1.
Gilbert Shelton
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Gilbert Shelton is an American cartoonist, musician, and a key member of the underground comix movement. He is the creator of the iconic underground characters The Fabulous Furry Freak Brothers, Fat Freddys Cat, Shelton was born in Houston, Texas. He graduated from Lamar High School in Houston and he attended Washington and Lee University, Texas A&M University, and the University of Texas at Austin, where he received his bachelors degree in the social sciences in 1961. His early cartoons were published in the University of Texas humor magazine The Texas Ranger, directly after graduation, Shelton moved to New York City and got a job editing automotive magazines, where he would sneak his drawings into print. Early work of his was published in Warren Publishings Help, the idea for the character of Wonder Wart-Hog, a porcine parody of Superman, came to him in 1961. The following year, Shelton moved back to Texas to enroll in graduate school, the first two Wonder Wart-Hog stories appeared in Bacchanal, a short-lived college humor magazine, in the spring of 1962. That same year, he published Foolbert Sturgeons The Adventures of Jesus and he then became editor of The Texas Ranger and published more Wonder Wart-Hog stories. After switching from graduate school to art school for two years, he was drafted, but Army doctors declared him medically unfit after he admitted to taking psychedelic drugs. After this, in 1964 and 1965, he spent some time in Cleveland and he applied for a job at the Cleveland-based American Greeting Card Company but was turned down. The period of 1965–1968 was an itinerant one for Shelton, he moved to New York to work for the underground East Village Other, and to Los Angeles to work for the Los Angeles Free Press. Around this time Shelton became art director for the Vulcan Gas Company, a music venue in Austin, Texas. He created a number of posters in the style of contemporary California poster artists such as Victor Moscoso and that same year, Millar Publishing Company, who had been publishing regular Wonder Wart-Hog stories since 1966, published two issues of Wonder Wart-Hog. 140,000 copies of each were printed, but distributors did not pick up the magazine, and only 40,000 of each were sold. Shelton created a strip, Fat Freddys Cat in 1969. He also illustrated the cover of the classic computer magazine compilation The Best of Creative Computing Volume 2 in 1977. His most recent work, in collaboration with French cartoonist Pic, is Not Quite Dead, which appeared in Rip Off Comix #25 and in six Not Quite Dead comic books. A new Wonder Wart-Hog story appeared in Zap Comix #15, as well as The Complete Zap boxed set which contained Zap #16, the Freak Brothers antics are reportedly being turned into a Broadway musical, after a stop motion animated film, titled Grass Roots, fell through. In 1966 Shelton formed the Gilbert Shelton Ensemble and released a 45 record on ESP Records, since moving to France, Shelton has become part of a rhythm and blues group, the Blum Brothers, featuring Shelton on vocals and piano
2.
Underground comix
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Underground comix are small press or self-published comic books which are often socially relevant or satirical in nature. They differ from mainstream comics in depicting content forbidden to mainstream publications by the Comics Code Authority, including drug use, sexuality. They were most popular in the United States between 1968 and 1975, and in the United Kingdom between 1973 and 1974, Robert Crumb, Gilbert Shelton, and numerous other cartoonists created underground titles that were popular with readers within the counterculture scene. Punk had its own comic artists like Gary Panter, often referred to as Tijuana bibles, these books are often considered the predecessors of the underground comix scene. Early underground comix appeared sporadically in the early and mid-1960s, the first underground comix were personal works produced for friends of the artists, in addition to reprints of comic strip pages which first appeared in underground newspapers. The United States underground comics scene emerged in the 1960s, focusing on subjects dear to the counterculture, recreational use, politics, rock music. These titles were termed comix in order to them from mainstream publications. The X also emphasized the X-rated contents of the publications, the underground comix scene had its strongest success in the United States between 1968 and 1975, with titles initially distributed primarily though head shops. Underground comix often featured covers intended to appeal to the drug culture, Crumb stated that the appeal of underground comix was their lack of censorship, People forget that that was what it was all about. We didnt have anybody standing over us saying No, you cant draw this or You cant show that and we could do whatever we wanted. American comix were strongly influenced by EC Comics and especially magazines edited by Harvey Kurtzman, kurtzmans Help. magazine featured the works of artists who would later become well known in the underground comix scene, including Crumb and Shelton. Other artists published work in magazines before becoming known in the underground scene. Perhaps the earliest of the comic strips was Frank Stacks The Adventures of Jesus, begun in 1962. It has been credited as the first underground comic, sheltons own Wonder Wart-Hog appeared in the college humor magazine Bacchanal #1-2 in 1962. Jack Jacksons God Nose, published in Texas in 1964, has also given that title. One guide lists two other underground comix from that year, Vaughn Bodēs Das Kampf and Charles Plymells Robert Ronnie Branaman, joel Beck began contributing a full-page comic each week to the underground newspaper the Berkeley Barb and his full-length comic Lenny of Laredo was published in 1965. In 1968, Crumb, in San Francisco, self-published his first solo comic, the title was financially successful, and developed a market for underground comix. By the end of the 1960s, there was recognition of the movement by a major American museum when the Corcoran Gallery of Art staged an exhibition, The Phonus Balonus Show
3.
The Rag
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The Rag was an underground newspaper published in Austin, Texas from 1966-1977. The weekly paper covered political and cultural topics that the conventional press ignored, such as the growing movement, the sexual revolution, gay liberation. The Rag encouraged these political constituencies and countercultural communities to coalesce into a significant political force in Austin, as the sixth member of the Underground Press Syndicate and the first underground paper in the South, The Rag helped shape a flourishing national underground press. According to historian and publisher Paul Buhle, The Rag was one of the first, in his 1972 book, The Paper Revolutionaries, Laurence Leamer called The Rag one of the few legendary undergrounds. The Rag first hit the streets in Austin on October 10,1966, Thorne Dreyer and Carol Neiman were the original editors of the paper. Former staffer Alice Embree recalls that The Rag covered what was not covered by the straight press, the writers participated in the political and cultural uprising and also wrote about it. And they told you where to get a dinner for 35 cents. The Rag featured the writing of major New Left figures like Gary Thiher, Jeff Shero, Robert Pardun and it covered the Austin rock scene which was one of the birthplaces of the psychedelic music phenomenon. The Rag would become virtually indistinguishable from the community it served, helping to coalesce and mobilize the movement in Austin and it also carried national and world news and opinion from Liberation News Service and from other underground newspapers around the country. The Fabulous Furry Freak Brothers, Gilbert Sheltons iconic sixties comic strip, was born in The Rag and was republished in underground papers, god Nose, a comic strip by Jack Jackson, ran in The Rag. Alan Pogue, now a photographer, was a staff photographer for eight years. As Glenn Scott recalls about the later Rag, one could not have imagined a more democratic process than a Rag copy meeting. An all volunteer group of editors and copy writers debated the sexism and violence in pornography, the corporate influence in utility policies. And how much went to the Free Clinic benefit and the Freak Brothers. Many of the newspapers met with establishment opposition, harassment. In Austin, the regents at the University of Texas sued The Rag to prevent circulation on campus, David Richards, attorney for the American Civil Liberties Union, successfully defended The Rags First Amendment rights before the U. S. Supreme Court. The Rag was one of the most influential of the underground papers and, according to historian John McMillian. The Rag was credited with being the first underground paper to successfully combine the radical politics of the New Left with the spirit of the alternative culture
4.
Underground press
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The terms underground press or clandestine press refer to periodicals and publications that are produced without official approval, illegally or against the wishes of a dominant group. It can also refer to the newspapers produced independently in repressive regimes, in German occupied Europe, for example, a thriving underground press operated, usually in association with the Resistance. Other notable examples include the samizdat and bibuła, which operated in the Soviet Union and Poland respectively, each paper was the organ of a separate resistance network, and funds were provided from Allied headquarters in London and distributed to the different papers by resistance leader Jean Moulin. Allied prisoners of war published a newspaper called Pow wow. In Eastern Europe, also approximately the 1940, underground publications were known by the name samizdat. The countercultural underground press movement of the 1960s borrowed the name from previous underground presses such as the Dutch underground press during the Nazi occupations of the 1940s and those predecessors were truly underground, meaning they were illegal, thus published and distributed covertly. Published as weeklies, monthlies, or occasionals, and usually associated with left-wing politics, they evolved on the one hand into todays alternative weeklies and on the other into zines. The most prominent underground publication in Australia was a magazine called Oz. The original Australian edition appeared in 1963 and it continued sporadically until 1969, richard Neville arrived in London from Australia where he had edited Oz. He launched a British version, which was A4, very quickly, the relaunched Oz shed its more austere satire magazine image and became a mouthpiece of the Underground. It was the most colourful and visually adventurous of the alternative press, Other publications followed, such as Friends, based in the Ladbroke Grove area of London, Ink, which was more overtly political, and Gandalfs Garden which espoused the mystic path. Neville published an account of the counterculture called Playpower, in which he described most of the underground publications. The underground press offered a platform to the socially impotent and mirrored the changing way of life in the UK underground, the police campaign may have had an effect contrary to that which was presumably intended. If anything, according to one or two who were there at the time, it made the underground press stronger. It focused attention, stiffened resolve, and tended to confirm that what we were doing was considered dangerous to the establishment, remembered Mick Farren. From April 1967, and for some later, the police raided the offices of International Times to try, it was alleged. In order to raise money for IT a benefit event was put together, on one occasion - in the wake of yet another raid on IT - Londons alternative press succeeded in pulling off what was billed as a reprisal attack on the police. The paper Black Dwarf published a detailed floor-by-floor Guide to Scotland Yard, complete with diagrams, descriptions of locks on particular doors, and snippets of overheard conversation
5.
Recreational drug use
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Recreational drug use is the use of a psychoactive drug to alter ones mental state in a way that modifies emotions, perceptions, and feelings for recreational purposes. When a substance enters the body, it brings on an intoxicating effect. Generally, people use drugs that fall into three categories, depressants, stimulants, and psychedelic drugs. In popular usage, it is considered to be a tolerated social behaviour rather than a serious medical condition such as self-medication. The substances classified as controlled and illegal drugs vary by country, in 2009 it was estimated that about 3% to 6% of people aged 15 to 65 had used illegal drugs at least once. International and domestic law enforcement agencies are perpetually occupied with interdiction efforts against illegal use, manufacture. Many researchers have explored the etiology of recreational drug use, there has not been agreement around any one single cause. Instead, experts tend to apply the biopsychosocial model, any number of these factors are likely to influence an individual’s drug use as they are not mutually exclusive. Regardless of genetics, mental health or traumatic experiences, social factors play a role in exposure to and availability of certain types of drugs. According to addiction researcher Martin A. Plant, many go through a period of self-redefinition before initiating recreational drug use. They tend to view using drugs as part of a lifestyle that involves belonging to a subculture that they associate with heightened status. Plant says, “From the users point of there are many positive reasons to become part of the milieu of drug taking. The reasons for drug use appear to have as much to do with needs for friendship, pleasure, becoming a drug taker, to many people, is a positive affirmation rather than a negative experience. ”Anthropological research has suggested that humansmay have evolved to counter-exploit plant neurotoxins. The ability to use chemicals to serve the function of endogenous neurotransmitters may have improved survival rates. A typically restrictive prehistoric diet may have emphasised the apparent benefit of consuming psychoactive drugs, severity and type of risks that come with recreational drug use vary widely with the drug in question and the amount being used. There are many factors in the environment and within the user interact with each drug differently. Overall, some studies suggest that alcohol is one of the most dangerous of all drugs, only heroin, crack cocaine. Researcher David Nutt stated that studies showing benefits for moderate alcohol consumption lacked control for the variable of what the subjects were drinking
6.
Marijuana
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Cannabis, also known as marijuana among several other names, is a preparation of the Cannabis plant intended for use as a psychoactive drug or medicine. The main psychoactive part of cannabis is tetrahydrocannabinol, one of 483 known compounds in the plant, Cannabis can be used by smoking, vaporization, within food, or as an extract. Cannabis is often used for its mental and physical effects, such as a high or stoned feeling, a change in perception, euphoria. Short term side effects may include a decrease in short-term memory, dry mouth, impaired motor skills, red eyes, long term side effects may include addiction, decreased mental ability in those who started as teenagers, and behavioral problems in children whose mothers used cannabis during pregnancy. Onset of effects is within minutes when smoked and about 30 to 60 minutes when cooked and they last for between two and six hours. Cannabis is mostly used recreationally or as a medicinal drug and it may also be used for religious or spiritual purposes. In 2013, between 128 and 232 million people used cannabis, in 2015, 43% of Americans had used cannabis, which increased to 51% in 2016. About 12% have used it in the past year, and 7. 3% have used it in the past month and this makes it the most commonly used illegal drug both in the world and the United States. The earliest recorded uses date from the 3rd millennium BC, since the early 20th century, cannabis has been subject to legal restrictions. The possession, use, and sale of cannabis is illegal in most countries of the world, Medical cannabis refers to the physician-recommended use of cannabis, which is taking place in Canada, Belgium, Australia, the Netherlands, Spain, and 23 U. S. states. Cannabis use started to become popular in the US in the 1970s, support for legalization has increased in the United States and several US states have legalized recreational or medical use. Medical cannabis, or medical marijuana can refer to the use of cannabis and its cannabinoids to treat disease or improve symptoms, however, the use of cannabis as a medicine has not been rigorously scientifically tested, often due to production restrictions and other federal regulations. There is limited evidence suggesting cannabis can be used to reduce nausea and vomiting during chemotherapy, to improve appetite in people with HIV/AIDS and its use for other medical applications is insufficient for conclusions about safety or efficacy. Short-term use increases the risk of minor and major adverse effects. Common side effects include dizziness, feeling tired, vomiting, long-term effects of cannabis are not clear. Concerns include memory and cognition problems, risk of addiction, schizophrenia in people. Cannabis has psychoactive and physiological effects when consumed, at higher doses, effects can include altered body image, auditory and/or visual illusions, pseudohallucinations and ataxia from selective impairment of polysynaptic reflexes. In some cases, cannabis can lead to states such as depersonalization and derealization
7.
The Establishment
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The Establishment generally denotes a dominant group or elite that holds power or authority in a nation or organization. The Establishment may be a social group which selects its own members or specific entrenched elite structures. The American Sociological Association states that the term is used by those protesting a small group that dominates a larger organization. The positions against it are antiestablishmentarianism, and populism, for example, candidates for political office are often said to have to impress the party establishment in order to win endorsement. The exercise of power in the United Kingdom cannot be understood unless it is recognized that it is exercised socially, following that, the term, the Establishment, was quickly picked up in newspapers and magazines all over London, making Fairlie famous. However, the term The Establishment, had used by Ralph Waldo Emerson in a similar fashion. Nevertheless, the Oxford English Dictionary would cite Fairlies column as its locus classicus, however, author and professor Carroll Quigley of Georgetown University, in his book The Anglo-American Establishment, used the term much more specifically than did Fairlie. In that book, Quigley exposes the secret societys established in London in 1891, Quigley explains how these men worked in union to begin their society to control the world. He explains how all the wars from that time were deliberately created to control the economies of all the nations, much more generally, this use of the word, Establishment, may have been influenced by the British term, established church, for the official church of England. The term was found useful in discussing the power elites in many other countries. The English word is now used as a loanword in other languages. The term, establishment is often used in Australia to refer both to the political parties and also to the powers behind those parties. In the book, Anti-political Establishment Parties, A Comparative Analysis by Amir Abedi, Amir Abedi refers to the Labor Party and it is communally thought that the Coalition parties are more closely aligned to the American and particularly the British political establishment than is the Labor Party. This would seem to be out by the fact that many more former members of the Coalition parties have been honoured by the monarchy for services to the Commonwealth. The original Canadian Establishment began as a mix between the British and U. S. models, combining political appointments and business acumen, the Family Compact is the first identifiable Canadian Establishment in Anglophone Canada. In francophone Canada, the leaders of the Catholic Church also played a major role. Newman defined the modern Canadian Establishment in his 1975 book The Canadian Establishment and it catalogued the richest individuals and families living in Canada at the time. All of the people he identified were prominent business leaders, especially in the media
8.
Counterculture of the 1960s
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Many key movements related to these issues were born or advanced within the counterculture of the 1960s. This embracing of creativity is particularly notable in the works of British Invasion bands such as the Beatles, in addition to the trendsetting Beatles, many other creative artists, authors, and thinkers, within and across many disciplines, helped define the counterculture movement. Several factors distinguished the counterculture of the 1960s from the movements of previous eras. Post-war affluence allowed many of the generation to move beyond a focus on the provision of the material necessities of life that had preoccupied their Depression-era parents. The counterculture era essentially commenced in earnest with the assassination of John F. Kennedy in November 1963, poor outcomes from some of these activities set the stage for disillusionment with, and distrust of, post-war governments. In the US, President Dwight D, the Partial Test Ban Treaty divided the establishment within the US along political and military lines. In the UK, the Profumo Affair also involved establishment leaders being caught in deception, leading to disillusionment and serving as a catalyst for liberal activism. The Cuban Missile Crisis, which brought the world to the brink of war in October 1962, was largely fomented by duplicitous speech. The assassination of US President John F. Kennedy in November 1963, many social issues fueled the growth of the larger counterculture movement. On college and university campuses, student activists fought for the right to exercise their constitutional rights, especially freedom of speech. The availability of new and more effective forms of control was a key underpinning of the sexual revolution. With this change in attitude, by the 1990s the ratio of children out of wedlock rose from 5% to 25% for Whites. The end of censorship resulted in a reformation of the western film industry. Communes, collectives, and intentional communities regained popularity during this era, Some of these self-sustaining communities have been credited with the birth and propagation of the international Green Movement. The emergence of an interest in expanded spiritual consciousness, yoga, occult practices, in 1957, 69% of US residents polled by Gallup said religion was increasing in influence. By the late 1960s, polls indicated less than 20% still held that belief, the Generation Gap, or the inevitable perceived divide in worldview between the old and young, was perhaps never greater than during the counterculture era. Ultimately, practical and comfortable casual apparel, namely updated forms of T-shirts, many began to live largely clandestine lives because of their choice to use such drugs and substances, fearing retribution from their governments. The confrontations between college students and law enforcement officials became one of the hallmarks of the era, many younger people began to show deep distrust of police, and terms such as fuzz and pig as derogatory epithets for police reappeared, and became key words within the counterculture lexicon
9.
Fat Freddy's Cat
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Fat Freddys Cat is a fictional orange tomcat nominally belonging to Fat Freddy Freekowtski, one of the Fabulous Furry Freak Brothers, a trio featured in Gilbert Sheltons underground comix. While the Cat is usually featured in a small topper strip below a Freak Brothers strip, Fat Freddys Cat first appeared in 1969 in underground newspapers as a character in The Fabulous Furry Freak Brothers strip. He soon gained his own small spin-off topper strip, in imitation of the early Krazy Kat strips below The Family Upstairs by George Herriman, some full-size stories also featured Fat Freddys Cat. Fat Freddys Comics and Stories also included stories about the Cat. The Adventures of Fat Freddys Cat were reprinted and expanded in six comic book issues in the 1980s. They included new longer stories about the Cat, a seventh edition was released in 1993. After the demise of the newspaper, the Cat continued to appear in various comic books. His last appearance to date was in a 1990 strip reprinted in The Fabulous Furry Freak Brothers #12. The Cat is much smarter than Freddy, and while sharing many of his preoccupations such as drugs, food, sleep and sex, like Garfield he is laid back, but in his personal habits and outlook he is more like the Freak Brothers. However he tends to regard the Freak Brothers with amused contempt, frequently expressed by defecating in inappropriate and inconvenient places, like Calvin of Calvin and Hobbes he has a fertile imagination. He is apt to tell stories to his three nephews. One storyline features him playing the role of F. Frederick Skitty, an undercover agent sworn to stop the distribution of Tee Hee Hee, a drug that turns people into homosexuals. Another story involves a scheme by Fat Freddy to replicate Dick Whittingtons success and sell the Cat to the small, the New Zealand band Fat Freddys Drop, whose debut album won the 2005 Gilles Peterson Worldwide Winners Award, were named after the comic. The bands debut single had been recorded under the influence of LSD blotters that had printed with images of Fat Freddys Cat on them. In the popular 8 bit computer game Jet Set Willy a room is titled We Must Perform a Quirkafleeg in honour of this strip, there have been more than a hundred small comic strips about the Cat, most of which have been reprinted in various formats. But there have only eight stories longer than one page. Knockabout Comics, publishers of the Freak Brothers comics in the U. K, Fat Freddys Cat LSD blotter art
10.
Short film
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A short film, is a cinema format, denoting any film not long enough to be considered a feature film. The term featurette originally applied to a longer than a short subject. The increasingly rare term short subject means approximately the same thing and it is an industry term which carries more of an assumption that the film is shown as part of a presentation along with a feature film. Short is an abbreviation for either term, Short films are often screened at local, national, or international film festivals and made by independent filmmakers for non profit, either with a low budget or no budget at all. They are usually funded by grants, non profit organizations. Short films are used by filmmakers to gain experience or prove their talent in order to gain funding for future films from private investors, entertainment companies. Longer and shorter films coexisted with similar popularity throughout the days of film. However, comedy films were produced in large numbers compared to lengthy features such as D. W. Griffiths The Birth of a Nation. By the 1920s, a ticket purchased a varied program including a feature and several supporting works from such as second feature, short comedy, 5–10 minute cartoon, travelogue. Short comedies were popular, and typically came in a serial or series. Even though there was no set release schedule, these series could be considered somewhat like a modern TV sitcom – lower in status than feature films. Animated cartoons came principally as short subjects, in the 1930s, the distribution system changed in many countries owing to the Great Depression. Instead of the cinema owner assembling a program of their own choice, the studios sold a package centered on a main and supporting feature, with the rise of the double feature, two reel shorts went into decline as a commercial category. Hal Roach, for example, moved Laurel and Hardy full-time into feature films after 1935, by the mid-1950s, with the rise of television, the commercial live-action short was virtually dead, The Three Stooges being the last major series of 2-reelers, ending in 1959. Short films had become a medium for student, independent and specialty work, cartoon shorts had a longer life, due in part to the implementation of lower-cost limited animation techniques, but also declined in this period. Warner Bros. one of the most prolific of the golden era, the Pink Panther was the last regular theatrical cartoon short series, having begun in 1964 and ended in 1980. By the 1960s, the market for animated shorts had largely shifted to television, a few animated shorts continue within mainstream commercial distribution. For instance, Pixar has screened a short along with each of its feature films during its theatrical run since 1995
11.
Jay Lynch
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Jay Patrick Lynch was an American cartoonist who played a key role in the underground comix movement with his Bijou Funnies and other titles. He is best known for his comic strip Nard n Pat and his work is sometimes signed Jayzey Lynch. Lynch was the writer for Bazooka Joe comics from 1967 to 1990, he contributed to Mad. Lynch was born in Orange, New Jersey and grew up in Belmar, ben Schwartz, writing in the alternative weekly The Chicago Reader, traced Lynchs formative years, In 1963, at age 17, Lynch had moved to Chicago from Florida, where he grew up. Working a string of odd jobs to support himself, he wound up manning the service bar at Second City one summer and this was between the theaters skinny-tie Alan Arkin days and the Belushi hippie years. At that time it seemed like Second City was over, Lynch says and they had been on Jack Paar, and all the Hyde Park Compass Players were gone. The Realist would come out, and youd see them taking their improvs from there, Lynch moved into Del Closes old apartment on Hudson. Close had left it in such a mess that the landlord let him live there for free on the condition that he fix the place up. Schwartz continues, He drew cartoons for Roosevelt Universitys humor magazine, the Aardvark, Bijou Funnies was heavily influenced by Mad magazine, and, along with Zap, is considered one of the titles to launch the underground comix movement. Bijou Funnies lasted 8 issues, a selection of stories from Bijou Funnies were collected in 1975 in the book The Best of Bijou Funnies, Lynchs best known comic book stories involve the human-cat duo Nard n Pat, recurring characters in Bijou Funnies. Nard is a bald middle-aged man of conservative tendencies, and Patrick is his more hip talking cat. Nard n Pat were featured in two issues of their own comic, the first one published by Cartoonists Co-Op Press in 1974, and the second issue published by Kitchen Sink Press in 1981. Lynch has scans of more than 500 editions of the ready for any publisher who sees the potential of a Phoebe. Beginning in 1968, Lynch became a contributor to Topps Wacky Packages and Garbage Pail Kids. I would usually submit a dozen roughs at a time, Len would tell me, usually on the phone, which food conglomerates I could not parody, based on cease and desist letters from prior series. I had a master list of taboo companies – and this would be added to, by phone, until a new master list would be compiled, in those days I had a pretty good working knowledge of who made what, though. So I would give Len a verbal list of maybe 20 or so products, sometimes he would suggest products, sometimes he would come up with the gag title on the phone, and I would add to it on the rough. Sometimes Spiegelman, or Bhob Stewart, or Woody Gelman would phone the assignment to me, in the 80s, Mark Newgarden would phone the assignment to me
12.
Bijou Funnies
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Bijou Funnies was an American underground comix magazine which published eight issues between 1968 and 1973. Bijou Funnies was heavily influenced by Mad magazine, and, along with Zap Comix, is considered one of the titles to launch the underground comix movement. Bijou Funnies evolved from The Chicago Mirror, an underground newspaper co-produced by Jay Lynch and Skip Williamson, bay Area publisher the Print Mint published issues #2-4 of the title from 1969–1970. The midwestern underground publisher Kitchen Sink Press took over Bijou Funnies with issue #5, comixJoints M. Steven Fox details what led to Bijou Funnies cancellation. A confluence of events formed the storm and essentially ended the golden age of underground comics. The consequences of that ruling essentially destroyed the head shop distribution system that underground comics relied on to reach their audience, Bijou Funnies #8 is notable for a number of reasons. The inside front page contained an editorial from Lynch condemning the Supreme Court obscenity ruling, the cover was by Harvey Kurtzman, paying homage to his early work for Mad, and the stories inside were all parodies by the titles regular cartoonists of each others characters. In addition, the comic was in full-color, which was rare for underground comix of that era. The British underground publisher Cozmic Comics/H, bunch Associates reprinted all eight issues of Bijou Funnies in 1974. Eight issues of Bijou Funnies were published in all, lynchs Nard n Pat, a human-cat duo, were featured characters in Bijou Funnies. Williamsons Snappy Sammy Smoot made his debut in Bijou Funnies #1 and was a character throughout the titles run. Williamsons Bozo Rebebo made frequent appearances as well, crumbs Mr. Natural and Joey Tissue were recurring features, Sheltons The Fabulous Furry Freak Brothers appeared in issues #1 and #2
13.
Playboy
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Playboy is an American mens lifestyle and entertainment magazine. It was founded in Chicago in 1953, by Hugh Hefner and his associates, with a presence in nearly every medium. In addition to the magazine in the United States, special nation-specific versions of Playboy are published worldwide. The magazine has a history of publishing short stories by notable novelists such as Arthur C. Clarke, Ian Fleming, Vladimir Nabokov, Saul Bellow, Chuck Palahniuk, P. G. Wodehouse, Haruki Murakami, the magazine generally reflects a liberal editorial stance, although it often interviews conservative celebrities. After a year-long removal of most nude photos in Playboy magazine and he formed HMH Publishing Corporation, and recruited his friend Eldon Sellers to find investors. Hefner eventually raised just over $8,000, including from his brother and mother. However, the publisher of a mens adventure magazine, Stag, contacted Hefner. Hefner, his wife Millie, and Sellers met to seek a new name, considering Top Hat, Gentleman, Sir, Satyr, Pan, the first issue, in December 1953, was undated, as Hefner was unsure there would be a second. He produced it in his Hyde Park kitchen, the first centerfold was Marilyn Monroe, although the picture used originally was taken for a calendar rather than for Playboy. Hefner chose what he deemed the sexiest image, a previously unused nude study of Marilyn stretched with an arm on a red velvet background with closed eyes. The heavy promotion centered around Marilyns nudity on the calendar, together with the teasers in marketing. The first issue sold out in weeks, copies of the first issue in mint to near mint condition sold for over $5,000 in 2002. The novel Fahrenheit 451, by Ray Bradbury, was serialized in the March, April, an urban legend started about Hefner and the Playmate of the Month because of markings on the front covers of the magazine. From 1955 to 1979, the P in Playboy had stars printed in or around the letter. The legend stated that this was either a rating that Hefner gave to the Playmate according to how attractive she was, the stars, between zero and 12, actually indicated the domestic or international advertising region for that printing. From 1966 to 1976, Robie Macauley was the Fiction Editor at Playboy, P. Donleavy, as well as poetry by Yevgeny Yevtushenko. Macauley also contributed all of the popular Ribald Classics series published between January 1978 and March 1984, christie Hefner, daughter of the founder Hugh Hefner, joined Playboy in 1975 and became head of the company in 1988
14.
High Times
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High Times is a New York-based monthly magazine founded in 1974 by Tom Forçade. The publication advocates the legalization of cannabis. The magazine has been involved in the marijuana-using counterculture since its inception, the magazine was founded in 1974 by Tom Forçade of the Underground Press Syndicate. High Times was originally meant to be a joke, a lampoon of Playboy. The magazine was at the beginning funded by money from the sale of illegal marijuana. But the magazine found an audience, and in November 2009, like Playboy each issue contains a centerfold photo, but instead of a nude woman, High Times typically features a cannabis plant. The magazine soon became a monthly with a growing circulation audited by ABC reaching 500,000 copies an issue, rivaling Rolling Stone, the staff quickly grew to 40 people. In addition to high-quality photography, High Times featured cutting-edge journalism covering a range of topics including politics, activism, drugs, sex, music. Tom Forçade was quoted as saying Those cavemen mustve been stoned, yet, through High Times, Forçade was able to get his message to the masses without relying on mainstream media. In 2015, the magazine announce it has appointed David Kohl as its CEO, in January 2017, the magazine announced it would be relocated to in office in Los Angeles permanently. This followed the legalization of marijuana in several west coasts states including California, freedom Fighter of the Month awards are awarded monthly in the magazine. Freedom Fighter of the Year is awarded to an activist annually for commitment to the cause of cannabis. Winners include Debby Goldsberry, Mason Tvert Each year High Times inducts a member of the counterculture, living or deceased, STASH Awards - Significant Technological Advancements in Secretive Horticulture award Produced the 1978 documentary D. O. A. The High Times Encyclopedia of Recreational Drugs, cannabis Spirituality, Including 13 Guidelines for Sanity and Safety. High Times Books/ editor Steven Hager, krassner, Paul, foreword by Harlan Ellison. High Times Books/ editor, Steven Hager, how to Be a Pot Star Like Me, What Every Marijuana Enthusiast Should Know. High Times Books/ editor, Steven Hager, adventures in the Counterculture, From Hip Hop to High Times. The Official High Times Pot Smokers Handbook, the Official High Times Pot Smokers Activity Book. The Official High Times Field Guide to Marijuana Strains, baking Bad, A Potted History of High Times
15.
Dave Sheridan (cartoonist)
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Dave Sheridan was an American cartoonist and underground comix artist. He was the creator of Dealer McDope and Tales from the Leather Nun and collaborated with Gilbert Shelton, born in 1943 and raised in the Cleveland, Ohio area, Sheridan had arrived in San Francisco, California by the early 1970s. Sheridan was the art editor for three issues of The Rip Off Review of Western Culture in 1972 and this was a combination of a magazine and a comix book, also published by the Rip Off Press. His solo work can be seen in Slow Death and Skull Comix and he also did the art for Weed and Wine, the first mini-album produced by Cleveland area folk singer/songwriter John Bassette. The Black Death Malt Liquor shirt regularly worn by Howard Hesseman on WKRP in Cincinnati in his role as Dr. Johnny Fever was designed, Sheridan eventually settled in San Anselmo, California. There he became a member of the Artista collective, a collective with its own jackets. During the 1972 Major League Baseball strike, he appointed himself the head of the Scab League, offering to have his team take the places for $100 per week. He also befriended and worked closely with comedian Don Novello, drawing the cover for Novellos Father Guido Sarducci Live at St. Douglas Convent comedy album. A characterization of Sarducci appeared in a Dealer McDope adventure, in 1974, Sheridan began collaborating on Gilbert Sheltons strips. These were syndicated by Rip Off Press to alternative and college weeklies nationwide, sheridans detailed graphic style lent itself well to the fantastic imagery needed to lampoon Castanedas drug-related Central American-cum-New Age sorcery. He then continued to collaborate on the Freak Brothers comix series through issues 5,6 and 7, Sheridan was diagnosed with cancer on March 3,1982, eight months after his July 4,1981, marriage to Dava Stone. Sheridan died from a hemorrhage on March 28,1982. He had been in a coma for four days at Mt. Zion Hospital in San Francisco and he was buried at sea at a memorial service the following Friday. His wife Dava gave birth to their daughter Dorothy on April 4,1982, a week after Sheridan died
16.
Hippie
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The word hippie came from hipster and was initially used to describe beatniks who had moved into New York Citys Greenwich Village and San Franciscos Haight-Ashbury district. The term hippie was first popularized in San Francisco by Herb Caen, the origins of the terms hip and hep are uncertain. By the 1940s, both had become part of African American jive slang and meant sophisticated, currently fashionable, fully up-to-date, the Beats adopted the term hip, and early hippies inherited the language and countercultural values of the Beat Generation. In the United Kingdom in 1970, many gathered at the gigantic Isle of Wight Festival with a crowd of around 400,000 people, in later years, mobile peace convoys of New Age travelers made summer pilgrimages to free music festivals at Stonehenge and elsewhere. In Australia, hippies gathered at Nimbin for the 1973 Aquarius Festival, piedra Roja Festival, a major hippie event in Chile, was held in 1970. Hippie fashion and values had an effect on culture, influencing popular music, television, film, literature. Since the 1960s, many aspects of culture have been assimilated by mainstream society. The religious and cultural diversity espoused by the hippies has gained widespread acceptance, lexicographer Jesse Sheidlower, the principal American editor of the Oxford English Dictionary, argues that the terms hipster and hippie derive from the word hip, whose origins are unknown. The term hipster was coined by Harry Gibson in 1944, by the 1940s, the terms hip, hep and hepcat were popular in Harlem jazz slang, although hep eventually came to denote an inferior status to hip. In Greenwich Village in the early 1960s, New York City, young counterculture advocates were named hips because they were considered in the know or cool, as opposed to being square. In the April 27,1961 issue of The Village Voice, An open letter to JFK & Fidel Castro, Norman Mailer utilizes the term hippies, in questioning JFKs behavior. In a 1961 essay, Kenneth Rexroth used both the hipster and hippies to refer to young people participating in black American or Beatnik nightlife. According to Malcolm Xs 1964 autobiography, the hippie in 1940s Harlem had been used to describe a specific type of white man who acted more Negro than Negroes. Andrew Loog Oldham refers to all the Chicago hippies, seemingly in reference to black musicians, in his rear sleeve notes to the 1965 LP The Rolling Stones. The word hippie was also used in reference to Philadelphia in at least two songs in 1963, South Street by The Orlons, and You Cant Sit Down by The Dovells. In both songs, the term is applied to residents of Philadelphias South Street, in that article, Fallon wrote about the Blue Unicorn Cafe, using the term hippie to refer to the new generation of beatniks who had moved from North Beach into the Haight-Ashbury district. New York Times editor and usage writer Theodore M. Bernstein said the paper changed the spelling from hippy to hippie to avoid the ambiguous description of clothing as hippy fashions. Even the counterculture of the Ancient Greeks, espoused by philosophers like Diogenes of Sinope and the Cynics were also early forms of hippie culture
17.
San Francisco
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San Francisco, officially the City and County of San Francisco, is the cultural, commercial, and financial center of Northern California. It is the birthplace of the United Nations, the California Gold Rush of 1849 brought rapid growth, making it the largest city on the West Coast at the time. San Francisco became a consolidated city-county in 1856, after three-quarters of the city was destroyed by the 1906 earthquake and fire, San Francisco was quickly rebuilt, hosting the Panama-Pacific International Exposition nine years later. In World War II, San Francisco was a port of embarkation for service members shipping out to the Pacific Theater. Politically, the city votes strongly along liberal Democratic Party lines, San Francisco is also the headquarters of five major banking institutions and various other companies such as Levi Strauss & Co. Dolby, Airbnb, Weebly, Pacific Gas and Electric Company, Yelp, Pinterest, Twitter, Uber, Lyft, Mozilla, Wikimedia Foundation, as of 2016, San Francisco is ranked high on world liveability rankings. The earliest archaeological evidence of habitation of the territory of the city of San Francisco dates to 3000 BC. Upon independence from Spain in 1821, the became part of Mexico. Under Mexican rule, the system gradually ended, and its lands became privatized. In 1835, Englishman William Richardson erected the first independent homestead, together with Alcalde Francisco de Haro, he laid out a street plan for the expanded settlement, and the town, named Yerba Buena, began to attract American settlers. Commodore John D. Sloat claimed California for the United States on July 7,1846, during the Mexican–American War, montgomery arrived to claim Yerba Buena two days later. Yerba Buena was renamed San Francisco on January 30 of the next year, despite its attractive location as a port and naval base, San Francisco was still a small settlement with inhospitable geography. The California Gold Rush brought a flood of treasure seekers, with their sourdough bread in tow, prospectors accumulated in San Francisco over rival Benicia, raising the population from 1,000 in 1848 to 25,000 by December 1849. The promise of fabulous riches was so strong that crews on arriving vessels deserted and rushed off to the gold fields, leaving behind a forest of masts in San Francisco harbor. Some of these approximately 500 abandoned ships were used at times as storeships, saloons and hotels, many were left to rot, by 1851 the harbor was extended out into the bay by wharves while buildings were erected on piles among the ships. By 1870 Yerba Buena Cove had been filled to create new land, buried ships are occasionally exposed when foundations are dug for new buildings. California was quickly granted statehood in 1850 and the U. S. military built Fort Point at the Golden Gate, silver discoveries, including the Comstock Lode in Nevada in 1859, further drove rapid population growth. With hordes of fortune seekers streaming through the city, lawlessness was common, and the Barbary Coast section of town gained notoriety as a haven for criminals, prostitution, entrepreneurs sought to capitalize on the wealth generated by the Gold Rush
18.
John Birch Society
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The John Birch Society is, in its own words, a conservative advocacy group supporting anti-communism and limited government. It has been described as a right and far-right organization. Businessman and founder Robert W. Welch, Jr. developed an infrastructure in 1958 of chapters nationwide. Originally based in Belmont, Massachusetts, it is now headquartered in Appleton, Wisconsin, the organization owns American Opinion Publishing, which publishes The New American. The organization supports limited government and opposes wealth redistribution and economic interventionism and it opposes collectivism, totalitarianism, and communism. It opposes socialism as well, which it asserts is infiltrating U. S. governmental administration, in a 1983 edition of Crossfire, Congressman Larry McDonald, then its newly appointed president, characterized the society as belonging to the Old Right rather than the New Right. The society opposed the 1960s civil rights movement and claimed the movement had Communists in important positions, in the latter half of 1965, the JBS produced a flyer titled Whats Wrong With Civil Rights. Which was used as a newspaper advertisement and it has been deliberately and almost wholly created by the Communists patiently building up to this present stage for more than forty years. The society also opposed the Equal Rights Amendment, the society opposes one world government, and it has an immigration reduction view on immigration reform. It opposes the United Nations, the North American Free Trade Agreement, the Central America Free Trade Agreement, the Free Trade Area of the Americas, Constitution has been devalued in favor of political and economic globalization, and that this alleged trend is not accidental. It cited the existence of the former Security and Prosperity Partnership as evidence of a push towards a North American Union, the society has been described as ultraconservative, far right, and extremist. Other sources consider the society part of the patriot movement, the Southern Poverty Law Center, for example, lists the society as a Patriot Group. The society was established in Indianapolis, Indiana, on December 9,1958, by a group of 12 led by Robert W. Welch, Jr. a retired candy manufacturer from Belmont, Massachusetts. Welch claimed that Birch was an unknown but dedicated anti-communist, Harry Lynde Bradley, co-founder of the Allen Bradley Company and the Lynde and Harry Bradley Foundation, Fred C. Koch, founder of Koch Industries Robert Waring Stoddard, President of Wyman-Gordon, another was Revilo P. Oliver, a University of Illinois professor who was later expelled from the Society and helped found the National Alliance. According to Welch, both the U. S. and Soviet governments are controlled by the same furtive conspiratorial cabal of internationalists, greedy bankers, and corrupt politicians. If left unexposed, the traitors inside the U. S. government would betray the countrys sovereignty to the United Nations for a collectivist New World Order, managed by a one-world socialist government. There are many stages of welfarism, socialism, and collectivism in general, he wrote, but Communism is the state of them all
19.
Abbie Hoffman
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Abbot Howard Abbie Hoffman was an American political and social activist and anarchist who co-founded the Youth International Party. The group was known collectively as the Chicago Eight, when Seales prosecution was separated from the others, while the defendants were initially convicted of intent to incite a riot, the verdicts were overturned on appeal. Hoffman continued his activism into the 1970s, and remains an icon of the anti-war movement, Hoffman was born November 30,1936 in Worcester, Massachusetts, to John Hoffman and Florence Schanberg. Hoffman was raised in a household and had two younger siblings. As a child in the 1940s–50s, he was a member of what has been described as the generation between the beatniks and hippies. He described his childhood as idyllic and the 40s as a time to grow up in. On June 3,1954, 17-year-old Hoffman was arrested for the first time, during his school days, he became known as a troublemaker who started fights, played pranks, vandalized school property, and referred to teachers by their first names. In his sophomore year, Hoffman was expelled from Classical High School, as an atheist, Hoffman wrote a paper declaring that God could not possibly exist, for if he did, there wouldnt be any suffering in the world. The irate teacher ripped up the paper and called him a Communist punk. Hoffman jumped on the teacher, after his expulsion, he attended Worcester Academy, graduating in 1955. Hoffman engaged in many behaviors typical of rebellious teenagers in the 1950s, such as riding motorcycles, wearing leather jackets, upon graduating, he enrolled in Brandeis University, where he studied under professors such as noted psychologist Abraham Maslow, often considered the father of humanistic psychology. He was also a student of Marxist theorist Herbert Marcuse, who Hoffman said had an effect on his political outlook. Hoffman would later cite Marcuses influence during his activism and his theories on revolution and he was on the Brandeis tennis team, which was coached by journalist Bud Collins. Hoffman graduated with a B. A. in psychology in 1959 and that fall, he enrolled at the University of California, Berkeley, where he completed coursework toward a masters degree in psychology. Soon after, he married his pregnant girlfriend Sheila Karklin in May 1960, during the Vietnam War, Hoffman was an anti-war activist, using deliberately comical and theatrical tactics. In late 1966, Hoffman met with a radical group called the Diggers. He later returned to New York and published a book with this knowledge, doing so was considered a violation by the Diggers. Diggers co-founder Peter Coyote explained, Abbie, who was a friend of mine, was always a media junky and we explained everything to those guys, and they violated everything we taught them. One of Hoffmans well-known stunts was on August 24,1967, the protesters threw fistfuls of real and fake dollar bills down to the traders below, some of whom booed, while others began to scramble frantically to grab the money as fast as they could
20.
Jerry Rubin
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Jerry Clyde Rubin was a Jewish American social activist, anti-war leader, and counterculture icon during the 1960s and 1970s. During the 1980s, he became a successful businessman, Rubin was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, the son of a truck driver who later became a Teamsters union official. Rubin attended Cincinnatis Walnut Hills High School, co-editing the school newspaper, The Chatterbox, while in high school Rubin began to write for The Cincinnati Post, compiling sports scores from high school games. He attended Oberlin College, and Hebrew University in Jerusalem, and later went on to graduate from the University of Cincinnati, Rubin attended the University of California, Berkeley in 1964 but dropped out to focus on social activism. Rubins parents died within 10 months of each other, leaving Rubin the only person to care of his younger brother, Gil. Jerry wanted to teach Gil about the world and planned to take him to India, when relatives threatened to sue to obtain custody of Gil, Jerry decided to take his brother to Israel instead, settling in Tel Aviv. There, Rubin worked in a kibbutz, and studied sociology while his brother, before returning to social and political activism, Rubin made a visit to Havana, to learn first-hand about the Cuban revolution. Rubin began to demonstrate on behalf of various left-wing causes after dropping out of Berkeley, Rubin also ran for mayor of Berkeley, on a platform opposing the Vietnam War, and supporting black power and the legalization of marijuana, receiving over twenty per cent of the vote. Having been unsuccessful, Rubin turned all his attentions to political protest and his first protest was in Berkeley, protesting against the refusal of a local grocer to hire African Americans. Soon Rubin was leading protests of his own, Rubin organized the Vietnam Day Committee, that led some of the first large numbered protests against the war in Vietnam. Vietnam Day Committee was a unique early antiwar organization in that it enjoyed large local participation and is believed to be a forerunner to the movement against the war in Vietnam. Rubin was one of the members of the Youth International Party or Yippies, along with social and political activist Abbie Hoffman. The Yippies were not an organization with a membership list or a direct relationship with constituency. He more visual and surreal the stunts we could cook up, the easier it would be to get on the news, and the weird and whimsical and provocative the theater. Nothing is more American than revolution, he told the committee, Rubin showing total lack of concern or worries, lightheartedly blew soap bubbles as members of Congress questioned his Communist affiliations. He subsequently appeared before the HUAC as a guerrilla in Viet Cong pajamas, with war paint and carrying a toy M-16 rifle. Yet another successful act in Yippies guerrilla theater was when during the Presidential elections of 1968 the Youth International Party nominated their own candidate for the U. S. Presidency. The nominee was Pigasus the Immortal, a 145-pound pig that they felt was an alternative to Richard Nixon or his presidential opponent
21.
Krazy Kat
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Krazy Kat is an American newspaper comic strip by cartoonist George Herriman, which ran from 1913 to 1944. It first appeared in the New York Evening Journal, whose owner, the characters had been introduced previously in a side strip with Herrimans earlier creation, The Dingbat Family. The phrase Krazy Kat originated there, said by the mouse by way of describing the cat, the strip focuses on the curious relationship between a guileless, carefree, simple-minded cat named Krazy of indeterminate gender and a short-tempered mouse named Ignatz. Krazy nurses a love for the mouse. A third principal character, Offisa Bull Pupp, often appears and tries to protect Krazy by thwarting Ignatz attempts, later on, Offisa Pupp falls in love with Krazy. Art critic Gilbert Seldes wrote a panegyric to the strip in 1924, calling it the most amusing and fantastic. Poet E. E. Cummings, another Herriman admirer, wrote the introduction to the first collection of the strip in book form. Though Krazy Kat was only a modest success during its run, in more recent years. These backgrounds tend to change dramatically between panels, even while the characters remain stationary, while the local geography is fluid, certain sites were stable—and featured so often in the strip as to become iconic. These latter included Offissa Pupps jailhouse and Kolin Kellys brickyard, a Southwestern visual style is evident throughout, with clay-shingled rooftops, trees planted in pots with designs imitating Navajo art, along with references to Mexican-American culture. The strip also occasionally features incongruous trappings borrowed from the stage, with curtains, backdrops, theatrical placards, the descriptive passages mix whimsical, often alliterative language with phonetically-spelled dialogue and a strong poetic sensibility. Though the basic concept of the strip is simple, Herriman always found ways to tweak the formula, Ignatzs plans to surreptitiously lob a brick at Krazys head sometimes succeed, other times Offissa Pupp outsmarts Ignatz and imprisons him. The interventions of Coconino Countys other anthropomorphic animal residents, and even forces of nature, Other strips have Krazys imbecilic or gnomic pronouncements irritating the mouse so much that he goes to seek out a brick in the final panel. Even self-referential humor is evident—in one strip, Offissa Pupp, having arrested Ignatz, public reaction at the time was mixed, many were puzzled by its iconoclastic refusal to conform to linear comic strip conventions and straightforward gags. But publishing magnate William Randolph Hearst loved Krazy Kat, and it continued to appear in his papers throughout its run, simple-minded, curious, mindlessly happy and perpetually innocent, the strips title character drifts through life in Coconino County without a care. Often singing and dancing to express the Kats eternal joy, Krazy is hopelessly in love with Ignatz, Krazy is also completely unaware of the bitter rivalry between Ignatz and Officer Pupp and mistakes the dogs frequent imprisonment of the mouse for an innocent game of tag. On those occasions when Ignatz is caught before he can launch his brick, Krazy is left pining for the lil ainjil, Krazys own gender is never made clear and appears to be fluid, varying from strip to strip. Most authors post-Herriman have mistakenly referred to Krazy only as female, when filmmaker Frank Capra, a fan of the strip, asked Herriman to straightforwardly define the characters sex, the cartoonist admitted that Krazy was something like a sprite, an elf
22.
Drug Enforcement Administration
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The Drug Enforcement Administration is a United States federal law enforcement agency under the U. S. Department of Justice, tasked with combating drug smuggling and use within the United States. S. It has sole responsibility for coordinating and pursuing U. S. drug investigations both domestic, and abroad, the Drug Enforcement Administration was established on July 1,1973, by Reorganization Plan No.2 of 1973, signed by President Richard Nixon on July 28. It proposed the creation of a federal agency to enforce the federal drug laws as well as consolidate and coordinate the governments drug control activities. Congress accepted the proposal, as they were concerned with the availability of drugs. From the early 1970s, DEA headquarters was located at 1405 I Street NW in downtown Washington, however, then–Attorney General Edwin Meese determined that the headquarters had to be located in close proximity to the Attorney Generals office. Thus, in 1989, the relocated to 600–700 Army-Navy Drive in the Pentagon City area of Arlington, Virginia. On April 19,1995, Timothy McVeigh attacked the Alfred P, security measures include hydraulic steel roadplates to enforce standoff distance from the building, metal detectors, and guard stations. In February 2003, the DEA established a Digital Evidence Laboratory within its Office of Forensic Sciences, the DEA is headed by an Administrator of Drug Enforcement appointed by the President of the United States and confirmed by the U. S. Senate. The Administrator reports to the Attorney General through the Deputy Attorney General, the Administrator is assisted by a Deputy Administrator, the Chief of Operations, the Chief Inspector, and three Assistant Administrators. Other senior staff include the financial officer and the Chief Counsel. The Administrator and Deputy Administrator are the only presidentially-appointed personnel in the DEA, DEAs headquarters is located in Arlington, Virginia across from the Pentagon. It maintains its own DEA Academy located on the United States Marine Corps base at Quantico and it maintains 21 domestic field divisions with 227 field offices and 86 foreign offices in 62 countries. With a budget exceeding 2 billion dollars, DEA employs over 10,800 people, becoming a Special Agent or Intelligence Analyst with the DEA is a competitive process. DEA agents starting salary is $49, 746–$55,483, after four years working as an agent, the salary jumps to above $92,592. Upon graduation, recruits earn themselves the title of DEA Special Agent, the DEA excludes from consideration job-applicants who have a history of any use of narcotics or illicit drugs. Investigation usually includes a polygraph test for special-agent, diversion-investigator, exceptions to this policy may be made for applicants who admit to limited youthful and experimental use of marijuana. The DEAs relatively firm stance on this issue contrasts with that of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, the DEA Aviation Division or Office of Aviation Operations is an airborne division based in Fort Worth Alliance Airport, Texas. The current OA fleet consists of 106 aircraft and 124 DEA pilots, rapid Response Teams was decommissioned by DEA Administrator Chuck Rosenburg on March 2017 via memorandum
23.
Cannabis (drug)
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Cannabis, also known as marijuana among several other names, is a preparation of the Cannabis plant intended for use as a psychoactive drug or medicine. The main psychoactive part of cannabis is tetrahydrocannabinol, one of 483 known compounds in the plant, Cannabis can be used by smoking, vaporization, within food, or as an extract. Cannabis is often used for its mental and physical effects, such as a high or stoned feeling, a change in perception, euphoria. Short term side effects may include a decrease in short-term memory, dry mouth, impaired motor skills, red eyes, long term side effects may include addiction, decreased mental ability in those who started as teenagers, and behavioral problems in children whose mothers used cannabis during pregnancy. Onset of effects is within minutes when smoked and about 30 to 60 minutes when cooked and they last for between two and six hours. Cannabis is mostly used recreationally or as a medicinal drug and it may also be used for religious or spiritual purposes. In 2013, between 128 and 232 million people used cannabis, in 2015, 43% of Americans had used cannabis, which increased to 51% in 2016. About 12% have used it in the past year, and 7. 3% have used it in the past month and this makes it the most commonly used illegal drug both in the world and the United States. The earliest recorded uses date from the 3rd millennium BC, since the early 20th century, cannabis has been subject to legal restrictions. The possession, use, and sale of cannabis is illegal in most countries of the world, Medical cannabis refers to the physician-recommended use of cannabis, which is taking place in Canada, Belgium, Australia, the Netherlands, Spain, and 23 U. S. states. Cannabis use started to become popular in the US in the 1970s, support for legalization has increased in the United States and several US states have legalized recreational or medical use. Medical cannabis, or medical marijuana can refer to the use of cannabis and its cannabinoids to treat disease or improve symptoms, however, the use of cannabis as a medicine has not been rigorously scientifically tested, often due to production restrictions and other federal regulations. There is limited evidence suggesting cannabis can be used to reduce nausea and vomiting during chemotherapy, to improve appetite in people with HIV/AIDS and its use for other medical applications is insufficient for conclusions about safety or efficacy. Short-term use increases the risk of minor and major adverse effects. Common side effects include dizziness, feeling tired, vomiting, long-term effects of cannabis are not clear. Concerns include memory and cognition problems, risk of addiction, schizophrenia in people. Cannabis has psychoactive and physiological effects when consumed, at higher doses, effects can include altered body image, auditory and/or visual illusions, pseudohallucinations and ataxia from selective impairment of polysynaptic reflexes. In some cases, cannabis can lead to states such as depersonalization and derealization
24.
Dick Tracy
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Dick Tracy is an American comic strip featuring Dick Tracy, a tough and intelligent police detective created by Chester Gould. The strip made its debut on October 4,1931 in the Detroit Mirror and it was distributed by the Chicago Tribune New York News Syndicate. Gould wrote and drew the strip until 1977, since that time, various artists and writers have continued the strip, which still runs in newspapers today. Dick Tracy has also been the hero in a number of films, Tracy uses forensic science, advanced gadgetry, and wits, in an early example of the police procedural mystery story—although stories often end in gunfights just the same. Stories typically follow a criminal committing a crime and Tracys relentless pursuit of the criminal, the strips most popular villain was Flattop Jones, a freelance hitman hired by black marketeers to murder Tracy. When Flattop was killed, fans went into mourning. The villains small crimes led to bigger, out of control situations, similarly, innocent witnesses were frequently killed, and Tracys paramour Tess Trueheart was often endangered by the villains. As the story progressed, Tracy adopted an orphan under the name Dick Tracy Jr. or Junior for short and he also cultivated a professional partner, ex-steel worker Pat Patton, who gradually became a detective of skill and courage enough to satisfy Tracys requirements. Tracy characters were often caricatures of celebrities, there was Breathless Mahoney, modeled after Veronica Lake. Plenty was inspired by George Gabby Hayes, Vitamin Flintheart by John Barrymore, others include villains like Rughead, Oodles and Mumbles. Gould even parodied himself as the out-of-shape Pear Shape, the 2-Way Wrist Radio was upgraded to a 2-Way Wrist TV in 1964. This development also led to the introduction of an important supporting character, Diet Smith, a new character was introduced named Sam Catchem to take Pattons place as Tracys sidekick. Depictions of family life alternated with the crime drama, as in the kidnapping of Bonnie Braids by fugitive Crewy Lou. In his book-length examination of the strip, Dick Tracy – The Official Biography, nevertheless, the controversy eventually faded, and the cartoonist reduced exposure to Tracys home life. Tracys cases generally incriminated independent operators rather than organized crime—with a few exceptions, such as Big Boy, a version of Al Capone. Tracy opposed a series of big-time mobsters in the 1950s, such as the King, George Mr. Crime Alpha, Odds Zonn, as Tess faded into the background, Tracy assumed as assistant the rookie policewoman Lizz Worthington. From 1956 to 1964, the Dick Tracy Sunday page was accompanied by a topper strip called The Gravies and drawn by Gould. As technology progressed, the methods that Tracy and the used to track
25.
Chester Gould
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Chester Gould was an American cartoonist, best known as the creator of the Dick Tracy comic strip, which he wrote and drew from 1931 to 1977, incorporating numerous colorful and monstrous villains. Chester Gould was born to Gilbert R. Gould, the son of a minister, all four of his grandparents were pioneer settlers of Oklahoma. Gould was a Christian Fascinated by the comics since childhood, Gould quickly found work as a cartoonist and he was hired by William Randolph Hearsts Chicago Evening American, where he produced his first comic strips, Fillum Fables and The Radio Catts. He also drew a strip about Chicago, Why Its a Windy City. Gould married Edna Gauger in 1926, and their daughter, Jean, was born in 1927, a 1923 graduate, Gould is an alumnus of Northwestern University where he attended the School of Professional Studies. His cousin Henry W. Gould is Professor Emeritus of Mathematics at West Virginia University, in 1931, Gould was hired as a cartoonist with the Chicago Tribune and introduced Dick Tracy in the newspaper The Detroit Mirror on Sunday, October 4,1931. The original comic was based on a New York detective Gould was interested in, the comic then branched to the fictional character that became so famous. He drew the strip for the next 46 years from his home in Woodstock. Goulds stories were rarely pre-planned, since he preferred to improvise stories as he drew them, while fans praised this approach as producing exciting stories, it sometimes created awkward plot developments that were difficult to resolve. In one notorious case, Gould had Tracy in an inescapable deathtrap with a caisson, when Gould depicted Tracy addressing Gould personally and having the cartoonist magically extract him, publisher Joseph Patterson vetoed the sequence and ordered it redrawn. Late in the strips Gould period, the Tracy strip was criticized for being too right-wing in character. Critics thought Gould ignored the rights of the accused and failed to support his agenda with an adequate story-line, the late 1950s also saw a newspaper readership growing less tolerant of Goulds politics. For instance, Gould introduced an malodorous, tobacco-spitting character, B. O, plenty, with little significant complaint from readers in the 1940s. There was then a change in the strips setting, leaving behind the strips origins as an urban crime drama for science fiction plot elements. An increasingly fantastic procession of enemies and stories ensued, the Apollo 11 moon landing prompted Gould to abandon this phase. Finally, Dick Tracy was beset by the trend in newspaper comics away from strips with continuing storylines. Gould, his characters, and improbable plots were satirized in Al Capps comic strip Lil Abner with the Fearless Fosdick sequences, a villain was Bomb Face. Chester Gould won the National Cartoonists Societys Reuben Award in 1959 and 1977, the Mystery Writers of America honored Gould and his work with a Special Edgar Award in 1980
26.
Stimulant
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Stimulants is an overarching term that covers many drugs including those that increase activity of the body, drugs that are pleasurable and invigorating, or drugs that have sympathomimetic effects. Due to their rendering a characteristic up feeling, stimulants are also referred to as uppers. Depressants or downers, which decrease mental and/or physical function, are in stark contrast to stimulants and are considered to be the functionally opposite drug class, Stimulants are widely used throughout the world as prescription medicines as well as without a prescription as performance-enhancing or recreational drugs. The most frequently prescribed stimulants as of 2013 were lisdexamfetamine, methylphenidate and it is estimated that the percent of the population that has abused amphetamines, cocaine and MDMA combined is between. 8% and 2. 1%. Stimulants in therapeutic doses, such as given to patients with ADHD, increases ability to focus, vigor, sociability, libido. However, in higher doses stimulants may actually decrease the ability to focus, in higher doses stimulants may also produce euphoria, vigor, and decrease need for sleep. Many, but not all, stimulants have ergogenic effects, Drugs such as ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, amphetamine and methylphenidate have well documented ergogenic effects, while drugs such as cocaine and methamphetamine have the opposite effect. In some cases psychiatric phenomenon may emerge such as stimulant psychosis, paranoia, acute toxicity has been reportedly associated with a homicide, paranoia, aggressive behavior, motor dysfunction, and punding. The violent and aggressive behavior associated with acute stimulant toxicity may partially be driven by paranoia, most drugs classified as stimulants are sympathomimetics, that is they stimulate the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system. This leads to such as mydriasis, increased heart rate, blood pressure, respiratory rate. When these changes become pathological, they are called arrhythmia, hypertension, and hyperthermia, however given the complexity of the mechanisms that underly these potentially fatal outcomes of acute stimulant toxicity, it is impossible to determine what dose may be lethal. Assessment of the effects of stimulants is relevant given the large population currently taking stimulants. A systematic review of cardiovascular effects of prescription stimulants found no association in children, a review over a four-year period found that there were few negative effects of stimulant treatment, but stressed the need for longer term studies. A review of a long period of prescription stimulate use in those with ADHD found that cardiovascular side effects were limited to transient increases in blood pressure only. Initiation of stimulant treatment in those with ADHD in early childhood appears to carry benefits into adulthood with regard to social and cognitive functioning, Abuse of prescription stimulants or of illicit stimulants carries many negative health risks. Abuse of cocaine, depending upon route of administration, increases risk of disease, stroke. Cocaine may also increase risk for disease, as well as damage nasal cartilage. Abuse of methamphetamine produces similar effects as well as marked degeneration of dopaminergic neurons, Drugs used to treat sleep disorders such as excessive daytime sleepiness are called eugeroics, and include notable stimulants such as modafinil
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Hallucinogen
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A hallucinogen is a psychoactive agent which can cause hallucinations, perceptual anomalies, and other substantial subjective changes in thoughts, emotion, and consciousness. The common types of hallucinogens are psychedelics, dissociatives and deliriants, although hallucinations are a common symptom of amphetamine psychosis, amphetamines are not considered hallucinogens, as they are not a primary effect of the drugs themselves. While hallucinations can occur when abusing stimulants, the nature of stimulant psychosis is not unlike delirium, a debate persists on criteria which would easily differentiate a substance which is psychedelic from one hallucinogenic. Sir Thomas Browne in 1646 coined the term hallucination from the Latin word alucinari meaning to wander in the mind, the term psychedelic is derived from the Ancient Greek words psychē and dēloun, or mind-revealing. A hallucinogen and a psychedelic may refer correctly to the same substance, hallucinations and psychedelia may both refer to the same aspects of subjective experience in a given instance. A hallucinogen in this sense refers to any substance which causes changes in perception or hallucinations. In contrast to Hollisters original criteria, adverse effects may predominate with some hallucinogens with this application of the term, the word psychedelic was coined to express the idea of a drug that makes manifest a hidden but real aspect of the mind. One explanatory model for the experiences provoked by psychedelics is the reducing valve concept, in this view, the drugs disable the brains filtering ability to selectively prevent certain perceptions, emotions, memories and thoughts from ever reaching the conscious mind. This effect has been described as mind expanding, or consciousness expanding, many designer drugs and research chemicals are hallucinogenic in nature, such as those in the 2C and NBOMe families. Dissociatives produce analgesia, amnesia and catalepsy at anesthetic doses, dissociative symptoms include the disruption or compartmentalization of. the usually integrated functions of consciousness, memory, identity or perception. p. 523 Dissociation of sensory input can cause derealization, the perception of the world as being dream-like or unreal. The primary dissociatives achieve their effect through blocking the signals received by the NMDA receptor set and include ketamine, methoxetamine, phencyclidine, dextromethorphan, however, dissociation is also remarkably administered by salvinorin As potent κ-opioid receptor agonism. Some dissociatives can have CNS depressant effects, thereby carrying similar risks as opioids, DXM in higher doses can increase heart rate and blood pressure and still depress respiration. Inversely, PCP can have unpredictable effects and has often been classified as a stimulant. While many have reported that they feel no pain while under the effects of PCP, DXM and Ketamine, this does not fall under the usual classification of anesthetics in recreational doses. Rather, true to their name, they process pain as a kind of far away sensation, pain, although present, becomes a disembodied experience, as for probably the most common dissociative, nitrous oxide, the principal risk seems to be due to oxygen deprivation. Injury from falling is also a danger, as nitrous oxide may cause loss of consciousness. Because of the level of physical activity and relative imperviousness to pain induced by PCP
28.
Heroin
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Heroin, also known as diamorphine among other names, is an opiate typically used as a recreational drug for its euphoric effects. Medically it is used to relieve pain and as a form of opioid replacement therapy alongside counseling. Heroin is typically injected, usually into a vein, however, onset of effects is usually rapid and lasts for a few hours. Common side effects include respiratory depression and about a quarter of those who use heroin become physically dependent, other side effects can include abscesses, infected heart valves, blood borne infections, constipation, and pneumonia. After a history of use, withdrawal symptoms can begin within hours of last use. When given by injection into a vein, heroin has two to three times the effect as a dose of morphine. It typically comes as a white or brown powder, treatment of heroin addiction often includes behavioral therapy and medications. Medications used may include methadone or naltrexone, a heroin overdose may be treated with naloxone. An estimated 17 million people as of 2015 use opiates such as heroin, the total number of opiate users has increased from 1998 to 2007 after which it has remained more or less stable. In the United States about 1.6 percent of people have used heroin at some point in time, when people die from overdosing on a drug, the drug is usually an opioid. Heroin was first made by C. R. Alder Wright in 1874 from morphine, internationally, heroin is controlled under Schedules I and IV of the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs. It is generally illegal to make, possess, or sell heroin without a license, in 2015 Afghanistan produced about 66% of the worlds opium. Often heroin, which is sold, is mixed with other substances such as sugar or strychnine. The original trade name of heroin is typically used in non-medical settings and it is used as a recreational drug for the euphoria it induces. Anthropologist Michael Agar once described heroin as the perfect whatever drug, tolerance develops quickly, and increased doses are needed in order to achieve the same effects. Its popularity with recreational users, compared to morphine, reportedly stems from its perceived different effects. In particular, users report an intense rush, an acute transcendent state of euphoria, while other opioids of recreational use produce only morphine, heroin also leaves 6-MAM, also a psycho-active metabolite. Equipotent injected doses had comparable action courses, with no difference in subjects self-rated feelings of euphoria, ambition, nervousness, relaxation, drowsiness, short-term addiction studies by the same researchers demonstrated that tolerance developed at a similar rate to both heroin and morphine
29.
Cockroach
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Cockroaches are insects of the order Blattodea, which also includes termites. About 30 cockroach species out of 4,600 are associated with human habitats, about four species are well known as pests. The cockroaches are an ancient group, dating back at least as far as the Carboniferous period and those early ancestors however lacked the internal ovipositors of modern roaches. They are common and hardy insects, and can tolerate a range of environments from Arctic cold to tropical heat. Some species, such as the gregarious German cockroach, have a social structure involving common shelter, social dependence, information transfer. Cockroaches have appeared in human culture since classical antiquity and they are popularly depicted as dirty pests, though the great majority of species are inoffensive and live in a wide range of habitats around the world. Cockroaches are members of the order Blattodea, which includes the termites, currently,4,600 species and over 460 genera are described worldwide. The name cockroach comes from the Spanish word for cockroach, cucaracha, transformed by 1620s English folk etymology into cock and roach. The scientific name derives from the Latin blatta, an insect that shuns the light, which in classical Latin was applied not only to cockroaches, the current catalogue of world cockroach species uses the name Blattodea for the group. Another name, Blattoptera, is sometimes used. The earliest cockroach-like fossils are from the Carboniferous period 320 million years ago, since the 19th century, scientists believed that cockroaches were an ancient group of insects that had a Devonian origin, according to one hypothesis. Fossil roachoids that lived during that time differ from modern cockroaches in having long external ovipositors and are the ancestors of mantises, as the body, hind wings and mouthparts are not preserved in fossils frequently, the relationship of these roachoids and modern cockroaches remains disputed. The first fossils of modern cockroaches with internal ovipositors appeared in the early Cretaceous, a recent phylogenetic analysis suggests that cockroaches originated at least in the Jurassic. The evolutionary relationships of the Blattodea shown in the cladogram are based on Eggleton, the cockroach families Lamproblattidae and Tryonicidae are not shown but are placed within the superfamily Blattoidea. The cockroach families Corydiidae and Ectobiidae were previously known as the Polyphagidae and Blattellidae, termites were previously regarded as a separate order Isoptera to cockroaches. However, recent genetic evidence suggests that they evolved directly from true cockroaches. This evidence supported a hypothesis suggested in 1934 that termites are closely related to the wood-eating cockroaches and this hypothesis was originally based on similarity of the symbiotic gut flagellates in termites regarded as living fossils and wood-eating cockroaches. Additional evidence emerged when F. A. McKittrick noted similar morphological characteristics between some termites and cockroach nymphs, the similarities among these cockroaches and termites have led some scientists to reclassify termites as a single family, the Termitidae, within the order Blattodea
30.
Fascism
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Fascism /ˈfæʃɪzəm/ is a form of radical authoritarian nationalism that came to prominence in early 20th-century Europe. The first fascist movements emerged in Italy during World War I, opposed to liberalism, Marxism, and anarchism, fascism is usually placed on the far-right within the traditional left–right spectrum. Fascists saw World War I as a revolution that brought changes to the nature of war, society, the state. The advent of war and the total mass mobilization of society had broken down the distinction between civilians and combatants. A military citizenship arose in which all citizens were involved with the military in some manner during the war, Fascism rejects assertions that violence is automatically negative in nature, and views political violence, war, and imperialism as means that can achieve national rejuvenation. Fascists advocate a mixed economy, with the goal of achieving autarky through protectionist and interventionist economic policies. Since the end of World War II in 1945, few parties have openly described themselves as fascist, the descriptions neo-fascist or post-fascist are sometimes applied more formally to describe parties of the far right with ideologies similar to, or rooted in, 20th century fascist movements. The Italian term fascismo is derived from fascio meaning a bundle of rods and this was the name given to political organizations in Italy known as fasci, groups similar to guilds or syndicates. According to Mussolinis own account, the Fascist Revolutionary Party was founded in Italy in 1915, in 1919, Mussolini founded the Fasci Italiani di Combattimento in Milan, which became the Partito Nazionale Fascista two years later. The symbolism of the fasces suggested strength through unity, a rod is easily broken. Similar symbols were developed by different fascist movements, for example, historians, political scientists, and other scholars have long debated the exact nature of fascism. Each interpretation of fascism is distinct, leaving many definitions too wide or narrow, according to many scholars, fascism—especially once in power—has historically attacked communism, conservatism and parliamentary liberalism, attracting support primarily from the far right. Roger Griffin describes fascism as a genus of political ideology whose mythic core in its various permutations is a form of populist ultranationalism. Griffin describes the ideology as having three components, the rebirth myth, populist ultra-nationalism and the myth of decadence. Fascism is a revolutionary, trans-class form of anti-liberal, and in the last analysis. Fascist Philosophies vary by application, but remain distinct by one theoretic commonality, all traditionally fall into the far-right sector of any political spectrum, catalyzed by afflicted class identities over conventional social inequities. John Lukacs, Hungarian-American historian and Holocaust survivor, argues there is no such thing as generic fascism. He claims that National Socialism and Communism are essentially manifestations of populism, Fascism was influenced by both left and right, conservative and anti-conservative, national and supranational, rational and anti-rational
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Monarchy
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The actual power of the monarch may vary from purely symbolic, to partial and restricted, to completely autocratic. Traditionally and in most cases, the monarchs post is inherited and lasts until death or abdication, occasionally this might create a situation of rival claimants whose legitimacy is subject to effective election. Finally, there have been cases where the term of a reign is either fixed in years or continues until certain goals are achieved. Thus there are widely divergent structures and traditions defining monarchy, Monarchy was the most common form of government until the 19th century, but it is no longer prevalent. Currently,47 sovereign nations in the world have monarchs acting as heads of state,19 of which are Commonwealth realms that recognise Queen Elizabeth II as their head of state. The monarchs of Cambodia, Japan, and Malaysia reign, the word monarch comes from the Greek language word μονάρχης, monárkhēs which referred to a single, at least nominally absolute ruler. In current usage the word usually refers to a traditional system of hereditary rule. Depending on the held by the monarch, a monarchy may be known as a kingdom, principality, duchy, grand duchy, empire, tsardom, emirate, sultanate, khaganate. The form of societal hierarchy known as chiefdom or tribal kingship is prehistoric, the Greek term monarchia is classical, used by Herodotus. The monarch in classical antiquity is often identified as king, the Chinese, Japanese and Nepalese monarchs continued to be considered living Gods into the modern period. Since antiquity, monarchy has contrasted with forms of democracy, where power is wielded by assemblies of free citizens. In antiquity, monarchies were abolished in favour of such assemblies in Rome, much of 19th century politics was characterised by the division between anti-monarchist Radicalism and monarchist Conservativism. Many countries abolished the monarchy in the 20th century and became republics, advocacy of republics is called republicanism, while advocacy of monarchies is called monarchism. In the modern era, monarchies are more prevalent in small states than in large ones, most monarchs, both historically and in the modern day, have been born and brought up within a royal family, the centre of the royal household and court. Growing up in a family, future monarchs are often trained for the responsibilities of expected future rule. Different systems of succession have been used, such as proximity of blood, primogeniture, and agnatic seniority. While most monarchs have been male, many female monarchs also have reigned in history, rule may be hereditary in practice without being considered a monarchy, such as that of family dictatorships or political families in many democracies. The principal advantage of hereditary monarchy is the continuity of leadership
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Government
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A government is the system by which a state or community is controlled. In the Commonwealth of Nations, the government is also used more narrowly to refer to the collective group of people that exercises executive authority in a state. This usage is analogous to what is called an administration in American English, finally, government is also sometimes used in English as a synonym for governance. In the case of its broad definition, government normally consists of legislators, administrators. Government is the means by which state policy is enforced, as well as the mechanism for determining the policy of the state. A form of government, or form of governance, refers to the set of political systems. Government of any kind currently affects every human activity in many important ways, in political science, it has long been a goal to create a typology or taxonomy of polities. as typologies of political systems are not obvious. It is especially important in the science fields of comparative politics. On the surface, identifying a form of government appears to be simple, the United States is a constitutional republic, while the former Soviet Union was a socialist republic. However self-identification is not objective, and as Kopstein and Lichbach argue, for example, elections are a defining characteristic of an electoral democracy, but in practice elections in the former Soviet Union were not free and fair and took place in a one-party state. Voltaire argued that the Holy Roman Empire is neither Holy, nor Roman, many governments that officially call themselves a democratic republic are not democratic, nor a republic, they are usually a dictatorship de facto. Communist dictatorships have been prone to use this term. For example, the name of North Vietnam was The Democratic Republic of Vietnam. China uses a variant, The Peoples Republic of China, thus in many practical classifications it would not be considered democratic. Experience with those movements in power, and the ties they may have to particular forms of government. For example, The meaning of conservatism in the United States has little in common with the way the words definition is used elsewhere, as Ribuffo notes, what Americans now call conservatism much of the world calls liberalism or neoliberalism. Since the 1950s conservatism in the United States has been associated with the Republican Party. However, during the era of segregation many Southern Democrats were conservatives, values are sorted from 1–100 based on level of democracy and political accountability
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Federal government of the United States
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The Federal Government of the United States is the national government of the United States, a republic in North America, composed of 50 states, one district, Washington, D. C. and several territories. The federal government is composed of three branches, legislative, executive, and judicial, whose powers are vested by the U. S. Constitution in the Congress, the President, and the courts, including the Supreme Court. The powers and duties of these branches are defined by acts of Congress. The full name of the republic is United States of America, no other name appears in the Constitution, and this is the name that appears on money, in treaties, and in legal cases to which it is a party. The terms Government of the United States of America or United States Government are often used in documents to represent the federal government as distinct from the states collectively. In casual conversation or writing, the term Federal Government is often used, the terms Federal and National in government agency or program names generally indicate affiliation with the federal government. Because the seat of government is in Washington, D. C, Washington is commonly used as a metonym for the federal government. The outline of the government of the United States is laid out in the Constitution, the government was formed in 1789, making the United States one of the worlds first, if not the first, modern national constitutional republics. The United States government is based on the principles of federalism and republicanism, some make the case for expansive federal powers while others argue for a more limited role for the central government in relation to individuals, the states or other recognized entities. For example, while the legislative has the power to create law, the President nominates judges to the nations highest judiciary authority, but those nominees must be approved by Congress. The Supreme Court, in its turn, has the power to invalidate as unconstitutional any law passed by the Congress and these and other examples are examined in more detail in the text below. The United States Congress is the branch of the federal government. It is bicameral, comprising the House of Representatives and the Senate, the House currently consists of 435 voting members, each of whom represents a congressional district. The number of each state has in the House is based on each states population as determined in the most recent United States Census. All 435 representatives serve a two-year term, each state receives a minimum of one representative in the House. There is no limit on the number of terms a representative may serve, in addition to the 435 voting members, there are six non-voting members, consisting of five delegates and one resident commissioner. In contrast, the Senate is made up of two senators from each state, regardless of population, there are currently 100 senators, who each serve six-year terms
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Political corruption
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Political corruption is the use of powers by government officials for illegitimate private gain. An illegal act by an officeholder constitutes political corruption only if the act is related to their official duties, is done under color of law or involves trading in influence. Forms of corruption vary, but include bribery, extortion, cronyism, nepotism, parochialism, patronage, influence peddling, graft, Corruption may facilitate criminal enterprise such as drug trafficking, money laundering, and human trafficking, though is not restricted to these activities. Misuse of government power for other purposes, such as repression of political opponents, the activities that constitute illegal corruption differ depending on the country or jurisdiction. For instance, some political funding practices that are legal in one place may be illegal in another, in some cases, government officials have broad or ill-defined powers, which make it difficult to distinguish between legal and illegal actions. Worldwide, bribery alone is estimated to involve over 1 trillion US dollars annually, a state of unrestrained political corruption is known as a kleptocracy, literally meaning rule by thieves. Some forms of corruption – now called institutional corruption – are distinguished from bribery, a similar problem of corruption arises in any institution that depends on financial support from people who have interests that may conflict with the primary purpose of the institution. In politics, corruption undermines democracy and good governance by flouting or even subverting formal processes and it violates a basic principle of republicanism regarding the centrality of civic virtue. More generally, corruption erodes the institutional capacity of government if procedures are disregarded, resources are siphoned off, Corruption undermines the legitimacy of government and such democratic values as trust and tolerance. Recent evidence suggests that variation in the levels of corruption amongst high-income democracies can vary depending on the level of accountability of decision-makers. Evidence from fragile states also shows that corruption and bribery can adversely impact trust in institutions, although some claim corruption reduces costs by cutting bureaucracy, the availability of bribes can also induce officials to contrive new rules and delays. Openly removing costly and lengthy regulations are better than allowing them to be bypassed by using bribes. Where corruption inflates the cost of business, it distorts the playing field, shielding firms with connections from competition. Corruption also generates economic distortion in the sector by diverting public investment into capital projects where bribes. Officials may increase the complexity of public sector projects to conceal or pave the way for such dealings. In Nigeria, for example, more than $400 billion was stolen from the treasury by Nigerias leaders between 1960 and 1999, University of Massachusetts Amherst researchers estimated that from 1970 to 1996, capital flight from 30 Sub-Saharan countries totaled $187bn, exceeding those nations external debts. In the case of Africa, one of the factors for this behavior was political instability, and this encouraged officials to stash their wealth abroad, out of reach of any future expropriation. In contrast, Asian administrations such as Suhartos New Order often took a cut on business transactions or provided conditions for development, through investment, law and order
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Pantomime
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Pantomime, is a type of musical comedy stage production, designed for family entertainment. It was developed in England and is performed throughout the United Kingdom, generally during the Christmas and New Year season and, to a lesser extent. It is a form of theatre, in which the audience is expected to sing along with certain parts of the music. Pantomime has a theatrical history in Western culture dating back to classical theatre. It developed partly from the 16th century commedia dellarte tradition of Italy, as well as other European and British stage traditions, such as 17th-century masques, an important part of the pantomime, until the late 19th century, was the harlequinade. Outside Britain the word pantomime is used to mean miming. The Roman pantomime drew upon the Greek tragedy and other Greek genres from its inception, although the art was instituted in Rome, the English word came to be applied to the performance itself. Music was supplied by flute and the pulse of an iron-shod shoe, performances might be in a private household, with minimal personnel, or else lavish theatrical productions involving a large orchestra and chorus and sometimes an ancillary actor. The dancer danced all the roles, relying on masks, stock poses and gestures, Pantomime differed from mime by its more artistic nature and relative lack of farce and coarse humour, though these were not absent from some productions. Precursors of pantomime also included the masque, which grew in pomp, the development of English pantomime was also strongly influenced by the continental commedia dellarte, a form of popular theatre that arose in Italy in the Early Modern Period. Each scenario used some of the stock characters. These included the innamorati, the vecchi such as Pantalone, and zanni such as Arlecchino, Colombina, Scaramouche, Italian masque performances in the 17th century sometimes included the Harlequin character. In the 17th century, adaptations of the characters became familiar in English entertainments. From these, the standard English harlequinade developed, depicting the eloping lovers Harlequin and Columbine, pursued by the girls father Pantaloon and his comic servants Clown, in English versions, by the 18th century, Harlequin became the central figure and romantic lead. The basic plot of the harlequinade remained essentially the same for more than 150 years, tavern Bilkers, by John Weaver, the dancing master at Drury Lane, is cited as the first pantomime produced on the English stage. The same year he produced a pantomime on the subject of Perseus, after this, pantomime was regular feature at Drury Lane. In 1717 at Lincolns Inn, actor and manager John Rich introduced Harlequin into the theatres pantomimes under the name of Lun and he gained great popularity for his pantomimes, especially beginning with his 1724 production of The Necromancer, or, History of Dr. Faustus. These early pantomimes were silent, or dumb show, performances consisting of only dancing, spoken drama was only allowed in London only in the two patent theatres until Parliament changed this restriction in 1843
36.
Cocaine
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Cocaine, also known as coke, is a strong stimulant mostly used as a recreational drug. It is commonly snorted, inhaled, or injected into the veins, mental effects may include loss of contact with reality, an intense feeling of happiness, or agitation. Physical symptoms may include a fast heart rate, sweating, high doses can result in very high blood pressure or body temperature. Effects begin within seconds to minutes of use and last between five and ninety minutes, Cocaine has a small number of accepted medical uses such as numbing and decreasing bleeding during nasal surgery. Cocaine is addictive due to its effect on the pathway in the brain. After a short period of use, there is a risk that dependence will occur. Its use also increases the risk of stroke, myocardial infarction, lung problems in those who smoke it, blood infections, Cocaine sold on the street is commonly mixed with local anesthetics, cornstarch, quinine, or sugar which can result in additional toxicity. Following repeated doses a person may have decreased ability to feel pleasure, Cocaine acts by inhibiting the reuptake of serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine. This results in concentrations of these three neurotransmitters in the brain. It can easily cross the barrier and may lead to the breakdown of the barrier. Cocaine is made from the leaves of the plant which are mostly grown in South America. In 2013,419 kilograms were produced legally and it is estimated that the illegal market for cocaine is 100 to 500 billion USD each year. With further processing crack cocaine can be produced from cocaine, after cannabis, cocaine is the most frequently used illegal drug globally. Between 14 and 21 million people use the drug each year, use is highest in North America followed by Europe and South America. Between one and three percent of people in the world have used cocaine at some point in their life. In 2013 cocaine use resulted in 4,300 deaths. The leaves of the plant have been used by Peruvians since ancient times. Cocaine was first isolated from the leaves in 1860, since 1961 the international Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs has required countries to make recreational use of cocaine a crime
37.
Alien abduction
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Such abductions have sometimes been classified as close encounters of the fourth kind. People claiming to have been abducted are usually called abductees or experiencers, skeptic Robert Sheaffer sees similarity between the aliens depicted in early science fiction films, in particular, Invaders From Mars, and some of those reported to have actually abducted people. Typical claims involve being subjected to forced medical examinations that emphasize abductee reproductive systems, abductees sometimes claim to have been warned against environmental abuse and the dangers of nuclear weapons. While many of these encounters are described as terrifying, some have been viewed as pleasurable or transformative. The first alleged alien abduction claim to be widely publicized was the Betty, reports of the abduction phenomenon have been made around the world, but are most common in English speaking countries, especially the United States. The contents of the narrative often seem to vary with the home culture of the alleged abductee. Mainstream scientists reject claims that the phenomenon occurs as reported. However, there is doubt that many apparently stable persons who report alien abductions believe their experiences were real. These people are not mentally ill, while psychopathology is indicated in some isolated alien abduction cases, Stuart Appelle et al. Other experts who have argued that mental health is no better or worse than average include psychologists John Wilson and Rima Laibow. Some abduction reports are quite detailed, the Antonio Vilas Boas case and the Hill abduction were the first cases of UFO abduction to earn widespread attention. While alien abduction did not achieve widespread attention until the 1960s and these early abduction-like accounts have been dubbed paleo-abductions by UFO researcher Jerome Clark. In the October 1953 issue of Man to Man Magazine an article by Leroy Thorpe titled Are the Flying Saucers Kidnapping Humans, rogerson writes that the 1955 publication of Harold T. An early alien abduction claim occurred in the mid-1950s with the Antonio Vilas Boas case, widespread publicity was generated by the Betty and Barney Hill abduction case of 1961, culminating in a made-for-television film broadcast in 1975 dramatizing the events. Dr. R. Leo Sprinkle became interested in the phenomenon in the 1960s. For some years, he was probably the only academic figure devoting any time to studying or researching abduction accounts, Sprinkle became convinced of the phenomenons actuality, and was perhaps the first to suggest a link between abductions and cattle mutilation. Eventually Sprinkle came to believe that he had been abducted by aliens in his youth, Budd Hopkins had been interested in UFOs for some years. In the 1970s he became interested in reports, and began using hypnosis to extract more details of dimly remembered events
38.
Mexico
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Mexico, officially the United Mexican States, is a federal republic in the southern half of North America. It is bordered to the north by the United States, to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean, to the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea, and to the east by the Gulf of Mexico. Covering almost two million square kilometers, Mexico is the sixth largest country in the Americas by total area, Mexico is a federation comprising 31 states and a federal district that is also its capital and most populous city. Other metropolises include Guadalajara, Monterrey, Puebla, Toluca, Tijuana, pre-Columbian Mexico was home to many advanced Mesoamerican civilizations, such as the Olmec, Toltec, Teotihuacan, Zapotec, Maya and Aztec before first contact with Europeans. In 1521, the Spanish Empire conquered and colonized the territory from its base in Mexico-Tenochtitlan, Three centuries later, this territory became Mexico following recognition in 1821 after the colonys Mexican War of Independence. The tumultuous post-independence period was characterized by instability and many political changes. The Mexican–American War led to the cession of the extensive northern borderlands, one-third of its territory. The Pastry War, the Franco-Mexican War, a civil war, the dictatorship was overthrown in the Mexican Revolution of 1910, which culminated with the promulgation of the 1917 Constitution and the emergence of the countrys current political system. Mexico has the fifteenth largest nominal GDP and the eleventh largest by purchasing power parity, the Mexican economy is strongly linked to those of its North American Free Trade Agreement partners, especially the United States. Mexico was the first Latin American member of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and it is classified as an upper-middle income country by the World Bank and a newly industrialized country by several analysts. By 2050, Mexico could become the fifth or seventh largest economy. The country is considered both a power and middle power, and is often identified as an emerging global power. Due to its culture and history, Mexico ranks first in the Americas. Mexico is a country, ranking fourth in the world by biodiversity. In 2015 it was the 9th most visited country in the world, Mexico is a member of the United Nations, the World Trade Organization, the G8+5, the G20, the Uniting for Consensus and the Pacific Alliance. Mēxihco is the Nahuatl term for the heartland of the Aztec Empire, namely, the Valley of Mexico, and its people, the Mexica and this became the future State of Mexico as a division of New Spain prior to independence. It is generally considered to be a toponym for the valley became the primary ethnonym for the Aztec Triple Alliance as a result. After New Spain won independence from Spain, representatives decided to name the new country after its capital and this was founded in 1524 on top of the ancient Mexica capital of Mexico-Tenochtitlan
39.
Shamanism
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The word shaman probably originates from the Tungusic Evenki language of North Asia. The term was introduced to the west after Russian forces conquered the shamanistic Khanate of Kazan in 1552, Mircea Eliade writes, A first definition of this complex phenomenon, and perhaps the least hazardous, will be, shamanism = technique of religious ecstasy. Shamanism encompasses the premise that shamans are intermediaries or messengers between the world and the spirit worlds. Shamans are said to treat ailments/illness by mending the soul, alleviating traumas affecting the soul/spirit restores the physical body of the individual to balance and wholeness. The shaman also enters supernatural realms or dimensions to obtain solutions to problems afflicting the community, Shamans may visit other worlds/dimensions to bring guidance to misguided souls and to ameliorate illnesses of the human soul caused by foreign elements. The shaman operates primarily within the world, which in turn affects the human world. The restoration of balance results in the elimination of the ailment, hundreds of books and academic papers on the subject have been produced, with a peer-reviewed academic journal being devoted to the study of shamanism. The word shaman probably originates from the Evenki word šamán, most likely from the dialect spoken by the Sym Evenki peoples. The Tungusic term was adopted by Russians interacting with the indigenous peoples in Siberia. It is found in the memoirs of the exiled Russian churchman Avvakum, adam Brand, a merchant from Lübeck, published in 1698 his account of a Russian embassy to China, a translation of his book, published the same year, introduced the word shaman to English speakers. The etymology of the Evenki word is sometimes connected to a Tungus root ša- to know, other scholars assert that the word comes directly from the Manchu language, and as such would be the only commonly used English word that is a loan from this language. This proposal has been thoroughly critiqued since 1917, ethnolinguist Juha Janhunen regards it as an anachronism and an impossibility that is nothing more than a far-fetched etymology. Ethnolinguists did not develop as a discipline nor achieve contact with these communities until the late 19th century, there is no single agreed-upon definition for the word shamanism among anthropologists. The English historian Ronald Hutton noted that by the dawn of the 21st century, the first of these uses the term to refer to anybody who contacts a spirit world while in an altered state of consciousness. The second definition limits the term to refer to those who contact a spirit world while in a state of consciousness at the behest of others. Problematically, scholars advocating the third view have failed to agree on what the defining technique should be, the fourth definition identified by Hutton uses shamanism to refer to the indigenous religions of Siberia and neighboring parts of Asia. According to the Golomt Center for Shamanic Studies, a Mongolian organisation of shamans, Shamans are normally called by dreams or signs which require lengthy training. However, shamanic powers may be inherited, turner and colleagues mention a phenomenon called shamanistic initiatory crisis, a rite of passage for shamans-to-be, commonly involving physical illness and/or psychological crisis
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Carlos Castaneda
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Carlos Castaneda was an American author with a Ph. D. in anthropology. Starting with The Teachings of Don Juan in 1968, Castaneda wrote a series of books that describe his training in shamanism, the books, narrated in the first person, relate his experiences under the tutelage of a Yaqui Man of Knowledge named don Juan Matus. His 12 books have more than 28 million copies in 17 languages. He founded Cleargreen, an organization that promotes Tensegrity, which Dr. Castaneda described as the version of the “magical passes” of the shamans of ancient Mexico. Magical Passes comprise bodily movements discovered in dream states by shamans of don Juan’s lineage, Castaneda moved to the United States in the early 1950s and became a naturalized citizen on June 21,1957. Castaneda married Margaret Runyan in Mexico in 1960, according to Runyans memoirs, Castaneda is listed on the birth certificate of Runyans son C. J. Castaneda as his father even though his biological father was a different man. It is unclear whether Carlos and Margaret were divorced in 1960,1973, or not at all and he wrote these books as his research log describing his apprenticeship with a traditional Man of Knowledge identified as don Juan Matus, a Yaqui Indian from northern Mexico. Castaneda was awarded his bachelors and doctoral degrees based on the work described in these books, in 1974 his fourth book, Tales of Power, was published and chronicled the end of his apprenticeship under the tutelage of Matus. Castaneda continued to be popular with the public with subsequent publications that unfolded further aspects of his training with don Juan. Castaneda wrote that don Juan recognized him as the new nagual, Castaneda often referred to this unknown realm as nonordinary reality. While Castaneda was a cultural figure, he rarely appeared in public forums. He was the subject of an article in the March 5,1973 issue of Time which described him as an enigma wrapped in a mystery wrapped in a tortilla. There was controversy when it was revealed that Castaneda may have used a surrogate for his cover portrait, when confronted by correspondent Sandra Burton about discrepancies in his personal history, Castaneda responded, To ask me to verify my life by giving you my statistics. Is like using science to validate sorcery and it robs the world of its magic and makes milestones out of us all. It is a concrete setting, dense with animistic meaning. This is just as well, in view of the weirdness of the events that happen in it. Following that interview, Castaneda completely retired from public view, on 16 June 1995, Cleargreen Incorporated was created. The Cleargreen statement of purpose says in part, Cleargreen is a corporation that has a twofold purpose, First, it sponsors and organizes Tensegrity® workshops and seminars, and second, it is a publishing house
