1.
Shia LaBeouf
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Shia Saide LaBeouf is an American actor, performance artist, and filmmaker. He made his debut in Holes, based on the novel of the same name by Louis Sachar. In 2004, he made his debut with the short film Lets Love Hate and later directed a short film titled Maniac, starring American rappers Cage. In 2007, LaBeouf starred in the successful films Disturbia. The same year he was cast in Michael Bays science fiction film Transformers as Sam Witwicky, despite mixed reviews, Transformers was a box office success and one of the highest-grossing films of 2007. LaBeouf later appeared in its sequels Transformers, Revenge of the Fallen and Transformers, Dark of the Moon, in 2008, he played Henry Mutt Williams Jones III in Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull, the fourth film in the Indiana Jones franchise. His other films include Wall Street, Money Never Sleeps, Lawless, The Company You Keep, Nymphomaniac, since 2014, LaBeouf has pursued a variety of public performance art projects with LaBeouf, Rönkkö & Turner. LaBeouf was born in Los Angeles, California, as the child of Shayna. His mother is a dancer and ballerina turned visual artist and clothing jewelry designer and his father is a Vietnam War veteran who had numerous jobs. LaBeoufs mother is Jewish, and his father, who is of Cajun descent, is Christian, LaBeouf has described himself as Jewish, and has stated that he was raised around both sides, he had a Bar Mitzvah ceremony, and was also baptized in the Angelus church. One of the camps he attended was Christian and his first name is derived from the Hebrew shai Yah, meaning gift of God. During his childhood, he accompanied his father to meetings of Alcoholics Anonymous, LaBeouf has also said he was subjected to verbal and mental abuse by his father, who once pointed a gun at his son during a Vietnam War flashback. LaBeouf has stated that his father was on drugs during his childhood, LaBeoufs uncle was going to adopt him at one stage because his parents could not afford to have him anymore and they had too much pride to go on welfare or food stamps. As a way of dealing with his parents divorce, he would perform for his family, LaBeouf remains close to and financially supports both of his parents. He attended 32nd Street Visual and Performing Arts Magnet in Los Angeles and Alexander Hamilton High School, in an interview, LaBeouf said that, looking back on his childhood, he feels grateful and considers some of those memories scars. Prior to acting, LaBeouf practiced comedy around his neighborhood as an escape from a hostile environment, at age 10, he began performing stand-up at comedy clubs, describing his appeal as having disgustingly dirty material and a 50-year-old mouth on the 10-year-old kid. He subsequently found an agent through the Yellow Pages and was taken on after pretending to be his own manager. In the early 2000s, LaBeouf became known among young audiences after playing Louis Stevens on the Disney Channel weekly program Even Stevens and he has said that grew up on that show and being cast was the best thing that happened to him
2.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
3.
Television program
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It may be a single production, or more commonly, a series of related productions. A limited number of episodes of a show may be called a miniseries or a serial or limited series. Television series are without a fixed length and are divided into seasons or series. While there is no defined length, U. S. industry practice has traditionally favored longer television seasons than those of other countries, a one-time broadcast may be called a special, or particularly in the UK a special episode. A television film is a film that is initially broadcast on television rather than released in theaters or direct-to-video, a program can be either recorded, as on video tape, other various electronic media forms, played with an on-demand player or viewed on live television. Television programs may be fictional, or non-fictional and it may be topical, or historical. They could be primarily instructional or educational, or entertaining as is the case in situation comedy, a drama program usually features a set of actors playing characters in a historical or contemporary setting. The program follows their lives and adventures, except for soap opera-type serials, many shows especially before the 1980s, remained static without story arcs, and the main characters and premise changed little. If some change happened to the characters lives during the episode, because of this, the episodes could be broadcast in any order. Since the 1980s, there are series that feature progressive change to the plot. For instance, Hill Street Blues and St. Elsewhere were two of the first American prime time television series to have this kind of dramatic structure. While the later series, Babylon 5 is an example of such production that had a predetermined story running over its intended five-season run. In 2012, it was reported that television was growing into a component of major media companies revenues than film. Some also noted the increase in quality of television programs. When a person or company decides to create a new series, they develop the elements, consisting of the concept, the characters, the crew. Then they offer it to the networks in an attempt to find one interested enough to order a prototype first episode of the series. They want very much to get the word out on what types of shows they’re looking for, to create the pilot, the structure and team of the whole series must be put together. If the network likes the pilot, they pick up the show to air it the next season, sometimes they save it for mid-season, or request rewrites and further review
4.
DVD
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DVD is a digital optical disc storage format invented and developed by Philips, Sony, Toshiba, and Panasonic in 1995. The medium can store any kind of data and is widely used for software. DVDs offer higher capacity than compact discs while having the same dimensions. Pre-recorded DVDs are mass-produced using molding machines that physically stamp data onto the DVD, such discs are a form of DVD-ROM because data can only be read and not written or erased. Blank recordable DVD discs can be recorded using a DVD recorder. Rewritable DVDs can be recorded and erased many times, DVDs containing other types of information may be referred to as DVD data discs. The OED also states that in 1995, The companies said the name of the format will simply be DVD. Toshiba had been using the name ‘digital video disk’, but that was switched to ‘digital versatile disk’ after computer companies complained that it left out their applications, Digital versatile disc is the explanation provided in a DVD Forum Primer from 2000 and in the DVD Forums mission statement. There were several formats developed for recording video on optical discs before the DVD, Optical recording technology was invented by David Paul Gregg and James Russell in 1958 and first patented in 1961. A consumer optical disc data format known as LaserDisc was developed in the United States and it used much larger discs than the later formats. CD Video used analog video encoding on optical discs matching the established standard 120 mm size of audio CDs, Video CD became one of the first formats for distributing digitally encoded films in this format, in 1993. In the same year, two new optical disc formats were being developed. By the time of the launches for both formats in January 1995, the MMCD nomenclature had been dropped, and Philips and Sony were referring to their format as Digital Video Disc. Representatives from the SD camp asked IBM for advice on the system to use for their disc. Alan E. Bell, a researcher from IBMs Almaden Research Center, got that request and this group was referred to as the Technical Working Group, or TWG. On August 14,1995, an ad hoc group formed from five computer companies issued a release stating that they would only accept a single format. The TWG voted to both formats unless the two camps agreed on a single, converged standard. They recruited Lou Gerstner, president of IBM, to pressure the executives of the warring factions, as a result, the DVD specification provided a storage capacity of 4.7 GB for a single-layered, single-sided disc and 8.5 GB for a dual-layered, single-sided disc
5.
VHS
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The Video Home System is a standard for consumer-level analog video recording on tape cassettes. Developed by Victor Company of Japan in the early 1970s, it was released in Japan in late 1976, from the 1950s, magnetic tape video recording became a major contributor to the television industry, via the first commercialized video tape recorders. At that time, the devices were used only in professional environments such as television studios. In the 1970s, videotape entered home use, creating the video industry and changing the economics of the television. The television industry viewed videocassette recorders as having the power to disrupt their business, in the 1980s and 1990s, at the peak of VHSs popularity, there were videotape format wars in the home video industry. Two of the formats, VHS and Betamax, received the most media exposure, VHS eventually won the war, dominating 60 percent of the North American market by 1980 and emerging as the dominant home video format throughout the tape media period. Optical disc formats later began to better quality than analog consumer video tape such as standard. The earliest of these formats, LaserDisc, was not widely adopted, however, after the introduction of the DVD format in 1997, VHSs market share began to decline. By 2008, DVD had replaced VHS as the preferred method of distribution. After several attempts by other companies, the first commercially successful VTR, at a price of US$50,000 in 1956, and US$300 for a 90-minute reel of tape, it was intended only for the professional market. Kenjiro Takayanagi, a broadcasting pioneer then working for JVC as its vice president, saw the need for his company to produce VTRs for the Japan market. In 1959, JVC developed a video tape recorder. In 1964, JVC released the DV220, which would be the companys standard VTR until the mid-1970s, in 1969 JVC collaborated with Sony Corporation and Matsushita Electric in building a video recording standard for the Japanese consumer. The effort produced the U-matic format in 1971, which was the first format to become a unified standard, U-matic was successful in business and some broadcast applications, but due to cost and limited recording time very few of the machines were sold for home use. Soon after, Sony and Matsushita broke away from the collaboration effort, Sony started working on Betamax, while Matsushita started working on VX. JVC released the CR-6060 in 1975, based on the U-matic format, Sony and Matsushita also produced U-matic systems of their own. In 1971, JVC engineers Yuma Shiraishi and Shizuo Takano put together a team to develop a consumer-based VTR, by the end of 1971 they created an internal diagram titled VHS Development Matrix, which established twelve objectives for JVCs new VTR. These included, The system must be compatible with any television set
6.
Mark Mothersbaugh
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Mark Allen Mothersbaugh is an American singer, songwriter, composer, multi-instrumentalist, record producer, author and visual artist. Mothersbaughs music career more than 40 years. He came to prominence in the late 1970s as co-founder, lead singer and keyboardist of the new wave band Devo, the band has maintained a cult following throughout its existence. Mothersbaugh is one of the composers of Devos music and made major lyrical contributions to the bands songs. He is one of two members who have been with Devo throughout its entire history. He also has had a career which has included four studio albums, Muzik for Insomniaks, Muzik for the Gallery, Joyeux Mutato. In 2004, he was honored with the Richard Kirk award at the BMI Film and TV Awards for his significant contributions to film, additionally, Mothersbaugh was awarded an honorary doctorate of humane letters from Kent State University in 2008. He has married twice and is the father of two adopted children, Mark Allen Mothersbaugh was born on May 18,1950, in Akron, Ohio. He is the son of Mary Margaret and Robert Mothersbaugh, Sr and he grew up with two younger brothers, Bob and Jim, and two sisters, Amy and Susan. His father appeared in early Devo films and fan events as the character General Boy and his brothers participated in the band, although Jims tenure was brief, Mothersbaugh attended Kent State University as an art student, where he met Devo co-founders Gerald Casale and Bob Lewis. This association culminated in 1973, when the trio started to play music as Devo, following the commercial failure of their sixth studio album Shout, Warner Bros. dropped Devo. Shortly after, claiming to feel creatively unfulfilled, drummer Alan Myers left the band, causing the band members to abandon the plans for a Shout video LP. In 1987, Devo reformed with new drummer David Kendrick, formerly of Sparks to replace Myers and their first project was a soundtrack for the flop horror film Slaughterhouse Rock, starring Toni Basil and they released the albums Total Devo and Smooth Noodle Maps, on Enigma. Devo had an out and played two shows in 1991 before breaking up. Around this time, members of Devo appeared in the film The Spirit of 76, following the split, Mark Mothersbaugh established Mutato Muzika, a commercial music production studio, along with Bob Mothersbaugh and Bob Casale. Mothersbaugh meant to further a career as a composer, Mothersbaugh gained considerable success in writing and producing music for television programs, video games cartoons, and movies. In 2006, Devo worked on a project with Disney known as Devo 2.0, a band of child performers was assembled and re-recorded Devo songs. Their debut album, a two disc CD/DVD combo entitled DEV2.0, was released on March 14,2006
7.
Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment
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Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment is the home video distribution division of The Walt Disney Company. Disney began distributing videos under its own label in 1980 under the name Walt Disney Home Video, before Disney began releasing home video titles itself, it licensed some titles to MCA Discovision for their newly developed disc format, later called LaserDisc. According to the Blam Entertainment Group website, which has details of DiscoVision releases. One of these was the feature film Kidnapped, the others were compilations of Disney shorts. Disneys agreement with MCA ended in December 1981, in 1980, Disney established its own video distribution operation as part of Walt Disney Telecommunications and Non-Theatrical Company with Jim Jimirro as its first president. Home video was not considered to be a market by Disney at the time. WDTNT also handled the marketing of other ancillary items such as short 8 mm films for home use. Disneys first releases on tape were 13 titles that were licensed for rental to Fotomat on March 4,1980, initially in a four-city test, the agreement specified rental fees ranging from $7.95 to $13.95. Later, on December 30,1980, Mary Poppins was added to make 14 titles in all, from January 1 to March 31,1981, Disney had a License One — Get One Free promotion to encourage dealers to sign up. They also offered free use of a 7-minute Mickey Mouse Disco videocassette for customers who rented any title from an Authorized Rental Dealer from February through May 1981. Disney was unusual among the studios in offering a program for authorized rentals. Most of the studios involved in the videocassette market at the time were trying to find ways to stop dealers from renting out their movie tapes. Magnetic Video ceased doing business with Fotomat after Fotomat began renting Magnetic Video cassettes without authorization, disneys rental cassettes in blue cases looked completely different from sale cassettes, which were in white cases. In the late-1980s, Disney began seeking other outlets to distribute its video, and decided to ink deals with mass-merchant retailers such as Target, Caldor, in 1989, Disney sought to further control the distribution of its products by eliminating the use of rack jobbers. Around this time, the studio began partnering with major retailers for advertising campaigns, Buena Vista Home Video was incorporated on February 13,1987. In April 1996 due to ongoing post Disney-CC/ABC merger realignment, Buena Vista Home Video was transferred out of the Disney Television, Buena Vista Home Video was renamed Buena Vista Home Entertainment in 1997. The first of the Disney animated features canon to be released on videocassette was Dumbo on June 28,1981, the Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh was released for rental and sale at the same time. Alice in Wonderland was released on October 15,1981, for rental only, Fun and Fancy Free was released in 1982 as Fun and Fancy Free Featuring, Mickey and the Beanstalk, to popularize on the more well-known segment from the film
8.
Christy Carlson Romano
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Christy Carlson Romano is an American actress and singer. She is known for her role as Ren Stevens in the Disney Channel sitcom Even Stevens, Romano was born in Milford, Connecticut, the youngest of four children of Anthony and Sharon Romano. She made her first feature appearance in 1996 as a singing Chiquita Banana in Woody Allens Everyone Says I Love You. She also appeared in Henry Fool and Looking for an Echo, Romano made her Broadway debut in 1998 as Mary Phagan in the musical Parade by Alfred Uhry and Jason Robert Brown. She was nominated for a Daytime Emmy for her work on Kim Possible and she voiced Yuffie Kisaragi in the English version of the movie Final Fantasy VII Advent Children, as well as in the Disney/Square game Kingdom Hearts. Various other appearances include MTVs Kaya, CBSs Joan of Arcadia, The WBs Summerland, in February 2004, Romano began a 31-week run as Belle in Disneys Beauty and the Beast on Broadway. In September 2008, she joined the Broadway company of Avenue Q as Kate Monster for several weeks and she starred as Michelle off-Broadway in Whites Lies at New World Stages in 2010, alongside Betty Buckley and Tuc Watkins. Romano penned a novel, Graces Turn, for Disney literary subsidiary Hyperion, in 2012, she directed a music video for Steph Golds THE SUN which was accepted into the Los Angeles Shorts Fest 2012. Amongst other titles, Romano has appeared in films since her Disney days including Lifetimes Deadly Daycare, Wes Cravens The Girl in the Photographs, Loosies. In March 2016, she directed her first feature, Christmas All Over Again starring Nickelodeons Sean Ryan Fox and YouTube star Todrick Hall, while working at Disney, Romano recorded songs as part of soundtracks for Kim Possible and other Disney projects. She first sang on the Disney Channel on a episode of Even Stevens which led to more singing on the series. In 2004, Walt Disney Records released Romanos debut album Greatest Disney TV & Film Hits, after her Broadway run of Beauty and the Beast Romano signed a record deal with Jason Flom at Atlantic Records. Flom was fired before Romano released her first album and Romanos deal was not honored and she continued to write music with Kara DioGuardi and The Matrix and placed her songs in several movies. On August 22,2006, she published her own novel, Graces Turn, Romano attended Barnard College at Columbia University and received her degree in Film Studies. Romano and writer-producer Brendan Rooney met in February 2011 while she was studying at Barnard College and they became engaged in November and, after two years of engagement, married on December 31,2013 at the Banff Springs Hotel in Banff, Alberta. In June 2016, the announced that they were expecting their first child, a daughter
9.
Tim Meadows
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Timothy Tim Meadows is an American actor and comedian best known as one of the longest-running cast members on Saturday Night Live, where he appeared for ten seasons. He currently co-stars in the FOX sitcom Son of Zorn, Tim Meadows was born in Highland Park, Michigan, the son of Mardell, a nurses assistant, and Lathon Meadows, a janitor. He studied television and radio broadcasting at Wayne State University, Meadows began performing improvisational comedy at the Soup Kitchen Saloon. Meadows start in business was in Chicago as a member of The Second City comedy troupe alongside future star Chris Farley. In 1991, Meadows landed a spot on Saturday Night Live and would go on to become a longtime cast member, Meadows often spoofed famous personalities including O. J. The character was adapted into a 2000 film, The Ladies Man, which followed the attempts to find love. In 2001, he co-starred in Three Days, in 2003 he appeared as Miles McDermott in The Even Stevens Movie. Meadows soon moved on to projects, including a regular role on the short-lived NBC sitcom The Michael Richards Show. He also guest starred as a client on the hit NBC comedy The Office in the second-season episode The Client and he played a high school principal in Mean Girls, a film written by fellow SNL cast member Tina Fey. He also had a part in Handsome Boy Modeling Schools album White People, in 2007, he appeared in a substantial supporting role in Walk Hard, The Dewey Cox Story. Meadows has appeared in feature films, including Coneheads, Its Pat. Most recently he was in the 2006 film The Benchwarmers alongside his former SNL co-stars Rob Schneider and he was also featured in CBSs Gameshow Marathon, has appeared on The Colbert Report in the recurring role of P. K. Winsome, and starred in The Bill Engvall Show and he was also a frequent guest on the The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson as a comic field reporter. On May 31,2008, Meadows threw out a ceremonial first pitch, in 2014, Meadows co-starred alongside Casey Wilson and Ken Marino in the short-lived NBC sitcom Marry Me. He and Dan Bucatinsky played The Kevins, the gay dads of Annie who are both named Kevin, since 2013, he has appeared in a recurring role on the ABC sitcom The Goldbergs, playing Mr. Glascott, the high schools parrot-owning guidance counselor. In 2016, he began starring in the FOX live-action/animation hybrid Son of Zorn opposite Cheryl Hines, Meadows continues to perform improv in Chicago and Los Angeles, most frequently at venues such as the ImprovOlympic and Upright Citizens Brigade Theatre. With Heather Anne Campbell and Miles Stroth, Meadows frequently performed in the sketch show, Heather, Miles. Bang. as J. Milo Beauregard The Goldbergs as Mr. Glascott Marry Me as Kevin 1 The Spoils Before Dying Son of Zorn as Craig Tween Fest as Hologram Miles Davis The Late Show with Stephen Colbert as P. K
10.
Reality
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Reality is the state of things as they actually exist, rather than as they may appear or might be imagined. Reality includes everything that is and has been, whether or not it is observable or comprehensible, a still broader definition includes that which has existed, exists, or will exist. By contrast existence is restricted solely to that which has physical existence or has a direct basis in it in the way that thoughts do in the brain. Reality is often contrasted with what is imaginary, illusory, delusional, in the mind, dreams, what is false, what is fictional, at the same time, what is abstract plays a role both in everyday life and in academic research. For instance, causality, virtue, life, and distributive justice are abstract concepts that can be difficult to define, but they are only rarely equated with pure delusions. Both the existence and reality of abstractions are in dispute, one extreme position regards them as mere words and this disagreement is the basis of the philosophical problem of universals. The truth refers to what is real, while falsity refers to what is not, a common colloquial usage would have reality mean perceptions, beliefs, and attitudes toward reality, as in My reality is not your reality. This is often used just as a colloquialism indicating that the parties to a conversation agree, or should agree, for example, in a religious discussion between friends, one might say, You might disagree, but in my reality, everyone goes to heaven. Reality can be defined in a way that links it to world views or parts of them, Reality is the totality of all things, structures, events and phenomena and it is what a world view ultimately attempts to describe or map. Certain ideas from physics, philosophy, sociology, literary criticism, one such belief is that there simply and literally is no reality beyond the perceptions or beliefs we each have about reality. Many of the concepts of science and philosophy are often defined culturally and socially and this idea was elaborated by Thomas Kuhn in his book The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. The Social Construction of Reality, a book about the sociology of knowledge written by Peter L. Berger and it explained how knowledge is acquired and used for the comprehension of reality. Out of all the realities, the reality of life is the most important one since our consciousness requires us to be completely aware. Philosophy addresses two different aspects of the topic of reality, the nature of reality itself, and the relationship between the mind and reality. On the one hand, ontology is the study of being, and the topic of the field is couched, variously, in terms of being, existence, what is. The task in ontology is to describe the most general categories of reality, if a philosopher wanted to proffer a positive definition of the concept reality, it would be done under this heading. As explained above, some philosophers draw a distinction between reality and existence, in fact, many analytic philosophers today tend to avoid the term real and reality in discussing ontological issues. But for those who would treat is real the same way they treat exists and it has been widely held by analytic philosophers that it is not a property at all, though this view has lost some ground in recent decades
