1.
Barking
–
Barking is a suburban town in England, and forms part of the London Borough of Barking and Dagenham. It is 8.8 miles east of Charing Cross and is one of 35 major centres identified in the London Plan and it was historically a fishing and agrarian settlement in the county of Essex and formed an ancient parish. Its economic history is characterised by a shift to market gardening, the railway station opened in 1854 and has been served by the London Underground since 1908. In addition to an extensive and fairly low-density residential area, the centre forms a large retail and commercial district. The former industrial lands to the south are being redeveloped as Barking Riverside and its name came from Anglo-Saxon Berecingas, meaning either the settlement of the followers or descendants of a man called Bereca or the settlement by the birch trees. In AD735 the town was Berecingum and was known to mean dwellers among the birch trees, by AD1086, it had become Berchingae as evidenced by the towns entry in the Domesday Book. However, the phrase first appeared in the 20th century, a more likely derivation is from comparing an insane person to a mad dog. Barking was an ancient parish of 12,307 acres in the Becontree hundred of Essex. It was divided into the wards of Chadwell, Ilford, Ripple, a local board was formed for Town ward in 1882 and it was extended to cover Ripple ward in 1885. In 1888 Ilford and Chadwell were split off as a new parish of Ilford, the parish became Barking Town Urban District in 1894 and the local board became an urban district council. The urban district was incorporated as the Municipal Borough of Barking in 1931 and it was abolished in 1965 and split, with the majority merged with the former area of the Municipal Borough of Dagenham to form the London Borough of Barking. The part west of the River Roding, which included part of Beckton, in 1980 the borough was renamed Barking and Dagenham. Barkings population is 48,340 which includes the Abbey, Eastbury, Gascoigne, the manor of Barking was the site of Barking Abbey, a nunnery founded in 666 by Eorcenwald, Bishop of London, destroyed by the Danes and reconstructed in 970 by King Edgar. The celebrated female writer Marie de France might have been abbess of the nunnery, at the Dissolution of the Monasteries in 1536, Barking Abbey was demolished, the parish church of St Margaret, some walling and foundations are all that remain. A charter issued between 1175 and 1179 confirms the ancient market right, the market declined in the 18th century but has since been revived. Fishing was the most important industry from the 14th century until the mid-19th, salt water fishing began before 1320, when too fine nets were seized by City authorities, but expanded greatly from the 16th century. Fisher Street was named after the community there. From about 1775 welled and dry smacks were used, mostly as cod boats, fishermen sailed as far as Iceland in the summer
Barking
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Barking Abbey curfew tower with St Margaret's Church in background
Barking
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Work underway on the
Barking Learning Centre in March 2007. The top three floors contain 166 apartment units. Work was completed in November 2007.
Barking
–
Rivergate Centre, Barking, London
Barking
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The Lighted Lady of Barking, public art at junction of Abbey Road and London Road
2.
Rock music
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It has its roots in 1940s and 1950s rock and roll, itself heavily influenced by blues, rhythm and blues and country music. Rock music also drew strongly on a number of genres such as electric blues and folk. Musically, rock has centered on the guitar, usually as part of a rock group with electric bass guitar. Typically, rock is song-based music usually with a 4/4 time signature using a verse-chorus form, like pop music, lyrics often stress romantic love but also address a wide variety of other themes that are frequently social or political in emphasis. Punk was an influence into the 1980s on the subsequent development of subgenres, including new wave, post-punk. From the 1990s alternative rock began to rock music and break through into the mainstream in the form of grunge, Britpop. Similarly, 1970s punk culture spawned the visually distinctive goth and emo subcultures and this trio of instruments has often been complemented by the inclusion of other instruments, particularly keyboards such as the piano, Hammond organ and synthesizers. The basic rock instrumentation was adapted from the blues band instrumentation. A group of musicians performing rock music is termed a rock band or rock group, Rock music is traditionally built on a foundation of simple unsyncopated rhythms in a 4/4 meter, with a repetitive snare drum back beat on beats two and four. Melodies are often derived from older musical modes, including the Dorian and Mixolydian, harmonies range from the common triad to parallel fourths and fifths and dissonant harmonic progressions. Critics have stressed the eclecticism and stylistic diversity of rock, because of its complex history and tendency to borrow from other musical and cultural forms, it has been argued that it is impossible to bind rock music to a rigidly delineated musical definition. These themes were inherited from a variety of sources, including the Tin Pan Alley pop tradition, folk music and rhythm, as a result, it has been seen as articulating the concerns of this group in both style and lyrics. Christgau, writing in 1972, said in spite of some exceptions, rock and roll usually implies an identification of male sexuality, according to Simon Frith rock was something more than pop, something more than rock and roll. Rock musicians combined an emphasis on skill and technique with the concept of art as artistic expression, original. The foundations of music are in rock and roll, which originated in the United States during the late 1940s and early 1950s. Its immediate origins lay in a melding of various musical genres of the time, including rhythm and blues and gospel music, with country. In 1951, Cleveland, Ohio disc jockey Alan Freed began playing rhythm and blues music for a multi-racial audience, debate surrounds which record should be considered the first rock and roll record. Other artists with rock and roll hits included Chuck Berry, Bo Diddley, Fats Domino, Little Richard, Jerry Lee Lewis
Rock music
–
Red Hot Chili Peppers in 2006, showing a quartet lineup for a rock band (from left to right: bassist, lead vocalist, drummer, and guitarist).
Rock music
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Elvis Presley in a promotion shot for
Jailhouse Rock in 1957
Rock music
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Chubby Checker in 2005
Rock music
–
The Beach Boys performing in 1964
3.
Alternative rock
–
Alternative rock is a genre of rock music that emerged from the independent music underground of the 1980s and became widely popular in the 1990s and 2000s. In this instance, the word refers to the genres distinction from mainstream rock music. The terms original meaning was broader, referring to a generation of musicians unified by their debt to either the musical style or simply the independent. Ethos of punk rock, which in the late 1970s laid the groundwork for alternative music, Alternative rock is a broad umbrella term consisting of music that differs greatly in terms of its sound, its social context, and its regional roots. Most of these subgenres had achieved minor mainstream notice and a few bands representing them, such as Hüsker Dü, with the breakthrough of Nirvana and the popularity of the grunge and Britpop movements in the 1990s, alternative rock entered the musical mainstream and many alternative bands became successful. By the end of the decade, alternative rocks mainstream prominence declined due to a number of events that caused grunge and Britpop to fade, emo attracted attention in the larger alternative rock world, and the term was applied to a variety of artists, including multi-platinum acts. Post-punk revival artists such as Modest Mouse and The Killers had commercial success in the early, before the term alternative rock came into common usage around 1990, the sort of music to which it refers was known by a variety of terms. In 1979, Terry Tolkin used the term Alternative Music to describe the groups he was writing about, in 1979 Dallas radio station KZEW had a late night new wave show entitled Rock and Roll Alternative. College rock was used in the United States to describe the music during the 1980s due to its links to the radio circuit. In the United Kingdom, dozens of small do it yourself record labels emerged as a result of the punk subculture, according to the founder of one of these labels, Cherry Red, NME and Sounds magazines published charts based on small record stores called Alternative Charts. The first national chart based on distribution called the Indie Chart was published in January 1980, at the time, the term indie was used literally to describe independently distributed records. By 1985, indie had come to mean a particular genre, or group of subgenres, at first the term referred to intentionally non–mainstream rock acts that were not influenced by heavy metal ballads, rarefied new wave and high-energy dance anthems. The use of alternative gained further exposure due to the success of Lollapalooza, for which festival founder, in the late 1990s, the definition again became more specific. Defining music as alternative is often difficult because of two conflicting applications of the word, the name alternative rock essentially serves as an umbrella term for underground music that has emerged in the wake of punk rock since the mid-1980s. Alternative bands during the 1980s generally played in clubs, recorded for indie labels. Sounds range from the gloomy soundscapes of gothic rock to the guitars of indie pop to the dirty guitars of grunge to the 1960s/1970s revivalism of Britpop. This approach to lyrics developed as a reflection of the social and economic strains in the United States and United Kingdom of the 1980s, by 1984, a majority of groups signed to independent record labels mined from a variety of rock and particularly 1960s rock influences. This represented a break from the futuristic, hyper-rational post-punk years
Alternative rock
–
One of the first popular alternative rock bands,
R.E.M. relied on
college-radio airplay, constant touring, and a grassroots fanbase to break into the musical mainstream.
Alternative rock
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Kim Gordon and
Thurston Moore of
Sonic Youth
Alternative rock
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Robert Smith of
The Cure rejects the genre labels like alternative,
gothic rock, and
college rock applied to his band. He has said, "Every time we went to America we had a different tag... I can't remember when we officially became 'alt-rock'".
Alternative rock
–
Kurt Cobain (foreground) and
Krist Novoselic with
Nirvana live at the 1992 MTV Video Music Awards.
4.
Island Records
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Island Records is a major record label that operates as a division of UMG Recordings, Inc. It was founded by Chris Blackwell, Graeme Goodall and Leslie Kong in Jamaica in 1959, Blackwell sold the label to PolyGram in 1989. Three Island labels exist in the world, Island UK, Island US, and Island Australia, current key people of Island Records include Island president Darcus Beese, OBE and MD Jon Turner. Partially due to the labels significant legacy, Island remains one of UMGs pre-eminent record labels, Island Records was founded in Jamaica on 4 July 1959 by Chris Blackwell, Graeme Goodall and Leslie Kong, and partially financed by Stanley Borden from RKO. Its name was inspired by the Harry Belafonte song Island in the Sun. Blackwell explained in 2009, “I loved music so much, I just wanted to get into it, or be as close to it as I could. ”Tom Hayes, the labels sales manager between 1965 and 1967, referred to the early period of the label in the UK as “organized chaos”. “My Boy Lollipop”, sung by Millie Small, was the labels first success in the UK, Blackwell explained in a 50-year-anniversary documentary that he was only interested in building long-term careers at that stage in time, rather than short-term projects. Suzette Newman has been a colleague of Chris Blackwells since working together in the early days of Island Records. Suzette Newman and Chris Salewicz were the editors for the book “The Story of Island Records, Blackwell relocated to England in May 1962 to garner greater levels of attention after the local Jamaican sound systems proved to be overwhelmingly successful. The vast majority of the artists who had signed to Blackwells fledgling label while he was in Jamaica agreed to allow the entrepreneur to release their music in the UK. While in England, Blackwell travelled throughout the city carrying his stock with him and he did not provide any copies to radio stations, as they would not play any of the Island music, the music was also not reviewed by the press. Meanwhile, Goodall left to start the Doctor Bird record label in 1965, Blackwell signed the Spencer Davis Group to the label. The group became popular and Island started their own independent series to spotlight UK rock talent. They signed artists like John Martyn, Fairport Convention, Free, by the late 1960s and early 1970s, they were a major label in England with artists like Roxy Music, King Crimson, Traffic, The Wailers, and many others. Blackwell had signed Bob Marley, and now Toots and the Maytals, in November 2016, Jackie Jackson described the formation of the group in a radio interview for Kool 97 FM Jamaica. Accompanied by Paul Douglas and Radcliffe Dougie Bryan in studio, Jackson explained, Were all original members of Toots, first it was Toots and the Maytals, three guys, Toots, Raleigh, and Jerry. …And then they were signed to Island Records, Chris Blackwell, and we were their recording band. One day we were summoned to Chris house, and he says, Alright gentleman, I think its time
Island Records
–
Island Records
5.
Mercury Records
–
Mercury Records is an American-based record label owned by Universal Music Group. In the United States, it operates through Island Records, in the UK, Mercury Record Corporation was formed in the American city of Chicago in 1945 by Irving Green, Berle Adams, Ray Greenberg and Arthur Talmadge. They were a force in jazz and blues, classical music, rock and roll. Early in the history, Mercury opened two pressing plants, one in Chicago and the other in St. Louis, Missouri. With the use of presses and providing 24-hour turnaround, they went into direct competition with major recording labels such as Columbia, Decca, Capitol. By hiring two promoters, Tiny Hill and Jimmy Hilliard, they penetrated the pop market with such as Frankie Laine, Vic Damone, Tony Fontane. Rather than rely on radio airplay, Mercury initially relied on jukeboxes to promote their music, some early Mercury recordings featured a caricature of him as its logo. In 1947 Jack Rael, a musician and publicist/manager, persuaded Mercury to let Patti Page record a song that had planned to be done by Vic Damone. The budget was too small for them to hire a second singer to provide the parts to Page. The company released a number of recordings under the Mercury label as well as its subsidiaries. In addition, they leased and purchased material by independent labels, under their own label, Mercury released a variety of recording styles from classical music to psychedelic rock. However, its subsidiaries focused on their own specialized categories of music, Mercurys jazz division had two distinct and important fathers. John Hammond brought his expertise and connections when Mercury bought Keynote Records in the late 1940s, and Mercury was the issuing company and distributor for Norman Granzs pre-Norgran/Verve recordings. Although both Hammond and Granz had departed Mercury by the mid-1950s, they established the company in the jazz world, by the early 1960s, Mercury was releasing jazz under the flagship label and was an early leader in the new stereo sound releases. Highlights of the early and mid-1960s included albums by Quincy Jones, Buddy Rich, Cannonball Adderley, Charles Mingus, Dinah Washington, Sarah Vaughan, Max Roach, in the early 1950s, Norman Granz started his own record company, Norgran, which later became Verve. In an ironic twist, both Mercury and Verve are now owned by Universal Music Group and Mercurys jazz library falls under the Verve division. Since the early 1990s, Verve has reissued many Mercury jazz titles on CD, often taking care to use original master tapes, in 1962, Mercury began marketing a line of phonographs made by Philips bearing the Mercury brand name. In July 1967, Mercury Records became the first U. S. record company to release cassette music tapes, in 1969, Mercury changed its corporate name to Mercury Record Productions Inc. while its parent Conelco became North American Philips Corp after Philips brought control of the company
Mercury Records
–
Divisions and subsidiaries
Mercury Records
–
Mercury Records
6.
U2
–
U2 are an Irish rock band from Dublin formed in 1976. The group consists of Bono, the Edge, Adam Clayton, initially rooted in post-punk, U2s sound grew to incorporate influences from many genres of popular music, yet has maintained an anthemic sound. Their lyrics, often embellished with spiritual imagery, focus on personal themes, popular for their live performances, the group has staged several ambitious and elaborate tours over their career. The band formed at Mount Temple Comprehensive School in 1976 when the members were teenagers with limited musical proficiency, within four years, they signed with Island Records and released their debut album Boy. Subsequent work such as their first UK number-one album War, by the mid-1980s, they had become renowned globally for their live act, highlighted by their performance at Live Aid in 1985. The groups fifth album, The Joshua Tree, made them international superstars and was their greatest critical and commercial success. Topping music charts around the world, it produced their only number-one singles in the US, With or Without You, facing a backlash and creative stagnation, U2 reinvented themselves in the 1990s through a new musical direction and public image. This experimentation continued through their album, Pop, and the PopMart Tour. U2 regained critical and commercial favour with the records All That You Cant Leave Behind and How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb and their U2 360° Tour of 2009–2011 is the highest-attended and highest-grossing concert tour in history. The groups thirteenth album, Songs of Innocence, was released at no cost through the iTunes Store, U2 have released 13 studio albums and are one of the worlds best-selling music artists of all time, having sold more than 170 million records worldwide. They have won 22 Grammy Awards, more than any other band, Rolling Stone ranked U2 at number 22 on its list of the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time. The band formed in Dublin on 25 September 1976, Larry Mullen Jr. then a 14-year-old student at Mount Temple Comprehensive School, posted a note on the schools notice board in search of musicians for a new band—six people responded. Mullen later described it as The Larry Mullen Band for about ten minutes, then Bono walked in and blew any chance I had of being in charge. Martin, who had brought his guitar and amplifier to the first practice but could not play, did not remain with the group, the group settled on the name Feedback because it was one of the few technical terms they knew. Most of their material consisted of cover songs, which the band admitted was not their forte. Some of the earliest influences on the band were emerging punk rock acts, such as the Jam, the Clash, Buzzcocks, the popularity of punk rock convinced the group that musical proficiency was not a prerequisite to being successful. In April 1977, Feedback played their first gig for an audience at St. Fintans High School. Shortly after, the changed their name to The Hype
U2
–
U2 performing at
Madison Square Garden in November 2005, from left to right: The Edge; Larry Mullen, Jr. (drumming); Bono; Adam Clayton
U2
–
Bono performs in Norway during the
War Tour in 1983.
U2
–
The tree pictured on
The Joshua Tree album sleeve.
Adam Clayton said, "The desert was immensely inspirational to us as a mental image for this record."
U2
–
The Zoo TV Tour was a multimedia-intensive event, featuring a stage that used dozens of video screens.
7.
Original Soundtracks 1
–
Original Soundtracks 1 is a 1995 album recorded by U2 and Brian Eno, as a side project, under the pseudonym Passengers. It is a collection of written for mostly imaginary films. According to Eno, near the end of U2 1993s Zooropa recording sessions the band hit a stone wall. At that point, Eno suggested to do some improvising sessions just turn the tape on and play and it was designed to open us up a little. The recordings were so fruitful that Eno proposed more, after the Zoo TV Tour, the band returned to the studio - without an agenda or a specific project in mind. Their original intention was to record a soundtrack for Peter Greenaways 1996 film The Pillow Book, though the plan did not come to fruition, Eno suggested they continue recording for imaginary films. At this time, the US charts were dominated by movie soundtrack albums, once Eno pointed out that it would not be a real ploy for radio airplay, but a spoof of one, U2 agreed to the concept. U2 had frequently improvised in the past, and in the Original Soundtracks 1 sessions they engaged in free-form jamming to video clips from various films, Eno stated, Listening to the original improvisations as they came off the floor, you feel the excitement of the process. You have to be not to disturb the organic flow of the thing. The group brought in producer Howie B to cut down and mix some of the tracks after several hours of jam sessions had been recorded, part of the groups intent in creating Original Soundtracks 1 had been to make a night-time record. Lead vocalist Bono said, It feels like its set on the bullet train in Tokyo. Every record has a location, a place where you enjoy listening to it, whether that be a bedroom or a club, but it has an odd sense of speed in the background. He also noted that when creating works for soundtracks the visual suggestion from the music is more important than the story told by the lyrics, with this in mind the band had tried to create visual music when recording, continuing a trend that began with their 1993 song Zooropa. The genesis, recording and subsequent release of the album is detailed in Enos diaries A Year with Swollen Appendices, about half of the album is instrumental, and the vocal tracks generally stray from the clear hooks and melodies that usually define U2s work. Of these, the delicate Miss Sarajevo, featuring Italian tenor Luciano Pavarotti on vocals, is considered the most memorable, One of the tracks, Your Blue Room, features Adam Clayton reciting the final verse. This marks only his second recorded vocal on a U2 project, the first being on Endless Deep, some of the other pieces are really lovely too, and Im sure will see the light of day. The album alleges to be a collection of written for movies. The albums booklet contains detailed descriptions of the film for each song was written
Original Soundtracks 1
–
Original Soundtracks 1
8.
Bono
–
Paul David Hewson, known by his stage name Bono, is an Irish singer-songwriter, musician, venture capitalist, businessman, and philanthropist. He is best known as the lead vocalist of rock band U2, Bono was born and raised in Dublin, Ireland, and attended Mount Temple Comprehensive School where he met his future wife, Alison Stewart, and the future members of U2. Bono writes almost all U2 lyrics, frequently using religious, social, during U2s early years, his lyrics contributed to their rebellious and spiritual tone. As the band matured, his lyrics became inspired more by personal experiences shared with the other members, Bono is also widely known for his activism concerning Africa, for which he co-founded DATA, EDUN, the ONE Campaign and Product Red. He has organised and played in several concerts and has met with influential politicians. Bono has been praised for his activism and involvement with U2, together with Bill and Melinda Gates, Bono was named Time Person of the Year in 2005, among other awards and nominations. Bono was born in the Rotunda Hospital, Dublin, on 10 May 1960. He was raised in the Northside suburb of Finglas with his brother by their mother, Iris, a member of the Church of Ireland, and their father, Brendan Robert Bob Hewson and his parents initially agreed that the first child would be raised Anglican and the second Catholic. Although Bono was the child, he also attended Church of Ireland services with his mother and brother. He went to the local primary Glasnevin National School, Bonos mother died on 10 September 1974, after suffering a cerebral aneurysm at her fathers funeral. Many U2 songs, including I Will Follow, Mofo, Out of Control, Lemon, Bono attended Mount Temple Comprehensive School, a multi-denominational school in Clontarf. During his childhood and adolescence, Bono and his friends were part of a surrealist street gang called Lypton Village, Bono met one of his closest friends, Guggi, in Lypton Village. The gang had a ritual of nickname-giving, Bono had several names, first, he was Steinhegvanhuysenolegbangbangbang, then just Huyseman, followed by Houseman, Bon Murray, Bono Vox of OConnell Street, and finally just Bono. Bono Vox is an alteration of Bonavox, a Latin phrase which translates to good voice and it is said he was nicknamed Bono Vox by his friend Gavin Friday. He initially disliked the name, however, when he learned it translated to good voice, Hewson has been known as Bono since the late 1970s. Although he uses Bono as his name, close family and friends also refer to him as Bono. After he left school, his father Bob Hewson, told him he could live at home for one year but if he was not able to pay his own way, Bono is married to Alison Hewson. The couple have four children, daughters Jordan and Memphis Eve and sons Elijah Bob Patricius Guggi Q, Bono is almost never seen in public without sunglasses, as he suffers from glaucoma
Bono
–
Bono in 2014
Bono
–
The hearing aid shop, Bonavox, that provided Hewson with the nickname "Bono Vox".
Bono
–
Bono on stage in 1983
Bono
–
Bono (right) with
Sting during
A Conspiracy of Hope in 1986
9.
Gibson Explorer
–
The Gibson Explorer is a type of electric guitar that made its debut in 1958. The Explorer was the development of a prototype design that, years later. The Explorers initial run was unsuccessful, and the model was discontinued in 1963, in 1976, Gibson began reissuing the Explorer after other guitar companies had success selling similar designs. The Explorer became especially popular among the rock and heavy metal musicians of the 1970s and 1980s. Gibson produced very few Explorers during the 1958 run of the original Korina wood model, because production records have been lost and shipping records are unclear, it is not known exactly how many were made, but the original run total has been estimated at less than 50. After the first few guitars, the Explorer had a long drooping headstock with the placed in a straight line on one side. The 1958-59 korina Explorer is one of the most valuable production-model guitars on the market, ranked at #4 on the 2011 Top 25 published by Vintage Guitar, worth between $250,000 and $310,000. Only 22 were shipped in its first two years,19 in 1958 and 3 in 1959, a number of leftover bodies were completed with nickel 1960s hardware. 38 examples are known to exist. There have been several variants produced by Gibson and these include several smaller-bodied, more user friendly versions such as the X-Plorer Studio, the Matthias Jabs designed Explorer 90, and the Explorer Pro, introduced in 2007. In 1976, Gibson released a Limited Edition Explorer, in mahogany, in 1979, Gibson introduced the E2 model, featuring a 5 piece walnut/maple laminated construction and a contoured body. This model was discontinued after 1983, but was returned as the Thunderhorse, a signature model for comedian/musician Brendon Small. From 1979 to 1983 Gibson produced the Explorer II, not to be confused with the later E/2, the Explorer IIs are not the contoured body E/2 Explorers. The distinction is that the Explorer-II/E-II has a straight edge body with cream binding and these E-IIs are made with a mahogany back and figured/flamed maple tops in burst colors, namely cherry-burst and Tobacco burst. They did not come in clear or solid colored finishes, also, they have the TP6 tail-piece, gold hardware, and velvet brick or dirty fingers pick-ups, cream color body binding, with a black pick-guard, and 3 knobs in a row. The necks have ebony fret boards and those items together distinguish an Explorer II from the later E/2. For the E/2 Explorer, Gibson optioned them with various and different parts, biggest difference is the curved/contoured body for the E/2. Some came with dirty fingers pickups where some are cream and black colored or all black, most had the standard stop-bar tailpiece, but some E/2s did come with a TP6 tailpiece, to add to the confusion and fun
Gibson Explorer
–
Gibson Explorer
Gibson Explorer
–
50 Year Commemorative Explorer (DSX50) with rounded edges
Gibson Explorer
–
Greco Explorer (EX-800)
10.
Fender Stratocaster
–
The Fender Stratocaster is a model of electric guitar designed in 1954 by Leo Fender, Bill Carson, George Fullerton, and Freddie Tavares. The Fender Musical Instruments Corporation has continuously manufactured the Stratocaster from 1954 to the present and it is a double-cutaway guitar, with an extended top horn shape for balance. Along with the Gibson Les Paul, it is one of the most often emulated electric guitar shapes, Stratocaster and Strat are trademark terms belonging to Fender. The Fender Stratocaster was the first guitar to feature three pickups and a spring tension tremolo system, as well as being the first Fender with a contoured body, the Stratocasters sleek, contoured body shape differed from the flat, slab-like design of the Telecaster. The Stratocasters double cutaways allowed players access to higher positions on the neck. Starting in 1954, the Stratocaster was offered with a solid, deeply contoured ash body, a 21-fret one-piece maple neck with black dot inlays, the color was originally a two color sunburst pattern, although custom color guitars were produced. In 1956, Fender began using alder for sunburst and most custom color Stratocaster bodies, in 1960, the available custom colors were standardized, many of which were automobile lacquer colors from DuPont available at an additional 5% cost. A unique single-ply, 8-screw hole white pickguard held all electronic components except the recessed jack plate—facilitating easy assembly, in this floating position, players could move the bridge-mounted tremolo arm up or down to modulate the pitch of the notes being played. Hank Marvin, Jeff Beck and Ike Turner used the Strats floating tremolo extensively in their playing, as string gauges have changed, players have experimented with the number of tremolo springs, and modern Stratocasters ship with three springs. Some Strats have a bridge in place of the tremolo assembly. There is considerable debate about the effects on tone and sustain of the used in the tremolo systems inertia bar. The Stratocaster features three single coil pickups, with the originally selected by a 3-way switch. In 1977 Fender introduced a 5-way selector making such pickup combinations more stable, dick Dale is a prominent Stratocaster player who also collaborated with Leo Fender in developing the Fender Showman amplifier. In the early 1960s, the instrument was also championed by Hank Marvin, guitarist for the Shadows, in 1965, George Harrison and John Lennon acquired Stratocasters and used them for Help. Rubber Soul and later recording sessions, the double unison guitar solo on Nowhere Man is played by Harrison and Lennon on their new Stratocasters, after the introduction of the Fender Stratocaster Ultra series in 1989, ebony was officially selected as a fretboard material on some models. In December 1965 the Stratocaster was given a broader headstock with altered decals to match the size of the Jazzmaster, during the CBS era, particularly the 1970s, the perceived quality of Fender instruments fell. During this time, vintage instruments from the era became popular. Dan Smith, with the help of John Page, proceeded to work on a reissue of the most popular guitars of Leo Fenders era
Fender Stratocaster
–
Fender Stratocaster
Fender Stratocaster
–
Buddy Holly 's Stratocaster
Fender Stratocaster
–
Stratocaster headstock
Fender Stratocaster
–
John Frusciante Squier guitar
11.
Gibson Les Paul
–
The Gibson Les Paul is a solid body electric guitar that was first sold by the Gibson Guitar Corporation in 1952. The Les Paul was designed by Gibson president Ted McCarty, factory manager John Huis and their team, the Les Paul was originally offered with a gold finish and two P-90 pickups. In 1957, humbucking pickups were added, along with sunburst finishes in 1958, the sunburst 1958–1960 Les Paul – today one of the best-known electric guitar types in the world – was considered a failure, with low production and sales. For 1961, the Les Paul was redesigned into what is now known as the Gibson SG and this design continued as a separate guitar when the traditional single cutaway, carved top bodystyle was re-introduced in 1963. The Les Paul has been produced in countless versions and editions since. Along with Fenders Telecaster and Stratocaster, it was one of the first mass-produced electric solid-body guitars, Les Pauls have been used in many genres, including rock, country, pop, soul, rhythm and blues, blues, jazz, reggae, punk, and heavy metal. In 1950, the ancestors of Fender Telecaster were introduced to the musical market, in reaction to market demand, Gibson Guitar president Ted McCarty brought guitarist Les Paul into the company as a consultant. Les Paul was an innovator who had been experimenting with guitar design for years. He hand-built a solid-body prototype called The Log, often suggested as the first solid-body Spanish guitar ever built, in 1951, Paul, McCarty, and his team at the Gibson Guitar Corporation began work on what would eventually become the Les Paul Model. Early prototypes are very similar to the final version, the new Les Paul guitar was to be an expensive, well-made instrument in accordance with Gibsons reputation at the time. Although recollections differ regarding who contributed what to the Les Paul design, however, this reversal would have caused the guitar to become too heavy, and Pauls request was refused. Paul states that the original Custom should have had the maple cap, Les Pauls contributions to the guitar line bearing his name were more than cosmetic, but certainly included them. For example, Paul specified that the guitar be offered in a finish, not only for flashiness. The later-issue Les Paul models included flame maple and quilted maple tops, the 1952 Les Pauls featured two P-90 single coil pickups, and a one-piece, trapeze-style bridge/tailpiece with strings fitted under a steel stop-bar. The guitar made its debut when Paul used it onstage in June,1952. On July 24,1952, at a special musicians clinic at the Waldorf-Astoria hotel, it was previewed by prominent guitarists such as Tiger Haynes, George Barnes, Mundell Lowe, Tony Mottola, and Billy Mure. The clinic preceded the annual NAMM Show held at the New Yorker hotel starting July 27, a second Les Paul model was introduced in 1953. Called the Les Paul Custom, this guitar with gold-plated hardware was dubbed the Black Beauty
Gibson Les Paul
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1958 Gibson Les Paul Standard
Gibson Les Paul
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Les Paul and "Clunker" (1947)
Gibson Les Paul
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Les Paul logo on headstock
Gibson Les Paul
–
"Patent Applied For" (
PAF) pickups on a Les Paul Standard
12.
Fender Telecaster
–
The Fender Telecaster, colloquially known as the Tele /ˈtɛli/, is the worlds first commercially successful solid-body electric guitar. Its simple yet effective design and revolutionary sound broke ground and set trends in electric guitar manufacturing, the Fender Telecaster was developed by Leo Fender in Fullerton, California in 1950. In the period roughly between 1932 and 1949, several craftsmen and companies experimented with electric guitars, but none had made a significant impact on the market. Leo Fenders Telecaster was the design that made bolt-on neck, solid body guitars viable in the marketplace, players had been wiring up their instruments in search of greater volume and projection since the late 1920s, and electric semi-acoustics had long been widely available. That hand-built prototype, a white guitar, had most of the features of what would become the Telecaster. The initial single-pickup production model appeared in 1950, and was called the Esquire, fewer than fifty guitars were originally produced under that name, and most were replaced under warranty because of early manufacturing problems. In particular, the Esquire necks had no truss rod and many were replaced due to bent necks, later in 1950, this single-pickup model was discontinued, and a two-pickup model was renamed the Broadcaster. From this point onwards all Fender necks incorporated truss rods, the Esquire was reintroduced in 1951 as a single pickup Telecaster, at a lower price. The so-called Nocaster was a variant of Telecaster. Produced in early to mid-1951, it was the result of action from the Gretsch company over the guitars previous name. By the summer of 1951 the guitar was officially renamed as the Telecaster and has known as such ever since. The term Nocaster was originally coined by collectors to denote these transitional guitars that appeared without a name on the headstock. Since they were manufactured in this form for only a few very early in the Broadcaster/Telecasters history, original Nocasters are highly prized. There are no official numbers, but experts estimate that fewer than 500 Nocasters were produced. Fender has since registered Nocaster as a trademark to denote its modern replicas of this famous rarity, in 1951, Fender released the innovative and musically influential Precision Bass as a similar looking stable-mate to the Telecaster. This body style was released as the Fender Telecaster Bass in 1968 after the Precision Bass had been changed in 1957 to make it more closely resemble the Stratocaster guitar. Leo Fenders simple and modular design was geared to mass production, Guitars were not constructed individually, as in traditional luthiery. Rather, components were produced quickly and inexpensively in quantity and assembled into a guitar on an assembly line, the bodies were bandsawn and routed from slabs, rather than hand-carved individually, as with other guitars made at the time, such as Gibsons
Fender Telecaster
–
Fender Telecaster
Fender Telecaster
Fender Telecaster
Fender Telecaster
13.
Gretsch
–
Gretsch is an American company that manufactures guitars, basses and drums. The company was founded in 1883 by Friedrich Gretsch, a 27-year-old German immigrant, Friedrich Gretsch manufactured banjos, tambourines, and drums until his death in 1895. In 1916, his son, Fred Gretsch Sr. moved operations to Brooklyn, most modern-era Gretsch guitars are manufactured in the Far East, though American-made Custom Shop models are available. In 2003, Gretsch entered an agreement with Fender Musical Instruments Corporation. Under the terms of that agreement Fred W. Gretsch would retain ownership while FMIC would handle most of the development, distribution, Gretsch was founded in 1883 by Friedrich Gretsch, a young German immigrant. His Brooklyn shop was designed for the manufacture of banjos, tambourines, in 1895, Gretsch died at the age of 39, and the then successful company was taken over by his son Fred Sr. By 1916, Fred had moved the company into a larger 10-story building in the Williamsburg district, chuck Berry also played the Duo Jet when he recorded his first major hit, Maybellene and is pictured on his LP After School Session. Two other models were introduced - the Country Club, and the White Falcon, Guitar production by the Gretsch Company began in the early 1930s, and Gretsch guitars became highly sought after, most notably in the 1950s and 1960s. They lost favor with players during the 1970s and 1980s for various reasons, Gretsch eventually went bankrupt, then was revived in 1989 by Fred W. Gretsch, a great-grandson of Friedrich Gretsch. Fred W. Gretsch remains president of the company, during this time, Chet Atkins became an endorser of Gretsch. Atkins was one of the pre-eminent guitarists of his day, and his endorsement gave Gretsch greater visibility in competition with Gibson and Fender. Gretsch ultimately sold thousands of guitars with Chets name on the pickguard, most notably the 6120 Chet Atkins model, the worldwide success of Eddys twangy instrumental records, television appearances, and extensive touring, helped expose the Gretsch guitar to the teenage rock and roll market. George Harrison, years later, would refer to model as the Eddie Cochran/Duane Eddy guitar. Other Chet Atkins models were the Country Gentleman and the Tennessean, many rockabilly players had followed in the footsteps of Eddie Cochran, who also wielded a 6120 and Gene Vincents guitarist Cliff Gallup, who played a Duo Jet. Elvis Presley later owned a Gretsch Country Gentleman—, playing it briefly both on stage and in the studio, Gretsch quickly became a legitimate competitor to both Gibson and its main rivals, Fender and Rickenbacker. Gretsch fortunes rose yet again in the sixties when George Harrison played a Gretsch Country Gentleman on The Ed Sullivan Show. Despite popular belief, he acquired two Country Gentleman guitars, his first was destroyed when it fell out of the trunk of a car on the roadway. He would later switch to a Gretsch Tennessean and his Country Gentleman made its last appearance in the video of Youre Going to Lose That Girl in the movie Help
Gretsch
–
A G6122-1962 Chet Atkins Country Gentleman model.
Gretsch
–
1955 Chet Atkins 6120.
Gretsch
–
Bono playing a Gretsch Irish Falcon.
Gretsch
–
1964 Chet Atkins Tennessean 6119.
14.
Gretsch White Falcon
–
The Gretsch White Falcon is a high-end electric hollowbody guitar introduced in 1954 by Gretsch. Since then it has various changes, and is still being made. As of 2013, Gretsch offers a number of models including a custom-built replica of the original. In early 1954, Gretsch marketing strategist Jimmie Webster sought to design a guitar to improve upon the Gibson Super 400 and he wanted a Dream Guitar, and gained his inspiration by walking through the Gretsch factory and watching the construction of the diversity of musical instruments the company produced. From the banjo production line, Webster recalled the engraved pearl inlays that adorned the fretboard, many of Gretschs drums were covered with thick sparkly gold plastic that could also be used as binding on guitars. The White Falcon was unveiled at the NAMM show in July 1954 and it was displayed as the guitar of the future, but Gretsch initially had no plans to manufacture the model. It was supposed to be a showpiece, much like GMs Motorama Dream Cars of the day, the high interest from sales representatives led Gretsch to rush the guitar into production, and the first White Falcons were sold in 1955, identified as the model 6136. As the companys new high-end guitar, Gretsch marketed it as the finest guitar we know how to make –, the White Falcon originally cost $600, this price was second only to the $690 price of Gibsons Super 400CESN. Throughout the 1950s and 1960s, Gretsch tweaked the Falcon, a stereo version became available as well. It also switched to a twin-cutaway body beginning in 1962, Fred Gretsch retired in 1967 and sold his company to the Baldwin Piano Company. Baldwin would have trouble understanding guitars in general and the White Falcon in particular, most who were inspired by the new popular guitarists Jimi Hendrix, Jeff Beck, Eric Clapton and other musical greats were turning to Fender, rather than Gretsch. The rapidly deteriorating Baldwin Manufacturing then experienced two fires at its new Arkansas plant in 1973. Gretsch limped through the 1970s and finally closed in the 1980s, in 1989 Fred Gretsch III resumed control of the family business and began making guitars again. These instruments are based on classic Gretsch designs, including the White Falcon, models are now available commemorating every phase in the design of the White Falcon. Gretsch added a Brian Setzer Black Phoenix model to its lineup, like Brian Setzers signature Hot Rod 6120, the Black Phoenix features stripped-down electronics that consist of two pickups, a selector switch, and a volume knob. In January 2013, Gretsch introduced the Billy Duffy signature model, replicating the Baldwin-era design with silver binding, bacon, Tony, Dave Burrluck, Paul Day, Michael Wright. The Gretsch Pages, White Falcon models The Gretsch Pages, History 6136 variants Brian Setzer Black Falcon Bono Irish Falcon Silver Falcon Black Falcon with Bigsby
Gretsch White Falcon
–
Neil Young, playing a Gretsch White Falcon on June 20, 2009
15.
Rickenbacker 330
–
The Rickenbacker 330 is part of Rickenbackers 300 series of guitars, the series for which Rickenbacker is perhaps best known. The 330 entered the Rickenbacker product line in 1958, though at the time the 300 series of guitars was known as the Capri series and it was designed by the German luthier Roger Rossmeisl. The guitar is associated by many players with the sounds of bands from the 1960s and 1980s. The 330 also features a body with Rickenbackers crescent moon shape with sharp, unbound edges. One idiosyncrasy of the guitar is its dual truss rods, which allow for the correction of problematic and unwanted twists, as well as curvature, the 330 is equipped with a monaural jack plate, lacking the Rick-O-Sound stereo functionality of other Rickenbacker models such as the Rickenbacker 360. The Rickenbacker 330, like all Rickenbacker models, is manufactured in the United States, specifically within the Rickenbacker factory located in Santa Ana and it is not mass-produced, but rather produced-to-order for dealers and individual customers. It carries a MSRP of $1,999.00, the 330 is the top-selling instrument within Rickenbackers lineup, as stated by the companys CEO, The 330 is the biggest seller, followed quite closely by the 360, and 4003. Those three alone make up about 70% of our sales, from 1970 to 1974 Rickenbacker offered the 331, or what became known as the Light Show guitar. This version had a built in organ, with an external power supply. Prior to 2008, this model was available with an additional pickup. Also offered as a string version. During the Rose Morris Rickenbacker export to the UK, this model was available as the model 1997, rather than featuring the standard Rickenbacker slash-shaped sound hole, both guitars featured an f-shaped violin sound hole, which made these guitars instant collectors items. Formerly, the model came equipped with Rickenbackers Toaster pickups. E. M, for each of the 330s two pickups there are two knobs that control tone and volume. However in 1961, a blend knob was added to the guitar to expand the possible adjustment of the guitars tone. This knob has several different functions, such as acting as a tone blender between pickups and as a general EQ between the bass and treble tones of the guitar. Its primary function, however, is to serve as a bass pickup volume equalizer, furthermore, when neck pickup is in use, the fifth knob does not do much except dropping the overall volume. In fact, the volume at bass pickup is much louder than the sound of bridge pickup regardless of fifth knob settings. E. M. Kevin Parker of Tame Impala Dom Simper of Tame Impala Mick Whitnall of Babyshambles Keeley Davis of Sparta and Engine Down Laura Jane Grace of Against Me
Rickenbacker 330
–
Jetglo Rickenbacker 330
16.
Epiphone Casino
–
The Epiphone Casino is a thinline hollow body electric guitar manufactured by Epiphone, a branch of Gibson. Glenn Frey, John Illsley, Peter Green and Dave Grohl, Casinos have been manufactured in USA, Japan, Korea and China. The Casino, also designated by Epiphone as model E230TD, is a thinline hollow-bodied guitar with two Gibson P-90 pick-ups, although generally fitted with a trapeze-type tailpiece, often a Bigsby vibrato tailpiece is used in its place. This makes it lighter, and louder when played without an amplifier, early versions of the Casino had a spruce top. Through 1970, the Casino headstock was set at a 17-degree angle and the top was made of five laminated layers of maple, birch, maple, birch, and maple. With the exception of the John Lennon models, subsequent Casinos have been made with 14-degree headstock angle with five layer all maple laminated tops, current versions have a laminated maple top, sides, and back, and a mahogany neck. Per the Epiphone String Gauge Guide, the Casino comes with string gauges,0.0100.0130.0170.0260.0360.046. In 1966 John Lennon and George Harrison bought 1965 Casinos, which are seen in photos of Japan concerts. John Lennon used the Epiphone Casino as his main instrument during the remainder of his time with the Beatles, in the early seventies, the original tuners were replaced with a set of gold Grover tuners or machine heads. His stripped guitar, is first seen in the Revolution promo film and it can also be seen in the Let It Be film, and most other pictures of Lennon playing guitar after that time. Harrison had his fitted with a Bigsby trem, removed the pickguard and he also had it sanded down in 1968. Epiphone currently builds several versions of the Casino and these include, Regular Archtop-Series Casino made in China and uses non-American made parts Elitist Casino. Made in Japan and set-up in America, and contains American made parts such as the pickups, body is 5-ply maple, Gibson P-90 pickups, and nickel hardware. The body is the size as a Gibson ES-339. Inspired by John Lennon 1965 or Revolution Casino, the 1965 version has a sunburst finish, white pick guard and small button Grover tuners. This limited version is offered in Royal Tan and Vintage Sunburst and it sports a 5-layer maple-birch body, Gibson P-90 pickups, short headstock, bullet trussrod cover, tortoiseshell pickguard, and pre-Gibson era Epiphone badge
Epiphone Casino
–
Epiphone Casino
Epiphone Casino
–
Paul McCartney with an Epiphone Casino at
Live8
Epiphone Casino
–
Paul Weller with an Epiphone Casino
17.
Texture (music)
–
In music, texture is how the melodic, rhythmic, and harmonic materials are combined in a composition, thus determining the overall quality of the sound in a piece. For example, a thick texture contains many layers of instruments, one of these layers could be a string section, or another brass. The thickness also is changed by the amount and the richness of the playing the piece. The thickness varies from light to thick, a pieces texture may be changed by the number and character of parts playing at once, the timbre of the instruments or voices playing these parts and the harmony, tempo, and rhythms used. An example is the Scherzo from Schubert’s piano sonata in B major, the first four bars are monophonic, with both hands performing the same melody an octave apart, Bars 5-9 are homophonic, with all voices coinciding rhythmically, Bars 11-20 are polyphonic. There are three parts, the top two moving in parallel, the lowest part imitates the rhythm of the upper two at the distance of three beats. The passage climaxes abruptly with a silence, After the silence. Many composers use more than one type of texture in the piece of music. A simultaneity is more than one complete musical texture occurring at the same time, a more recent type of texture first used by György Ligeti is micropolyphony. Other textures include polythematic, polyrhythmic, onomatopoeic, compound, style brisé Benward, Bruce, and Marilyn Nadine Saker. Music, In Theory and Practice, seventh edition, vol, arranging Music for the Real World, Classical and Commercial Aspects. Hanning, Barbara Russano, Concise History of Western Music, based on Donald Jay Grout & Claudia V. Paliscas A History of Western Music, published by W. W. Norton & Company, New York, Copyright 1998. Melody, Linear Aspects of Twentieth-Century Music, in Aspects of Twentieth-Century Music, edited by Gary Wittlich, pp. 270–301. In Proceedings of the ICMC2005 – International Computer Music Conference, monophony, Grove Music Online, edited bymDeane Root. What to Listen for in Music, revised edition, New York, McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc. Frobenius, Wolf, Peter Cooke, Caroline Bithell, and Izaly Zemtsovsky, Polyphony, hyer, Brian, Homophony, Grove Music Online, edited by Deane Root. Trajectory, Material, Process, and Flow in Robert Morris’s String Quartet Arc, perspectives of New Music 52, no. A Guide to Musical Texture with multimedia
Texture (music)
18.
Delay (audio effect)
–
Delay is an audio effect and an effects unit which records an input signal to an audio storage medium, and then plays it back after a period of time. The delayed signal may either be played multiple times, or played back into the recording again. Delay effects range from an echo effect to a pronounced blending of previous sounds with new sounds. The first delay effects were achieved using tape loops improvised on reel-to-reel magnetic recording systems, by shortening or lengthening the loop of tape and adjusting the read and write heads, the nature of the delayed echo could be controlled. Audio engineers working in music quickly adapted similar techniques, to augment their use of plate reverb. In the late 1940s and early 1950s, several sound engineers began making devices for use in recording studios, guitarist and instrument designer Les Paul was an early pioneer in delay devices. A landmark device was the EchoSonic made by American Ray Butts and it is a portable guitar amplifier with a built-in tape echo, which became used widely in country music and especially in rock and roll. Tape echoes became commercially available in the 1950s, an echo machine is the early name for a sound processing device used with electronic instruments to repeat the sound and produce a simulated echo. The device was popular with guitarists and was used by Brian May, Jimmy Page, One example is the Echoplex which used a tape loop. The length of delay was adjusted by changing the distance between the record and playback heads. Another example is the Roland Space Echo with a record and multiple tape heads. The time between echo repeats was adjusted by varying the tape speed, the length or intensity of the echo effect was adjusted by changing the amount of echo signal was fed back into the pre-echo signal. Different effects could be created by combining the different playback heads, some models also included a spring reverb. Before the invention of audio technology, music employing a delayed echo had to be recorded in a naturally reverberant space, often an inconvenience for musicians. The presence of multiple taps made it possible to have delays at varying rhythmic intervals, many delay processors based on analog tape recording, such as Ray Butts EchoSonic, Mike Battles Echoplex, or the Roland Space Echo, used magnetic tape as their recording and playback medium. Electric motors guided a tape loop through a device with a variety of mechanisms allowing modification of the effects parameters, in the Space Echo, all of the heads are fixed, but the speed of the tape could be adjusted, changing the delay time. Thin magnetic tape was not entirely suited for operation, however. Several designs were made, the 1959 Ecco-Fonic had a spinning head, many were temperamental, such as the Vox Echomatic
Delay (audio effect)
–
Echoplex EP-2
Delay (audio effect)
–
"Block diagram of the signal-flow for a typical simple delay-line," tied to an electric guitar, for example. Dotted line indicates variable component.
Delay (audio effect)
–
Ibanez DE-7 delay pedal
Delay (audio effect)
–
Gibson Echoplex Digital Pro
19.
Mount Temple Comprehensive School
–
Mount Temple Comprehensive School is a secondary school in Clontarf, Dublin, Ireland. The school was established in 1972 following the amalgamation of Mountjoy School, Hibernian Marine School, Hibernian Marine School was a charity school founded in 1766, originally to provide for the orphans and children of seamen. The school was located on the Seafield Road in Clontarf, Dublin, Mountjoy School was a boarding school in Mountjoy Square. It later moved to the current location in Clontarf, Bertrand & Rutland School was in Eccles Street on the northside of Dublin, it was a Church of Ireland School, the Bertrand and Rutland Fund still funds scholarships to Protestant schools in Ireland. Hibernian Marine School amalgamated with Mountjoy School in 1968 and became Mountjoy & Marine School, the school later amalgamated with Bertrand & Rutland and took the name of Mount Temple Comprehensive School in 1972. Mount Temple was the school where the rock band U2 was formed, in September 1976, 14-year-old drummer Larry Mullen, Jr. posted a notice on the schools noticeboard, looking for fellow musicians. All four members of U2 are former pupils of the school, during the summer months the whole school facility is used by The Centre Of English Studies, catering for hundreds of international students who come to Dublin to learn English. Mount Temple Comprehensive School has about 900 students, although it was built to cater for around 500. There have been plans for years for a new school to be built on site to cater for these extra students
Mount Temple Comprehensive School
–
Nisi Dominus Frustra
Mount Temple Comprehensive School
–
Main Mount Temple building
20.
Dik Evans
–
Richard G. Dik Evans is a musician best known as a founder of the band The Virgin Prunes and an early member of U2. Evans was born in England to Welsh parents, at a young age, the family moved to Ireland. He is the brother of David The Edge Evans, guitarist for rock band U2. He first began to learn how to play guitar with a guitar bought by his brother. Evans played guitar in Feedback and The Hype, the incarnations of U2, along with his brother. He was later a member of Dublin-based band The Virgin Prunes. He co-founded the band The Kid Sisters, later known as The Screech Owls, recent solo work includes contributions to Snakes & Ladders - A Festival of New Irish Music, curated by composer and former Virgin Prunes band member, Daniel Figgis
Dik Evans
–
Dik Evans playing at
Gavin Friday 's performance at the Olympia in Dublin, Ireland, 29 November 2011
21.
Punk rock
–
Punk rock is a rock music genre that developed in the early to mid-1970s in the United States, United Kingdom, and Australia. Rooted in 1960s garage rock and other forms of what is now known as proto-punk music, Punk bands typically produced short or fast-paced songs, with hard-edged melodies and singing styles, stripped-down instrumentation, and often political, anti-establishment lyrics. Punk embraces a DIY ethic, many bands self-produce recordings and distribute them through informal channels, the term punk was first used in relation to rock music by some American critics in the early 1970s, to describe garage bands and their devotees. The following year saw punk rock spreading around the world, for the most part, punk took root in local scenes that tended to reject association with the mainstream. An associated punk subculture emerged, expressing youthful rebellion and characterized by distinctive styles of clothing and adornment, by the beginning of the 1980s, faster, more aggressive styles such as hardcore and street punk had become the predominant mode of punk rock. Musicians identifying with or inspired by punk also pursued a range of other variations, giving rise to post-punk. At the end of the 20th century, punk rock had been adopted by the mainstream, as pop punk and punk bands such as Green Day. The first wave of rock was aggressively modern, distancing itself from the bombast. According to Ramones drummer Tommy Ramone, In its initial form, unfortunately, what happens is that people who could not hold a candle to the likes of Hendrix started noodling away. Soon you had endless solos that went nowhere, by 1973, I knew that what was needed was some pure, stripped down, no bullshit rock n roll. In critic Robert Christgaus description, It was also a subculture that rejected the political idealism. Technical accessibility and a DIY spirit are prized in punk rock, in the early days of punk rock, this ethic stood in marked contrast to what those in the scene regarded as the ostentatious musical effects and technological demands of many mainstream rock bands. Musical virtuosity was often looked on with suspicion, according to Holmstrom, punk rock was rock and roll by people who didnt have very many skills as musicians but still felt the need to express themselves through music. In December 1976, the English fanzine Sideburns published an illustration of three chords, captioned This is a chord, this is another, this is a third. The title of a 1980 single by the New York punk band Stimulators, inscribed a catchphrase for punks basic musical approach. The previous year, when the rock revolution began in Great Britain, was to be both a musical and a cultural Year Zero. As a Clash associate describes singer Joe Strummers outlook, Punk rock is meant to be our freedom, were meant to be able to do what we want to do. Scholar Daniel S. Traber argues that attaining authenticity in the identity can be difficult, as the punk scene matured, he observes
Punk rock
–
The
Ramones ' 1976
debut album laid down the musical "blueprint for punk", while its cover image had a similarly formative influence on punk visual style.
Punk rock
–
Johnny Rotten and Steve Jones of the Sex Pistols
Punk rock
–
The Clash, performing in 1980
Punk rock
–
British punks, circa 1986
22.
Popular music
–
Popular music is music with wide appeal that is typically distributed to large audiences through the music industry. These forms and styles can be enjoyed and performed by people with little or no musical training and it stands in contrast to both art music and traditional or folk music. Art music was historically disseminated through the performances of music, although since the beginning of the recording industry. Traditional music forms such as blues songs or hymns were passed along orally, or to smaller. The original application of the term is to music of the 1880s Tin Pan Alley period in the United States, although popular music sometimes is known as pop music, the two terms are not interchangeable. Popular music songs and pieces typically have easily singable melodies, in the 2000s, with songs and pieces available as digital sound files, it has become easier for music to spread from one country or region to another. Some popular music forms have become global, while others have an appeal within the culture of their origin. Through the mixture of genres, new popular music forms are created to reflect the ideals of a global culture. The examples of Africa, Indonesia and the Middle East show how Western pop music styles can blend with local traditions to create new hybrid styles. Sales of recordings or sheet music are one measure, middleton and Manuel note that this definition has problems because multiple listens or plays of the same song or piece are not counted. Manuel states that one criticism of music is that it is produced by large media conglomerates and passively consumed by the public. He claims that the listeners in the scenario would not have been able to make the choice of their favorite music, moreover, understandings of popular music have changed with time. A societys popular music reflects the ideals that are prevalent at the time it is performed or published, david Riesman states that the youth audiences of popular music fit into either a majority group or a subculture. The majority group listens to the commercially produced styles while the subcultures find a minority style to transmit their own values and this allows youth to choose what music they identify with, which gives them power as consumers to control the market of popular music. Form in popular music is most often sectional, the most common sections being verse, chorus or refrain, other common forms include thirty-two-bar form, chorus form *, and twelve-bar blues. Popular music songs are rarely composed using different music for each stanza of the lyrics, the verse and chorus are considered the primary elements. Each verse usually has the melody, but the lyrics change for most verses. The chorus usually has a phrase and a key lyrical line which is repeated
Popular music
–
The 19th century singer
Jenny Lind depicted performing
La sonnambula
23.
The Joshua Tree
–
The Joshua Tree is the fifth studio album by Irish rock band U2. It was produced by Daniel Lanois and Brian Eno, and was released on 9 March 1987 on Island Records, inspired by American tour experiences, literature, and politics, U2 chose America as a theme for the record. Recording began in January 1986 in Ireland, and to foster a relaxed, creative atmosphere, Recording was completed in November 1986, additional production continued into January 1987. Throughout the sessions, U2 sought a cinematic quality for the record, one that would evoke a sense of location, in particular and they represented this in the sleeve photography depicting them in American desert landscapes. The Joshua Tree received critical acclaim, topped the charts in over 20 countries, according to Rolling Stone, the album increased the bands stature from heroes to superstars. The album won Grammy Awards for Album of the Year and Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal in 1988, the group supported the record with the Joshua Tree Tour throughout 1987. Frequently featured on lists of the greatest records, The Joshua Tree is one of the worlds best-selling albums. U2 commemorated the records 20th anniversary with a remastered re-release, and its 30th anniversary with announcements of a concert tour. In 2014, it was deemed culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant by the US Library of Congress, before The Joshua Tree, U2 had released four studio albums and were an internationally successful band, particularly as a live act having toured every year in the 1980s. The groups stature and the anticipation for a new album grew following their 1984 record The Unforgettable Fire, their subsequent tour. U2 began writing new material in mid-1985 following the Unforgettable Fire Tour, I saw the spoiled child of the Western world. I started thinking, They may have a desert. And thats what attracted me to the desert as a symbol of some sort, in 1985, Bono participated in Steven Van Zandts anti-apartheid Sun City project and spent time with musicians Keith Richards and Mick Jagger. When Richards and Jagger played blues, Bono was embarrassed by his lack of familiarity with the genre, Bono realised that U2 had no tradition, and he felt as if they were from outer space. This inspired him to write the blues-influenced song Silver and Gold, nascent friendships with Bob Dylan, Van Morrison and Richards encouraged Bono to look back to rocks roots and to focus on his skills as a songwriter and lyricist. He explained, I used to think that writing words was old-fashioned, I wrote words on the microphone. For The Joshua Tree, I felt the time had come to words that meant something. Dylan told Bono of his own debt to Irish music, while Bono further demonstrated his interest in music traditions in his duet with Irish Celtic, the group referred to this approach as working within the primary colours of rock music—guitar, bass, and drums
The Joshua Tree
–
Brian Eno and
Daniel Lanois produced the album, their second time working with U2.
The Joshua Tree
–
The Joshua Tree
The Joshua Tree
–
Sting and Bono performing during
A Conspiracy of Hope. U2's appearance on the tour helped them focus their new material.
The Joshua Tree
–
In August 1986, U2 moved recording of the album to
Windmill Lane Studios (pictured in 2008).
24.
Achtung Baby
–
Achtung Baby is the seventh studio album by Irish rock band U2. It was produced by Daniel Lanois and Brian Eno, and was released on 18 November 1991 on Island Records, thematically, Achtung Baby is darker, more introspective, and at times more flippant than their previous work. Seeking inspiration from German reunification, U2 began recording Achtung Baby at Berlins Hansa Studios in October 1990, the sessions were fraught with conflict, as the band argued over their musical direction and the quality of their material. After tensions and slow progress nearly prompted the group to disband, morale and productivity improved during subsequent recording sessions in Dublin, where the album was completed in 1991. To confound the publics expectations of the band and their music, U2 chose the records facetious title and colourful multi-image sleeve. Achtung Baby is one of U2s most successful records, it received reviews and debuted at number one on the US Billboard 200 Top Albums. Five songs were released as singles, all of which were chart successes, including One, Mysterious Ways. The album has sold 18 million copies worldwide and won a Grammy Award in 1993 for Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal, Achtung Baby has since been acclaimed by writers and music critics as one of the greatest albums of all time. The record was reissued in October 2011 to commemorate the 20th anniversary of its original release, U2s high exposure and their reputation for being overly serious led to accusations of grandiosity and self-righteousness. By the bands 1989 Lovetown Tour, they had become bored with playing their greatest hits. U2 believe that audiences misunderstood the groups collaboration with blues musician B. B. King on Rattle and Hum and the Lovetown Tour, and they described it as an excursion down a dead-end street. Bono said that, in retrospect, listening to black music enabled the group to create a work such as Achtung Baby, while their experiences with folk music helped him to develop as a lyricist. Towards the end of the Lovetown Tour, Bono announced on-stage that it was the end of something for U2, following the tour, the group began, what was at the time, their longest break from public performances and album releases. Reacting to their own sense of stagnation and to their critics. They wrote God Part II from Rattle and Hum after realising they had excessively pursued nostalgia in their songwriting, the song had a more contemporary feel that Bono said was closer to Achtung Babys direction. Much of the material they wrote was experimental, and according to Bono, ideas deemed inappropriate for the play were put aside for the bands use. During this period, Bono and the Edge began increasingly writing songs together without Mullen or bassist Adam Clayton, in mid-1990, Bono reviewed material he had written in Australia on the Lovetown Tour, and the group recorded demos at STS Studios in Dublin. The demos later evolved into the songs Whos Gonna Ride Your Wild Horses, Until the End of the World, Even Better Than the Real Thing, and Mysterious Ways
Achtung Baby
–
Prior to recording Achtung Baby,
The Edge and
Bono (pictured in 2009) began working more closely together on songwriting without the other band members.
Achtung Baby
–
Achtung Baby
Achtung Baby
–
The initial recording sessions took place at Berlin's
Hansa Studios in late 1990 in a former
SS ballroom.
Achtung Baby
–
Bono as his alter ego "The Fly" in 1992. He conceived this character during the band's sessions in Dublin.
25.
American roots music
–
The term American folk music encompasses numerous music genres, variously known as traditional music, traditional folk music, contemporary folk music, or roots music. Many traditional songs have been sung within the family or folk group for generations. Mike Seeger once famously commented that the definition of American folk music is. all the music that fits between the cracks. Roots music is a category of music including bluegrass, gospel, old time music, jug bands, Appalachian folk, blues, Cajun. It is considered roots music because it served as the basis of music developed in the United States, including rock and roll, rhythm and blues. Most songs of the Colonial Fletch and Revolutionary period originated in England, Scotland and Ireland and were brought over by early settlers, barbara Allen remains a popular traditional ballad originating in England and Scotland, which immigrants introduced to the United States. The murder ballad Pretty Polly is an American version of an earlier British song, African American folk music in the area has roots in slavery and emancipation. Sacred music, both a Capella and instrumentally accompanied, is at the heart of the tradition, early spirituals framed Christian beliefs within native practices and were heavily influenced by the music and rhythms of Africa. Spirituals are prominent, and often use a call and response pattern, Gospel developed after the Civil War. It relied on text for much of its direction. Gospel is a noise, sometimes accompanied by instrumentation and almost always punctuated by hand clapping, toe tapping. Sea shanties functioned to lighten the burden of routine tasks and provide a rhythm that helped workers perform as a team, cowboys songs are typically ballads that cowboys sang in the West and Southwest. The familiar Streets of Laredo derives from an Irish folk song of the late 18th century called The Unfortunate Rake, while Streets of Laredo uses the same melody as The Unfortunate Rake, St. James Infirmary Blues adapts the story to a different tune. This illustrates how folk songs can change in the retelling and appear in a variety of versions, the Ballad of John Henry is about an African-American folk hero said to have worked as a steel-driving man. Many roots musicians do not consider themselves folk musicians, the main difference between the American folk music revival and American roots music is that roots music seems to cover a broader range, including blues and country. Roots music developed its most expressive and varied forms in the first three decades of the 20th century, by the 1950s, forms of roots music had led to pop-oriented forms. In recent years roots music has been the focus of popular programs such as Garrison Keillors public radio program, A Prairie Home Companion. American traditional music is also called roots music, Roots music is a broad category of music including bluegrass, country music, gospel, old time music, jug bands, Appalachian folk, blues, Cajun and Native American music
American roots music
–
Singer-songwriter
Woody Guthrie emerged from the dust bowl of Oklahoma and the
Great Depression in the mid-20th Century, with lyrics that embraced his views on ecology, poverty, and
unionization in the USA., paired with melody reflecting the many genres of American folk music.
26.
Industrial music
–
Industrial music is a genre of experimental/electronic music that draws on transgressive or provocative sounds and themes. In general, the style is harsh and challenging, allMusic defines industrial as the most abrasive and aggressive fusion of rock and electronic music, initially a blend of avant-garde electronics experiments and punk provocation. The first industrial artists experimented with noise and aesthetically controversial topics, musically and visually, such as fascism, serial killers and their production was not limited to music, but included mail art, performance art, installation pieces and other art forms. Prominent industrial musicians include Throbbing Gristle, Monte Cazazza, SPK, Boyd Rice, Cabaret Voltaire, Musicians also cite writers such as William S. Burroughs, and philosophers such as Friedrich Nietzsche as influences. These artists expanded the genre by pushing it into noisier and more electronic directions, over time, its influence spread into and blended with styles including ambient and rock, all of which now fall under the post-industrial music label. Electro-industrial music is a subgenre that developed in the 1980s. These three distinct genres are often referred to as simply industrial, Industrial music drew from a broad range of predecessors. Industrial music was created originally by using mechanical and electric machinery, monroe also argues for Suicide as an influential contemporary of the industrial musicians. Groups cited as inspirational by the founders of industrial music include The Velvet Underground, Joy Division, genesis P-Orridge of Throbbing Gristle had a cassette library including recordings by the Master Musicians of Jajouka, Kraftwerk, Charles Manson, and William S. Burroughs. P-Orridge also credited 1960s rock such as The Doors, Pearls Before Swine, The Fugs, Captain Beefheart, chris Carter also enjoyed and found inspiration in Pink Floyd and Tangerine Dream. Boyd Rice was influenced by the music of 60s girl groups, Cabaret Voltaire cited Roxy Music as their initial forerunners, as well as Kraftwerks Trans-Europe Express. Cabaret Voltaire also recorded pieces reminiscent of musique concrète and composers such as Morton Subotnick, Nurse with Wound cited a long list of obscure free improvisation and Krautrock as recommended listening. 23 Skidoo borrowed from Fela Kuti and Miles Daviss On the Corner, many industrial groups, including Einstürzende Neubauten, took inspiration from world music. Many of the industrial musicians preferred to cite artists or thinkers, rather than musicians. Simon Reynolds declares that Being a Throbbing Gristle fan was like enrolling in a university course of cultural extremism, John Cage was an initial inspiration for Throbbing Gristle. SPK appreciated Jean Dubuffet, Marcel Duchamp, Jean Baudrillard, Michel Foucault, Walter Benjamin, Marshall McLuhan, Friedrich Nietzsche, Cabaret Voltaire took conceptual cues from Burroughs, J. G. Ballard, and Tristan Tzara. Whitehouse and Nurse with Wound dedicated some of their work to the Marquis de Sade, another influence on the industrial aesthetic was Lou Reeds Metal Machine Music. Pitchfork Music cites this album as inspiring, in part, much of the contemporary avant-garde music scene—noise, the album consists entirely of guitar feedback, anticipating industrials use of non-musical sounds
Industrial music
–
Frank Zappa and
Captain Beefheart in 1975, cited as inspirations by Herman Taylor
Industrial music
–
Re/Search reference guide to the philosophy and interests of a flexible alliance of "deviant" artists.
Industrial music
–
William S. Burroughs, a conceptual inspiration for the industrial musicians.
Industrial music
–
Trent Reznor of Nine Inch Nails in 2008.
27.
Zooropa
–
Zooropa /zuːˈroʊpɑː/ is the eighth studio album by Irish rock band U2. Produced by Flood, Brian Eno, and The Edge, it was released on 5 July 1993 on Island Records, inspired by the bands experiences on the Zoo TV Tour, Zooropa expanded on many of the tours themes of technology and media oversaturation. The record was a continuation of the experimentation with alternative rock, electronic dance music. U2 began writing and recording Zooropa in Dublin in February 1993, during a six-month break between legs of the Zoo TV Tour. The record was intended as an EP to promote the Zooropa leg of the tour that was to begin in May 1993, but during the sessions. Pressed for time, U2 wrote and recorded at a pace, with songs originating from many sources. The album was not completed in time for the tours resumption, Zooropa received generally favourable reviews from critics. Despite none of its three singles—Numb, Lemon, and Stay —being hits consistently across regions, the record sold well upon release, the albums charting duration and lifetime sales of 7 million copies, however, were less than those of Achtung Baby. In 1994, Zooropa won the Grammy Award for Best Alternative Music Album, although the record was a success and music journalists view the album as one of the groups most creative works, the band regard it with mixed feelings. U2 regained critical favour with their commercially successful 1991 album Achtung Baby, the record was a musical reinvention for the group, incorporating influences from alternative rock, industrial music, and electronic dance music into their sound. The tour was a staged multimedia event that satirised television. The band finished 1992 with one of their most successful years, selling 2.9 million concert tickets and their 73 North American concerts from the year grossed US$67 million, easily the highest amount for any touring artist in 1992. The group concluded the North American Outside Broadcast leg of the tour on 25 November 1992, rather than use the time to rest, lead vocalist Bono and guitarist The Edge were keen to record new material. Following a hectic year of touring, the two did not want to back into domestic life. Bono said, We thought we could live a normal life, but it turns out that your whole way of thinking, your whole body has been geared toward the madness of Zoo TV. So we decided to put the madness on a record, everybodys head was spinning, so we thought, why not keep that momentum going. The Edge also wished to distract himself from the emotions he was feeling after separating from his wife during the Achtung Baby sessions in 1991, the other members, bassist Adam Clayton and drummer Larry Mullen, Jr. ultimately agreed to join them for recording. After handling audio engineering for the recording of Achtung Baby, Robbie Adams was invited by U2 to manage sound mixing on the Zoo TV Tour, Adams also recorded the groups tour soundchecks
Zooropa
–
Zooropa
Zooropa
–
Zooropa was inspired by life on the multimedia-intensive
Zoo TV Tour.
Zooropa
–
Zooropa was co-produced by
Brian Eno (pictured in 2008), producer of 3 previous U2 albums.
Zooropa
–
Bono during filming of the music video for the album's third single, "Stay (Faraway, So Close!)", in Berlin. It was the album's most successful single.
28.
Morleigh Steinberg
–
Morleigh Steinberg is an American choreographer and dancer with the production company Arcane Collective. She is the wife of the musician The Edge from the rock group U2, raised in Los Angeles and schooled in modern dance, Steinberg became a formative member of the dancer-illusionist company MOMIX in 1983. They became known for their humour and contorted positions. In 1986, she co-founded the ISO dance company, which embodied an approach they called serious fun and sometimes collaborated with a singing group, in both companies she did choreography as well as dancing. She staged her own experimental dance solo production and did work for films. Starting in the mid-1990s, she branched out into lighting design and film directing as well and she has continued with various projects into the 2010s, often collaborating with the Japanese choreographer and dancer Oguri. Together they are co-founders of the production company Arcane Collective, by the end of the tour she was in a relationship with The Edge. The couple has two children together, married in 2002, and live at residences in Ireland, France, Steinberg was born and raised in Los Angeles under affluent circumstances. Her father, Robert, is a lawyer in Los Angeles and her mother, a successful interior designer, came from a film industry heritage and grew up on the Universal Studios lot. She has two sisters, Roxanne, older and Eliza, younger, Morleigh was tutored in modern dance and her instructors included Bella Lewitzky. Steinberg attended Beverly Hills High School where she was part of its Advanced Dance Group which gave modern dance performances, at age 16, she spent time at the Interlochen Arts Academy in Michigan and when 17, left with her sister for a year of dancing in Paris. She also attended Hampshire College in Amherst, Massachusetts, for two weeks and she later said that her training in dance had stressed relationships to objects and to poems. In 1983, on her way back from Paris, Steinberg began dancing in the studio of Moses Pendleton, who had founded the modern dance company Pilobolus. She had been attracted to Pilobolus growing up, I was taller than most girls my age, there she joined up with Daniel Ezralow, Jamey Hampton, and Ashley Roland, and the four created the Connecticut-based, dancer-illusionist company MOMIX. From 1983 to 1986, Steinberg toured nationally with MOMIX, the group became known for their visual humour, contorted positions, and Trompe-lœil effects. However, the dancers felt financially insecure, because Pendleton owned the MOMIX name, the four split from MOMIX in 1986 and founded the ISO dance company. With ISO, they set their acro dance moves against the new-wave a cappella singing of The Bobs in combined performances, the dancers labelled their new approach as serious fun. Steinbergs first association with U2 came in February 1987, the groups lead singer, Bono, was a fan of ISO and she was cast for the music video of their hit With or Without You
Morleigh Steinberg
–
Steinberg the belly dancer (left), as seen on the
Zoo TV Tour
29.
Music Rising
–
Music Rising is a charity co-founded by Producer Bob Ezrin, U2s The Edge and Gibson Guitar CEO Henry Juszkiewicz. Launched in November 2005 in the wake of Hurricane Katrina, the aims to help in the purchasing of new instruments for the musicians of New Orleans affected by the disaster. In early September 2006, Green Day collaborated with U2 in the studio to record a version of the song The Saints Are Coming by The Skids to benefit Music Rising. To coincide with the recording, both performed a live version of the song during the NFL Monday Night Football Pregame show of the New Orleans Saints/Atlanta Falcons game on September 25,2006. This game marked the first time that the New Orleans Saints returned to their home building, the Saints Are Coming was digitally released on October 31 and the single on November 6,2006. In April 2006, Music Rising aided in the reopening of the historic Preservation Hall landmark in New Orleans, while the Jazz Hall survived the storm, it had lost all of its instruments, which were eventually replaced as part of Music Risings initiatives. Ezrin, The Edge, and Juszkiewicz were all present at the grand reopening, additionally, Music Rising helped replace the precious Baldwin Piano that Fats Domino had lost when his house was destroyed during the hurricane. Since beginning Phase Two of its initiatives, Music Rising has restored instruments to tens of thousands of parishioners, Phase Three is dedicated to supporting community musical and cultural organizations and events. In 2008, the played a large part in ensuring that the expenses were covered for the Mardi Gras Indians. Music Rising was the subject of a documentary directed by Canadian Don Young and produced by Frantic Films of Winnipeg. It was the documentary in Canada during September 2006. The film told the story of U2s efforts to raise money for the Music Rising charity. Contributing to Don Youngs film were musicians The Edge, Dave Matthews, Dr. John, Willie Nelson, Arlo Guthrie, Wolfman Washington, Breeze Cayolle, Bruce Springsteen, under considerable pressure to change the film Young resigned but eventually re-joined the project to protect the final cut. The rare and valuable U2 footage has never been broadcast, in 2007 Music Rising won two television academy Accolade Awards and was broadcast in 27 countries, including the United States, where it aired on both VH1 and the Sundance Channel. Music Rising Official Site About the Music Rising Guitar
Music Rising
–
Music Rising logo
30.
Hurricane Katrina
–
Hurricane Katrina was the costliest natural disaster and one of the five deadliest hurricanes in the history of the United States. The storm is ranked as the third most intense United States landfalling tropical cyclone. Overall, at least 1,245 people died in the hurricane and subsequent floods, total property damage was estimated at $108 billion, roughly four times the damage wrought by Hurricane Andrew in 1992 in the United States. Early the following day, the new depression intensified into Tropical Storm Katrina, the cyclone headed generally westward toward Florida and strengthened into a hurricane only two hours before making landfall at Hallandale Beach and Aventura on August 25. After very briefly weakening to a storm, Katrina emerged into the Gulf of Mexico on August 26. The storm caused severe destruction along the Gulf coast from central Florida to Texas, much of it due to the storm surge, severe property damage occurred in coastal areas, such as Mississippi beachfront towns, over 90 percent of these were flooded. Boats and casino barges rammed buildings, pushing cars and houses inland, over fifty breaches in New Orleanss hurricane surge protection were the cause of the majority of the death and destruction during Katrina on August 29,2005. Eventually 80% of the city and large tracts of neighboring parishes became flooded, according to a modeling exercise conducted by the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, two-thirds of the deaths in Greater New Orleans were due to levee and floodwall failure. All of the studies concluded that the USACE, the designers and builders of the levee system as mandated by the Flood Control Act of 1965, is responsible. This is mainly due to a decision to use shorter steel sheet pilings in an effort to save money, exactly ten years after Katrina, J. Many other government officials were criticized for their responses, especially New Orleans Mayor Ray Nagin, Louisiana Governor Kathleen Blanco, several agencies including the United States Coast Guard, National Hurricane Center, and National Weather Service were commended for their actions. They provided accurate hurricane weather tracking forecasts with sufficient lead time, Hurricane Katrina formed as Tropical Depression Twelve over the southeastern Bahamas on August 23,2005, as the result of an interaction of a tropical wave and the remains of Tropical Depression Ten. It strengthened into Tropical Storm Katrina on the morning of August 24, the tropical storm moved towards Florida, and became a hurricane only two hours before making landfall between Hallandale Beach and Aventura on the morning of August 25. The storm weakened over land, but it regained hurricane status about one hour after entering the Gulf of Mexico, on August 27, the storm reached Category 3 intensity on the Saffir-Simpson hurricane wind scale, becoming the third major hurricane of the season. An eyewall replacement cycle disrupted the intensification, but caused the storm to nearly double in size, the storm rapidly intensified after entering the Gulf, growing from a Category 3 hurricane to a Category 5 hurricane in just nine hours. This rapid growth was due to the movement over the unusually warm waters of the Loop Current. Katrina attained Category 5 status on the morning of August 28 and reached its peak strength at 1800 UTC that day, with sustained winds of 175 mph. However, this record was broken by Hurricane Rita
Hurricane Katrina
–
Hurricane Katrina at peak strength on August 28, 2005
Hurricane Katrina
–
Hurricane Katrina
Hurricane Katrina
–
Katrina on August 28, nearing the
Gulf Coast.
Hurricane Katrina
–
Flanked by
Michael Chertoff,
Secretary of Homeland Security, left, and
Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld, President
George W. Bush meets with members of the
White House Task Force on Hurricane Katrina Recovery on August 31, 2005, in the Cabinet Room of the White House.
