1.
Gilbert Shelton
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Gilbert Shelton is an American cartoonist, musician, and a key member of the underground comix movement. He is the creator of the iconic underground characters The Fabulous Furry Freak Brothers, Fat Freddys Cat, Shelton was born in Houston, Texas. He graduated from Lamar High School in Houston and he attended Washington and Lee University, Texas A&M University, and the University of Texas at Austin, where he received his bachelors degree in the social sciences in 1961. His early cartoons were published in the University of Texas humor magazine The Texas Ranger, directly after graduation, Shelton moved to New York City and got a job editing automotive magazines, where he would sneak his drawings into print. Early work of his was published in Warren Publishings Help, the idea for the character of Wonder Wart-Hog, a porcine parody of Superman, came to him in 1961. The following year, Shelton moved back to Texas to enroll in graduate school, the first two Wonder Wart-Hog stories appeared in Bacchanal, a short-lived college humor magazine, in the spring of 1962. That same year, he published Foolbert Sturgeons The Adventures of Jesus and he then became editor of The Texas Ranger and published more Wonder Wart-Hog stories. After switching from graduate school to art school for two years, he was drafted, but Army doctors declared him medically unfit after he admitted to taking psychedelic drugs. After this, in 1964 and 1965, he spent some time in Cleveland and he applied for a job at the Cleveland-based American Greeting Card Company but was turned down. The period of 1965–1968 was an itinerant one for Shelton, he moved to New York to work for the underground East Village Other, and to Los Angeles to work for the Los Angeles Free Press. Around this time Shelton became art director for the Vulcan Gas Company, a music venue in Austin, Texas. He created a number of posters in the style of contemporary California poster artists such as Victor Moscoso and that same year, Millar Publishing Company, who had been publishing regular Wonder Wart-Hog stories since 1966, published two issues of Wonder Wart-Hog. 140,000 copies of each were printed, but distributors did not pick up the magazine, and only 40,000 of each were sold. Shelton created a strip, Fat Freddys Cat in 1969. He also illustrated the cover of the classic computer magazine compilation The Best of Creative Computing Volume 2 in 1977. His most recent work, in collaboration with French cartoonist Pic, is Not Quite Dead, which appeared in Rip Off Comix #25 and in six Not Quite Dead comic books. A new Wonder Wart-Hog story appeared in Zap Comix #15, as well as The Complete Zap boxed set which contained Zap #16, the Freak Brothers antics are reportedly being turned into a Broadway musical, after a stop motion animated film, titled Grass Roots, fell through. In 1966 Shelton formed the Gilbert Shelton Ensemble and released a 45 record on ESP Records, since moving to France, Shelton has become part of a rhythm and blues group, the Blum Brothers, featuring Shelton on vocals and piano
2.
Underground comix
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Underground comix are small press or self-published comic books which are often socially relevant or satirical in nature. They differ from mainstream comics in depicting content forbidden to mainstream publications by the Comics Code Authority, including drug use, sexuality. They were most popular in the United States between 1968 and 1975, and in the United Kingdom between 1973 and 1974, Robert Crumb, Gilbert Shelton, and numerous other cartoonists created underground titles that were popular with readers within the counterculture scene. Punk had its own comic artists like Gary Panter, often referred to as Tijuana bibles, these books are often considered the predecessors of the underground comix scene. Early underground comix appeared sporadically in the early and mid-1960s, the first underground comix were personal works produced for friends of the artists, in addition to reprints of comic strip pages which first appeared in underground newspapers. The United States underground comics scene emerged in the 1960s, focusing on subjects dear to the counterculture, recreational use, politics, rock music. These titles were termed comix in order to them from mainstream publications. The X also emphasized the X-rated contents of the publications, the underground comix scene had its strongest success in the United States between 1968 and 1975, with titles initially distributed primarily though head shops. Underground comix often featured covers intended to appeal to the drug culture, Crumb stated that the appeal of underground comix was their lack of censorship, People forget that that was what it was all about. We didnt have anybody standing over us saying No, you cant draw this or You cant show that and we could do whatever we wanted. American comix were strongly influenced by EC Comics and especially magazines edited by Harvey Kurtzman, kurtzmans Help. magazine featured the works of artists who would later become well known in the underground comix scene, including Crumb and Shelton. Other artists published work in magazines before becoming known in the underground scene. Perhaps the earliest of the comic strips was Frank Stacks The Adventures of Jesus, begun in 1962. It has been credited as the first underground comic, sheltons own Wonder Wart-Hog appeared in the college humor magazine Bacchanal #1-2 in 1962. Jack Jacksons God Nose, published in Texas in 1964, has also given that title. One guide lists two other underground comix from that year, Vaughn Bodēs Das Kampf and Charles Plymells Robert Ronnie Branaman, joel Beck began contributing a full-page comic each week to the underground newspaper the Berkeley Barb and his full-length comic Lenny of Laredo was published in 1965. In 1968, Crumb, in San Francisco, self-published his first solo comic, the title was financially successful, and developed a market for underground comix. By the end of the 1960s, there was recognition of the movement by a major American museum when the Corcoran Gallery of Art staged an exhibition, The Phonus Balonus Show
3.
The Rag
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The Rag was an underground newspaper published in Austin, Texas from 1966-1977. The weekly paper covered political and cultural topics that the conventional press ignored, such as the growing movement, the sexual revolution, gay liberation. The Rag encouraged these political constituencies and countercultural communities to coalesce into a significant political force in Austin, as the sixth member of the Underground Press Syndicate and the first underground paper in the South, The Rag helped shape a flourishing national underground press. According to historian and publisher Paul Buhle, The Rag was one of the first, in his 1972 book, The Paper Revolutionaries, Laurence Leamer called The Rag one of the few legendary undergrounds. The Rag first hit the streets in Austin on October 10,1966, Thorne Dreyer and Carol Neiman were the original editors of the paper. Former staffer Alice Embree recalls that The Rag covered what was not covered by the straight press, the writers participated in the political and cultural uprising and also wrote about it. And they told you where to get a dinner for 35 cents. The Rag featured the writing of major New Left figures like Gary Thiher, Jeff Shero, Robert Pardun and it covered the Austin rock scene which was one of the birthplaces of the psychedelic music phenomenon. The Rag would become virtually indistinguishable from the community it served, helping to coalesce and mobilize the movement in Austin and it also carried national and world news and opinion from Liberation News Service and from other underground newspapers around the country. The Fabulous Furry Freak Brothers, Gilbert Sheltons iconic sixties comic strip, was born in The Rag and was republished in underground papers, god Nose, a comic strip by Jack Jackson, ran in The Rag. Alan Pogue, now a photographer, was a staff photographer for eight years. As Glenn Scott recalls about the later Rag, one could not have imagined a more democratic process than a Rag copy meeting. An all volunteer group of editors and copy writers debated the sexism and violence in pornography, the corporate influence in utility policies. And how much went to the Free Clinic benefit and the Freak Brothers. Many of the newspapers met with establishment opposition, harassment. In Austin, the regents at the University of Texas sued The Rag to prevent circulation on campus, David Richards, attorney for the American Civil Liberties Union, successfully defended The Rags First Amendment rights before the U. S. Supreme Court. The Rag was one of the most influential of the underground papers and, according to historian John McMillian. The Rag was credited with being the first underground paper to successfully combine the radical politics of the New Left with the spirit of the alternative culture
4.
Underground press
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The terms underground press or clandestine press refer to periodicals and publications that are produced without official approval, illegally or against the wishes of a dominant group. It can also refer to the newspapers produced independently in repressive regimes, in German occupied Europe, for example, a thriving underground press operated, usually in association with the Resistance. Other notable examples include the samizdat and bibuła, which operated in the Soviet Union and Poland respectively, each paper was the organ of a separate resistance network, and funds were provided from Allied headquarters in London and distributed to the different papers by resistance leader Jean Moulin. Allied prisoners of war published a newspaper called Pow wow. In Eastern Europe, also approximately the 1940, underground publications were known by the name samizdat. The countercultural underground press movement of the 1960s borrowed the name from previous underground presses such as the Dutch underground press during the Nazi occupations of the 1940s and those predecessors were truly underground, meaning they were illegal, thus published and distributed covertly. Published as weeklies, monthlies, or occasionals, and usually associated with left-wing politics, they evolved on the one hand into todays alternative weeklies and on the other into zines. The most prominent underground publication in Australia was a magazine called Oz. The original Australian edition appeared in 1963 and it continued sporadically until 1969, richard Neville arrived in London from Australia where he had edited Oz. He launched a British version, which was A4, very quickly, the relaunched Oz shed its more austere satire magazine image and became a mouthpiece of the Underground. It was the most colourful and visually adventurous of the alternative press, Other publications followed, such as Friends, based in the Ladbroke Grove area of London, Ink, which was more overtly political, and Gandalfs Garden which espoused the mystic path. Neville published an account of the counterculture called Playpower, in which he described most of the underground publications. The underground press offered a platform to the socially impotent and mirrored the changing way of life in the UK underground, the police campaign may have had an effect contrary to that which was presumably intended. If anything, according to one or two who were there at the time, it made the underground press stronger. It focused attention, stiffened resolve, and tended to confirm that what we were doing was considered dangerous to the establishment, remembered Mick Farren. From April 1967, and for some later, the police raided the offices of International Times to try, it was alleged. In order to raise money for IT a benefit event was put together, on one occasion - in the wake of yet another raid on IT - Londons alternative press succeeded in pulling off what was billed as a reprisal attack on the police. The paper Black Dwarf published a detailed floor-by-floor Guide to Scotland Yard, complete with diagrams, descriptions of locks on particular doors, and snippets of overheard conversation
5.
Recreational drug use
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Recreational drug use is the use of a psychoactive drug to alter ones mental state in a way that modifies emotions, perceptions, and feelings for recreational purposes. When a substance enters the body, it brings on an intoxicating effect. Generally, people use drugs that fall into three categories, depressants, stimulants, and psychedelic drugs. In popular usage, it is considered to be a tolerated social behaviour rather than a serious medical condition such as self-medication. The substances classified as controlled and illegal drugs vary by country, in 2009 it was estimated that about 3% to 6% of people aged 15 to 65 had used illegal drugs at least once. International and domestic law enforcement agencies are perpetually occupied with interdiction efforts against illegal use, manufacture. Many researchers have explored the etiology of recreational drug use, there has not been agreement around any one single cause. Instead, experts tend to apply the biopsychosocial model, any number of these factors are likely to influence an individual’s drug use as they are not mutually exclusive. Regardless of genetics, mental health or traumatic experiences, social factors play a role in exposure to and availability of certain types of drugs. According to addiction researcher Martin A. Plant, many go through a period of self-redefinition before initiating recreational drug use. They tend to view using drugs as part of a lifestyle that involves belonging to a subculture that they associate with heightened status. Plant says, “From the users point of there are many positive reasons to become part of the milieu of drug taking. The reasons for drug use appear to have as much to do with needs for friendship, pleasure, becoming a drug taker, to many people, is a positive affirmation rather than a negative experience. ”Anthropological research has suggested that humansmay have evolved to counter-exploit plant neurotoxins. The ability to use chemicals to serve the function of endogenous neurotransmitters may have improved survival rates. A typically restrictive prehistoric diet may have emphasised the apparent benefit of consuming psychoactive drugs, severity and type of risks that come with recreational drug use vary widely with the drug in question and the amount being used. There are many factors in the environment and within the user interact with each drug differently. Overall, some studies suggest that alcohol is one of the most dangerous of all drugs, only heroin, crack cocaine. Researcher David Nutt stated that studies showing benefits for moderate alcohol consumption lacked control for the variable of what the subjects were drinking
6.
Marijuana
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Cannabis, also known as marijuana among several other names, is a preparation of the Cannabis plant intended for use as a psychoactive drug or medicine. The main psychoactive part of cannabis is tetrahydrocannabinol, one of 483 known compounds in the plant, Cannabis can be used by smoking, vaporization, within food, or as an extract. Cannabis is often used for its mental and physical effects, such as a high or stoned feeling, a change in perception, euphoria. Short term side effects may include a decrease in short-term memory, dry mouth, impaired motor skills, red eyes, long term side effects may include addiction, decreased mental ability in those who started as teenagers, and behavioral problems in children whose mothers used cannabis during pregnancy. Onset of effects is within minutes when smoked and about 30 to 60 minutes when cooked and they last for between two and six hours. Cannabis is mostly used recreationally or as a medicinal drug and it may also be used for religious or spiritual purposes. In 2013, between 128 and 232 million people used cannabis, in 2015, 43% of Americans had used cannabis, which increased to 51% in 2016. About 12% have used it in the past year, and 7. 3% have used it in the past month and this makes it the most commonly used illegal drug both in the world and the United States. The earliest recorded uses date from the 3rd millennium BC, since the early 20th century, cannabis has been subject to legal restrictions. The possession, use, and sale of cannabis is illegal in most countries of the world, Medical cannabis refers to the physician-recommended use of cannabis, which is taking place in Canada, Belgium, Australia, the Netherlands, Spain, and 23 U. S. states. Cannabis use started to become popular in the US in the 1970s, support for legalization has increased in the United States and several US states have legalized recreational or medical use. Medical cannabis, or medical marijuana can refer to the use of cannabis and its cannabinoids to treat disease or improve symptoms, however, the use of cannabis as a medicine has not been rigorously scientifically tested, often due to production restrictions and other federal regulations. There is limited evidence suggesting cannabis can be used to reduce nausea and vomiting during chemotherapy, to improve appetite in people with HIV/AIDS and its use for other medical applications is insufficient for conclusions about safety or efficacy. Short-term use increases the risk of minor and major adverse effects. Common side effects include dizziness, feeling tired, vomiting, long-term effects of cannabis are not clear. Concerns include memory and cognition problems, risk of addiction, schizophrenia in people. Cannabis has psychoactive and physiological effects when consumed, at higher doses, effects can include altered body image, auditory and/or visual illusions, pseudohallucinations and ataxia from selective impairment of polysynaptic reflexes. In some cases, cannabis can lead to states such as depersonalization and derealization
7.
The Establishment
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The Establishment generally denotes a dominant group or elite that holds power or authority in a nation or organization. The Establishment may be a social group which selects its own members or specific entrenched elite structures. The American Sociological Association states that the term is used by those protesting a small group that dominates a larger organization. The positions against it are antiestablishmentarianism, and populism, for example, candidates for political office are often said to have to impress the party establishment in order to win endorsement. The exercise of power in the United Kingdom cannot be understood unless it is recognized that it is exercised socially, following that, the term, the Establishment, was quickly picked up in newspapers and magazines all over London, making Fairlie famous. However, the term The Establishment, had used by Ralph Waldo Emerson in a similar fashion. Nevertheless, the Oxford English Dictionary would cite Fairlies column as its locus classicus, however, author and professor Carroll Quigley of Georgetown University, in his book The Anglo-American Establishment, used the term much more specifically than did Fairlie. In that book, Quigley exposes the secret societys established in London in 1891, Quigley explains how these men worked in union to begin their society to control the world. He explains how all the wars from that time were deliberately created to control the economies of all the nations, much more generally, this use of the word, Establishment, may have been influenced by the British term, established church, for the official church of England. The term was found useful in discussing the power elites in many other countries. The English word is now used as a loanword in other languages. The term, establishment is often used in Australia to refer both to the political parties and also to the powers behind those parties. In the book, Anti-political Establishment Parties, A Comparative Analysis by Amir Abedi, Amir Abedi refers to the Labor Party and it is communally thought that the Coalition parties are more closely aligned to the American and particularly the British political establishment than is the Labor Party. This would seem to be out by the fact that many more former members of the Coalition parties have been honoured by the monarchy for services to the Commonwealth. The original Canadian Establishment began as a mix between the British and U. S. models, combining political appointments and business acumen, the Family Compact is the first identifiable Canadian Establishment in Anglophone Canada. In francophone Canada, the leaders of the Catholic Church also played a major role. Newman defined the modern Canadian Establishment in his 1975 book The Canadian Establishment and it catalogued the richest individuals and families living in Canada at the time. All of the people he identified were prominent business leaders, especially in the media
8.
Counterculture of the 1960s
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Many key movements related to these issues were born or advanced within the counterculture of the 1960s. This embracing of creativity is particularly notable in the works of British Invasion bands such as the Beatles, in addition to the trendsetting Beatles, many other creative artists, authors, and thinkers, within and across many disciplines, helped define the counterculture movement. Several factors distinguished the counterculture of the 1960s from the movements of previous eras. Post-war affluence allowed many of the generation to move beyond a focus on the provision of the material necessities of life that had preoccupied their Depression-era parents. The counterculture era essentially commenced in earnest with the assassination of John F. Kennedy in November 1963, poor outcomes from some of these activities set the stage for disillusionment with, and distrust of, post-war governments. In the US, President Dwight D, the Partial Test Ban Treaty divided the establishment within the US along political and military lines. In the UK, the Profumo Affair also involved establishment leaders being caught in deception, leading to disillusionment and serving as a catalyst for liberal activism. The Cuban Missile Crisis, which brought the world to the brink of war in October 1962, was largely fomented by duplicitous speech. The assassination of US President John F. Kennedy in November 1963, many social issues fueled the growth of the larger counterculture movement. On college and university campuses, student activists fought for the right to exercise their constitutional rights, especially freedom of speech. The availability of new and more effective forms of control was a key underpinning of the sexual revolution. With this change in attitude, by the 1990s the ratio of children out of wedlock rose from 5% to 25% for Whites. The end of censorship resulted in a reformation of the western film industry. Communes, collectives, and intentional communities regained popularity during this era, Some of these self-sustaining communities have been credited with the birth and propagation of the international Green Movement. The emergence of an interest in expanded spiritual consciousness, yoga, occult practices, in 1957, 69% of US residents polled by Gallup said religion was increasing in influence. By the late 1960s, polls indicated less than 20% still held that belief, the Generation Gap, or the inevitable perceived divide in worldview between the old and young, was perhaps never greater than during the counterculture era. Ultimately, practical and comfortable casual apparel, namely updated forms of T-shirts, many began to live largely clandestine lives because of their choice to use such drugs and substances, fearing retribution from their governments. The confrontations between college students and law enforcement officials became one of the hallmarks of the era, many younger people began to show deep distrust of police, and terms such as fuzz and pig as derogatory epithets for police reappeared, and became key words within the counterculture lexicon
9.
Fat Freddy's Cat
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Fat Freddys Cat is a fictional orange tomcat nominally belonging to Fat Freddy Freekowtski, one of the Fabulous Furry Freak Brothers, a trio featured in Gilbert Sheltons underground comix. While the Cat is usually featured in a small topper strip below a Freak Brothers strip, Fat Freddys Cat first appeared in 1969 in underground newspapers as a character in The Fabulous Furry Freak Brothers strip. He soon gained his own small spin-off topper strip, in imitation of the early Krazy Kat strips below The Family Upstairs by George Herriman, some full-size stories also featured Fat Freddys Cat. Fat Freddys Comics and Stories also included stories about the Cat. The Adventures of Fat Freddys Cat were reprinted and expanded in six comic book issues in the 1980s. They included new longer stories about the Cat, a seventh edition was released in 1993. After the demise of the newspaper, the Cat continued to appear in various comic books. His last appearance to date was in a 1990 strip reprinted in The Fabulous Furry Freak Brothers #12. The Cat is much smarter than Freddy, and while sharing many of his preoccupations such as drugs, food, sleep and sex, like Garfield he is laid back, but in his personal habits and outlook he is more like the Freak Brothers. However he tends to regard the Freak Brothers with amused contempt, frequently expressed by defecating in inappropriate and inconvenient places, like Calvin of Calvin and Hobbes he has a fertile imagination. He is apt to tell stories to his three nephews. One storyline features him playing the role of F. Frederick Skitty, an undercover agent sworn to stop the distribution of Tee Hee Hee, a drug that turns people into homosexuals. Another story involves a scheme by Fat Freddy to replicate Dick Whittingtons success and sell the Cat to the small, the New Zealand band Fat Freddys Drop, whose debut album won the 2005 Gilles Peterson Worldwide Winners Award, were named after the comic. The bands debut single had been recorded under the influence of LSD blotters that had printed with images of Fat Freddys Cat on them. In the popular 8 bit computer game Jet Set Willy a room is titled We Must Perform a Quirkafleeg in honour of this strip, there have been more than a hundred small comic strips about the Cat, most of which have been reprinted in various formats. But there have only eight stories longer than one page. Knockabout Comics, publishers of the Freak Brothers comics in the U. K, Fat Freddys Cat LSD blotter art
10.
Short film
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A short film, is a cinema format, denoting any film not long enough to be considered a feature film. The term featurette originally applied to a longer than a short subject. The increasingly rare term short subject means approximately the same thing and it is an industry term which carries more of an assumption that the film is shown as part of a presentation along with a feature film. Short is an abbreviation for either term, Short films are often screened at local, national, or international film festivals and made by independent filmmakers for non profit, either with a low budget or no budget at all. They are usually funded by grants, non profit organizations. Short films are used by filmmakers to gain experience or prove their talent in order to gain funding for future films from private investors, entertainment companies. Longer and shorter films coexisted with similar popularity throughout the days of film. However, comedy films were produced in large numbers compared to lengthy features such as D. W. Griffiths The Birth of a Nation. By the 1920s, a ticket purchased a varied program including a feature and several supporting works from such as second feature, short comedy, 5–10 minute cartoon, travelogue. Short comedies were popular, and typically came in a serial or series. Even though there was no set release schedule, these series could be considered somewhat like a modern TV sitcom – lower in status than feature films. Animated cartoons came principally as short subjects, in the 1930s, the distribution system changed in many countries owing to the Great Depression. Instead of the cinema owner assembling a program of their own choice, the studios sold a package centered on a main and supporting feature, with the rise of the double feature, two reel shorts went into decline as a commercial category. Hal Roach, for example, moved Laurel and Hardy full-time into feature films after 1935, by the mid-1950s, with the rise of television, the commercial live-action short was virtually dead, The Three Stooges being the last major series of 2-reelers, ending in 1959. Short films had become a medium for student, independent and specialty work, cartoon shorts had a longer life, due in part to the implementation of lower-cost limited animation techniques, but also declined in this period. Warner Bros. one of the most prolific of the golden era, the Pink Panther was the last regular theatrical cartoon short series, having begun in 1964 and ended in 1980. By the 1960s, the market for animated shorts had largely shifted to television, a few animated shorts continue within mainstream commercial distribution. For instance, Pixar has screened a short along with each of its feature films during its theatrical run since 1995
11.
Jay Lynch
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Jay Patrick Lynch was an American cartoonist who played a key role in the underground comix movement with his Bijou Funnies and other titles. He is best known for his comic strip Nard n Pat and his work is sometimes signed Jayzey Lynch. Lynch was the writer for Bazooka Joe comics from 1967 to 1990, he contributed to Mad. Lynch was born in Orange, New Jersey and grew up in Belmar, ben Schwartz, writing in the alternative weekly The Chicago Reader, traced Lynchs formative years, In 1963, at age 17, Lynch had moved to Chicago from Florida, where he grew up. Working a string of odd jobs to support himself, he wound up manning the service bar at Second City one summer and this was between the theaters skinny-tie Alan Arkin days and the Belushi hippie years. At that time it seemed like Second City was over, Lynch says and they had been on Jack Paar, and all the Hyde Park Compass Players were gone. The Realist would come out, and youd see them taking their improvs from there, Lynch moved into Del Closes old apartment on Hudson. Close had left it in such a mess that the landlord let him live there for free on the condition that he fix the place up. Schwartz continues, He drew cartoons for Roosevelt Universitys humor magazine, the Aardvark, Bijou Funnies was heavily influenced by Mad magazine, and, along with Zap, is considered one of the titles to launch the underground comix movement. Bijou Funnies lasted 8 issues, a selection of stories from Bijou Funnies were collected in 1975 in the book The Best of Bijou Funnies, Lynchs best known comic book stories involve the human-cat duo Nard n Pat, recurring characters in Bijou Funnies. Nard is a bald middle-aged man of conservative tendencies, and Patrick is his more hip talking cat. Nard n Pat were featured in two issues of their own comic, the first one published by Cartoonists Co-Op Press in 1974, and the second issue published by Kitchen Sink Press in 1981. Lynch has scans of more than 500 editions of the ready for any publisher who sees the potential of a Phoebe. Beginning in 1968, Lynch became a contributor to Topps Wacky Packages and Garbage Pail Kids. I would usually submit a dozen roughs at a time, Len would tell me, usually on the phone, which food conglomerates I could not parody, based on cease and desist letters from prior series. I had a master list of taboo companies – and this would be added to, by phone, until a new master list would be compiled, in those days I had a pretty good working knowledge of who made what, though. So I would give Len a verbal list of maybe 20 or so products, sometimes he would suggest products, sometimes he would come up with the gag title on the phone, and I would add to it on the rough. Sometimes Spiegelman, or Bhob Stewart, or Woody Gelman would phone the assignment to me, in the 80s, Mark Newgarden would phone the assignment to me
12.
Bijou Funnies
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Bijou Funnies was an American underground comix magazine which published eight issues between 1968 and 1973. Bijou Funnies was heavily influenced by Mad magazine, and, along with Zap Comix, is considered one of the titles to launch the underground comix movement. Bijou Funnies evolved from The Chicago Mirror, an underground newspaper co-produced by Jay Lynch and Skip Williamson, bay Area publisher the Print Mint published issues #2-4 of the title from 1969–1970. The midwestern underground publisher Kitchen Sink Press took over Bijou Funnies with issue #5, comixJoints M. Steven Fox details what led to Bijou Funnies cancellation. A confluence of events formed the storm and essentially ended the golden age of underground comics. The consequences of that ruling essentially destroyed the head shop distribution system that underground comics relied on to reach their audience, Bijou Funnies #8 is notable for a number of reasons. The inside front page contained an editorial from Lynch condemning the Supreme Court obscenity ruling, the cover was by Harvey Kurtzman, paying homage to his early work for Mad, and the stories inside were all parodies by the titles regular cartoonists of each others characters. In addition, the comic was in full-color, which was rare for underground comix of that era. The British underground publisher Cozmic Comics/H, bunch Associates reprinted all eight issues of Bijou Funnies in 1974. Eight issues of Bijou Funnies were published in all, lynchs Nard n Pat, a human-cat duo, were featured characters in Bijou Funnies. Williamsons Snappy Sammy Smoot made his debut in Bijou Funnies #1 and was a character throughout the titles run. Williamsons Bozo Rebebo made frequent appearances as well, crumbs Mr. Natural and Joey Tissue were recurring features, Sheltons The Fabulous Furry Freak Brothers appeared in issues #1 and #2
13.
Playboy
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Playboy is an American mens lifestyle and entertainment magazine. It was founded in Chicago in 1953, by Hugh Hefner and his associates, with a presence in nearly every medium. In addition to the magazine in the United States, special nation-specific versions of Playboy are published worldwide. The magazine has a history of publishing short stories by notable novelists such as Arthur C. Clarke, Ian Fleming, Vladimir Nabokov, Saul Bellow, Chuck Palahniuk, P. G. Wodehouse, Haruki Murakami, the magazine generally reflects a liberal editorial stance, although it often interviews conservative celebrities. After a year-long removal of most nude photos in Playboy magazine and he formed HMH Publishing Corporation, and recruited his friend Eldon Sellers to find investors. Hefner eventually raised just over $8,000, including from his brother and mother. However, the publisher of a mens adventure magazine, Stag, contacted Hefner. Hefner, his wife Millie, and Sellers met to seek a new name, considering Top Hat, Gentleman, Sir, Satyr, Pan, the first issue, in December 1953, was undated, as Hefner was unsure there would be a second. He produced it in his Hyde Park kitchen, the first centerfold was Marilyn Monroe, although the picture used originally was taken for a calendar rather than for Playboy. Hefner chose what he deemed the sexiest image, a previously unused nude study of Marilyn stretched with an arm on a red velvet background with closed eyes. The heavy promotion centered around Marilyns nudity on the calendar, together with the teasers in marketing. The first issue sold out in weeks, copies of the first issue in mint to near mint condition sold for over $5,000 in 2002. The novel Fahrenheit 451, by Ray Bradbury, was serialized in the March, April, an urban legend started about Hefner and the Playmate of the Month because of markings on the front covers of the magazine. From 1955 to 1979, the P in Playboy had stars printed in or around the letter. The legend stated that this was either a rating that Hefner gave to the Playmate according to how attractive she was, the stars, between zero and 12, actually indicated the domestic or international advertising region for that printing. From 1966 to 1976, Robie Macauley was the Fiction Editor at Playboy, P. Donleavy, as well as poetry by Yevgeny Yevtushenko. Macauley also contributed all of the popular Ribald Classics series published between January 1978 and March 1984, christie Hefner, daughter of the founder Hugh Hefner, joined Playboy in 1975 and became head of the company in 1988
14.
High Times
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High Times is a New York-based monthly magazine founded in 1974 by Tom Forçade. The publication advocates the legalization of cannabis. The magazine has been involved in the marijuana-using counterculture since its inception, the magazine was founded in 1974 by Tom Forçade of the Underground Press Syndicate. High Times was originally meant to be a joke, a lampoon of Playboy. The magazine was at the beginning funded by money from the sale of illegal marijuana. But the magazine found an audience, and in November 2009, like Playboy each issue contains a centerfold photo, but instead of a nude woman, High Times typically features a cannabis plant. The magazine soon became a monthly with a growing circulation audited by ABC reaching 500,000 copies an issue, rivaling Rolling Stone, the staff quickly grew to 40 people. In addition to high-quality photography, High Times featured cutting-edge journalism covering a range of topics including politics, activism, drugs, sex, music. Tom Forçade was quoted as saying Those cavemen mustve been stoned, yet, through High Times, Forçade was able to get his message to the masses without relying on mainstream media. In 2015, the magazine announce it has appointed David Kohl as its CEO, in January 2017, the magazine announced it would be relocated to in office in Los Angeles permanently. This followed the legalization of marijuana in several west coasts states including California, freedom Fighter of the Month awards are awarded monthly in the magazine. Freedom Fighter of the Year is awarded to an activist annually for commitment to the cause of cannabis. Winners include Debby Goldsberry, Mason Tvert Each year High Times inducts a member of the counterculture, living or deceased, STASH Awards - Significant Technological Advancements in Secretive Horticulture award Produced the 1978 documentary D. O. A. The High Times Encyclopedia of Recreational Drugs, cannabis Spirituality, Including 13 Guidelines for Sanity and Safety. High Times Books/ editor Steven Hager, krassner, Paul, foreword by Harlan Ellison. High Times Books/ editor, Steven Hager, how to Be a Pot Star Like Me, What Every Marijuana Enthusiast Should Know. High Times Books/ editor, Steven Hager, adventures in the Counterculture, From Hip Hop to High Times. The Official High Times Pot Smokers Handbook, the Official High Times Pot Smokers Activity Book. The Official High Times Field Guide to Marijuana Strains, baking Bad, A Potted History of High Times
15.
Dave Sheridan (cartoonist)
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Dave Sheridan was an American cartoonist and underground comix artist. He was the creator of Dealer McDope and Tales from the Leather Nun and collaborated with Gilbert Shelton, born in 1943 and raised in the Cleveland, Ohio area, Sheridan had arrived in San Francisco, California by the early 1970s. Sheridan was the art editor for three issues of The Rip Off Review of Western Culture in 1972 and this was a combination of a magazine and a comix book, also published by the Rip Off Press. His solo work can be seen in Slow Death and Skull Comix and he also did the art for Weed and Wine, the first mini-album produced by Cleveland area folk singer/songwriter John Bassette. The Black Death Malt Liquor shirt regularly worn by Howard Hesseman on WKRP in Cincinnati in his role as Dr. Johnny Fever was designed, Sheridan eventually settled in San Anselmo, California. There he became a member of the Artista collective, a collective with its own jackets. During the 1972 Major League Baseball strike, he appointed himself the head of the Scab League, offering to have his team take the places for $100 per week. He also befriended and worked closely with comedian Don Novello, drawing the cover for Novellos Father Guido Sarducci Live at St. Douglas Convent comedy album. A characterization of Sarducci appeared in a Dealer McDope adventure, in 1974, Sheridan began collaborating on Gilbert Sheltons strips. These were syndicated by Rip Off Press to alternative and college weeklies nationwide, sheridans detailed graphic style lent itself well to the fantastic imagery needed to lampoon Castanedas drug-related Central American-cum-New Age sorcery. He then continued to collaborate on the Freak Brothers comix series through issues 5,6 and 7, Sheridan was diagnosed with cancer on March 3,1982, eight months after his July 4,1981, marriage to Dava Stone. Sheridan died from a hemorrhage on March 28,1982. He had been in a coma for four days at Mt. Zion Hospital in San Francisco and he was buried at sea at a memorial service the following Friday. His wife Dava gave birth to their daughter Dorothy on April 4,1982, a week after Sheridan died
16.
Hippie
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The word hippie came from hipster and was initially used to describe beatniks who had moved into New York Citys Greenwich Village and San Franciscos Haight-Ashbury district. The term hippie was first popularized in San Francisco by Herb Caen, the origins of the terms hip and hep are uncertain. By the 1940s, both had become part of African American jive slang and meant sophisticated, currently fashionable, fully up-to-date, the Beats adopted the term hip, and early hippies inherited the language and countercultural values of the Beat Generation. In the United Kingdom in 1970, many gathered at the gigantic Isle of Wight Festival with a crowd of around 400,000 people, in later years, mobile peace convoys of New Age travelers made summer pilgrimages to free music festivals at Stonehenge and elsewhere. In Australia, hippies gathered at Nimbin for the 1973 Aquarius Festival, piedra Roja Festival, a major hippie event in Chile, was held in 1970. Hippie fashion and values had an effect on culture, influencing popular music, television, film, literature. Since the 1960s, many aspects of culture have been assimilated by mainstream society. The religious and cultural diversity espoused by the hippies has gained widespread acceptance, lexicographer Jesse Sheidlower, the principal American editor of the Oxford English Dictionary, argues that the terms hipster and hippie derive from the word hip, whose origins are unknown. The term hipster was coined by Harry Gibson in 1944, by the 1940s, the terms hip, hep and hepcat were popular in Harlem jazz slang, although hep eventually came to denote an inferior status to hip. In Greenwich Village in the early 1960s, New York City, young counterculture advocates were named hips because they were considered in the know or cool, as opposed to being square. In the April 27,1961 issue of The Village Voice, An open letter to JFK & Fidel Castro, Norman Mailer utilizes the term hippies, in questioning JFKs behavior. In a 1961 essay, Kenneth Rexroth used both the hipster and hippies to refer to young people participating in black American or Beatnik nightlife. According to Malcolm Xs 1964 autobiography, the hippie in 1940s Harlem had been used to describe a specific type of white man who acted more Negro than Negroes. Andrew Loog Oldham refers to all the Chicago hippies, seemingly in reference to black musicians, in his rear sleeve notes to the 1965 LP The Rolling Stones. The word hippie was also used in reference to Philadelphia in at least two songs in 1963, South Street by The Orlons, and You Cant Sit Down by The Dovells. In both songs, the term is applied to residents of Philadelphias South Street, in that article, Fallon wrote about the Blue Unicorn Cafe, using the term hippie to refer to the new generation of beatniks who had moved from North Beach into the Haight-Ashbury district. New York Times editor and usage writer Theodore M. Bernstein said the paper changed the spelling from hippy to hippie to avoid the ambiguous description of clothing as hippy fashions. Even the counterculture of the Ancient Greeks, espoused by philosophers like Diogenes of Sinope and the Cynics were also early forms of hippie culture
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San Francisco
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San Francisco, officially the City and County of San Francisco, is the cultural, commercial, and financial center of Northern California. It is the birthplace of the United Nations, the California Gold Rush of 1849 brought rapid growth, making it the largest city on the West Coast at the time. San Francisco became a consolidated city-county in 1856, after three-quarters of the city was destroyed by the 1906 earthquake and fire, San Francisco was quickly rebuilt, hosting the Panama-Pacific International Exposition nine years later. In World War II, San Francisco was a port of embarkation for service members shipping out to the Pacific Theater. Politically, the city votes strongly along liberal Democratic Party lines, San Francisco is also the headquarters of five major banking institutions and various other companies such as Levi Strauss & Co. Dolby, Airbnb, Weebly, Pacific Gas and Electric Company, Yelp, Pinterest, Twitter, Uber, Lyft, Mozilla, Wikimedia Foundation, as of 2016, San Francisco is ranked high on world liveability rankings. The earliest archaeological evidence of habitation of the territory of the city of San Francisco dates to 3000 BC. Upon independence from Spain in 1821, the became part of Mexico. Under Mexican rule, the system gradually ended, and its lands became privatized. In 1835, Englishman William Richardson erected the first independent homestead, together with Alcalde Francisco de Haro, he laid out a street plan for the expanded settlement, and the town, named Yerba Buena, began to attract American settlers. Commodore John D. Sloat claimed California for the United States on July 7,1846, during the Mexican–American War, montgomery arrived to claim Yerba Buena two days later. Yerba Buena was renamed San Francisco on January 30 of the next year, despite its attractive location as a port and naval base, San Francisco was still a small settlement with inhospitable geography. The California Gold Rush brought a flood of treasure seekers, with their sourdough bread in tow, prospectors accumulated in San Francisco over rival Benicia, raising the population from 1,000 in 1848 to 25,000 by December 1849. The promise of fabulous riches was so strong that crews on arriving vessels deserted and rushed off to the gold fields, leaving behind a forest of masts in San Francisco harbor. Some of these approximately 500 abandoned ships were used at times as storeships, saloons and hotels, many were left to rot, by 1851 the harbor was extended out into the bay by wharves while buildings were erected on piles among the ships. By 1870 Yerba Buena Cove had been filled to create new land, buried ships are occasionally exposed when foundations are dug for new buildings. California was quickly granted statehood in 1850 and the U. S. military built Fort Point at the Golden Gate, silver discoveries, including the Comstock Lode in Nevada in 1859, further drove rapid population growth. With hordes of fortune seekers streaming through the city, lawlessness was common, and the Barbary Coast section of town gained notoriety as a haven for criminals, prostitution, entrepreneurs sought to capitalize on the wealth generated by the Gold Rush
18.
John Birch Society
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The John Birch Society is, in its own words, a conservative advocacy group supporting anti-communism and limited government. It has been described as a right and far-right organization. Businessman and founder Robert W. Welch, Jr. developed an infrastructure in 1958 of chapters nationwide. Originally based in Belmont, Massachusetts, it is now headquartered in Appleton, Wisconsin, the organization owns American Opinion Publishing, which publishes The New American. The organization supports limited government and opposes wealth redistribution and economic interventionism and it opposes collectivism, totalitarianism, and communism. It opposes socialism as well, which it asserts is infiltrating U. S. governmental administration, in a 1983 edition of Crossfire, Congressman Larry McDonald, then its newly appointed president, characterized the society as belonging to the Old Right rather than the New Right. The society opposed the 1960s civil rights movement and claimed the movement had Communists in important positions, in the latter half of 1965, the JBS produced a flyer titled Whats Wrong With Civil Rights. Which was used as a newspaper advertisement and it has been deliberately and almost wholly created by the Communists patiently building up to this present stage for more than forty years. The society also opposed the Equal Rights Amendment, the society opposes one world government, and it has an immigration reduction view on immigration reform. It opposes the United Nations, the North American Free Trade Agreement, the Central America Free Trade Agreement, the Free Trade Area of the Americas, Constitution has been devalued in favor of political and economic globalization, and that this alleged trend is not accidental. It cited the existence of the former Security and Prosperity Partnership as evidence of a push towards a North American Union, the society has been described as ultraconservative, far right, and extremist. Other sources consider the society part of the patriot movement, the Southern Poverty Law Center, for example, lists the society as a Patriot Group. The society was established in Indianapolis, Indiana, on December 9,1958, by a group of 12 led by Robert W. Welch, Jr. a retired candy manufacturer from Belmont, Massachusetts. Welch claimed that Birch was an unknown but dedicated anti-communist, Harry Lynde Bradley, co-founder of the Allen Bradley Company and the Lynde and Harry Bradley Foundation, Fred C. Koch, founder of Koch Industries Robert Waring Stoddard, President of Wyman-Gordon, another was Revilo P. Oliver, a University of Illinois professor who was later expelled from the Society and helped found the National Alliance. According to Welch, both the U. S. and Soviet governments are controlled by the same furtive conspiratorial cabal of internationalists, greedy bankers, and corrupt politicians. If left unexposed, the traitors inside the U. S. government would betray the countrys sovereignty to the United Nations for a collectivist New World Order, managed by a one-world socialist government. There are many stages of welfarism, socialism, and collectivism in general, he wrote, but Communism is the state of them all
