1.
Shenandoah, Iowa
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Shenandoah is a city in Fremont and Page Counties in Iowa. The population was 5,150 at the 2010 census, once referred to as the seed and nursery center of the world, Shenandoah is the home to Earl May Seed Company and the radio station KMA, founded by Earl May. The early live radio stations gave many performers their start, including The Everly Brothers, Shenandoah, originally known as Fair Oaks, was platted in 1870, shortly after the arrival of the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad into the neighborhood. Its name is derived from the local valleys resemblance to the Shenandoah Valley, Shenandoah is located at 40°45′44″N 95°22′15″W along Fourmile Creek near its confluence with the East Nishnabotna River. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 3.75 square miles. As of the census of 2010, there were 5,150 people,2,310 households, the population density was 1,373.3 inhabitants per square mile. There were 2,611 housing units at a density of 696.3 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 96. 4% White,0. 3% African American,0. 2% Native American,0. 5% Asian,1. 1% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 4. 0% of the population. 37. 0% of all households were made up of individuals, the average household size was 2.18 and the average family size was 2.82. The median age in the city was 44.4 years. 22. 4% of residents were under the age of 18,6. 5% were between the ages of 18 and 24,21. 5% were from 25 to 44,26. 5% were from 45 to 64, and 23% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 46. 6% male and 53. 4% female, as of the census of 2000, there were 5,546 people,2,421 households, and 1,486 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,599.6 people per square mile, there were 2,645 housing units at an average density of 762.9 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 97. 91% White,0. 11% African American,0. 47% Native American,0. 22% Asian,0. 72% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 2. 72% of the population. 34. 2% of all households were made up of individuals and 17. 8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.22 and the average family size was 2.84. Age spread,22. 4% under the age of 18,8. 2% from 18 to 24,23. 9% from 25 to 44,22. 4% from 45 to 64, the median age was 42 years. For every 100 females there were 85.8 males, for every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 82.5 males. The median income for a household in the city was $29,435, males had a median income of $31,657 versus $18,588 for females
2.
Country music
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Country music is a genre of United States popular music that originated in the southern United States in the 1920s. It takes its roots from the genre of United States, such as folk music. Blues modes have been used throughout its recorded history. The term country music is used today to many styles and subgenres. In 2009 country music was the most listened to rush hour radio genre during the evening commute, immigrants to the Southern Appalachian Mountains of North America brought the music and instruments of Europe and Africa along with them for nearly 300 years. Country music was introduced to the world as a Southern phenomenon, Bristol, Tennessee, has been formally recognized by the U. S. Congress as the Birthplace of Country Music, based on the historic Bristol recording sessions of 1927. Since 2014, the city has been home to the Birthplace of Country Music Museum, historians have also noted the influence of the less-known Johnson City sessions of 1928 and 1929, and the Knoxville sessions of 1929 and 1930. Prior to these, pioneer settlers, in the Great Smoky Mountains region, had developed a musical heritage. The first generation emerged in the early 1920s, with Atlantas music scene playing a role in launching countrys earliest recording artists. Okeh Records began issuing hillbilly music records by Fiddlin John Carson as early as 1923, followed by Columbia Records in 1924, many hillbilly musicians, such as Cliff Carlisle, recorded blues songs throughout the 1920s. The most important was the Grand Ole Opry, aired starting in 1925 by WSM in Nashville, during the 1930s and 1940s, cowboy songs, or Western music, which had been recorded since the 1920s, were popularized by films made in Hollywood. Bob Wills was another musician from the Lower Great Plains who had become very popular as the leader of a hot string band. His mix of country and jazz, which started out as dance hall music, Wills was one of the first country musicians known to have added an electric guitar to his band, in 1938. Country musicians began recording boogie in 1939, shortly after it had played at Carnegie Hall. Gospel music remained a component of country music. It became known as honky tonk, and had its roots in Western swing and the music of Mexico. By the early 1950s a blend of Western swing, country boogie, rockabilly was most popular with country fans in the 1950s, and 1956 could be called the year of rockabilly in country music. Beginning in the mid-1950s, and reaching its peak during the early 1960s, the late 1960s in American music produced a unique blend as a result of traditionalist backlash within separate genres
3.
Rockabilly
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Rockabilly is one of the earliest styles of rock and roll music, dating back to the early 1950s in the United States, especially the South. As a genre it blends the sound of Western musical styles such as country with that of rhythm and blues, leading to what is considered classic rock, some have also described it as a blend of bluegrass with rock and roll. The term rockabilly itself is a portmanteau of rock and hillbilly, other important influences on rockabilly include western swing, boogie woogie, jump blues, and electric blues. An interest in the genre endures even in the 21st century, Rockabilly has left a legacy, spawning a variety of sub-styles and influencing other genres such as punk rock. There was a relationship between blues and country music from the very earliest country recordings in the 1920s. The first nationwide country hit was Wreck of the Old 97, backed with Lonesome Road Blues, during the 1930s and 1940s, two new sounds emerged. Recordings of Willss from the mid 1940s to the early 1950s include two beat jazz rhythms, jazz choruses, and guitar work that preceded early rockabilly recordings, wills is quoted as saying Rock and Roll. Why, man, thats the kind of music weve been playin since 1928. But its just basic rhythm and has gone by a lot of different names in my time and its the same, whether you just follow a drum beat like in Africa or surround it with a lot of instruments. The Maddox Brothers and Rose were at the edge of rockabilly with the slapped bass that Fred Maddox had developed. Maddox said, Youve got to have somethin they can tap their foot, or dance to, after World War II the band shifted into higher gear leaning more toward a whimsical honky-tonk feel, with a heavy, manic bottom end - the slap bass of Fred Maddox. They played hillbilly music but it sounded real hot and they played real loud for that time, too. The Maddoxes were also known for their antics and stuff. I mean it just wasnt us up there pickin and singing, there was something going on all the time. The demonstrative Maddoxes, helped release white bodies from traditional motions of decorum, more and more younger white artists began to behave on stage like the lively Maddoxes. Others believe that they were not only at the leading edge, Bill Monroe is known as the Father of Bluegrass, a specific style of country music. Many of his songs were in form, while others took the form of folk ballads, parlor songs. Bluegrass was a staple of music in the early 1950s
4.
Rock and roll
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While elements of rock and roll can be heard in blues records from the 1920s and in country records of the 1930s, the genre did not acquire its name until the 1950s. For the purpose of differentiation, this deals with the first definition. The beat is essentially a blues rhythm with an accentuated backbeat, classic rock and roll is usually played with one or two electric guitars, a double bass or string bass or an electric bass guitar, and a drum kit. Beyond simply a style, rock and roll, as seen in movies and on television, influenced lifestyles, fashion, attitudes. In addition, rock and roll may have contributed to the civil rights movement because both African-American and white American teens enjoyed the music and it went on to spawn various genres, often without the initially characteristic backbeat, that are now more commonly called simply rock music or rock. The term rock and roll now has at least two different meanings, both in common usage, the American Heritage Dictionary and the Merriam-Webster Dictionary both define rock and roll as synonymous with rock music. Encyclopædia Britannica, on the hand, regards it as the music that originated in the mid-1950s. In 1934, the song Rock and Roll by the Boswell Sisters appeared in the film Transatlantic Merry-Go-Round, in 1942, Billboard magazine columnist Maurie Orodenker started to use the term rock-and-roll to describe upbeat recordings such as Rock Me by Sister Rosetta Tharpe. By 1943, the Rock and Roll Inn in South Merchantville, in 1951, Cleveland, Ohio disc jockey Alan Freed began playing this music style while popularizing the phrase to describe it. The origins of rock and roll have been debated by commentators. The migration of former slaves and their descendants to major urban centers such as St. The immediate roots of rock and roll lay in the rhythm and blues, then called race music, particularly significant influences were jazz, blues, gospel, country, and folk. The 1940s saw the use of blaring horns, shouted lyrics. In the same period, particularly on the West Coast and in the Midwest, similarly, country boogie and Chicago electric blues supplied many of the elements that would be seen as characteristic of rock and roll. Rock and roll arrived at a time of technological change, soon after the development of the electric guitar, amplifier and microphone. It was the realization that relatively affluent white teenagers were listening to music that led to the development of what was to be defined as rock. Because the development of rock and roll was a process, no single record can be identified as unambiguously the first rock. Other artists with rock and roll hits included Chuck Berry, Bo Diddley, Little Richard, Jerry Lee Lewis
5.
Singing
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Singing is the act of producing musical sounds with the voice, and augments regular speech by the use of sustained tonality, rhythm, and a variety of vocal techniques. A person who sings is called a singer or vocalist, Singers perform music that can be sung with or without accompaniment by musical instruments. Singing is often done in an ensemble of musicians, such as a choir of singers or a band of instrumentalists, Singers may perform as soloists, or accompanied by anything from a single instrument up to a symphony orchestra or big band. Singing can be formal or informal, arranged or improvised and it may be done as a form of religious devotion, as a hobby, as a source of pleasure, comfort, or ritual, as part of music education, or as a profession. Excellence in singing requires time, dedication, instruction, and regular practice, if practice is done on a regular basis then the sounds can become more clear and strong. Professional singers usually build their careers around one specific genre, such as classical or rock. They typically take voice training provided by teachers or vocal coaches throughout their careers. Though these four mechanisms function independently, they are coordinated in the establishment of a vocal technique and are made to interact upon one another. During passive breathing, air is inhaled with the diaphragm while exhalation occurs without any effort, exhalation may be aided by the abdominal, internal intercostal and lower pelvis/pelvic muscles. Inhalation is aided by use of external intercostals, scalenes and sternocleidomastoid muscles, the pitch is altered with the vocal cords. With the lips closed, this is called humming, humans have vocal folds which can loosen, tighten, or change their thickness, and over which breath can be transferred at varying pressures. The shape of the chest and neck, the position of the tongue, any one of these actions results in a change in pitch, volume, timbre, or tone of the sound produced. Sound also resonates within different parts of the body and an individuals size, Singers can also learn to project sound in certain ways so that it resonates better within their vocal tract. This is known as vocal resonation, another major influence on vocal sound and production is the function of the larynx which people can manipulate in different ways to produce different sounds. These different kinds of function are described as different kinds of vocal registers. The primary method for singers to accomplish this is through the use of the Singers Formant and it has also been shown that a more powerful voice may be achieved with a fatter and fluid-like vocal fold mucosa. The more pliable the mucosa, the more efficient the transfer of energy from the airflow to the vocal folds, Vocal registration refers to the system of vocal registers within the voice. A register in the voice is a series of tones, produced in the same vibratory pattern of the vocal folds
6.
Guitar
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The guitar is a musical instrument classified as a fretted string instrument with anywhere from four to 18 strings, usually having six. The sound is projected either acoustically, using a wooden or plastic and wood box, or through electrical amplifier. It is typically played by strumming or plucking the strings with the fingers, the guitar is a type of chordophone, traditionally constructed from wood and strung with either gut, nylon or steel strings and distinguished from other chordophones by its construction and tuning. There are three types of modern acoustic guitar, the classical guitar, the steel-string acoustic guitar, and the archtop guitar. The tone of a guitar is produced by the strings vibration, amplified by the hollow body of the guitar. The term finger-picking can also refer to a tradition of folk, blues, bluegrass. The acoustic bass guitar is an instrument that is one octave below a regular guitar. Early amplified guitars employed a body, but a solid wood body was eventually found more suitable during the 1960s and 1970s. As with acoustic guitars, there are a number of types of guitars, including hollowbody guitars, archtop guitars and solid-body guitars. The electric guitar has had a influence on popular culture. The guitar is used in a variety of musical genres worldwide. It is recognized as an instrument in genres such as blues, bluegrass, country, flamenco, folk, jazz, jota, mariachi, metal, punk, reggae, rock, soul. The term is used to refer to a number of chordophones that were developed and used across Europe, beginning in the 12th century and, later, in the Americas. The modern word guitar, and its antecedents, has applied to a wide variety of chordophones since classical times. Many influences are cited as antecedents to the modern guitar, at least two instruments called guitars were in use in Spain by 1200, the guitarra latina and the so-called guitarra morisca. The guitarra morisca had a back, wide fingerboard. The guitarra Latina had a sound hole and a narrower neck. By the 14th century the qualifiers moresca or morisca and latina had been dropped, and it had six courses, lute-like tuning in fourths and a guitar-like body, although early representations reveal an instrument with a sharply cut waist
7.
London Records
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London Records is a record label in the U. K. that marketed records in the U. S, Canada, and Latin America from 1947 to 1979 before becoming semi-independent. London arose from the split in ownership between the British and American branches of Decca Records, the American branch released British Decca records in the U. S. since it could not use the Decca name there. The label was noted for classical albums made in then state-of-the-art stereophonic sound, by the 1960s more licensing deals had been made with Big Top, Monument, Parrot, Philles, and Hi, and subsidiary labels were London Atlantic, London Dot and London Monument. An unusual feature was the code in the numbering system. From the late 1950s until 1973, the label bore the logo London American Recordings, in America, the label was best known as the American imprint of the pre–1971 recordings of the Rolling Stones. The label also issued some early LPs and singles by Texas-based band ZZ Top. In the late 1970s, London signed deals with Bomp, Records and with Big Sound in Connecticut, U. S. This changed the label in the eyes of many from a backwater into something a little more edgy compared to the pedestrian contemporary releases from parent company Decca, the president of London Records in the 1970s was D. H. Tollerbond. After British Decca was acquired by PolyGram in 1979, London followed an independent course with subsidiary labels such as Slash, Pete Tongs Essential Records. The name is used, mainly for UK-based artists. Notable artists released by that incarnation of London, called London Records 90, include New Order, Happy Mondays, A, after PolyGram took over British Decca, classical-music albums recorded by British Decca continued to be released on the London label in the U. S. S. The London pop music catalogue owned by Universal Music is now managed by Polydor Records, Decca Records had a recording studio in Blomfield Road, West London, there may have been another in Londons West End. In 2010, Universal Music reclaimed ownership of the London Records trademark, both had started their careers at London Records in the Ames era in the 1990s. When Nick Raphael became president of Capitol Recordss UK division in 2013, London Records moved there, Arlissa All Saints Arlissa Dear Prudence The Gypsy Queens List of record labels The London Records Story from BSN Pubs Discographies London Records A&R team contact list
8.
Warner Bros. Records
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Warner Bros. Records was established on March 19,1958, as the recorded-music division of the American film studio Warner Bros. For most of its existence it was one of a group of labels owned and operated by larger parent corporations. The sequence of companies that controlled Warner Bros. and its allied labels evolved through a series of corporate mergers. Over this period, Warner Bros. Records grew from a minor player in the music industry to become one of the top recording labels in the world. In 2003, these assets were divested by their then owner Time Warner. This independent company traded as the Warner Music Group before being bought by Access Industries in 2011, WMG is the smallest of the three major international music conglomerates and the worlds last publicly traded major music company. Cameron Strang serves as CEO of the company, artists currently signed to Warner Bros. At the end of the silent movie period, Warner Bros, pictures decided to expand into publishing and recording so that it could access low-cost music content for its films. This new group controlled valuable copyrights on standards by George and Ira Gershwin and Jerome Kern, the label signed rising radio and recording stars Bing Crosby, Mills Brothers, and Boswell Sisters. In December 1931, Warner Bros. offloaded Brunswick to the American Record Corporation for a fraction of its former value, in a lease arrangement which did not include Brunswicks pressing plants. Warner Bros. sold Brunswick a second time, this time along with the old Brunswick pressing plants Warner owned, to Decca Records in exchange for a financial interest in Decca. The studio stayed out of the business for more than 25 years. Warner Bros. reëntered the record business in 1958 with the establishment of its own recording division, by this time, the established Hollywood studios were reeling from multiple challenges to their former dominance - the most notable being the introduction of television in the late 1940s. Legal changes also had a impact on their business—lawsuits brought by major stars had effectively overthrown the old studio contract system by the late 1940s. Pictures sold off much of its library in 1948 and, beginning in 1949. Semenenko in particular had a professional interest in the entertainment business. With the record business booming - sales had topped US$500 million by 1958 - Semnenko argued that it was foolish for Warner Bros, another impetus for the labels creation was the brief music career of Warner Bros. actor Tab Hunter. In 1958, the studio signed Hunter as its first artist to its newly formed record division, to establish the label, the company hired former Columbia Records president James B
9.
RCA Records
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RCA Records is an American record label owned by Sony Music Entertainment, a subsidiary of Sony Corporation of America, Inc. It is one of SMEs three flagship labels, alongside Columbia Records and Epic Records. The label has released multiple genres of music, including pop, rock, hip hop, R&B, blues, jazz, the companys name is derived from the initials of the labels former parent company, the Radio Corporation of America. It is the second oldest recording company in US history, after sister label Columbia Records, RCAs Canadian unit is Sonys oldest label in Canada. It was one of only two Canadian record companies to survive the Great Depression, kelly, Enrique Iglesias, Foo Fighters, Kings of Leon, Kesha, Miley Cyrus, Giorgio Moroder, Jennifer Hudson, DAngelo, Pink, Tinashe, G-Eazy, Pitbull, Zayn and Wizkid. In 1929, the Radio Corporation of America purchased the Victor Talking Machine Company, then the worlds largest manufacturer of phonographs and phonograph records. The company then became RCA Victor but retained use of the Victor Records name on their labels until the beginning of 1946 when the labels were finally switched over to RCA Victor. With Victor, RCA acquired New World rights to the famous Nipper His Masters Voice trademark, in Shanghai, China, in 1931, RCA Victors British affiliate the Gramophone Company merged with the Columbia Graphophone Company to form EMI. This gave RCA head David Sarnoff a seat on the EMI board, in September 1931, RCA Victor introduced the first 33⅓ rpm records sold to the public, calling them Program Transcriptions. In the depths of the Great Depression, the format was a commercial failure, during the early part of the depression, RCA made a number of attempts to produce a successful cheap label to compete with the dime store labels. The first was the short-lived Timely Tunes label in 1931 sold at Montgomery Ward, in 1932, Bluebird Records was created as a sub-label of RCA Victor. It was originally an 8-inch record with a blue label. In 1933, RCA reintroduced Bluebird and Electradisk as a standard 10-inch label, another cheap label, Sunrise, was produced. The same musical couplings were issued on all three labels and Bluebird Records still survives eight decades after Electradisk and Sunrise were discontinued, RCA also produced records for Montgomery Ward label during the 1930s. Besides manufacturing records for themselves, RCA Victor operated RCA Custom which was the leading record manufacturer for independent record labels, RCA Custom also pressed record compilations for The Readers Digest Association. RCA sold its interest in EMI in 1935, but EMI continued to distribute RCA recordings in the UK, RCA also manufactured and distributed HMV classical recordings on the RCA and HMV labels in North America. During World War II, ties between RCA and its Japanese affiliate JVC were severed, the Japanese record company is today called Victor Entertainment and is still a JVC subsidiary. From 1942 to 1944, RCA Victor was seriously impacted by the American Federation of Musicians recording ban, virtually all union musicians could not make recordings during that period
10.
Razor & Tie
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Razor & Tie is an American entertainment company which consists of a record label and a music publishing company. It was established in 1990 by Craig Balsam and Cliff Chenfeld, based in New York City, Razor & Tie releases are distributed by Universal Music Group. Razor & Tie initially focused on albums and re-issues. Directly marketed through television spots, the label had success with 70s, 80s and 90s-themed albums. A retail label was launched in 1995 to release new albums from established and developing artists, including Dar Williams, Graham Parker, in 2001, Balsam and Chenfeld created Kidz Bop, a series of albums with young singers covering pop hits. Releases on Razor & Tie have cumulatively exceeded sales of 45 million physical and digital albums, singles, videos, a music publishing division was founded in 2007, and in 2014 Razor & Tie launched Washington Square Records, an alternative leaning label. In 2015 Concord Bicycle acquired an undisclosed percentage of Razor & Tie, which now operates as Razor & Tie Enterprises LLC, Razor & Tie was founded by Craig Balsam and Cliff Chenfeld, who met while in law school at NYU. Musicians as well as fans, they played and wrote songs together while pursuing their degrees. Following several years of practicing separately at large, corporate firms, Balsam and we really didn’t enjoy practicing law as much as we enjoyed music. So we began to think about ways we could maybe change our careers, in 1990, they founded Razor & Tie, naming the company after a song they had written while working as lawyers. In late 1990, working out of Chenfelds apartment, Razor & Tie released their first record, Those Fabulous 70s and it was sold through a late-night television spot presented by The 70s Preservation Society, an obviously fictitious entity which Balsam and Chenfeld had created to market the album. Through the commercial—which featured a fellow with a tie so wide you could land a helicopter on it—the album sold in excess of 100,000 copies. Those Fabulous 70s was followed by a series of genre-specific 70s records and 80s compilations. Living in the 90s, released in 1995, was the bestselling album of the period. Razor & Ties early business model focused on reissues. It was great because we were allowed to get into a lot of music that we loved, and it was a business scale that worked very well for us. At the time, if we sold twenty thousand copies of something we could make that work, the first album Razor & Tie reissued was The Up Escalator by Graham Parker and the Rumour. In 1995, with an office in Greenwich Village, Razor & Tie launched a new music division, the first new artist signed to Razor & Tie was Dar Williams, who released her debut album The Honesty Room in February,1995
11.
Mercury Records
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Mercury Records is an American-based record label owned by Universal Music Group. In the United States, it operates through Island Records, in the UK, Mercury Record Corporation was formed in the American city of Chicago in 1945 by Irving Green, Berle Adams, Ray Greenberg and Arthur Talmadge. They were a force in jazz and blues, classical music, rock and roll. Early in the history, Mercury opened two pressing plants, one in Chicago and the other in St. Louis, Missouri. With the use of presses and providing 24-hour turnaround, they went into direct competition with major recording labels such as Columbia, Decca, Capitol. By hiring two promoters, Tiny Hill and Jimmy Hilliard, they penetrated the pop market with such as Frankie Laine, Vic Damone, Tony Fontane. Rather than rely on radio airplay, Mercury initially relied on jukeboxes to promote their music, some early Mercury recordings featured a caricature of him as its logo. In 1947 Jack Rael, a musician and publicist/manager, persuaded Mercury to let Patti Page record a song that had planned to be done by Vic Damone. The budget was too small for them to hire a second singer to provide the parts to Page. The company released a number of recordings under the Mercury label as well as its subsidiaries. In addition, they leased and purchased material by independent labels, under their own label, Mercury released a variety of recording styles from classical music to psychedelic rock. However, its subsidiaries focused on their own specialized categories of music, Mercurys jazz division had two distinct and important fathers. John Hammond brought his expertise and connections when Mercury bought Keynote Records in the late 1940s, and Mercury was the issuing company and distributor for Norman Granzs pre-Norgran/Verve recordings. Although both Hammond and Granz had departed Mercury by the mid-1950s, they established the company in the jazz world, by the early 1960s, Mercury was releasing jazz under the flagship label and was an early leader in the new stereo sound releases. Highlights of the early and mid-1960s included albums by Quincy Jones, Buddy Rich, Cannonball Adderley, Charles Mingus, Dinah Washington, Sarah Vaughan, Max Roach, in the early 1950s, Norman Granz started his own record company, Norgran, which later became Verve. In an ironic twist, both Mercury and Verve are now owned by Universal Music Group and Mercurys jazz library falls under the Verve division. Since the early 1990s, Verve has reissued many Mercury jazz titles on CD, often taking care to use original master tapes, in 1962, Mercury began marketing a line of phonographs made by Philips bearing the Mercury brand name. In July 1967, Mercury Records became the first U. S. record company to release cassette music tapes, in 1969, Mercury changed its corporate name to Mercury Record Productions Inc. while its parent Conelco became North American Philips Corp after Philips brought control of the company
12.
Steel-string acoustic guitar
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The steel-string acoustic guitar is a modern form of guitar that descends from the classical guitar, but is strung with steel strings for a brighter, louder sound. It is often referred to simply as a guitar, though the nylon-strung classical guitar is also sometimes called an acoustic guitar. The most common type is called a flat top guitar, to distinguish it from the more specialized archtop guitar. The standard tuning for a guitar is E-A-D-G-B-E, although many players, particularly fingerpickers, use alternate tunings, such as open G, open D. There are many variations in construction and materials used in steel-string guitars, different combinations of woods and construction elements affect the timbre or tone of the guitar. Many players and luthiers are convinced that a well-made guitars tone improves over time, acoustic guitars are commonly constructed in several different body types. The proportion and overall size of two parts helps determine the overall tonal balance and native sound of a particular body style – the larger the body. The 00, also called the Double-Oh or the Grand Concert and it has the thinnest soundbox and the smallest overall size of the major styles, making it very comfortable to play but also one of the quietest. Its smaller size makes it suitable for younger or smaller-framed players and these guitars are commonly called parlor steels as they are well-suited to smaller rooms. Martins 00-xxx series and Taylors x12 series are common examples, the Grand Auditorium guitar, sometimes called the 000 or the Triple-Oh, is very similar in design to the Grand Concert, but slightly wider and deeper. Many 000-style guitars also have a back panel to increase the volume of space in the soundbox without making the soundbox deeper at the edges. Eric Claptons signature Martin guitar, for example, is of this style, Martins 000-xxx series and Taylors x14 series are well-known examples of the Grand Auditorium style. The Dreadnought style was designed by Martin Guitars to produce a deeper sound than classic-style guitars and this body styles combination of a small profile with a deep sound has made it immensely popular, and it has since been copied by virtually every major steel-string luthier. Martins D series guitars, such as the highly-prized D-28, are examples of the Dreadnought. This comes at the expense of being oversized, with a very deep sounding box, the foremost example of this style is the Gibson J-200, but like the Dreadnought, most guitar manufacturers have at least one jumbo model. Any of these body type can optionally incorporate a cutaway, a cutaway guitar has a redesigned upper bout that removes a section of the soundbox on the underside of the neck, hence the name cutaway. This allows for access to the frets that are located on top of the soundbox past the heel of the neck. The tradeoff is reduced soundbox volume, and often a change in bracing, the 12-string guitar replaces each single string with a course of two strings
13.
Close and open harmony
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Close harmony is an arrangement of the notes of chords within a narrow range, usually notes that are no more than an octave apart. It is different from open harmony or voicing in that it uses each part on the closest harmonizing note, close harmony or voicing can refer to both instrumental and vocal arrangements. It can follow the standard voice-leading rules of harmony, as in string quartets or Bachs Chorales. In jazz, this influence is reflected in George Gershwins work, origins of this style of singing are found in harmonies of the 1800s in America. Early radio quartets continued this tradition, female harmonists, like the Boswell Sisters. The Hamilton Sisters and Fordyce, then became Three X Sisters, both performed and recorded this style in the 1920s, and continued this onto commercial radio of the 1930s. Close harmony singing was popular in the 1940s with Pop. The Andrews Sisters capitalized on a similar style too with Swing music, many gospel and soul groups in the 1950s and 60s also used this technique, usually 3- or 4-part SSAA or TTBB harmony with one person doing a call-and-response type lead. Examples of this are The Blind Boys of Alabama, a group that is still recording today, the folk-rock duo Simon & Garfunkel used close harmony, echoing their chosen role-models, The Everly Brothers. The Louvin Brothers were a duo that used close harmony in the genre of country music, barbershop can be sung by males or females. Public domain pieces, such as Sweet Adeline, and newer pieces are abundant, national organizations promote the music with local chapters in many communities. Soul and gospel groups flourished in America in the years after World War II, building on the foundation of blues, 1930s gospel songs and big band music. As noted above, they used the more traditional TTBB or SSAA 4-part structure, but with heavy use of solos and call-and-response. These groups sometimes sang a cappella but also used more instrumental backing, Pop music and doo-wop can be seen as a commercialization of this genre. In music, block harmony is close position harmonization, and contrasted with open harmony
14.
Rock and Roll Hall of Fame
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The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum is a hall of fame and museum located on the shore of Lake Erie in downtown Cleveland, Ohio, United States. In 1986, Cleveland was chosen as the hall of fames permanent home.8 billion, the Foundation began inducting artists in 1986, but the Hall of Fame still had no home. The search committee considered several cities, including Philadelphia, Memphis, Detroit, Cincinnati, New York City, Cleveland was also one of the premier tour stops for most rock bands. Civic leaders in Cleveland pledged $65 million in money to fund the construction. A petition drive was signed by 600,000 fans favoring Cleveland over Memphis, on May 5,1986, the Hall of Fame Foundation chose Cleveland as the permanent home of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum. Sam Phillips of Sun Studios fame and many others were stunned and disappointed that it ended up in Cleveland, the hall of fame shouldve been in Memphis, certainly, wrote Peter Guralnick, author of an acclaimed two-volume Elvis Presley biography. Cleveland may also have chosen as the organizations site because the city offered the best financial package. As The Plain Dealer music critic Michael Norman noted, It was $65 million, Cleveland wanted it here and put up the money. During early discussions on where to build the Hall of Fame and Museum, ultimately, the chosen location was along East Ninth Street in downtown Cleveland by Lake Erie, east of Cleveland Stadium. Initial CEO Dr. Larry R. Thompson facilitated I. M. Pei in designs for the site, Pei came up with the idea of a tower with a glass pyramid protruding from it. The museum tower was planned to stand 200 ft high. The buildings base is approximately 150,000 square feet, the groundbreaking ceremony took place on June 7,1993. Pete Townshend, Chuck Berry, Billy Joel, Sam Phillips, Ruth Brown, Sam Moore of Sam and Dave, Carl Gardner of the Coasters and Dave Pirner of Soul Asylum all appeared at the groundbreaking. The museum was dedicated on September 1,1995, with the ribbon being cut by an ensemble that included Yoko Ono and Little Richard, among others, the following night an all-star concert was held at the stadium. It featured Chuck Berry, Bob Dylan, Al Green, Jerry Lee Lewis, Aretha Franklin, Bruce Springsteen, Iggy Pop, John Fogerty, John Mellencamp, and many others. In addition to the Hall of Fame inductees, the documents the entire history of rock and roll. Hall of Fame inductees are honored in an exhibit located in a wing that juts out over Lake Erie. Since 1986, the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame has selected new inductees, the formal induction ceremony has been held in New York City 25 times, twice in Los Angeles, and four times in the Hall of Fames home in Cleveland
15.
Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum
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Chartered in 1964, the museum has amassed one of the world’s most extensive musical collections. The Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum is one of the world’s largest and most active popular music research centers, through CMF, industry leaders raised money to build the Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum, which opened on April 1,1967. Located at the head of Music Row, the museum was erected on the site of a small Nashville city park, at this point, artifacts began to be displayed and a small library was begun in a loft above one of the museum’s galleries. At the outset, CMA staff had run the museum, but by 1972 the museum acquired its own small staff, which has steadily increased to over 150 full-time professionals. Building expansion took place in 1974,1977, and 1984 to store and display the museum’s growing collection of costumes, films, historic cars, musical instruments, and other artifacts. To become more accessible, in May 2001 the Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum moved to a new,130,000 square feet facility in the heart of downtown Nashville’s arts and entertainment district. In 2014, the museum unveiled a $100 million expansion, doubling its size to 350,000 square feet of galleries, archival storage, education classrooms, retail stores, and special event space. The story is revealed through artifacts, photographs, and text panels, recorded sound, vintage video, sing Me Back Home is enhanced by numerous, rotating limited-engagement exhibits. In addition to the galleries, the museum has the 776-seat CMA Theater, the Taylor Swift Education Center, the Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum has developed multiple platforms to make its collection accessible to a wider audience. From weekly instrument demonstrations to its flagship songwriting program for schools, Words & Music, the Country Music Hall of Fame honor was created in 1961 by the Country Music Association, the first inductees were Hank Williams, Jimmie Rodgers, and Fred Rose. Roy Acuff, the first living artist to join the Hall of Fame, was elected in 1962, the most recent inductees are Jerry Reed, Don Schlitz and Alan Jackson. Over the Hall of Fame’s history, the number of new members inducted each year has varied from one to twelve, the election procedure is as follows, A small CMA nominating committee drafts slates of candidates from each category, categories have been defined variously over the years. Award recipients are determined through a two-stage balloting process, the first round of voting narrows each category to five candidates, the second round selects winners. The large select committee of electors that votes on Hall of Fame membership is composed of CMA members who have participated in the music industry for at least ten years. New Hall of Fame members receive special recognition in ceremonies at the Country Music Hall of Fame, today the plaques are displayed in a seventy-foot-high rotunda at the museum’s enlarged downtown Nashville facility. The museum’s archival and library storage, allows for the cultivation of the museum’s collection, hundreds of historic musical instruments, featuring Mother Maybelle Carter’s Gibson L-5, Earl Scruggs’s banjo, Bob Wills’ fiddle, and Bill Monroe’s mandolin. Oral histories, scrapbooks, correspondence, fan club newsletters, sheet music, periodicals, iconic Vehicles, Elvis Presley’s 1960 “Solid Gold” Cadillac limousine, Webb Pierce’s 1962 Pontiac Bonneville convertible, and Jerry Reed’s 1980 Pontiac Trans Am from Smokey and the Bandit II. When viewed from the air, the forms a massive bass clef
16.
Chicago
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Chicago, officially the City of Chicago, is the third-most populous city in the United States. With over 2.7 million residents, it is the most populous city in the state of Illinois, and it is the county seat of Cook County. In 2012, Chicago was listed as a global city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network. Chicago has the third-largest gross metropolitan product in the United States—about $640 billion according to 2015 estimates, the city has one of the worlds largest and most diversified economies with no single industry employing more than 14% of the workforce. In 2016, Chicago hosted over 54 million domestic and international visitors, landmarks in the city include Millennium Park, Navy Pier, the Magnificent Mile, Art Institute of Chicago, Museum Campus, the Willis Tower, Museum of Science and Industry, and Lincoln Park Zoo. Chicagos culture includes the arts, novels, film, theater, especially improvisational comedy. Chicago also has sports teams in each of the major professional leagues. The city has many nicknames, the best-known being the Windy City, the name Chicago is derived from a French rendering of the Native American word shikaakwa, known to botanists as Allium tricoccum, from the Miami-Illinois language. The first known reference to the site of the current city of Chicago as Checagou was by Robert de LaSalle around 1679 in a memoir, henri Joutel, in his journal of 1688, noted that the wild garlic, called chicagoua, grew abundantly in the area. In the mid-18th century, the area was inhabited by a Native American tribe known as the Potawatomi, the first known non-indigenous permanent settler in Chicago was Jean Baptiste Point du Sable. Du Sable was of African and French descent and arrived in the 1780s and he is commonly known as the Founder of Chicago. In 1803, the United States Army built Fort Dearborn, which was destroyed in 1812 in the Battle of Fort Dearborn, the Ottawa, Ojibwe, and Potawatomi tribes had ceded additional land to the United States in the 1816 Treaty of St. Louis. The Potawatomi were forcibly removed from their land after the Treaty of Chicago in 1833, on August 12,1833, the Town of Chicago was organized with a population of about 200. Within seven years it grew to more than 4,000 people, on June 15,1835, the first public land sales began with Edmund Dick Taylor as U. S. The City of Chicago was incorporated on Saturday, March 4,1837, as the site of the Chicago Portage, the city became an important transportation hub between the eastern and western United States. Chicagos first railway, Galena and Chicago Union Railroad, and the Illinois, the canal allowed steamboats and sailing ships on the Great Lakes to connect to the Mississippi River. A flourishing economy brought residents from rural communities and immigrants from abroad, manufacturing and retail and finance sectors became dominant, influencing the American economy. The Chicago Board of Trade listed the first ever standardized exchange traded forward contracts and these issues also helped propel another Illinoisan, Abraham Lincoln, to the national stage
17.
Illinois
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Illinois is a state in the midwestern region of the United States, achieving statehood in 1818. It is the 6th most populous state and 25th largest state in terms of land area, the word Illinois comes from a French rendering of a native Algonquin word. For decades, OHare International Airport has been ranked as one of the worlds busiest airports, Illinois has long had a reputation as a bellwether both in social and cultural terms and politics. With the War of 1812 Illinois growth slowed as both Native Americans and Canadian forces often raided the American Frontier, mineral finds and timber stands also had spurred immigration—by the 1810s, the Eastern U. S. Railroads arose and matured in the 1840s, and soon carried immigrants to new homes in Illinois, as well as being a resource to ship their commodity crops out to markets. Railroads freed most of the land of Illinois and other states from the tyranny of water transport. By 1900, the growth of jobs in the northern cities and coal mining in the central and southern areas attracted a new group of immigrants. Illinois was an important manufacturing center during both world wars, the Great Migration from the South established a large community of African Americans in Chicago, who created the citys famous jazz and blues cultures. Three U. S. presidents have been elected while living in Illinois, Abraham Lincoln, Ulysses S. Grant, additionally, Ronald Reagan, whose political career was based in California, was the only U. S. president born and raised in Illinois. Today, Illinois honors Lincoln with its official slogan, Land of Lincoln. The Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum is located in the capital of Springfield. Illinois is the spelling for the early French Catholic missionaries and explorers name for the Illinois Native Americans. American scholars previously thought the name Illinois meant man or men in the Miami-Illinois language and this etymology is not supported by the Illinois language, as the word for man is ireniwa and plural men is ireniwaki. The name Illiniwek has also said to mean tribe of superior men. The name Illinois derives from the Miami-Illinois verb irenwe·wa he speaks the regular way and this was taken into the Ojibwe language, perhaps in the Ottawa dialect, and modified into ilinwe·. The French borrowed these forms, changing the ending to spell it as -ois. The current spelling form, Illinois, began to appear in the early 1670s, the Illinois name for themselves, as attested in all three of the French missionary-period dictionaries of Illinois, was Inoka, of unknown meaning and unrelated to the other terms. American Indians of successive cultures lived along the waterways of the Illinois area for thousands of years before the arrival of Europeans, the Koster Site has been excavated and demonstrates 7,000 years of continuous habitation
18.
James Best
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He appeared as a guest on various country music and talk shows. He also starred in the science fiction movie, The Killer Shrews and its sequel. James Best was born as Jewel Franklin Guy on July 26,1926, in Powderly, Kentucky, to Lark and his mother was the sister of Ike Everly, the father of the pop duo The Everly Brothers. After his mother died of tuberculosis in 1929, then three-year-old James was sent to live in an orphanage and he was later adopted by Armen Best and his wife Essa and went to live with them in Corydon, Indiana. As an MP, Best played a role in bringing stability to war-torn Germany immediately after their surrender, while stationed in Germany, Best transferred out of the MP and joined a special services unit of actors for the US Army that travelled around Europe performing plays for the troops. This was the beginning of his acting career. Best began his acting career with an uncredited role in the 1950 film. He was further cast as Private Ridges in the 1958 film adaptation of Norman Mailers The Naked, Best guest-starred more than 280 times in numerous television series. In 1954, he played the outlaw Dave Ridley, opposite Gloria Winters as the female bandit Little Britches in an episode of Stories of the Century, in 1954, Best appeared twice on the syndicated Annie Oakley series, starring Gail Davis and Brad Johnson. He was cast in the anthology series, Crossroads, in the 1956 episode The White Carnation. He was also cast on an episode of Jackie Coopers early NBC sitcom, The Peoples Choice and in the David Janssen crime drama, Richard Diamond, in 1960, Best appeared in the episode Love on Credit of CBSs anthology series, The DuPont Show with June Allyson. The same year, he guest starred on The Andy Griffith Show as The Guitar Player and he starred in three episodes of The Twilight Zone including The Grave, The Last Rites of Jeff Myrtlebank and Jess-Belle. In 1963, he was cast as the courageous Wisconsin game warden, Ernie Swift, in the episode Open Season of another CBS anthology series, GE True, in the story line, Swift faces the reprisal of organized crime after he tickets gangster Frank MacErlane for illegal fishing. In 1962, he played the part of Art Fuller in the episode Incident of El Toro on CBSs Rawhide and in 1963, Best made two guest appearances on Perry Mason. In 1963 he played title character Martin Potter in The Case of the Surplus Suitor, the Green Hornet, The Mod Squad, I Spy and The Fugitive. Best played Sheriff Rosco P. Coltrane on CBSs The Dukes of Hazzard from the debut of the program in 1979 until the series ended in 1985 and this role was Bests most visible success. He later revealed that the persona of Sheriff Coltrane was developed from a voice that he used when playing with his young children. On set, Best was particularly close to Sorrell Booke, who played the character of Boss Hogg, who was both the boss and the brother-in-law of Rosco
19.
Muhlenberg County, Kentucky
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Muhlenberg County is a county located in the U. S. As of the 2010 census, the population was 31,499, the county was founded in 1798 and named for General Peter Muhlenberg, a colonial general during the American Revolutionary War. Muhlenberg County was established in 1798 from land given by Logan and Christian counties, Muhlenberg was the 34th Kentucky county in order of formation. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 479 square miles. The two primary features of Muhlenberg County are the Green River and Lake Malone. The northern portion of the county is gently rolling hills, river flatlands. The southern portion consist of rolling hills with higher relief, many of the valleys in the southern part of the county are rather deep and in places and somewhat rugged. This area is known for many sandstone formations and some small limestone caves. A number of faults cross the county at roughly the point between neighboring counties to the north and south. Coal is a natural resource found in the central part of the county. Most deposits reside deep underground, though in the past deposits were closer to the surface, in former years, it was common to see machines such as the Big Brother Power Shovel throughout the county. During the 1970s and early 1980s, Muhlenberg County was the leader in Coal Production. This was the subject of the song Paradise, Muhlenberg Countys predominate rock type is sandstone. As one travels south and gets closer to the border, one begins to notice limestone outcroppings become more numerous. Early attempts at extracting iron ore were tried at Old Airdrie on the banks of the Green River and at Buckner Furnace south of Greenville, both operations were extant in the late 19th century and early 20th century, neither enjoyed long-term success. The 300 miles -long Green River is a tributary of the Ohio River and it provides a commercial outlet for goods to be shipped from the county to the major trade centers along the Mississippi River. Muhlenberg County and the Green River first entered the popular consciousness through the John Prine song Paradise, spanning 788 acres near the small town of Dunmor in southern Muhlenberg County, Lake Malone provides a locale for water recreation such as swimming, boating, and fishing. Lake Malone and the hardwood forest form Lake Malone State Park
20.
Coal mining
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Coal mining is the process of extracting coal from the ground. Coal is valued for its content, and, since the 1880s, has been widely used to generate electricity. Steel and cement industries use coal as a fuel for extraction of iron from iron ore, in the United Kingdom and South Africa a coal mine and its structures are a colliery, a coal mine a pit, the above-ground structures the pit head. In Australia, colliery generally refers to a coal mine. In the United States colliery has been used to describe a coal mine operation, Coal mining has had many developments over the recent years, from the early days of men tunnelling, digging and manually extracting the coal on carts, to large open cut and long wall mines. Mining at this scale requires the use of draglines, trucks, conveyors, hydraulic jacks, small-scale mining of surface deposits dates back thousands of years. For example, in Roman Britain, the Romans were exploiting most of the major coalfields by the late 2nd century AD. The Industrial Revolution, which began in Britain in the 18th century and later spread to continental Europe, international trade expanded rapidly when coal-fed steam engines were built for the railways and steamships. Until the late nineteenth century coal was mined using a pick and shovel. Coal-cutting machines were introduced in the 1880s, by 1912, surface mining was conducted with steam shovels designed for coal mining. The most economical method of extraction from coal seams depends on the depth and quality of the seams. Coal mining processes are differentiated by whether they operate on the surface or underground, many coals extracted from both surface and underground mines require washing in a coal preparation plant. Surface mining and deep underground mining are the two methods of mining. Coal that occurs at depths of 180 to 300 ft are usually deep mined, for example, some western U. S. coal that occur at depths in excess of 200 ft are mined by the open pit methods, due to thickness of the seam 60–90 feet. Coals occurring below 300 ft are usually deep mined, However, there are open pit mining operations working on coal seams up to 1000–1500 feet below ground level, for instance Tagebau Hambach in Germany. When coal seams are near the surface, it may be economical to extract the coal using open cut mining methods, open cast coal mining recovers a greater proportion of the coal deposit than underground methods, as more of the coal seams in the strata may be exploited. In this mining method, explosives are first used in order to break through the surface or overburden, the overburden is then removed by draglines or by shovel and truck. Once the coal seam is exposed, it is drilled, fractured, the coal is then loaded onto large trucks or conveyors for transport to either the coal preparation plant or directly to where it will be used
21.
Waterloo, Iowa
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Waterloo is a city in and the county seat of Black Hawk County, Iowa, United States. As of the 2010 United States Census the population decreased by 0. 5% to 68,406, Waterloo is part of the Waterloo – Cedar Falls Metropolitan Statistical Area, and is the more populous of the two cities. Waterloo was originally known as Prairie Rapids Crossing, the town was established, according to the original researcher as reported by staff of the Grout Museum in Waterloo, near two Meskwaki American tribal seasonal camps alongside the Cedar River. It was first settled in 1845 when George and Mary Melrose Hanna and they were followed by the Virden and Mullan families in 1846. Evidence of these earliest families can still be found in the street names Hanna Blvd, on December 8,1845 the Iowa State Register and Waterloo Herald was the first newspaper published in Waterloo. The name Waterloo supplanted the original name, Prairie Rapids Crossing, since the signed petition did not include the name of the proposed post office location, Mullan was charged with selecting the name when he submitted the petition. Tradition has it that as he flipped through a list of other post offices in the United States, the name struck his fancy, and on December 29,1851, a post office was established under that name. The town was called the same, and Mullan served as the first postmaster from December 29,1851 until August 11,1854. There were two extended periods of growth over the next 115 years. From 1895 to 1915, the population increased from 8,490 to 33,097, from 1925 to 1960, population increased from 36,771 to 71,755. The 1895 to 1915 period was a time of the growth in manufacturing, rail transportation. During this period the Waterloo Gasoline Traction Engine Company moved to Waterloo and shortly after, another major employer throughout the first two-thirds of the 20th century was the Illinois Central Railroad. Among the others was the brass era automobile manufacturer, the Maytag-Mason Motor Company. On June 7,1934, bank robber Tommy Carroll had a shoot-out with the FBI when he, accidentally parking next to a police car and wasting time dropping his gun and picking it back up, Carroll was forced to flee into an alley where he was shot. Carroll was then taken to Allen Memorial Hospital in Waterloo, where he died shortly after, Waterloo suffered particularly in the agricultural recession of the 1980s, due to the major employers at the time being heavily rooted in agriculture. In particular, John Deere, the areas largest employer, cut 10,000 jobs, and it is estimated Waterloo lost 14% of its population during this time. Today the city enjoys a broader base, as city leaders have sought to diversify the industrial and commercial mix. Deere remains a presence in the city, but employs only roughly one-third the number of people it did at its peak
22.
Merle Travis
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Merle Robert Travis was an American country and western singer, songwriter, and guitarist born in Rosewood, Kentucky. His songs lyrics often discussed both the lives and the exploitation of American coal miners. Among his many songs are Sixteen Tons, Re-Enlistment Blues, I am a Pilgrim. He was inducted into the Nashville Songwriters Hall of Fame in 1970, Merle Travis was born and raised in Muhlenberg County, Kentucky, a place which would inspire many of Traviss original songs. He became interested in the early in life and originally played one made by his brother. Travis reportedly saved his money to buy a guitar that he had window-shopped for some time, Merles guitar playing style was developed out of a native tradition of fingerpicking in Western Kentucky. Among its early practitioners was the country blues guitarist Arnold Shultz. Their thumb and index fingerpicking method created a style that blended lead lines picked by the finger. This technique captivated many guitarists in the region and provided the inspiration to young Travis. Travis acknowledged his debt to both Rager and Everly, and appears with Rager on the DVD Legends of Country Guitar, at the age of 18, Travis performed Tiger Rag on a local radio amateur show in Evansville, Indiana, leading to offers of work with local bands. In 1937 Travis was hired by fiddler Clayton McMichen as guitarist in his Georgia Wildcats and he later joined the Drifting Pioneers, a Chicago-area gospel quartet that moved to WLW radio in Cincinnati, the major country music station north of Nashville. Traviss style amazed everyone at WLW and he became a member of their barn dance radio show the Boone County Jamboree when it began in 1938. In 1943, he and Grandpa Jones recorded for Cincinnati used-record dealer Syd Nathan, because WLW barred their staff musicians from recording, Travis and Jones used the pseudonym The Sheppard Brothers. With World War II and the threat of being drafted, Travis enlisted in the US Marine Corps and his stint as a Marine was very brief, and he returned to Cincinnati. The Browns Ferry Four has been called possibly the best white gospel group ever, during this period, Travis appeared in several soundies, an early form of music video intended for visual jukeboxes where customers could view as well as hear the popular performers of the day. His first soundie was Night Train To Memphis with the band Jimmy Wakely and his Oklahoma Cowboys and Girls, including Johnny Bond and his performance of Whyd I Fall For Abner with Carolina Cotton was chosen for inclusion in the 2007 PBS documentary Soundies. Several years later he recorded a set of Snader Telescriptions, short music videos intended for television stations needing filler programming. His performances included playful duets with his then-wife Judy Hayden as well as songs from his 1947 album Folk Songs from the Hills
23.
Drakesboro, Kentucky
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Drakesboro is a home rule-class city in Muhlenberg County, Kentucky, United States. The population was 627 at the 2000 census, incorporated in 1888, the city was named for early pioneer William Drake. Drakesboro is located at 37°13′2″N 87°3′1″W, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 0.5 square miles, all land. As of the census of 2000, there were 627 people,247 households, the population density was 1,296.1 people per square mile. There were 281 housing units at a density of 580.9 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 89. 47% White,9. 73% African American,0. 32% Native American,0. 16% Asian, hispanic or Latino of any race were 0. 48% of the population. 27. 5% of all households were made up of individuals and 12. 6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.54 and the average family size was 3.09. In the city, the population was out with 30. 1% under the age of 18,8. 3% from 18 to 24,28. 4% from 25 to 44,21. 4% from 45 to 64. The median age was 34 years, for every 100 females there were 86.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 84.0 males, the median income for a household in the city was $17,875, and the median income for a family was $25,417. Males had an income of $21,094 versus $16,458 for females. The per capita income for the city was $10,508, about 28. 4% of families and 32. 3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 43. 4% of those under age 18 and 24. 1% of those age 65 or over. All four have close ties to Muhlenberg County, merle Travis, country western songwriter and performer
24.
Knoxville, Tennessee
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Knoxville is a city in the U. S. state of Tennessee, and the county seat of Knox County. The city had an population of 185,291 in 2015. Knoxville is the city of the Knoxville Metropolitan Statistical Area. The KMSA is, in turn, the component of the Knoxville-Sevierville-La Follette Combined Statistical Area. First settled in 1786, Knoxville was the first capital of Tennessee, the city struggled with geographic isolation throughout the early 19th century. The arrival of the railroad in 1855 led to an economic boom, during the Civil War, the city was bitterly divided over the secession issue, and was occupied alternately by both Confederate and Union armies. Following the war, Knoxville grew rapidly as a wholesaling and manufacturing center. The citys economy stagnated after the 1920s as the manufacturing sector collapsed, Knoxville is the home of the flagship campus of the University of Tennessee, whose sports teams, called the Volunteers or Vols, are extremely popular in the surrounding area. The first people to form settlements in what is now Knoxville arrived during the Woodland period. One of the oldest artificial structures in Knoxville is a burial mound constructed during the early Mississippian culture period, the earthwork mound is now surrounded by the University of Tennessee campus. By the 18th century, the Cherokee had become the dominant tribe in the East Tennessee region, although they were consistently at war with the Creek, the Cherokee people called the Knoxville area kuwandatalunyi, which means Mulberry Place. Most Cherokee habitation in the area was concentrated in the Overhill settlements along the Little Tennessee River, the first Euro-American traders and explorers were recorded as arriving in the Tennessee Valley in the late 17th century. There is significant evidence that Hernando de Soto visited Bussell Island in 1540, the end of the French and Indian War and confusion brought about by the American Revolution led to a drastic increase in Euro-American settlement west of the Appalachians. By the 1780s, Euro-American settlers were established in the Holston. The U. S. Congress ordered all illegal settlers out of the valley in 1785, as settlers continued to trickle into Cherokee lands, tensions between the settlers and the Cherokee rose steadily. In 1786, James White, a Revolutionary War officer, and his friend James Connor built Whites Fort near the mouth of First Creek, on land White had purchased three years earlier. In 1790, Whites son-in-law, Charles McClung—who had arrived from Pennsylvania the previous year—surveyed Whites holdings between First Creek and Second Creek for the establishment of a town, mcClung drew up 640. 5-acre lots. The waterfront was set aside for a town common, two lots were set aside for a church and graveyard
25.
Madison, Tennessee
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Madison is a former settlement, now a suburban neighborhood of northeast Nashville, in the U. S. state of Tennessee. It is incorporated as part of the Metropolitan Government of Nashville, Madison is only 8.2 miles north at its closest point to downtown Nashville. Ellington Parkway serves as a connection from downtown Madison to downtown Nashville with exits to Inglewood. Madison is located close to highways and parkways,65,40,24, Briley and local access roads St. Route 45. It begins at Briley Parkway and extends to the Hendersonville line in Rivergate, Madison is one of 14 Community Plan areas in the Metro Nashville-Davidson County area for which zoning and land use planning is done. The 2015-updated Community Plan for Madison, an 89-page document adopted by the Metropolitan Planning Commission, was updated in 2015 as part of NashvilleNexts long-term planning, Madison has two major centers, Downtown Madison and Rivergate. The area between the two centers is called Motor Mile, Madison services several surrounding communities, East Nashville, Inglewood, Whites Creek, Joelton, Old Hickory, Hendersonville, Hermitage and more. Madison is one of about 26 suburban neighborhoods of Nashville, Madison Station post office was opened in 1857, at which time Madison Station was about eight miles from Nashville proper, roughly half-way between Nashville and Goodlettsville. In the 20th century, Madison acted as a suburb until being annexed into Nashville in 1963 due to the consolidation with Davidson County. Madison funnels traffic to Goodlettsville, Hendersonville, Gallatin, Inglewood, Old Hickory Boulevard is a section of the Trail of Tears, the route of the forced removal of Cherokee Indians from North Carolina to Oklahoma, directed by U. S. President Andrew Jackson. This route passes directly by Jacksons estate, The Hermitage, in the community of Old Hickory. Madison was once home to the Hillbilly Day festival and this festival was created as a fundraiser to benefit schools within the area. This fundraising festival included costumes, school events, and a parade, madisons first Hillbilly Day was in 1952. Madison is also home to Amqui train station that was built by the Louisville and Nashville Railroad, after L & N Railroad vacated the station, country music legend Johnny Cash purchased it and moved it from Madison to his home in nearby Sumner County. The station was returned to Madison after the passing of Cash. Today it houses a museum and visitor center for the town, Public education in Madison falls under the supervision of Metropolitan Nashville Public Schools. Zoned schools in the Madison area send students through the Hunters Lane cluster, named after the high school. Prior to the opening of Hunters Lane, the high school for the area was Madison High School
26.
Nashville, Tennessee
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Nashville is the capital of the U. S. state of Tennessee and the county seat of Davidson County. It is located on the Cumberland River in the central part of the state. The city is a center for the music, healthcare, publishing, banking and transportation industries and it is known as a center of the country music industry, earning it the nickname Music City, U. S. A. Since 1963, Nashville has had a consolidated city-county government which includes six municipalities in a two-tier system. Nashville is governed by a mayor, vice-mayor, and 40-member Metropolitan Council, thirty-five of the members are elected from single-member districts, five are elected at-large. Reflecting the citys position in government, Nashville is home to the Tennessee Supreme Courts courthouse for Middle Tennessee. According to 2015 estimates from the U. S. Census Bureau, the balance population, which excludes semi-independent municipalities within Nashville, was 654,610. The 2015 population of the entire 13-county Nashville metropolitan area was 1,830,345, the 2015 population of the Nashville-Davidson–Murfreesboro–Columbia combined statistical area, a larger trade area, was 1,951,644. The town of Nashville was founded by James Robertson, John Donelson, and it was named for Francis Nash, the American Revolutionary War hero. Nashville quickly grew because of its location, accessibility as a port on the Cumberland River, a tributary of the Ohio River. By 1800, the city had 345 residents, including 136 African American slaves and 14 free blacks, in 1806, Nashville was incorporated as a city and became the county seat of Davidson County, Tennessee. In 1843, the city was named the permanent capital of the state of Tennessee, by 1860, when the first rumblings of secession began to be heard across the South, antebellum Nashville was a prosperous city. The citys significance as a port made it a desirable prize as a means of controlling important river. In February 1862, Nashville became the first state capital to fall to Union troops, the state was occupied by Union troops for the duration of the war. Within a few years after the Civil War, the Nashville chapter of the Ku Klux Klan was founded by Confederate veteran John W. Morton, meanwhile, the city had reclaimed its important shipping and trading position and developed a solid manufacturing base. The post–Civil War years of the late 19th century brought new prosperity to Nashville and these healthy economic times left the city with a legacy of grand classical-style buildings, which can still be seen around the downtown area. Circa 1950 the state approved a new city charter that provided for the election of city council members from single-member districts. This change was supported because at-large voting diluted the minority populations political power in the city and they could seldom gain a majority of the population to support a candidate of their choice
27.
University School of Nashville
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University School of Nashville is a private K-12 school located in Nashville, Tennessee. Referred to colloquially as USN, the school was founded in 1888 by the Peabody Board of Trustees, the school was first founded as Winthrop Model School, in 1915, it became Peabody Demonstration School, a part of Peabody College intended to demonstrate the operation of a school. The school was founded by Dr. Richard Thomas Alexander, the demonstration school was closed in 1974, several years before Peabody merged with adjacentVanderbilt University. The students parents bought the school, by a student vote, the school is now one of the most prestigious independent schools in the Nashville, Tennessee area. Historically, along with and alternating with Montgomery Bell Academy, USN has more students recognized by the National Merit Scholarship Program than any other Nashville high school, in the Class of 2011, with 91 students, there were 12 semifinalists and 13 commended students recognized by the program. In 2010, both Presidential Scholars for Tennessee were USN students, USN also produced a Presidential Scholar in 2012. Perhaps the largest addition to the school in its history came in 1998, the River Campus currently houses a baseball field, a softball field, a full-sized track, and 5 multi-purpose fields that are rotated between mens and womens soccer, lacrosse, and ultimate frisbee. Construction has recently finished on tennis courts, in addition, this site originally had a 15-acre sum of wetland, situated on the Cumberland River and Whites Creek. The original wetland was filled in for athletic fields and a new one of equivalent size was excavated and filled with water, in 2003, USN, with the intention of furthering its mission, opened the Christine Slayden Tibbott Center for the Visual Arts. The center also included a fitness center. In 2004, USN opened the Hassenfeld Library and this 20, 000-square-foot addition now houses 25,000 books,2400 educational videos, and 147 periodicals. In 2011, University School of Nashville did a major renovation of the Sperling Cafeteria, a facility constructed in 1989, to expand eating space. The new facility was completed soon after the beginning of the 2011-2012 school year in August 2011, in 2014, University School of Nashville renovated the Gordon Wing entrance and created a new welcoming facility for visitors. This renovation also created more classrooms, meeting rooms and business offices and this coincided with the schools 100th year
28.
Chet Atkins
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Chester Burton Chet Atkins known as Mr. He was primarily known as a guitarist and he also played the mandolin, fiddle, banjo, and ukulele. Atkins signature picking style was inspired by Merle Travis, other major guitar influences were Django Reinhardt, George Barnes, Les Paul, and, later, Jerry Reed. His distinctive picking style and musicianship brought him admirers inside and outside the country scene, among many honors, Atkins received 14 Grammy Awards and the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award. He also received nine Country Music Association awards for Instrumentalist of the Year and he was inducted into the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame, the Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum, and the Musicians Hall of Fame and Museum. Atkins was born on June 20,1924, in Luttrell, Tennessee and his parents divorced when he was six, after which he was raised by his mother. He was the youngest of three boys and a girl and he started out on the ukulele, later moving on to the fiddle, but traded his brother Lowell an old pistol and some chores for a guitar when he was nine. He stated in his 1974 autobiography, We were so poor, forced to relocate to Fortson, Georgia, outside of Columbus, to live with his father because of a critical asthma condition, Atkins was a sensitive youth who made music his obsession. Because of his illness, he was forced to sleep in a chair to breathe comfortably. On those nights, he played his guitar until he fell asleep holding it, while living in Fortson, he attended the historic Mountain Hill School. He returned in the 1990s to play a series of charity concerts to save the school from demolition, Atkins became an accomplished guitarist while he was in high school. He used the restroom in the school to practice, because it gave better acoustics and his first guitar had a nail for a nut and was so bowed that only the first few frets could be used. He later purchased an electric guitar and amp, but he had to travel many miles to find an electrical outlet. Later in life, he gave himself the honorary degree CGP. In 2011, his daughter Merle Atkins Russell bestowed the CGP degree on his longtime sideman Paul Yandell and she then declared no more CGPs would be allowed by the Atkins estate. His half-brother Jim was a successful guitarist who worked with the Les Paul Trio in New York, Atkins did not have a strong style of his own until 1939, when he heard Merle Travis picking over WLW radio. This early influence dramatically shaped his unique playing style, whereas Traviss right hand used his index finger for the melody and thumb for bass notes, Atkins expanded his right-hand style to include picking with his first three fingers, with the thumb on bass. Chet Atkins was a ham radio general class licensee, formerly using the call sign WA4CZD, he obtained the vanity call sign W4CGP in 1998 to include the CGP designation
29.
Columbia Records
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Columbia Records is an American record label owned by Sony Music Entertainment, a subsidiary of Sony Corporation of America, Inc. the United States division of Sony Corporation. It was founded in 1887, evolving from an enterprise named the American Graphophone Company. Columbia is the oldest surviving brand name in the sound business. Columbia Records went on to release records by an array of singers, instrumentalists. It is one of Sony Musics three flagship record labels alongside RCA Records and Epic Records, rather, as above, it was connected to CBS, a broadcasting media company which had purchased the company in 1938, and had been co-founded in 1927 by Columbia Records itself. Though Arista Records was sold to Bertelsmann Music Group, it would become a sister label of Columbia Records through its mutual connection to Sony Music. The Columbia Phonograph Company was founded in 1887 by stenographer, lawyer and New Jersey native Edward Easton and it derived its name from the District of Columbia, where it was headquartered. At first it had a monopoly on sales and service of Edison phonographs and phonograph cylinders in Washington. As was the custom of some of the regional companies, Columbia produced many commercial cylinder recordings of its own. Columbias ties to Edison and the North American Phonograph Company were severed in 1894 with the North American Phonograph Companys breakup, thereafter it sold only records and phonographs of its own manufacture. In 1902, Columbia introduced the XP record, a brown wax record. According to Gracyk, the molded brown waxes may have sold to Sears for distribution. Columbia began selling records and phonographs in addition to the cylinder system in 1901, preceded only by their Toy Graphophone of 1899. For a decade, Columbia competed with both the Edison Phonograph Company cylinders and the Victor Talking Machine Company disc records as one of the top three names in American recorded sound. In order to add prestige to its catalog of artists. The firm also introduced the internal-horn Grafonola to compete with the extremely popular Victrola sold by the rival Victor Talking Machine Company, during this era, Columbia used the famous Magic Notes logo—a pair of sixteenth notes in a circle—both in the United States and overseas. Columbia was split into two companies, one to make records and one to make players, Columbia Phonograph was moved to Connecticut, and Ed Easton went with it. Eventually it was renamed the Dictaphone Corporation, in late 1923, Columbia went into receivership
30.
Archie Bleyer
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Archie Bleyer was an American song arranger, bandleader, and record company executive. He was born Archibald Martin Bleyer in the Corona section of the New York City borough of Queens and his father was a well-known trumpet player who had played with the Metropolitan Opera. The younger Bleyer began playing the piano when he was seven years old. In 1927 he attended Columbia College, intending to become an electrical engineer, without graduating, he left to become an arranger. In the early 1930s, Bleyer wrote a number of songs that were recorded, all hot novelty numbers, including Mouthful OJam, Business In F, in 1934 he began to lead his own band at Earl Carrolls club in Hollywood, California. Bleyers orchestra recorded for Vocalion Records in 1934 and in 1935 moved to the ARC group of labels, one of the vocalists who worked with this orchestra was Johnny Mercer, who later became known as a songwriter and co-founder of Capitol Records. In 1945 Bleyer began a collaboration on the CBS radio network as the conductor for the popular Gordon MacRae Show. Included among the instrumentalist who appeared with his orchestra was John Serry Sr. who emerged in later years as a leading orchestral accordionist and he became Arthur Godfreys musical director in 1946, remaining in this role until 1953. Many close to Godfrey considered Bleyers creativity and understanding of music to be pivotal to the success of Godfreys radio, and while Godfrey was known to be short-fused and controlling, he often deferred to Bleyers judgment in the areas of presentation and production. Bleyer founded Cadence Records in 1952, the labels first artist was Julius La Rosa, a member of the Godfrey cast along with vocalists Janette Davis, Frank Parker, Marion Marlowe and the integrated vocal group The Mariners. At the time, La Rosa was the shows most popular cast member, in the fall of 1953, Godfrey dismissed La Rosa on the air and later claimed the young singer lacked humility, which heavily damaged Godfreys popularity. La Rosa had a hired a manager, going against an unofficial Godfrey policy. That same day, Godfrey fired Bleyer, claiming he was offended when Bleyer recorded Chicago radio personality Don McNeill and this long-running Godfrey-like show was based in Chicago and broadcast nationally, but its popularity was mainly in the Midwest and tailored to that audience. Always insecure, Godfrey felt McNeill, whose show had once been a competitor, was still in competition though Godfrey was the dominant personality of his generation. Godfrey later claimed when he confronted Bleyer and threatened to fire him from at least one of the three shows Godfrey hosted, the conductor shrugged and told him to do what he had to do. After leaving the show, Bleyer never made a comment about his days with Godfrey. The loss of Bleyers expertise in staging and production matters, where he served as an mentor to Godfrey despite their age differences, was detrimental to Godfreys programs. Bleyer circa 1963 was also the step father-in-law of Phil Everly and he had his own instrumental recording hits on the Cadence label as well
31.
Bye Bye Love (The Everly Brothers song)
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Bye Bye Love is a popular song written by Felice and Boudleaux Bryant and published in 1957. It is best known in a recording by the Everly Brothers. The song reached number 2 on the US Billboard Pop charts, the Everly Brothers version also enjoyed major success as a country song, reaching number 1 in the spring of 1957. The Everlys Bye Bye Love is ranked 210th on Rolling Stone magazines list of The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time. The guitar intro to the song was not originally part of the song but was something that Don Everly had come up with that was just tacked on to the beginning, chet Atkins was the lead guitar player on the session. In 1974, George Harrison recorded Bye Bye, Love for his album Dark Horse, as well as inserting a comma in the song title, Harrison wrote additional lyrics and a radically different melody line. Author Chris Ingham describes Harrisons version as recomposed in a minor key, in a later verse, Harrison states that he has got tired of ladies that plot and shove me, before apparently dismissing his wifes affair as our lady. Rumours circulated that Clapton himself contributed on guitar and Boyd on backing vocals, but they were incorrect, although the new couple were credited on the inner sleeve notes. The song also included a credit for Rhythm Ace, which Tom Scott explained soon after the release, Rhythm Ace is an electronic machine that plays any rhythm – a boogaloo. I suppose a lot of people think its a person. While Harrison dismissed the exercise as just a joke in a 1977 interview. Decades later, it continues to find favour with many reviewers, Richard Ginell of AllMusic calls it a slipshod rewrite. Liberty-taking, while Harrisons musical biographer, Simon Leng, views it as one track on Dark Horse that seriously fails the quality-control test. Leng adds, In its own way, Bye Bye, Love is a classic 1970s period piece, thankfully, George Harrison only made that mistake once. Conversely, in a 2014 review for Uncut, Richard Williams views Harrisons reading of Bye Bye, with this cover version, Williams suggests, Harrison sought the kind of return to bare-bones rocknroll simplicity Lennon had achieved with Instant Karma. Ingham also rates Bye Bye, Love among the best tracks on Dark Horse, along with the title track, another advocate of Harrisons rewrite, Blogcritics Chaz Lipp describes it as a funky and funny comment on the dissolution of his marriage. The Everly Brothers country success was concurrent with another version, recorded by Webb Pierce. Pierces version reached number 7 that summer, rory Blackwell and his Blackjacks recorded the song the UK in 1957, issued by Parlophone/EMI
32.
Popular music
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Popular music is music with wide appeal that is typically distributed to large audiences through the music industry. These forms and styles can be enjoyed and performed by people with little or no musical training and it stands in contrast to both art music and traditional or folk music. Art music was historically disseminated through the performances of music, although since the beginning of the recording industry. Traditional music forms such as blues songs or hymns were passed along orally, or to smaller. The original application of the term is to music of the 1880s Tin Pan Alley period in the United States, although popular music sometimes is known as pop music, the two terms are not interchangeable. Popular music songs and pieces typically have easily singable melodies, in the 2000s, with songs and pieces available as digital sound files, it has become easier for music to spread from one country or region to another. Some popular music forms have become global, while others have an appeal within the culture of their origin. Through the mixture of genres, new popular music forms are created to reflect the ideals of a global culture. The examples of Africa, Indonesia and the Middle East show how Western pop music styles can blend with local traditions to create new hybrid styles. Sales of recordings or sheet music are one measure, middleton and Manuel note that this definition has problems because multiple listens or plays of the same song or piece are not counted. Manuel states that one criticism of music is that it is produced by large media conglomerates and passively consumed by the public. He claims that the listeners in the scenario would not have been able to make the choice of their favorite music, moreover, understandings of popular music have changed with time. A societys popular music reflects the ideals that are prevalent at the time it is performed or published, david Riesman states that the youth audiences of popular music fit into either a majority group or a subculture. The majority group listens to the commercially produced styles while the subcultures find a minority style to transmit their own values and this allows youth to choose what music they identify with, which gives them power as consumers to control the market of popular music. Form in popular music is most often sectional, the most common sections being verse, chorus or refrain, other common forms include thirty-two-bar form, chorus form *, and twelve-bar blues. Popular music songs are rarely composed using different music for each stanza of the lyrics, the verse and chorus are considered the primary elements. Each verse usually has the melody, but the lyrics change for most verses. The chorus usually has a phrase and a key lyrical line which is repeated
33.
Elvis Presley
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Elvis Aaron Presley was an American singer and actor. Regarded as one of the most significant cultural icons of the 20th century, he is referred to as the King of Rock and Roll. Presley was born in Tupelo, Mississippi, and relocated to Memphis and his music career began there in 1954, when he recorded a song with producer Sam Phillips at Sun Records. Accompanied by guitarist Scotty Moore and bassist Bill Black, Presley was a popularizer of rockabilly. RCA Victor acquired his contract in a deal arranged by Colonel Tom Parker, Presleys first RCA single, Heartbreak Hotel, was released in January 1956 and became a number-one hit in the United States. He was regarded as the figure of rock and roll after a series of successful network television appearances. In November 1956, Presley made his debut in Love Me Tender. In 1958, he was drafted into military service, in 1973, Presley featured in the first globally broadcast concert via satellite, Aloha from Hawaii. Several years of drug abuse severely damaged his health. Presley is one of the most celebrated and influential musicians of the 20th century and he won three Grammys, also receiving the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award at age 36, and has been inducted into multiple music halls of fame. Presley was born on January 8,1935, in Tupelo, Mississippi, to Gladys Love and Vernon Elvis Presley, Jesse Garon Presley, his identical twin brother, was delivered stillborn 35 minutes before his own birth. Thus, as a child, Presley became close to both parents and formed an especially close bond with his mother. The family attended an Assembly of God, where he found his musical inspiration. Although he was in conflict with the Pentecostal church in his later years, rev. Rex Humbard officiated at his funeral, as Presley had been an admirer of Humbards ministry. Presleys ancestry was primarily a Western European mix, including Scots-Irish, Scottish, German, gladyss great-great-grandmother, Morning Dove White, was possibly a Cherokee Native American. Gladys was regarded by relatives and friends as the dominant member of the small family, Vernon moved from one odd job to the next, evincing little ambition. The family often relied on help from neighbors and government food assistance, the Presleys survived the F5 tornado in the 1936 Tupelo–Gainesville tornado outbreak. In 1938, they lost their home after Vernon was found guilty of kiting a check written by the landowner, Orville S. Bean and he was jailed for eight months, and Gladys and Elvis moved in with relatives
34.
(Let Me Be Your) Teddy Bear
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Teddy Bear is a popular song first recorded by Elvis Presley in 1957 for the soundtrack of his second motion picture, Loving You, during which Presley performs the song on screen. It was written by Kal Mann and Bernie Lowe and published in 1957 by Gladys Music, clear melodic roots of this tune can be heard in the many early recordings of Boll Weevil, a traditional blues song. The song was a US number-one hit for Elvis Presley during the summer of 1957, staying at number-one for seven weeks, teddy Bear would also hit number one on the R&B Best Sellers List, becoming his fourth number one on that chart. In addition the song would hit one on the country charts for a single week. Elvis Presley – lead vocal, acoustic guitar Dudley Brooks – piano Bill Black – double bass D. J, fontana – drums The Jordanaires – backing vocals Walter Scharf – producer Thorne Nogar – engineer Pat Boone on his LP Pat Boone Sings Guess Who. Also, during episodes of Full House, the three main adult characters would often sing the song as a lullaby for Michelle Tanner. Disney featured a video in the special DTV Romancin, set entirely to clips featuring the bear characters from the companys animated films
35.
R&B
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Rhythm and blues, often abbreviated as R&B or RnB, is a genre of popular African-American music that originated in the 1940s. In the commercial rhythm and blues music typical of the 1950s through the 1970s, R&B lyrical themes often encapsulate the African-American experience of pain and the quest for freedom and joy. Lyrics focus heavily on the themes of triumphs and failures in terms of relationships, freedom, economics, aspirations, the term rhythm and blues has undergone a number of shifts in meaning. In the early 1950s it was applied to blues records. This tangent of RnB is now known as British rhythm and blues, by the 1970s, the term rhythm and blues changed again and was used as a blanket term for soul and funk. In the 1980s, a style of R&B developed, becoming known as Contemporary R&B. It combines elements of rhythm and blues, soul, funk, pop, hip hop, popular R&B vocalists at the end of the 20th century included Michael Jackson, R. Kelly, Stevie Wonder, Whitney Houston, and Mariah Carey. Although Jerry Wexler of Billboard magazine is credited with coining the term rhythm and blues as a term in the United States in 1948. It replaced the term race music, which came from within the black community. The term rhythm and blues was used by Billboard in its chart listings from June 1949 until August 1969, before the Rhythm and Blues name was instated, various record companies had already begun replacing the term race music with sepia series. In 2010 LaMont Robinson founded the Rhythm & Blues Hall of Fame Museum, writer and producer Robert Palmer defined rhythm & blues as a catchall term referring to any music that was made by and for black Americans. He has used the term R&B as a synonym for jump blues, however, AllMusic separates it from jump blues because of its stronger, gospel-esque backbeat. Lawrence Cohn, author of Nothing but the Blues, writes that rhythm, according to him, the term embraced all black music except classical music and religious music, unless a gospel song sold enough to break into the charts. Well into the 21st century, the term R&B continues in use to music made by black musicians. In the commercial rhythm and blues music typical of the 1950s through the 1970s, arrangements were rehearsed to the point of effortlessness and were sometimes accompanied by background vocalists. Simple repetitive parts mesh, creating momentum and rhythmic interplay producing mellow, lilting, while singers are emotionally engaged with the lyrics, often intensely so, they remain cool, relaxed, and in control. The bands dressed in suits, and even uniforms, an associated with the modern popular music that rhythm. Lyrics often seemed fatalistic, and the music typically followed predictable patterns of chords, there was also increasing emphasis on the electric guitar as a lead instrument, as well as the piano and saxophone
36.
Wake Up Little Susie
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Wake Up Little Susie is a popular song written by Felice and Boudleaux Bryant and published in 1957. The song is best known in a recording by The Everly Brothers, Wake Up Little Susie also spent seven weeks atop the Billboard country chart and got to number two on the UK Singles Chart. The song was ranked at #318 on the Rolling Stone magazines list of The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time. In an appearance on The Oprah Winfrey Show during the 2000 U. S. presidential election, Wake Up Little Susie was the first single filmmaker David Lynch bought. The song is written from the point of view of a school boy to his girlfriend. In the song, the two go out on a date, only to fall asleep during the movie and they do not wake up until 4 oclock in the morning, well after her 10 oclock curfew. They then contemplate the reactions of her parents and their friends, don Everly reported it had been banned in Boston. All versions The Everly Brothers version Simon & Garfunkel version Simon, during Simon & Garfunkels Old Friends tour in 2003-2004, they performed this song and others in a segment with the Everly Brothers, who toured in support. British skiffle/rock and roll group The Rattlesnakes performed this song according to Barry Gibb, the group evolved into the Bee Gees in 1958. Joe Melson on the album Wake Up Little Susie Blue Suede Daddys In 2008, the musical duo Evan and Jaron recorded a version of the song on their album 52 Sundays. Grateful Dead played Wake Up Little Susie 13 times in their acoustic sets between February and November 1970, the song was called, Wake Up Talitha Cumi. Rockapella parodied this song in an episode of Where in the World Is Carmen Sandiego. as Look Out, Double Trouble
37.
All I Have to Do Is Dream
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All I Have to Do Is Dream is a popular song made famous by The Everly Brothers, written by Boudleaux Bryant of the husband and wife songwriting team Felice and Boudleaux Bryant, and published in 1958. The song is ranked No.142 on the Rolling Stone magazines list of The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time, the song is in AABA form. By far the best-known version was recorded by The Everly Brothers and it had been recorded by The Everly Brothers live in just two takes on March 6,1958, and features Chet Atkins on guitar. It was the single ever to be at No.1 on all of Billboard singles charts simultaneously. All I Have to Do Is Dream also hit No.1 on the R&B chart as well as becoming The Everly Brothers third chart topper on the country chart, the Everly Brothers briefly returned to the Hot 100 in 1961 with this song. It entered the U. K. Singles Chart on May 23,1958, reaching the No.1 position on July 4 and remaining there for seven weeks, spending 21 weeks on the chart. The song has featured on several notable lists of the best songs or singles of all time. It was named one of the 500 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll by the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, the B-side, Claudette, was the first major song writing success for Roy Orbison and was named after his first wife. As a result of this success Orbison terminated his contract with Sun Records and affiliated himself with the Everlys publisher, the song appears in the game Mafia II, even though the game is set in 1951, seven years before the song was released. This version of the song was included at the end credits of the 2010 remake of A Nightmare on Elm Street. Another well-known version is released by Richard Chamberlain on his 1962 album Richard Chamberlain Sings. This version became a hit in the U. S. when released as a single in 1963, another hit version of the song is the duet by Bobbie Gentry and Glen Campbell from 1969. The Nitty Gritty Dirt Bands version hit No.66 on the Billboard Hot 100 in 1975, cliff Richard, singing with Phil Everly of the Everly Brothers, took the song to No.14 on the U. K. Singles Chart in 1994. 1963, Roy Orbison released a version on his album In Dreams,1963, French chanteuse Sheila released a single with a French version of the song titled Pendant les Vacances. It was also included on her first album Le Sifflet Des Copains,1965, Jan & Dean recorded the song on their album Command Performance. 1981, Juice Newton released the song on her Juice album, andy Gibb and Victoria Principal released the song as a single and it was the last single by Gibb, the song was the only single by Victoria Principal. 1984, Jeff Bridges and Karen Allen sang the song in the film Starman,1985, John Denver recorded the song on his album Dreamland Express. Performed a version of the song for the documentary Athens, GA Inside/Out, the song is featured on the soundtrack to the film
38.
(Till) I Kissed You
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I Kissed You is a song written by Don Everly of The Everly Brothers. It was released as a single in 1959 and peaked at number 4 on the Billboard Hot 100, chet Atkins played guitar on this record and Buddy Harman played drums. I Kissed You was covered by American country music artist Connie Smith on her 1976 album The Song We Fell in Love To, released in January 1976, it was the albums second single. Smiths version peaked at number 10 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart and it also reached number 1 on the RPM Country Tracks chart in Canada. The song has been a choice for reggae artists and several covers have been recorded including those by, Nan McClean, Delroy Jones, Dobbie Dobson. In 1975 Jimmy London topped the charts in Jamaica with his version of the song, in the early 90s, the Bronx-raised Shinehead did a version
39.
Buddy Holly
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Buddy Holly was an American musician and singer-songwriter who was a central figure of mid-1950s rock and roll. Holly was born in Lubbock, Texas, to a family during the Great Depression, he learned to play guitar. His style was influenced by music, country music, and rhythm and blues acts. He made his first appearance on television in 1952. In 1955, after opening for Elvis Presley, Holly decided to pursue a career in music and he opened for Presley three times that year, his bands style shifted from country and western to entirely rock and roll. In October that year, when he opened for Bill Haley & His Comets, Holly was spotted by Nashville scout Eddie Crandall, Hollys recording sessions at Decca were produced by Owen Bradley. Petty became the manager and sent the demo to Brunswick Records, which released it as a single credited to The Crickets. In September 1957, as the band toured, Thatll Be the Day topped the US Best Sellers in Stores chart and its success was followed in October by another major hit, Peggy Sue. The album Chirping Crickets, released in November 1957, reached five on the UK Albums Chart. Holly made his appearance on The Ed Sullivan Show in January 1958 and soon after, toured Australia. In early 1959, Holly assembled a new band, consisting of country music star Waylon Jennings, famed session musician Tommy Allsup, and Carl Bunch. After a show in Clear Lake, Iowa, Holly chartered an airplane to travel to his show, in Moorhead. Soon after takeoff, the crashed, killing Holly, Ritchie Valens, The Big Bopper. During his short career, Holly wrote, recorded, and produced his own material and he is often regarded as the artist who defined the traditional rock-and-roll lineup of two guitars, bass, and drums. Holly was an influence on later popular music artists, including The Beatles, The Rolling Stones, Eric Clapton. He was among the first artists inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, Rolling Stone Magazine ranked him number 13 in its list of 100 Greatest Artists. Buddy Holly was born Charles Hardin Holley on September 7,1936, in Lubbock, Texas, at 3,30 pm, he was the child of Lawrence Odell L. O. Holley. His older siblings were Larry, Travis, and Patricia Lou, from early childhood, he was nicknamed Buddy
40.
The Crickets
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The Crickets were an American rock and roll band from Lubbock, Texas, formed by singer-songwriter Buddy Holly in the 1950s. Their first hit record, Thatll Be the Day, released in 1957, was a hit single on the Billboard Hot 100 chart on September 23. The Crickets helped set the template for subsequent rock bands, such as the Beatles, with their guitar-bass-drums lineup, after Hollys death in 1959 the band continued to tour and record with other band members into the 21st century. Holly had been making demo recordings with local musician friends since 1954, Sonny Curtis, Jerry Allison, and Larry Welborn participated in these sessions. Holly had already recorded for another label under his own name, as the Crickets recalled in John Goldrosens book The Buddy Holly Story, they were inspired by other groups named after birds. They were then considering insect-centered names, apparently unaware of the Bronx R&B vocal group the Crickets and they almost chose the name Beetles, years later, the Beatles chose their name partly in homage to the Crickets. The Crickets were lead guitarist and vocalist Buddy Holly, drummer Jerry Allison, Mauldin, and rhythm guitarist Niki Sullivan. Sullivan dropped out after a more than one year to resume his education. The Crickets, now a trio, continued to stage and TV appearances and recorded more songs. In 1957 Norman Petty arranged for the Crickets recordings to be marketed under two separate names, the solo vocals were released as being by Buddy Holly, and the songs with dubbed backing vocals were issued as being by the Crickets. Petty reasoned correctly that disc jockeys might be reluctant to program a single artist too heavily, some disc jockeys referred to the band as Buddy Holly and the Crickets, but record labels never used this wording until after Hollys death. In 1958, Holly broke with producer Petty and moved to New York to be involved with the publishing and recording businesses. Allison and Mauldin chose not to move and returned to Lubbock, Holly now recorded under his own name with the studio musicians Tommy Allsup and Carl Bunch. Waylon Jennings toured with him shortly after the Crickets folded, Allison and Mauldin looked forward to rejoining Holly after he returned from a winter tour through the northern Midwest. In the meantime, Mauldin, Allison, and Sonny Curtis began recording new songs as the Crickets, while they were recording, it was announced that Holly had died in a plane crash while on tour. The Crickets, now with vocalist Earl Sinks, went on performing after Hollys death, Curtis was not in the band at the time, as he was completing military service. Box, who had left the group in 1960, died in a plane crash on October 23,1964. In April 1960 the Crickets backed the Everly Brothers on their first UK concert tour but were not billed as their backing group, by 1962, the Crickets consisted of Curtis, Allison, Glen D. Hardin and Jerry Naylor
