kristal meant is a voracious eater of, Kristals intended theme of country, bluegrass, and blues music along with poetry readings yielded to the American movement in punk rock. A pioneer in the genre, the Ramones played their first shows at CBGB, in 1973, while the future CBGB was still Hillys, two locals—Bill Page and Rusty McKenna—convinced Kristal to let them book concerts. In February 1974, Hilly booked local band Squeeze to a residency, playing Tuesdays and Wednesdays, Squeeze was led by guitarist Mark Suall, later with CBGBs virtual house band the Revelons, which included Fred Smith of Television and JD Daugherty of the Patti Smith Group. Although these bands did not play punk rock, they helped lay its foundation, the August 1973 collapse of the Mercer Arts Center left unsigned bands little option in New York City to play original music. Mercer refugees—including Suicide, The Fast, Wayne County, and the Magic Tramps—soon played at CBGB, in 1974, on April 14, in the audience of Televisions third gig were Patti Smith and Lenny Kaye, whose Patti Smith Group debuted at CBGB on February 14,1975. Other early performers included the Dina Regine Band, dennis Lepri was lead guitarist as well as the Stillettos which included Deborah Harry on vocals. The newly formed band Angel & the Snake, later renamed Blondie, mink DeVille, Talking Heads, the Shirts, the Heartbreakers, the Fleshtones and other bands soon followed. In April 1977, The Damned played the club, marking the first time a British punk band had played in America. During 1975 and 1976, Metropolis Video recorded some shows on film, starting in 1977, Metropolis Video filmmaker Pat Ivers and partner Emily Armstrong continued to record shows in a project called Advanced TV, later renamed GoNightclubbing. Ivers and Armstrongs films are available at the New York University Fales Library, CBGBs two rules were that a band must move its own equipment and play mostly original songs—that is, no cover bands—although regular bands often played one or two covers in set
CBGB
–
CBGB
CBGB
–
Marky Ramone of the
Ramones and
Debbie Harry of
Blondie attend a screening of Burning Down the House, a documentary on CBGB's heyday, at the 2009
Tribeca Film Festival.
CBGB
–
Forever closed
CBGB
–
Day after
14.
Punk movement
–
The punk subculture, which centres on punk rock music, includes a diverse array of ideologies, fashions and forms of expression, including visual art, dance, literature and film. The subculture is largely characterized by anti-establishment views and the promotion of individual freedom, the punk subculture is centered on a loud, aggressive genre of rock music called punk rock. It is usually played by small bands consisting of a vocalist, Punk politics cover the entire political spectrum. Punk-related ideologies are mostly concerned with freedom and anti-establishment views. Common punk viewpoints include anti-authoritarianism, a DIY ethic, non-conformity, direct action, there is a wide range of punk fashion, in terms of clothing, hairstyles, cosmetics, tattoos, jewelery and body modification. Early punk fashion adapted everyday objects for aesthetic effect, such as T-shirts, leather jackets, hardcore punk fans adopted a dressed-down style of T-shirts, jeans, combat boots or sneakers and crewcut-style haircuts. Women in the hardcore scene typically wore masculine clothing, one part of punk was creating explicitly outward identities of sexuality. Everything that was supposed to be hidden was brought to the front. Punk aesthetics determine the type of art punks enjoy, usually underground, minimalistic, iconoclastic. Punk artwork graces album covers, flyers for concerts, and punk zines, Punk has generated a considerable amount of poetry and prose. Punk has its own press in the form of punk zines, which feature news, gossip, cultural criticism. Some zines take the form of perzines, important punk zines include Maximum RocknRoll, Punk Planet, No Cure, Cometbus, Flipside, and Search & Destroy. Many punk-themed films have made, as have punk rock music videos. Some punk films intercut stock footage with news clips and amateur videos of concerts, Punks can come from any and all walks of life and economic classes, and punk culture has aspects of gender equalist ideology. The punk subculture emerged in the United Kingdom, Australia, exactly which region originated punk has long been a major controversy within the movement. Various musical, philosophical, political, literary and artistic movements influenced the subculture. In the late 1970s, the subculture began to diversify, which led to the proliferation of such as new wave, post-punk,2 Tone, pop punk, hardcore punk, no wave, street punk. Hardcore punk, street punk and Oi. sought to do away with the frivolities introduced in the years of the original punk movement
Punk movement
–
Two UK punks in the 1980s
Punk movement
–
Buzzcocks at the
Cropredy Festival in 2009.
Punk movement
–
A German punk faces a line of
riot police at a 1984 protest.
Punk movement
–
Punks burning a U.S. flag in the early 1980s
15.
Rockabilly
–
Rockabilly is one of the earliest styles of rock and roll music, dating back to the early 1950s in the United States, especially the South. As a genre it blends the sound of Western musical styles such as country with that of rhythm and blues, leading to what is considered classic rock, some have also described it as a blend of bluegrass with rock and roll. The term rockabilly itself is a portmanteau of rock and hillbilly, other important influences on rockabilly include western swing, boogie woogie, jump blues, and electric blues. An interest in the genre endures even in the 21st century, Rockabilly has left a legacy, spawning a variety of sub-styles and influencing other genres such as punk rock. There was a relationship between blues and country music from the very earliest country recordings in the 1920s. The first nationwide country hit was Wreck of the Old 97, backed with Lonesome Road Blues, during the 1930s and 1940s, two new sounds emerged. Recordings of Willss from the mid 1940s to the early 1950s include two beat jazz rhythms, jazz choruses, and guitar work that preceded early rockabilly recordings, wills is quoted as saying Rock and Roll. Why, man, thats the kind of music weve been playin since 1928. But its just basic rhythm and has gone by a lot of different names in my time and its the same, whether you just follow a drum beat like in Africa or surround it with a lot of instruments. The Maddox Brothers and Rose were at the edge of rockabilly with the slapped bass that Fred Maddox had developed. Maddox said, Youve got to have somethin they can tap their foot, or dance to, after World War II the band shifted into higher gear leaning more toward a whimsical honky-tonk feel, with a heavy, manic bottom end - the slap bass of Fred Maddox. They played hillbilly music but it sounded real hot and they played real loud for that time, too. The Maddoxes were also known for their antics and stuff. I mean it just wasnt us up there pickin and singing, there was something going on all the time. The demonstrative Maddoxes, helped release white bodies from traditional motions of decorum, more and more younger white artists began to behave on stage like the lively Maddoxes. Others believe that they were not only at the leading edge, Bill Monroe is known as the Father of Bluegrass, a specific style of country music. Many of his songs were in form, while others took the form of folk ballads, parlor songs. Bluegrass was a staple of music in the early 1950s
Rockabilly
–
Carl Perkins pictured around 1955
Rockabilly
–
Bill Haley and His Comets during a TV appearance.
Rockabilly
–
Gazzguzzlers use the classic instruments associated with rockabilly: a hollow-body guitar, and upright bass, and a pared-down drum kit.
16.
Bass guitar
–
The bass guitar is a stringed instrument played primarily with the fingers or thumb, by plucking, slapping, popping, strumming, tapping, thumping, or picking with a plectrum, often known as a pick. The bass guitar is similar in appearance and construction to a guitar, but with a longer neck and scale length. The four-string bass, by far the most common, is tuned the same as the double bass. The bass guitar is an instrument, as it is notated in bass clef an octave higher than it sounds to avoid excessive ledger lines. Like the electric guitar, the guitar has pickups and it is plugged into an amplifier and speaker on stage, or into a larger PA system using a DI unit. Since the 1960s, the guitar has largely replaced the double bass in popular music as the bass instrument in the rhythm section. While types of basslines vary widely from one style of music to another, many styles of music utilise the bass guitar, including rock, heavy metal, pop, punk rock, country, reggae, gospel, blues, symphonic rock, and jazz. It is often a solo instrument in jazz, jazz fusion, Latin, funk, progressive rock and other rock, the adoption of a guitar form made the instrument easier to hold and transport than any of the existing stringed bass instruments. The addition of frets enabled bassists to play in more easily than on acoustic or electric upright basses. Around 100 of these instruments were made during this period, around 1947, Tutmarcs son, Bud, began marketing a similar bass under the Serenader brand name, prominently advertised in the nationally distributed L. D. Heater Music Company wholesale jobber catalogue of 1948, however, the Tutmarc family inventions did not achieve market success. In the 1950s, Leo Fender, with the help of his employee George Fullerton and his Fender Precision Bass, which began production in October 1951, became a widely copied industry standard. This split pickup, introduced in 1957, appears to have been two mandolin pickups, the pole pieces and leads of the coils were reversed with respect to each other, producing a humbucking effect. Humbucking is a design that electrically cancels the effect of any AC hum, the Fender Bass was a revolutionary new instrument, which could be easily transported, and which was less prone to feedback when amplified than acoustic bass instruments. Monk Montgomery was the first bass player to tour with the Fender bass guitar, roy Johnson, and Shifty Henry with Louis Jordan & His Tympany Five, were other early Fender bass pioneers. Bill Black, playing with Elvis Presley, switched from bass to the Fender Precision Bass around 1957. The bass guitar was intended to appeal to guitarists as well as upright bass players, following Fenders lead, in 1953, Gibson released the first short scale violin-shaped electric bass with extendable end pin, allowing it to be played upright or horizontally. In 1959 these were followed by the more conventional-looking EB-0 Bass, the EB-0 was very similar to a Gibson SG in appearance
Bass guitar
–
A
Music Man StingRay bass
Bass guitar
–
(a standard tuned 4-string bass guitar)
Bass guitar
–
Musical instrument inventor Paul Tutmarc outside his music store in Seattle, Washington
Bass guitar
–
Design patent issued to Leo Fender for the second-generation
Precision Bass
17.
Retro
–
Retro style is style that is consciously derivative or imitative of trends, music, modes, fashions, or attitudes of the recent past. The term retro has been in use since the 1960s to describe on the one hand new artifacts that self-consciously refer to particular modes, motifs, techniques, but on the other hand, many people use the term to categorise styles that have been created in the past. Retro style refers to new things that display characteristics of the past and it is mostly the recent past that retro seeks to recapitulate, focusing on the products, fashions and artistic styles produced since the Industrial Revolution, of Modernity. The English word retro derives from the Latin prefix retro, meaning backwards, in France, the word rétro, an abbreviation for rétrospectif, gained cultural currency with reevaluations of Charles de Gaulle and Frances role in World War II. The French mode rétro of the 1970s reappraised in film and novels the conduct of French civilians during the Nazi occupation, the term rétro was soon applied to nostalgic French fashions that recalled the same period. Shortly thereafter it was introduced into English by the fashion and culture press, in Simulacra and Simulation, French theorist Jean Baudrillard describes retro as a demythologization of the past, distancing the present from the big ideas that drove the modern age. Most commonly retro is used to describe objects and attitudes from the recent past that no longer seem modern and it suggests a fundamental shift in the way we relate to the past. The concept of nostalgia is linked to retro, but the desire for things. Retro shows nostalgia with a dose of cynicism and detachment, the desire to capture something from the past and evoke nostalgia is fuelled by dissatisfaction with the present. Retro can be applied to things and artifacts, for example, forms of technological obsolescence and also the resurrection of old computer games. Since the 1980s the implications of the word ‘retro’ have been expanding in the application to different media, several fields have adopted the term retro from the design world. Thus next to design artefacts like objects, graphic design, fashion and interior design, ‘retro’ can be used for, music, art, videogames, architecture, television, sometimes, it can also suggest an entire outlook on life. Up until the 1960s, interiors were decorated with antiques, during the 1960s in London shops started selling pieces of second hand furniture. These shops were different from the antique shops because they sold daily life objects from the recent past. These objects used to be seen as junk, Victorian enamel signs, stuffed bears, old furniture painted with union jacks, a new way of producing and consuming the past emerged and a broader range of objects from the recent past was used for new designs. Before the word came into use in the 1970s, the practise of adopting old styles for new designs was already common. Throughout the 19th and 20th centuries, designers borrowed from the past, the difference is that since the 1960s people started to refer to the recent past. In the 1980s, design history emerged as a discipline and several histories of design were published, the access to these overviews and the ability to experiment with computer design programs has caused an increase of retro designed objects in the last decades
Retro
–
IKEA produced a retro lamp, referring to the 1970s.
Retro
–
A 1940s retro-style dress with turban, designed in a modern electric blue, modeled by
Karlie Kloss at a 2011
Anna Sui show.
Retro
–
A 1950s-era poster in pop-art style, the style on which retro art is based.
Retro
–
A
Qantas Boeing 737-800 (VH-XZP) retrojet seen at
Sydney Airport
18.
B-movie
–
A B movie is a low-budget commercial movie, but one that is not an arthouse film. In its original usage, during the Golden Age of Hollywood, although the U. S. production of movies intended as second features largely ceased by the end of the 1950s, the term B movie continues to be used in the broader sense it maintains today. In either usage, most B movies represent a particular genre—the Western was a Golden Age B movie staple, while low-budget science-fiction, early B movies were often part of series in which the star repeatedly played the same character. Almost always shorter than the films they were paired with. The term connoted a general perception that B movies were inferior to the more handsomely budgeted headliners, latter-day B movies still sometimes inspire multiple sequels, but series are less common. As the average running time of top-of-the-line films increased, so did that of B pictures, the term is also now used loosely to refer to some higher-budgeted, mainstream films with exploitation-style content, usually in genres traditionally associated with the B movie. From their beginnings to the present day, B movies have provided both for those coming up in the profession and others whose careers are waning. Celebrated filmmakers such as Anthony Mann and Jonathan Demme learned their craft in B movies and they are where actors such as John Wayne and Jack Nicholson first became established, and they have provided work for former A movie actors, such as Vincent Price and Karen Black. Some actors, such as Bela Lugosi, Eddie Constantine and Pam Grier, the term B actor is sometimes used to refer to a performer who finds work primarily or exclusively in B pictures. In 1927–28, at the end of the silent era, the production cost of a feature from a major Hollywood studio ranged from $190,000 at Fox to $275,000 at Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. That average reflected both specials that might cost as much as $1 million and films made quickly for around $50,000. These cheaper films allowed the studios to derive value from facilities. Studios in the leagues of the industry, such as Columbia Pictures and Film Booking Offices of America. Their movies, with short running times, targeted theaters that had to economize on rental and operating costs, particularly small-town and urban neighborhood venues. A new programming scheme developed that would become standard practice, a newsreel, a short and/or serial. The second feature, which screened before the main event. The majors clearance rules favoring their affiliated theaters prevented the independents timely access to top-quality films, the low-budget picture of the 1920s thus evolved into the second feature, the B movie, of Hollywoods Golden Age. The major studios, at first resistant to the double feature, all established B units to provide films for the expanding second-feature market
B-movie
–
The "King of the Bs",
Roger Corman, produced and directed
The Raven (1963) for
American International Pictures.
Vincent Price headlines a cast of veteran
character actors along with a young
Jack Nicholson.
B-movie
–
Columbia 's That Certain Thing (1928) was made for less than $20,000. Soon, director
Frank Capra 's association with Columbia would help vault the studio toward Hollywood's major leagues.
B-movie
–
Warner Bros. 's Lights of New York (1928) was made for less than $23,000. Soon, director
Bryan Foy 's association with Vitaphone would help vault the studio toward Hollywood's major leagues.
19.
Rhythm and blues
–
Rhythm and blues, often abbreviated as R&B or RnB, is a genre of popular African-American music that originated in the 1940s. In the commercial rhythm and blues music typical of the 1950s through the 1970s, R&B lyrical themes often encapsulate the African-American experience of pain and the quest for freedom and joy. Lyrics focus heavily on the themes of triumphs and failures in terms of relationships, freedom, economics, aspirations, the term rhythm and blues has undergone a number of shifts in meaning. In the early 1950s it was applied to blues records. This tangent of RnB is now known as British rhythm and blues, by the 1970s, the term rhythm and blues changed again and was used as a blanket term for soul and funk. In the 1980s, a style of R&B developed, becoming known as Contemporary R&B. It combines elements of rhythm and blues, soul, funk, pop, hip hop, popular R&B vocalists at the end of the 20th century included Michael Jackson, R. Kelly, Stevie Wonder, Whitney Houston, and Mariah Carey. Although Jerry Wexler of Billboard magazine is credited with coining the term rhythm and blues as a term in the United States in 1948. It replaced the term race music, which came from within the black community. The term rhythm and blues was used by Billboard in its chart listings from June 1949 until August 1969, before the Rhythm and Blues name was instated, various record companies had already begun replacing the term race music with sepia series. In 2010 LaMont Robinson founded the Rhythm & Blues Hall of Fame Museum, writer and producer Robert Palmer defined rhythm & blues as a catchall term referring to any music that was made by and for black Americans. He has used the term R&B as a synonym for jump blues, however, AllMusic separates it from jump blues because of its stronger, gospel-esque backbeat. Lawrence Cohn, author of Nothing but the Blues, writes that rhythm, according to him, the term embraced all black music except classical music and religious music, unless a gospel song sold enough to break into the charts. Well into the 21st century, the term R&B continues in use to music made by black musicians. In the commercial rhythm and blues music typical of the 1950s through the 1970s, arrangements were rehearsed to the point of effortlessness and were sometimes accompanied by background vocalists. Simple repetitive parts mesh, creating momentum and rhythmic interplay producing mellow, lilting, while singers are emotionally engaged with the lyrics, often intensely so, they remain cool, relaxed, and in control. The bands dressed in suits, and even uniforms, an associated with the modern popular music that rhythm. Lyrics often seemed fatalistic, and the music typically followed predictable patterns of chords, there was also increasing emphasis on the electric guitar as a lead instrument, as well as the piano and saxophone
Rhythm and blues
–
T-Bone Walker, American Folk Blues Festival 1972 (Heinrich Klaffs Collection 46)
Rhythm and blues
–
Louis Jordan, New York, N.Y., ca. July 1946 (William P. Gottlieb 04721).
Rhythm and blues
–
Big Joe Turner, Hamburg 1974 (Heinrich Klaffs Collection 86)
Rhythm and blues
–
The habanera rhythm shown as tresillo (lower notes) with the backbeat (upper note).
20.
Rock and roll
–
While elements of rock and roll can be heard in blues records from the 1920s and in country records of the 1930s, the genre did not acquire its name until the 1950s. For the purpose of differentiation, this deals with the first definition. The beat is essentially a blues rhythm with an accentuated backbeat, classic rock and roll is usually played with one or two electric guitars, a double bass or string bass or an electric bass guitar, and a drum kit. Beyond simply a style, rock and roll, as seen in movies and on television, influenced lifestyles, fashion, attitudes. In addition, rock and roll may have contributed to the civil rights movement because both African-American and white American teens enjoyed the music and it went on to spawn various genres, often without the initially characteristic backbeat, that are now more commonly called simply rock music or rock. The term rock and roll now has at least two different meanings, both in common usage, the American Heritage Dictionary and the Merriam-Webster Dictionary both define rock and roll as synonymous with rock music. Encyclopædia Britannica, on the hand, regards it as the music that originated in the mid-1950s. In 1934, the song Rock and Roll by the Boswell Sisters appeared in the film Transatlantic Merry-Go-Round, in 1942, Billboard magazine columnist Maurie Orodenker started to use the term rock-and-roll to describe upbeat recordings such as Rock Me by Sister Rosetta Tharpe. By 1943, the Rock and Roll Inn in South Merchantville, in 1951, Cleveland, Ohio disc jockey Alan Freed began playing this music style while popularizing the phrase to describe it. The origins of rock and roll have been debated by commentators. The migration of former slaves and their descendants to major urban centers such as St. The immediate roots of rock and roll lay in the rhythm and blues, then called race music, particularly significant influences were jazz, blues, gospel, country, and folk. The 1940s saw the use of blaring horns, shouted lyrics. In the same period, particularly on the West Coast and in the Midwest, similarly, country boogie and Chicago electric blues supplied many of the elements that would be seen as characteristic of rock and roll. Rock and roll arrived at a time of technological change, soon after the development of the electric guitar, amplifier and microphone. It was the realization that relatively affluent white teenagers were listening to music that led to the development of what was to be defined as rock. Because the development of rock and roll was a process, no single record can be identified as unambiguously the first rock. Other artists with rock and roll hits included Chuck Berry, Bo Diddley, Little Richard, Jerry Lee Lewis
Rock and roll
–
Sign commemorating the role of
Alan Freed and
Cleveland, Ohio in the origins of rock and roll
Rock and roll
–
Chuck Berry in 1957
Rock and roll
–
Bill Haley and his Comets performing in the 1954 Universal International film Round Up of Rhythm
Rock and roll
–
Elvis Presley in a promotion shot for
Jailhouse Rock in 1957
21.
Link Wray
–
Fred Lincoln Link Wray, Jr. was an American rock and roll guitarist, songwriter and vocalist who became popular in the late 1950s. Rolling Stone placed Wray at No.45 of the 100 greatest guitarists of all time, in 2013 he was a nominee for the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Though he began in music, his musical style went on to consist primarily of rock and roll, rockabilly. Wray was born on May 2,1929 in Dunn, North Carolina, to Fred Lincoln Wray, Sr. and his wife, three songs he performed were named for American Indian tribes, Shawnee, Apache, and Comanche. Apache was an instrumental composed by Jerry Lordan, it was originally a hit in the United Kingdom for The Shadows in 1960, Wray recorded a cover version 30 years later, when it was also associated with The Ventures and the Incredible Bongo Band. Wray served in the US Army during the Korean War, and contracted tuberculosis and his stay concluded with the removal of a lung, which doctors predicted would mean he would never be able to sing again. In 1958, Wrays first hit, Rumble, was banned in New York, the record was first released on Cadence Records as Cat #1347. Before, during and after his stints with major labels Epic and Swan, tiring of the corporate music machine, he began recording albums using a three-track studio he converted from an outbuilding on his brothers property that his father used to raise chickens. While living in the San Francisco Bay Area in the early 1970s and he subsequently formed a band initially featuring special guest Cipollina along with the rhythm section from Cipollinas band Copperhead, bassist Hutch Hutchinson, and drummer David Weber. They opened for the band Lighthouse at The Whisky a Go Go in Los Angeles from May 15–19,1974 and he later did numerous concerts and radio broadcasts in the Bay Area including KSAN and the Bill Graham venue Winterland Ballroom, with Les Lizama later replacing Hutchinson on bass. He toured and recorded two albums with retro-rockabilly artist Robert Gordon in the late 1970s, the 1980s to the present day saw a large number of reissues as well as new material. One member of his band in the 1980s, drummer Anton Fig, in 1994, he played on four songs of the album Chatterton by French rocker Alain Bashung. Wrays first three marriages—to Elizabeth Canady Wray, Katherine Tidwell Wray, and Sharon Wray—each ended in divorce, although Wray had eight children with his first three wives, he had little contact with any of them after relocating to Denmark in the early 1980s. He died of heart failure, aged 76, in 2005, survivors included his fourth wife, Olive Julie Povlsen Wray, and their son. He was buried in the crypt of the Christians Church, Copenhagen, jack Rose cited Wray as an influence, as did Iggy Pop and Neil Young. Jimmy Page says that Link Wray had a real rebel attitude, according to Rolling Stone, Pete Townshend of The Who once said, If it hadnt been for Link Wray and Rumble, I never would have picked up a guitar. The only people I ever really looked up to were Link Wray and Iggy Pop, Link Wray. are very special to me. On October 16,2013, the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame announced that Link Wray was a nominee for inclusion in 2014, Wray was a featured collaborator on Robert Gordons 1977 single Red Hot
Link Wray
–
Wray, live in 2003
Link Wray
–
Link Wray's grave
22.
Hasil Adkins
–
Hasil Adkins /ˈhæsəl/ was an American singer-songwriter and multi-instrumentalist. His genres include rock and roll, country, blues and more commonly rockabilly and he generally performed as a one-man band, playing guitar and drums at the same time. Adkins grew up in poverty in the midst of the Depression, the newfound popularity secured him a cult following, spawned the Norton Records label, and helped usher in the genre known as psychobilly. Adkins was born in Boone County, West Virginia on April 29,1937 and he was the youngest of ten children of Wid Adkins, a coal miner, and Alice Adkins, raised in a tarpaper shack on property rented from a local coal company. Born at the time of the Great Depression, Adkins early life was stricken by poverty and his parents were unable to provide him shoes until he was four or five years old. Some reports say he attended school for a brief time. Adkins given name, Hasil, pronounced Hassel, was often mispronounced, One of his brothers was named Basil, similarly pronounced Bassel. Hasil dated a girl named Hazel, and was given the nickname The Haze. As he explained it, the nickname came about cause Starlight records wanted something catchy, Hasil Adkins loved to eat meat, specifically poultry, the subject of many of his songs. Following the release of 2000s Poultry in Motion, Adkins toured with dancing go-go chicken dancers and his diet also reportedly consisted of as much as two gallons of coffee a day, and copious amounts of liquor and cigarettes. Aside from his fondness for meat, Adkins claimed to have, All three of got me into trouble over the years. One such incident occurred in 1957 when he and three friends drove a car off a mountain, a local newspaper reported the car tumbled 70 feet into nearby Pond Fork. While the driver died at the scene, Adkins survived, although he sustained a permanent back injury, in the 1980s Adkins again found himself in trouble with the law. In 1983 he was living with his girlfriend who was still a minor and her mother reported to police that she had been raped, and Adkins was subsequently charged with third-degree sexual assault, although the girl insisted the sexual acts were consensual. In October the same year, another relationship ended with jail time, no one was hurt, but Adkins was charged with felony illegal possession of a shotgun and spent five months in jail. Adkins was said to have suffered from depression and insomnia among other mental illnesses. On April 15,2005, Adkins was deliberately run over in his front yard by a teenager on an ATV, ten days later, on April 26, Adkins was found dead in his home, two days before his 68th birthday. Nicknamed The Haze, Adkins career began in the mid 1950s in a studio in his home near Madison
Hasil Adkins
–
Adkins near his home in
West Virginia in 1993
Hasil Adkins
–
Adkins performing at The Milestone Club in
Charlotte, North Carolina in 1991
Hasil Adkins
–
Adkins playing guitar and drums during a 2003 performance at Seidel Lanes in
Baltimore
23.
Surf music
–
Surf music is a subgenre of rock music associated with surf culture, particularly as found in Southern California. It was especially popular from 1962 to 1964 in two major forms, the first is instrumental surf, distinguished by reverb-drenched electric guitars played to evoke the sound of crashing waves, largely pioneered by Dick Dale and the Del-Tones. The second is vocal surf, which took the original sound and added vocal harmonies backed by basic Chuck Berry rhythms. Dick Dale developed the sound from instrumental rock, where he added Middle Eastern and Mexican influences, a spring reverb. His regional hit Lets Go Trippin launched the surf music craze, the genre reached national exposure when it was represented by vocal groups such as the Beach Boys, Jan and Dean, and Bruce & Terry. Their vocal surf style drew more from African-American genres such as doo wop with its scat singing, Dale is quoted on such groups, They were surfing sounds surfing lyrics. In other words, the music wasnt surfing music, the words made them surfing songs. The real surfing music is instrumental, at the height of its popularity, surf music rivaled girl groups and Motown for top American popular music trends. It is sometimes referred to interchangeably with the California Sound, during the later stages of the surf music craze, many of its groups started to write songs about cars and girls, this was later known as hot rod rock. Surf music began in the early 1960s as instrumental music, almost always in straight 4/4 time. The outboard separate Fender Reverb Unit that was developed by Fender in 1961 was the actual first wet surf reverb tone and this unit is the reverb effect heard on Dick Dale records, and others such as Pipeline by the Chantays and Point Panic by the Surfaris. It had more of a wet plucky tone than the built in amp reverb, guitarists also made use of the vibrato arm on their guitar to bend the pitch of notes downward, electronic tremolo effects and rapid tremolo picking. Guitar models favored included those made by Fender, Mosrite, Teisco, or Danelectro, Surf music was one of the first genres to universally adopt the electric bass, particularly the Fender Precision Bass. Classic surf drum kits tended to be Rogers, Ludwig, Gretsch or Slingerland, some popular songs also incorporated a tenor or baritone saxophone, as on The Lively Ones Surf Rider and The Revels Comanche. Often an electric organ or an electric piano featured as backing harmony, by the early 1960s, instrumental rock and roll had been pioneered successfully by performers such as Link Wray, The Ventures and Duane Eddy. This trend was developed by Dick Dale, who added Middle Eastern and Mexican influences, the distinctive reverb, groups such as The Bel-Airs, The Challengers and then Eddie & the Showmen followed Dale to regional success. The Chantays scored a top ten hit with Pipeline, reaching number 4 in May 1963. The group also had two other hits, Surfer Joe and Point Panic
Surf music
–
1963 performance flyer, promoting surf musicians
Surf music
–
Dick Dale performing in 2005
Surf music
–
The Beach Boys performing in 1964
24.
The Ventures
–
The Ventures are an American instrumental rock band formed in 1958 in Tacoma, Washington. Founded by Don Wilson and Bob Bogle, the group in its various incarnations has had an impact on the development of music worldwide. With over 100 million records sold, the group is the instrumental band of all time. In 2008, the Ventures were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and their instrumental virtuosity, experimentation with guitar effects, and unique sound laid the groundwork for innumerable groups, earning them the moniker The Band that Launched a Thousand Bands. While their popularity in the United States waned in the 1970s, the group remains revered in Japan, Don Wilson and Bob Bogle first met in 1958, when Bogle was looking to buy a car from a used car dealership in Seattle owned by Wilsons father. Finding a common interest in guitars, the two decided to play together, while Wilson joined Bogle performing masonry work and they bought two used guitars in a pawn shop for about $10 each. Initially calling themselves the Versatones, the duo played small clubs, beer bars, Wilson played rhythm guitar, Bogle lead. When they went to register the name, they found that it was already taken. Disappointed, they cast about for an appropriate name, Wilsons mother suggested the name The Ventures, upon which they eventually agreed in 1959. After watching Nokie Edwards play at a nightclub, they recruited him as bass player, Bogle owned a Chet Atkins LP, Hi-Fi in Focus, on which he heard the song Walk, Dont Run. Soon, the group was in a recording studio playing the new song, with Bogle on lead, Wilson on rhythm, Edwards on bass and they pressed a number of 45s, which they distributed to several record companies. Later, Skip Moore opted out of the group to work at his familys gas station, when Walk, Dont Run was recorded, he also opted out of the royalties from the recording, taking $25 for the session instead. He later sued to collect royalties but failed because of his prior opt-out, Walk, Dont Run sold over one million copies, and was awarded a gold disc by the RIAA. Needing a permanent drummer for the group after George T. Babbitt, the lineup of Bogle, Wilson, Edwards and Johnson remained intact until 1962. The group found success with a string of singles. The Ventures were among the pioneers of concept albums where each song on several of their albums was chosen to fit a specific theme, some of the Ventures most popular albums at the time were a series of records of dance music. Bogle agreed, and rapidly learned the parts to all their tunes. This move would prove vital in modernizing the bands sound, ensuring success in an ever-changing market well into the late 1960s, in the fall of 1957, Johnson was injured in an auto crash, which caused irreversible spinal damage
The Ventures
–
Classic lineup of the Ventures in Japan in 1965 (left to right): Don Wilson,
Mel Taylor,
Nokie Edwards,
Bob Bogle
The Ventures
–
Nole "Nokie" Edwards in 2009 in Nashville at the Chet Atkins Appreciation Society.
25.
Dick Dale
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Dick Dale is an American surf rock guitarist, known as The King of the Surf Guitar. He pioneered the surf music style, drawing on Eastern musical scales and he worked closely with Fender to produce custom made amplifiers, including the first-ever 100-watt guitar amplifier. He pushed the limits of electric technology, helping to develop new equipment that was capable of producing distorted, thick. Dale was born Richard Anthony Monsour in Boston, Massachusetts, on May 4,1937, although many biographies of Dale repeat his earlier assertion that he was born in Beirut and he is of Lebanese descent from his father and Polish-Belarusian descent from his mother. His father was born in Beirut, and his mothers parents came to the U. S. from Poland, they farmed in Whitman, Dales family moved to Quincy, Massachusetts, which had a significant Lebanese immigrant community, when Dale was very young. He learned to play music, starting with piano when he was nine, Dale admired Hank Williams—he wanted to be a cowboy singer—so he bought a plastic ukulele for $6 and taught himself to play by reading an instruction book. The first song he played on the ukulele was Tennessee Waltz and he then learned to play guitar, using a combination style incorporating both lead and rhythm aspects, so that the guitar filled the place of drums. He was raised in Quincy until he completed the 11th grade at Quincy High School in 1954 and his parents drove the family across the country to live in El Segundo, California. Dale spent his year at and graduated from Washington Senior High School. It was in Southern California that he learned to surf at the age of 17 and he soon learned to play the drums and the trumpet. Due to his Lebanese heritage, he also had a strong interest in Arabic music, among his early musical influences was his uncle. According to Dale, My uncle taught me how to play the tarabaki and we used to play at the Maharjan while relatives belly-danced. His early tarabaki drumming later influenced his playing, particularly his rapid alternating picking technique. According to Dale, Its the pulsation, stating that whether he is playing the guitar, trumpet, or piano, Dale is credited as one of the first electric guitarists to employ fast scales in his playing. Dale was a surfer and wanted his music to reflect the sounds he heard in his mind while surfing and he was among the first guitarists to use reverb—which gave the guitar a wet sound that has become a staple of surf music. Dales staccato picking, however, is his trademark, being left-handed, he initially had to play a right-handed guitar, but then changed to a left handed model. Dale is also noted for playing his percussive, heavy bending style and his desire to create a certain sound led him to push the limits of equipment. Leo Fender kept giving Dale amps and Dale kept blowing them up, till one night Leo and his right hand man Freddy T
Dick Dale
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at the
The Middle East, Cambridge, Massachusetts (May 28, 2005)
26.
The Standells
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They are best known for their 1966 hit Dirty Water, now the anthem of several Boston sports teams and is played following every Boston Red Sox and Boston Bruins win. The original Standells band was formed in 1962 by lead vocalist and keyboard player Larry Tamblyn, with guitarist Tony Valentino, bass guitarist Jody Rich and he is the brother of actor Russ Tamblyn and the uncle of actor Amber Tamblyn. The Standells band name was created by Larry Tamblyn, derived from standing around booking agents offices trying to get work, in early 1962, drummer Benny King joined the group, and as the Standels, their first major performance was in Honolulu at the Oasis Club. After several months, Rich and King departed, Tamblyn then assumed leadership of the group. He and Valentino re-formed the Standels, adding bass guitarist Gary Lane and drummer Gary Leeds, later that year, the band lengthened its name to Larry Tamblyn & the Standels. In 1963 an extra L was added, and as Larry Tamblyn, in the latter part of the year, the band permanently shortened its name to The Standells. After the Standells signed with Liberty in 1964, Leeds left the group, in 1964, Liberty Records released three singles and an album, The Standells in Person at P. J. s. The album was later re-issued as The Standells Live and Out of Sight, the band also appeared on The Munsters TV show, as themselves in the episode Far Out Munster, performing Come On and Ringo and a version of The Beatles I Want to Hold Your Hand. In late 1964, they signed with Vee Jay and released two singles in 1965, later in the year they signed with MGM for one single. The group appeared in several films of the 1960s, including Get Yourself a College Girl. The Standells performed incidental music in the 1963 Connie Francis movie Follow the Boys, the Standells played the part of the fictional rock group the Love Bugs on the television sitcom Bing Crosby Show in the January 18,1965 episode Bugged by the Love Bugs. The band also performed the song for the 1965 childrens movie. Some reports state that early versions of the band had a clean image. However, early 1964 photos counter that notion, showing the Standells with long hair, in order to work in conservative nightclubs like P. J. s, the group members were forced to cut their shaggy locks. Like the Beatles, early groups did mostly cover songs in nightclubs. In 1965 the group – Dodd, Tamblyn, Valentino and Lane – signed with Capitol Records label Tower, Cobb wrote the groups most popular song, Dirty Water, which the band recorded in late 1965. The songs references to the city of Boston are owed to Cobbs experiences with a mugger in Boston, the song also makes reference to the Boston Strangler and the dorm curfews for college women in those days. In early 1966, after recording Dirty Water, Dodd briefly left the Standells, and was replaced by Dewey Martin, Dodd returned to the group several months later, as the song began to climb the charts
The Standells
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Standells under the bridge 2014
The Standells
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The Standells in 1966
27.
The Trashmen
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The Trashmen were a rock band formed in Minneapolis, Minnesota, in 1962. The groups original lineup was Tony Andreason on lead guitar and vocals, Dal Winslow on guitar and vocals, Steve Wahrer on drums and vocals, the group played surf rock which included elements from garage rock. They have been described as being, along with Colorado-based band the Astronauts, the Trashmens biggest hit was 1963s Surfin Bird, which reached No.4 on the Billboard Hot 100 in the latter part of that year. The song was a combination of two R&B hits by the Rivingtons, The Birds the Word and Papa-Oom-Mow-Mow, early pressings of the single credit the Trashmen as composers, but following a threat from the Rivingtons legal counsel, that group was subsequently credited as composers. The early single was credited solely to the drummer, Steve Wahrer, the song was later re-recorded by artists including the Ramones, the Cramps, Silverchair, the Psychotic Petunias, Pee-Wee Herman, Equipe 84, and the thrash metal band Sodom. The track debuted in the UK Top Ten for the first time on December 19, the Trashmen went on to have other hit singles. In 1964, Bird Dance Beat reached No.30 on the Billboard Hot 100 in the United States and was a top 10 hit in Canada, the group released a total of fourteen singles. A four-CD box set of their work was released by Sundazed Records, the group disbanded in 1967 but reunited in the 1980s, playing together until the death of Steve Wahrer, of cancer, in 1989. Tony Andreasons brother Mark replaced Wahrer as drummer, reeds son Robin joined as a touring member in 2009 on drums, filling in for Mark Andreason. In 1999, the Trashmen played at the Las Vegas Grind and have played gigs, including Chicago, Spain, Chicago, Wisconsin. They toured Europe 2008 with gigs in Germany, the Netherlands, France, Spain, Belgium, Italy, following up again in 2010, they added Norway, Sweden and Finland to the mix. The band went back into retirement in 2016, vH1. com, The Trashmen History of Rock – The Trashmen Birdland Revisited,35 years ago teen rock like the Trashmens Surfin Bird caught a wave across the prairies – and rode it into adulthood
The Trashmen
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Cover of the 1995 re-issue of the album that featured the single
28.
The Sonics
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The Sonics are an American garage rock band from Tacoma, Washington that formed in 1960. They played a mixture of rock standards, early rock and roll and original compositions such as Strychnine, Psycho. The Sonics were formed in 1960 in Tacoma, Washington, by teen-aged guitarist Larry Parypa, the earliest lineup included Parypa, drummer Mitch Jaber, and guitarist Stuart Turner, Parypas brother Jerry briefly played saxophone, and their mother occasionally filled in on bass at rehearsals. In 1961, Parypas older brother Andy became the bass player, when Turner left for the army, Rich Koch joined as lead guitarist, and Marilyn Lodge became their first singer, the band having been an instrumental combo up to that point. A new drummer, Bill Dean, replaced Jaber, Koch and Lodge left the band in 1963. Local star Ray Michelsen became the singer after having sung with several other popular bands on the local scene. Ray Michelsen was looking to leave the band, so the Parypas hired Bennett, Roslie, and Lind, the well-known lineup was in place, but the Sonics career did not begin in earnest until 1964, when Gerry Roslie started singing lead vocals. They were soon scouted by Buck Ormsby, bassist for popular Northwest band the Wailers and their first single was The Witch, in November 1964. It was recorded on a tape recorder, with only one microphone to pick up the entire drum kit. It was here that they began to some of their infamously reckless recording techniques. A second album, Boom, followed in February 1966, during the recording, the Sonics ripped the soundproofing off the walls at the country and western-oriented Wiley/Griffith studio in Tacoma to get a live-er sound. The covers of both feature the moody photography of Jini Dellaccio. The band, however, was not satisfied with the material on Introducing the Sonics, the original band fell apart between 1966 and 1968, with members leaving to attend university or join other bands, saxophonist Rob Lind became a fighter pilot in the Vietnam War. The original Sonics reunited briefly in 1972 for a show at Seattles Paramount Theater. In 1980, a new Sonics fronted by Gerry Roslie recorded the album Sinderella, the emergence of punk rock in the late 70s and grunge in the 90s led to new interest in the Sonics, and much of their material was re-released by labels in the US and Europe. Larry and Andy Parypa continued performing with bands in the Northwest, while Roslie, Lind. A further surge of interest in the Sonics was sparked by the use of their version of Richard Berrys Have Love. In 2007, the Sonics reunited again, this time for the Cavestomp garage rock festival in Brooklyn
The Sonics
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Chicago 2014
29.
Glam rock
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Glam artists drew on diverse sources ranging from bubblegum pop and 50s rock and roll to cabaret theatrics, science fiction, and complex art rock. The flamboyant clothing and visual styles of performers were often camp or androgynous, the UK charts were inundated with glam rock acts from 1971 to 1975, with glam also manifesting in all areas of British popular culture during this period. British glam rock artists include Marc Bolan and T. Rex, David Bowie, Sweet, Slade, Mud, Roxy Music, in the US the scene was much less prevalent, with Alice Cooper and Lou Reed the only American artists to score a hit. Other US glam artists include New York Dolls, Iggy Pop and it declined after the mid-1970s, but influenced other musical genres including punk rock, glam metal, New Romanticism, and gothic rock and has sporadically revived since the 1990s. Glam rock can be seen as a fashion as well as musical subgenre, Glam artists rejected the revolutionary principles of the late 1960s rock scene, instead glorifying decadence, superficiality, and the simple structures of earlier pop music. Musically it was diverse, varying between the simple rock and roll revivalism of figures like Alvin Stardust to the complex art rock of Roxy Music. Glam is most noted for its sexual and gender ambiguity and representations of androgyny and it was prefigured by the showmanship and gender identity manipulation of American acts such as the Cockettes and Alice Cooper, the latter of which combined glam with shock rock. Glam rock emerged from the English psychedelic and art scenes of the late 1960s. Its origins are associated with Marc Bolan, who had renamed his folk duo T, Rex and taken up electric instruments by the end of the 1960s. Often cited as the moment of inception is his appearance on the UK TV programme Top of the Pops in March 1971 wearing glitter and satins, to perform what would be his second UK Top 10 hit, Hot Love. In 1973, a few months after the release of the album Tanx, from late 1971, already a minor star, David Bowie developed his Ziggy Stardust persona, incorporating elements of professional makeup, mime and performance into his act. These performers were soon followed in the style by acts including Roxy Music, Sweet, Slade, Mott the Hoople, Mud, Glam was not only a highly successful trend in UK popular music, it became dominant in all other aspects of British popular culture during the 1970s. In the UK, the glitter rock was most often used to refer to the extreme version of glam pursued by Gary Glitter. The Glitter Band and Gary Glitter had between them eighteen top ten singles in the UK between 1972 and 1976, a second wave of glam rock acts, including Suzi Quatro, Roy Woods Wizzard and Sparks, dominated the British single charts from about 1974 to 1976. Quatro directly inspired the pioneering Los Angeles based all-girl group the Runaways. Existing acts, some not usually considered central to the genre, also adopted glam styles, including Rod Stewart, Elton John, Queen and, for a time, in Japan in the 1980s, visual kei was strongly influenced by glam rock aesthetics. Glam has since enjoyed continued influence and sporadic modest revivals in R&B crossover act Prince, and bands such as Marilyn Manson, Suede, Placebo, Chainsaw Kittens, Spacehog, movies that reflect glam rock aesthetics include, T. D. An Eyewitness Account Omnibus Press,2005 ISBN 1-84609-149-7 A Biased History of UK Glam Rock
Glam rock
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David Bowie during the
Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders Tour.
Glam rock
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Noddy Holder (right) and
Dave Hill (left) of
Slade, near the height of their fame in 1973, showing some of the more extreme glam rock fashions
30.
Punk music
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Punk rock is a rock music genre that developed in the early to mid-1970s in the United States, United Kingdom, and Australia. Rooted in 1960s garage rock and other forms of what is now known as proto-punk music, Punk bands typically produced short or fast-paced songs, with hard-edged melodies and singing styles, stripped-down instrumentation, and often political, anti-establishment lyrics. Punk embraces a DIY ethic, many bands self-produce recordings and distribute them through informal channels, the term punk was first used in relation to rock music by some American critics in the early 1970s, to describe garage bands and their devotees. The following year saw punk rock spreading around the world, for the most part, punk took root in local scenes that tended to reject association with the mainstream. An associated punk subculture emerged, expressing youthful rebellion and characterized by distinctive styles of clothing and adornment, by the beginning of the 1980s, faster, more aggressive styles such as hardcore and street punk had become the predominant mode of punk rock. Musicians identifying with or inspired by punk also pursued a range of other variations, giving rise to post-punk. At the end of the 20th century, punk rock had been adopted by the mainstream, as pop punk and punk bands such as Green Day. The first wave of rock was aggressively modern, distancing itself from the bombast. According to Ramones drummer Tommy Ramone, In its initial form, unfortunately, what happens is that people who could not hold a candle to the likes of Hendrix started noodling away. Soon you had endless solos that went nowhere, by 1973, I knew that what was needed was some pure, stripped down, no bullshit rock n roll. In critic Robert Christgaus description, It was also a subculture that rejected the political idealism. Technical accessibility and a DIY spirit are prized in punk rock, in the early days of punk rock, this ethic stood in marked contrast to what those in the scene regarded as the ostentatious musical effects and technological demands of many mainstream rock bands. Musical virtuosity was often looked on with suspicion, according to Holmstrom, punk rock was rock and roll by people who didnt have very many skills as musicians but still felt the need to express themselves through music. In December 1976, the English fanzine Sideburns published an illustration of three chords, captioned This is a chord, this is another, this is a third. The title of a 1980 single by the New York punk band Stimulators, inscribed a catchphrase for punks basic musical approach. The previous year, when the rock revolution began in Great Britain, was to be both a musical and a cultural Year Zero. As a Clash associate describes singer Joe Strummers outlook, Punk rock is meant to be our freedom, were meant to be able to do what we want to do. Scholar Daniel S. Traber argues that attaining authenticity in the identity can be difficult, as the punk scene matured, he observes
Punk music
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The
Ramones ' 1976
debut album laid down the musical "blueprint for punk", while its cover image had a similarly formative influence on punk visual style.
Punk music
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Johnny Rotten and Steve Jones of the Sex Pistols
Punk music
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The Clash, performing in 1980
Punk music
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British punks, circa 1986
