1.
Carel Fabritius
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He was a pupil of Rembrandt and worked in his studio in Amsterdam. Fabritius, who was a member of the Delft School, developed his own style and experimented with perspective. Among his works are A View of Delft, The Goldfinch, Fabritius was born in February 1622 in Middenbeemster, a village in the ten-year-old Beemster polder in the Dutch Republic, and was baptized on 27 February of that year. He was the son of Pieter Carelsz, a painter and schoolteacher, and he had two younger brothers Barent and Johannes, who also became painters. Initially he worked as a carpenter, in the early 1640s he studied at Rembrandts studio in Amsterdam, along with his brother Barent. In the early 1650s he moved to Delft, and joined the Delft painters guild in 1652. Fabritius died young, caught in the explosion of the Delft gunpowder magazine on October 12,1654, only about a dozen paintings have survived. According to Houbraken, his student Mattias Spoors and the church deacon Simon Decker died with him, in a poem written by Arnold Bon to his memory, he is called Karel Faber. Of all Rembrandts pupils, Fabritius was the one to develop his own artistic style. A typical Rembrandt portrait would have a dark background with the subject defined by spotlighting. In contrast, Fabritius portraits feature delicately lit subjects against light-coloured, textured backgrounds, moving away from the Renaissance focus on iconography, Fabritius became interested in the technical aspects of painting. He used cool colour harmonies to create shape in a style of painting. Fabritius was also interested in complex spatial effects, as can be seen in the perspective of A View of Delft. He also showed excellent control of a loaded brush, as in The Goldfinch. All these qualities appear in the work of Delfts most famous painters, Vermeer and de Hooch, het complete oeuvre Frederik J. Duparc, Ariane van Suchtelen, Gero Seelig. ISBN 978-90-400-8987-9 The Oxford Dictionary of Art ISBN 0-19-280022-1 Biography at Residenzgalerie Salzburg Olgas Gallery Adventures in Cybersound interest in unusual perspectives
2.
The Goldfinch (painting)
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The Goldfinch is a 1654 animal painting by Carel Fabritius of a chained goldfinch. It is an oil painting on panel of 33.5 by 22.8 cm, the work belongs to the collection of the Mauritshuis in The Hague, Netherlands. The painting is a trompe-lœil of a European goldfinch on top of its feeder that is attached to the wall, the feeder consists of two half rings and a blue container. The bird is sitting on the top ring, to which it is chained by its foot, the painting is signed C fabritivs 1654 at the bottom. In the 17th century, goldfinches were popular pets because they could be trained to draw water from a bowl with a miniature bucket, the Dutch title of the painting pertains to the birds nickname puttertje, which refers to this custom and translates literally as little weller. The work was painted without major corrections, with minor ones to the contours of the bird. Most of the painting is set up with brush strokes. Fabritius showed off his skill by painting the birds head foreshortened and it is one of three paintings that Fabritius painted in the year that he died. It is painted in a distinct from Fabritius master Rembrandt. In style, the work is closer to Fabritius supposed pupil Johannes Vermeer, art historians have found no hard evidence to support this master-pupil relationship. As a trompe-lœil, it is a work in Dutch Golden Age painting. It has been compared with Still-Life with Partridge and Gauntlets that Jacopo de Barbari painted more than 100 years earlier, the Goldfinch was owned by Chevalier Joseph-Guillaume-Jean Camberlyn in Brussels, when it was given to Etienne-Joseph-Théophile Thoré in 1865. It was sold again at Hôtel Drouot in Paris on 5 December 1892, the painting was later purchased by Abraham Bredius for the Mauritshuis at the sale of the E. Martinet collection also at Hôtel Drouot on 27 February 1896. The painting is in the permanent collection of the Mauritshuis in The Hague, the painting plays a central role in the Pulitzer Prize-winning novel The Goldfinch written by Donna Tartt. Vermeer and His Milieu, A Web of Social History, the Goldfinch at the Mauritshuis website
3.
Little, Brown and Company
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Early lists featured Little Women by Louisa May Alcott, Emily Dickinsons poetry, and Bartletts Familiar Quotations. As of 2016, Little, Brown & Company is a division of the Hachette Book Group, Little, Brown and Company had its roots in the book selling trade. It was founded in 1837 in Boston by Charles Little and James Brown and they formed the partnership for the purpose of Publishing, Importing, and Selling Books. It can trace its roots before that to 1784 to a bookshop owned by Ebenezer Batelle on Marlborough Street and they published works of Benjamin Franklin and George Washington and they were specialized in legal publishing and importing titles. Little, Brown and Company was the American publisher for Edward Gibbons the Decline, the firm was the original publisher of United States Statutes at Large beginning in 1845, under authority granted by a joint resolution of Congress. In 1874, Congress transferred the authority to publish the Statutes at Large to the Government Printing Office, in 1853, Little, Brown began publishing the works of British poets from Chaucer to Wordsworth. Ninety-six volumes were published in the series in five years, in 1859, John Bartlett became a partner in the firm. He held the rights to his Familiar Quotations, and Little, John Murray Brown, James Browns son, took over when Augustus Flagg retired in 1884. In the 1890s, Little, Brown expanded into publishing, including fiction. In 1896, it published Quo Vadis, in 1898, Little, Brown purchased a list of titles from the Roberts Brothers firm. 19th century employees included Charles Carroll Soule, John Murray Brown died in 1908 and James W. McIntyre became managing partner. When McIntyre died in 1913, Little, Brown incorporated, in 1925, Little, Brown entered into an agreement to publish all Atlantic Monthly books. Chips, Walter D. Edmondss Drums Along the Mohawk, William Least Heat-Moons Blue Highways, Tracy Kidders The Soul of a New Machine, salinger later terminated his contract with the publishing house sometime in the 1970s, though his novel was still published by Little, Brown. Little, Brown also published the photography of Ansel Adams, in 1996, Little, Browns legal and medical publishing division was purchased by Wolters Kluwer. In 2001, Michael Pietsch became Publisher of Little, Brown, the imprint was purchased by Time Inc. in 1968, and was made part of the Time Warner Book Group when Time merged with Warner Communications to form Time Warner in 1989. Little, Brown expanded into the UK in 1992 when TWBG bought MacDonald & Co from Maxwell Communications, taking on its Abacus and Orbit lists, feminist publisher Virago Press followed in 1996. Also in 1996, Wolters Kluwer acquired Little, Browns professional division, in 2006, the Time Warner Book Group was sold to French publisher Hachette Livre. Following this, the Little, Brown imprint is used by Hachette Livres U. S. publishing company, in 2011, Little, Brown launched an imprint devoted to suspense publishing, Mulholland Books
4.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
5.
The Little Friend
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The Little Friend is the second novel by Donna Tartt, initially published by Alfred A. Knopf on October 22,2002, a decade after her first novel, The Secret History. The dynamics of Harriets extended family are a focus of the novel, as are the lifestyles. In 2002, Tartt described it as a frightening, scary book about coming into contact with the world of adults in a frightening way. After The Secret History I wanted to write a different kind of book on every single level, I wanted to take on a completely different set of technical problems. The Secret History was all from the point of view of Richard, a single camera, thats widely thought to be the most difficult form. Harriet and her sister have been raised largely by their grandmother Edie, a bevy of adoring great-aunts, but she, too, has grown up obsessed with her brothers death, which she blames for the disintegration of her family. As Harriet trails Danny around town, waiting for the moment to strike, he becomes equally obsessed with her. A. O. Scott reviewed for The New York Times, What this all adds up to is a tragic, though the world Harriet discovers is unquestionably haunted, there is nothing magical about it, or about the furious, lyrical rationality of Tartts voice. Her book is a ruthlessly precise reckoning of the world as it is -- drab, ugly, scary, inconclusive -- filtered through the bright colors and it grips you like a fairy tale, but denies you the consoling assurance that its all just make-believe. Comparisons, in any case, are beside the point and this novel may be a hothouse flower, but like that fatal black tupelo tree, it has its own authority, its own darkness. This was the hallmark of Harriets touch, Hely reflects and she could scare the daylights out of you, and you werent even sure why. The novel won the WH Smith Literary Award and was shortlisted for the Orange Prize for Fiction in 2003, the jacket design is by Chip Kidd
6.
2014 Pulitzer Prize
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The 2014 Pulitzer Prizes were awarded by the Pulitzer Prize Board for work during the 2013 calendar year. The deadline for entries was January 25,2014, Prize winners and nominated finalists were announced on April 14,2014. The Washington Post and The Guardian US shared the Pulitzer Prize for Public Service, the two papers were honored for their coverage of the disclosures about surveillance done by the US National Security Agency. Edward Snowden, who leaked security documents to the two newspapers, said the award was vindication for everyone who believes that the public has a role in government. Other journalism honored included the Boston Globes coverage of the Boston Marathon bombings, Chris Hamby for investigative reporting, the Goldfinch by Donna Tartt won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction. The judges described the novel, which took Tartt 11 years to write, in addition to the award itself, Tartt received a $100,000 cash prize. She said she was surprised and very happy to receive the award, over all, the novel has drawn mixed reviews from literary critics. Other contenders for the prize included The Son by Philipp Meyer. Vijay Seshadri won the Pulitzer Prize for Poetry for his collection 3 Sections, other literary winners included The Internal Enemy by Alan Taylor, Toms River, A Story of Science and Salvation by Dan Fagin, and Megan Marshalls biography of Margaret Fuller. There were 20 prizes awarded in 21 categories – no award in the category Feature Writing
7.
Dutch Golden Age painting
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The new Dutch Republic was the most prosperous nation in Europe, and led European trade, science, and art. Most work, including that for which the period is best known, a distinctive feature of the period is the proliferation of distinct genres of paintings, with the majority of artists producing the bulk of their work within one of these. The full development of specialization is seen from the late 1620s. A distinctive feature of the period, compared to earlier European painting, was the amount of religious painting. Dutch Calvinism forbade religious painting in churches, and though biblical subjects were acceptable in private homes, the development of many of these types of painting was decisively influenced by 17th-century Dutch artists. The widely held theory of the hierarchy of genres in painting, whereby some types were regarded as more prestigious than others, however this was the hardest to sell, as even Rembrandt found. Many were forced to produce portraits or genre scenes, which much more easily. In descending order of status the categories in the hierarchy were, history painting, including allegories, most paintings were relatively small – the only common type of really large paintings were group portraits. Painting directly onto walls hardly existed, when a wall-space in a public building needed decorating fitted framed canvas was normally used, painted delftware tiles were very cheap and common, if rarely of really high quality, but silver, especially in the auricular style, led Europe. With this exception, the best artistic efforts were concentrated on painting and printmaking, the volume of production meant that prices were fairly low, except for the best known artists, as in most subsequent periods there was a steep price gradient for more fashionable artists. In particular the French invasion of 1672, brought a depression to the art market. The distribution of pictures was very wide, yea many tymes, blacksmithes, cobblers etts. will have some picture or other by their Forge, such is the generall Notion, enclination and delight that these Countrie Native have to Painting reported an English traveller in 1640. There were for virtually the first time many professional art dealers, several significant artists, like Vermeer and his father, Jan van Goyen. Rembrandts dealer Hendrick van Uylenburgh and his son Gerrit were among the most important, typically workshops were smaller than in Flanders or Italy, with only one or two apprentices at a time, the number often being restricted by guild regulations. In many cases involved the artists extricating themselves from medieval groupings where they shared a guild with several other trades. Several new guilds were established in the period, Amsterdam in 1579, Haarlem in 1590, the Leiden authorities distrusted guilds and did not allow one until 1648. The Hague, with the court, was an early example, there were many dynasties of artists, and many married the daughters of their masters or other artists. Many artists came from families, who paid fees for their apprenticeships
8.
Rembrandt
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Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn was a Dutch draughtsman, painter, and printmaker. A prolific and versatile master across three media, he is considered one of the greatest visual artists in the history of art. Having achieved youthful success as a painter, Rembrandts later years were marked by personal tragedy. Yet his etchings and paintings were popular throughout his lifetime, his reputation as an artist remained high, Rembrandts portraits of his contemporaries, self-portraits and illustrations of scenes from the Bible are regarded as his greatest creative triumphs. His self-portraits form a unique and intimate biography, in which the artist surveyed himself without vanity and his reputation as the greatest etcher in the history of the medium was established in his lifetime, and never questioned since. Few of his paintings left the Dutch Republic whilst he lived, but his prints were circulated throughout Europe, because of his empathy for the human condition, he has been called one of the great prophets of civilization. Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn was born on 15 July 1606 in Leiden, in the Dutch Republic and he was the ninth child born to Harmen Gerritszoon van Rijn and Neeltgen Willemsdochter van Zuijtbrouck. His family was quite well-to-do, his father was a miller, religion is a central theme in Rembrandts paintings and the religiously fraught period in which he lived makes his faith a matter of interest. His mother was Roman Catholic, and his father belonged to the Dutch Reformed Church, unlike many of his contemporaries who traveled to Italy as part of their artistic training, Rembrandt never left the Dutch Republic during his lifetime. He opened a studio in Leiden in 1624 or 1625, which he shared with friend, in 1627, Rembrandt began to accept students, among them Gerrit Dou in 1628. In 1629, Rembrandt was discovered by the statesman Constantijn Huygens, as a result of this connection, Prince Frederik Hendrik continued to purchase paintings from Rembrandt until 1646. He initially stayed with an art dealer, Hendrick van Uylenburgh, Saskia came from a good family, her father had been a lawyer and the burgemeester of Leeuwarden. When Saskia, as the youngest daughter, became an orphan, Rembrandt and Saskia were married in the local church of St. Annaparochie without the presence of Rembrandts relatives. In the same year, Rembrandt became a burgess of Amsterdam and he also acquired a number of students, among them Ferdinand Bol and Govert Flinck. In 1635 Rembrandt and Saskia moved into their own house, renting in fashionable Nieuwe Doelenstraat, in 1639 they moved to a prominent newly built house in the upscale Breestraat, today known as Jodenbreestraat in what was becoming the Jewish quarter, then a young upcoming neighborhood. The mortgage to finance the 13,000 guilder purchase would be a cause for later financial difficulties. Rembrandt should easily have been able to pay the house off with his income, but it appears his spending always kept pace with his income. It was there that Rembrandt frequently sought his Jewish neighbors to model for his Old Testament scenes, in 1640, they had a second daughter, also named Cornelia, who died after living barely over a month
9.
Delft
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Delft is a city and a municipality in the Netherlands. It is located in the province of South Holland, to the north of Rotterdam, the city of Delft came into being aside a canal, the Delf, which comes from the word delven, meaning delving or digging, and led to the name Delft. It presumably started around the 11th century as a landlord court, from a rural village in the early Middle Ages, Delft developed to a city, that in the 13th century received its charter. The towns association with the House of Orange started when William of Orange, nicknamed William the Silent, at the time he was the leader of growing national Dutch resistance against Spanish occupation, known as the Eighty Years War. By then Delft was one of the cities of Holland. An attack by Spanish forces in October of that year was repelled, after the Act of Abjuration was proclaimed in 1581, Delft became the de facto capital of the newly independent Netherlands, as the seat of the Prince of Orange. When William was shot dead in 1584, by Balthazar Gerards in the hall of the Prinsenhof, therefore, he was buried in the Delft Nieuwe Kerk, starting a tradition for the House of Orange that has continued to the present day. The Delft Explosion, also known in history as the Delft Thunderclap, occurred on 12 October 1654 when a gunpowder store exploded, over a hundred people were killed and thousands were wounded. About 30 tonnes of gunpowder were stored in barrels in a magazine in a former Clarissen convent in the Doelenkwartier district, cornelis Soetens, the keeper of the magazine, opened the store to check a sample of the powder and a huge explosion followed. Luckily, many citizens were away, visiting a market in Schiedam or a fair in The Hague, Delft artist Egbert van der Poel painted several pictures of Delft showing the devastation. Historical buildings and other sights of interest include, Oude Kerk, buried here, Piet Hein, Johannes Vermeer, Anthony van Leeuwenhoek. Nieuwe Kerk, constructed between 1381 and 1496 and it contains the Dutch royal familys burial vault, which between funerals is sealed with a 5,000 kg cover stone. A statue of Hugo Grotius made by Franciscus Leonardus Stracké in 1886 and this is the only remaining gate of the old city walls. The Gemeenlandshuis Delfland, or Huyterhuis, built in 1505, which has housed the Delfland regional water authority since 1645, the Vermeer Centre in the rebuilt Guild house of St. Luke. Windmill De Roos, a mill built c.1760. Restored to working order in 2013, another windmill that formerly stood in Delft, Het Fortuyn, was dismantled in 1917 and re-erected at the Netherlands Open Air Museum, Arnhem, Gelderland in 1920. Delft is well known for the Delft pottery ceramic products which were styled on the imported Chinese porcelain of the 17th century, the city had an early start in this area since it was a home port of the Dutch East India Company. It can still be seen at the pottery factories De Koninklijke Porceleyne Fles, the painter Johannes Vermeer was born in Delft
10.
New York City
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The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange
11.
Metropolitan Museum of Art
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The Metropolitan Museum of Art, colloquially the Met, is located in New York City and is the largest art museum in the United States, and is among the most visited art museums in the world. Its permanent collection contains two million works, divided among seventeen curatorial departments. The main building, on the edge of Central Park along Manhattans Museum Mile, is by area one of the worlds largest art galleries. A much smaller second location, The Cloisters at Fort Tryon Park in Upper Manhattan, contains a collection of art, architecture. On March 18,2016, the museum opened the Met Breuer museum at Madison Avenue in the Upper East Side, it extends the museums modern, the Met maintains extensive holdings of African, Asian, Oceanian, Byzantine, Indian, and Islamic art. The museum is home to collections of musical instruments, costumes and accessories, as well as antique weapons. Several notable interiors, ranging from first-century Rome through modern American design, are installed in its galleries, the Metropolitan Museum of Art was founded in 1870. The founders included businessmen and financiers, as well as leading artists and thinkers of the day and it opened on February 20,1872, and was originally located at 681 Fifth Avenue. The Met maintains extensive holdings of African, Asian, Oceanian, Byzantine, the museum is also home to encyclopedic collections of musical instruments, costumes and accessories, and antique weapons and armor from around the world. A number of interiors, ranging from 1st century Rome through modern American design, are permanently installed in the Mets galleries. In addition to its permanent exhibitions, the Met organizes and hosts traveling shows throughout the year. The director of the museum is Thomas P. Campbell, a long-time curator and it was announced on February 28th,2017 that Campbell will be stepping down as the Mets director and CEO, effective June. On March 1st,2017 the BBC reported that Daniel Weiss shall be the acting CEO until a replacement is found, Beginning in the late 19th century, the Met started to acquire ancient art and artifacts from the Near East. From a few tablets and seals, the Mets collection of Near Eastern art has grown to more than 7,000 pieces. The highlights of the include a set of monumental stone lamassu, or guardian figures. The Mets Department of Arms and Armor is one of the museums most popular collections. Among the collections 14,000 objects are many pieces made for and used by kings and princes, including armor belonging to Henry VIII of England, Henry II of France, Rockefeller donated his more than 3, 000-piece collection to the museum. The Mets Asian department holds a collection of Asian art, of more than 35,000 pieces, the collection dates back almost to the founding of the museum, many of the philanthropists who made the earliest gifts to the museum included Asian art in their collections
12.
Dutch art
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Dutch art describes the history of visual arts in the Netherlands, after the United Provinces separated from Flanders. Earlier painting in the area is covered in Early Netherlandish painting and Dutch, after the end of the Golden Age, production of paintings remained high, but ceased to influence the rest of Europe as strongly. The Hague School of the 19th century re-interpreted the range of subjects of the Golden Age in contemporary terms, Amsterdam Impressionism had a mainly local impact, but the De Stijl movement, of which Mondrian was a member, was influential abroad. Dutch Golden Age painting was among the most acclaimed in the world at the time, there was an enormous output of painting, so much so that prices declined seriously during the period. From the 1620s, Dutch painting broke decisively from the Baroque style typified by Rubens in neighboring Flanders into a realistic style of depiction. Types of paintings included historical paintings, portraiture, landscapes and cityscapes, still lifes, in the last four of these categories, Dutch painters established styles upon which art in Europe depended for the next two centuries. Paintings often had a moralistic subtext, the Golden Age never really recovered from the French invasion of 1671, although there was a twilight period lasting until about 1710. Dutch painters, especially in the provinces, tried to evoke emotions in the spectator by letting him/her be a bystander to a scene of profound intimacy. Portrait painting thrived in the Netherlands in the seventeenth century, many portraits were commissioned by wealthy individuals. Group portraits similarly were often ordered by prominent members of a civilian guard, by boards of trustees and regents. Often group portraits were paid for by each portrayed person individually, the amount paid determined each persons place in the picture, either head to toe in full regalia in the foreground or face only in the back of the group. Sometimes all group members paid a sum, which was likely to lead to quarrels when some members gained a more prominent place in the picture than others. Allegories, in which painted objects conveyed symbolic meaning about the subject, were often applied, favourite topics in Dutch landscapes were the dunes along the western sea coast, rivers with their broad adjoining meadows where cattle grazed, often a silhouette of a city in the distance. Rembrandt had by 1631 established such a reputation that he received several assignments for portraits from Amsterdam. In about 1640, his work became more sober, reflecting the family tragedies that he had suffered, exuberance was replaced by more sincere emotions. Biblical scenes were now derived more often from the New Testament instead of the Old Testament, one of his most famous paintings is The Night Watch, which was completed in 1642, at the peak of Hollands golden age. The painting was commissioned to be hung in the hall of the newly-built Kloveniersdoelen in Amsterdam. Johannes Vermeers works are admired for their transparent colors, careful composition, vermeer painted mostly domestic interior scenes, and even his two known landscapes are framed with a window
13.
Maltese dog
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The Maltese, Canis familiaris Maelitacus, is a small breed of dog in the Toy Group. It descends from dogs originating in the Central Mediterranean Area, the breed name and origins are generally understood to derive from the Mediterranean island nation of Malta. This ancient breed has been known by a variety of names throughout the centuries, originally called the Canis Melitaeus in Latin, it has also been known in English as the ancient dog of Malta, the Roman Ladies Dog, the Maltese Lion Dog, and Melita. The origin of the common name Cokie is unknown, but is believed to have originated in the mid-1960s on the U. S, East Coast and spread in popular use. This breed has been referred to falsely as the Bichon, a name that refers to the family, the Kennel Club officially settled on the name Maltese for the breed in the 19th century. The Maltese is thought to have descended from a Spitz-type dog found among the Swiss Lake Dwellers and was selectively bred to attain its small size. There is also evidence that the breed originated in Asia and is related to the Tibetan Terrier, however. The dogs probably made their way to Europe through the Middle East with the migration of nomadic tribes, some writers believe these proto-Maltese were used for rodent control before the appearance of the breed gained paramount importance. The oldest record of this breed was found on a Greek amphora found in the Etruscan town of Vulci, archaeologists date this ancient Athenian product to the decades around 500 BC. References to the dog can also be found in Ancient Greek, aristotle was the first to mention its name Melitaei Catelli, when he compares the dog to a mustelid, around 370 BC. The first written document describing the small Canis Melitaeus was given by the Greek writer Callimachus, during the first century, the Roman poet Martial wrote descriptive verses to a small white dog named Issa owned by his friend Publius. It is commonly thought that Issa was a Maltese dog, and various sources link Martials friend Publius with the Roman Governor Publius of Malta, john Caius, physician to Queen Elizabeth I, also claimed that Callimachus was referring to the island of Melita in the Sicilian strait. This claim is repeated, especially by English writers. Around the 17th and 18th centuries, some decided to improve the breed. Linnaeus wrote in 1792 that these dogs were about the size of a squirrel, the breed nearly disappeared and was crossbred with other small dogs such as Poodles and miniature Spaniels. In the early 19th century, there were as many as nine different breeds of Maltese dog, parti-colour and solid colour dogs were accepted in the show ring from 1902 until 1913 in England, and as late as 1950 in Victoria, Australia. However, white Maltese were required to be pure white, coloured Maltese could be obtained from the south of France. The Maltese had been recognized as a FCI breed under the patronage of Italy in 1954, at the meeting in Interlaken
14.
Social Security number
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The number is issued to an individual by the Social Security Administration, an independent agency of the United States government. Although its primary purpose is to individuals for Social Security purposes. A Social Security number may be obtained by applying on Form SS-5, Social Security numbers were first issued by the Social Security Administration in November 1935 as part of the New Deal Social Security program. Within three months,25 million numbers were issued, on November 24,1936,1,074 of the nations 45,000 post offices were designated typing centers to type up Social Security cards that were then sent to Washington, D. C. On December 1,1936, as part of the publicity campaign for the new program, Joseph L. of New Rochelle, New York. The Tax Reform Act of 1986 required parents to list Social Security numbers for each dependent over the age of 5 for whom the parent wanted to claim a tax deduction. Before this act, parents claiming tax deductions were on the system not to lie about the number of children they supported. During the first year of the Tax Reform Act, this change resulted in seven million fewer minor dependents being claimed. The disappearance of these dependents is believed to have involved either children who never existed or tax deductions improperly claimed by non-custodial parents, in 1988, the threshold was lowered to 2 years old, and in 1990, the threshold was lowered yet again to 1 year old. Today, an SSN is required regardless of the age to receive an exemption. Since then, parents have often applied for Social Security numbers for their children soon after birth, today, the original purpose of this number was to track individuals accounts within the Social Security program. It has since come to be used as an identifier for individuals within the United States, as numbers are now assigned by the central issuing office of the SSA, it is unlikely that duplication will ever occur again. A few duplications did occur when prenumbered cards were sent out to regional SSA offices, employee, patient, student, and credit records are sometimes indexed by Social Security number. The U. S. Previously, the United States military used a more complicated system of service numbers that varied by service. Beginning in June 2011, DOD began removing the Social Security number from military identification cards and it is replaced by a unique DOD identification number, formerly known as the EDIPI. Social Security was originally a tax, but when Medicare was passed in 1965. Because of this, not every American is part of the Social Security program, the Old Order Amish have fought to prevent universal Social Security by overturning rules such as a requirement to provide a Social Security number for a hunting license. Social Security cards printed from January 1946 until January 1972 expressly stated that people should not use the number, since nearly everyone in the United States now has an SSN, it became convenient to use it anyway and the message was removed
15.
Switzerland
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Switzerland, officially the Swiss Confederation, is a federal republic in Europe. It consists of 26 cantons, and the city of Bern is the seat of the federal authorities. The country is situated in western-Central Europe, and is bordered by Italy to the south, France to the west, Germany to the north, and Austria and Liechtenstein to the east. Switzerland is a country geographically divided between the Alps, the Swiss Plateau and the Jura, spanning an area of 41,285 km2. The establishment of the Old Swiss Confederacy dates to the medieval period, resulting from a series of military successes against Austria. Swiss independence from the Holy Roman Empire was formally recognized in the Peace of Westphalia in 1648. The country has a history of armed neutrality going back to the Reformation, it has not been in a state of war internationally since 1815, nevertheless, it pursues an active foreign policy and is frequently involved in peace-building processes around the world. In addition to being the birthplace of the Red Cross, Switzerland is home to international organisations. On the European level, it is a member of the European Free Trade Association. However, it participates in the Schengen Area and the European Single Market through bilateral treaties, spanning the intersection of Germanic and Romance Europe, Switzerland comprises four main linguistic and cultural regions, German, French, Italian and Romansh. Due to its diversity, Switzerland is known by a variety of native names, Schweiz, Suisse, Svizzera. On coins and stamps, Latin is used instead of the four living languages, Switzerland is one of the most developed countries in the world, with the highest nominal wealth per adult and the eighth-highest per capita gross domestic product according to the IMF. Zürich and Geneva have each been ranked among the top cities in the world in terms of quality of life, with the former ranked second globally, according to Mercer. The English name Switzerland is a compound containing Switzer, a term for the Swiss. The English adjective Swiss is a loan from French Suisse, also in use since the 16th century. The name Switzer is from the Alemannic Schwiizer, in origin an inhabitant of Schwyz and its associated territory, the Swiss began to adopt the name for themselves after the Swabian War of 1499, used alongside the term for Confederates, Eidgenossen, used since the 14th century. The data code for Switzerland, CH, is derived from Latin Confoederatio Helvetica. The toponym Schwyz itself was first attested in 972, as Old High German Suittes, ultimately related to swedan ‘to burn’
16.
Kirkus Reviews
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Kirkus Reviews is an American book review magazine founded in 1933 by Virginia Kirkus. The magazine is headquartered in New York City, Kirkus Reviews, published on the first and 15th of each month, previews books prior to their publication. Kirkus reviews over 7,000 titles per year, in 2014, Kirkus Reviews started the Kirkus Prize. It is one of the richest literary awards in the world, bestowing $50,000 prizes annually to authors of fiction, nonfiction, Kirkus operates a number of additional services, including Kirkus Editorial, Kirkus Indie, and Kirkus Marketing. And, Motoko reported, Authors seemed to have a relationship with Kirkus. Not surprisingly, it had to do with what the reviewers said about their books, one book reviewed in the Kirkus Indie is chosen to be included in the bi-weekly magazine and one is included in the weekly email newsletter. Virginia Kirkus was hired by Harper & Brothers to establish a book department in 1926. The department was eliminated as a measure in 1932, so Kirkus left. Initially, she arranged to get galley proofs of 20 or so books in advance of their publication, almost 80 years later and it was sold to The New York Review of Books in 1970 and later sold by the Review to Barbara Bader and Josh Rubins. In 1985, magazine consultant James B, david LeBreton bought Kirkus from Kobak in 1993. BPI Communications, owned by Dutch publisher VNU, bought Kirkus from LeBreton in 1999, at the end of 2009, the company announced the end of operations for Kirkus. The journal was purchased from VNU on February 10,2010 by businessman Herbert Simon and it was thereafter renamed Kirkus Media, and book industry veteran Marc Winkelman was made publisher. Official website Kirkus Service at Library of Congress Authorities, with 4 catalog records Virginia Kirkus at Library of Congress Authorities, with 7 catalog records
17.
Booklist
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Booklist is a publication of the American Library Association that provides critical reviews of books and audiovisual materials for all ages. Booklist’s primary audience consists of libraries, educators, and booksellers, the magazine is available to subscribers in print and online. Booklist is published 22 times per year, and reviews over 7,500 titles annually, the Booklist brand also offers a blog, various newsletters, and monthly webinars. The Booklist offices are located in the American Library Association headquarters in Chicago’s Gold Coast neighborhood, in 1913, the Booklist offices were moved from Boston to the ALA headquarters in Chicagos McCormick mansion. By the 1930s the reviews had become more in-depth, and the journal began to some articles. Amidst a world crisis, the editor helped library patrons to have their questions answered while presenting various viewpoints, from the 1950s to the 1960s, Booklist reviews were limited to 150 words, generally three long sentences. Reviews were handwritten in pencil on yellow paper, edited and typed up for the printer. Artistic design choices for the magazine were minimal, with the visual change between issues being the plain covers solid colour. The 1970s saw a deal of change in the Booklist offices. As adolescent literature gained popularity, a Young Adult books editor was hired, the publication of such books as Judy Blume’s Forever, Phyllis Reynolds Naylors Alice series, and S. E. Hintons The Outsiders marked a need to evaluate books not meant strictly for children or adults. In 1973, new editor-publisher Paul Brawley was the first to print editions of the magazine with recreated book jackets on the cover, some Booklist subscribers protested the flashy new covers, supposedly claiming they liked the plain covers and the space they afforded for listing potential book orders. Under Brawley’s editorship, beginning with 16mm film strips and spoken-word recordings, Booklist began to accept submissions, during the 1980s and 1990s, Booklist began its Editors’ Choice reviews and its first feature column, “Manley Arts”, by Will Manley. The 1990s issues of Booklist were the first to be composed on in-office computers, the June 2005 issue of Booklist marked the magazine’s 100th anniversary. Currently, the magazine can be online and in print. The Booklist editorial team also creates supplemental products, such as Book Links, webinars, Booklist offices are located in the 50 E. Huron building at the ALA headquarters. Current editor Bill Ott is the seventh to hold the position since Booklist was founded, Reviews include a brief synopsis, plus mention of the most successful elements of style. Most reviews fall between 175 and 225 words, starred Reviews The Booklist star indicates an outstanding title of a particular genre
18.
Stephen King
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Stephen Edwin King is an American author of horror, supernatural fiction, suspense, science fiction, and fantasy. His books have more than 350 million copies, many of which have been adapted into feature films, miniseries, television shows. King has published 54 novels, including seven under the pen name Richard Bachman and he has written nearly 200 short stories, most of which have been collected in book collections. Many of his stories are set in his state of Maine. His novella Rita Hayworth and Shawshank Redemption was the basis for the movie The Shawshank Redemption which is regarded as one of the greatest films of all time. King has received Bram Stoker Awards, World Fantasy Awards, and his novella The Way Station was a Nebula Award novelette nominee. In 2003, the National Book Foundation awarded him the Medal for Distinguished Contribution to American Letters and his short story The Man in the Black Suit received the O. Henry Award. In 2015, King was awarded with a National Medal of Arts from the United States National Endowment for the Arts for his contributions to literature, King was born September 21,1947, in Portland, Maine. His father, Donald Edwin King, was born circa 1913 in Peru, Indiana, when Donald was born, his surname was Pollock, but as an adult, he used the surname King. Kings mother, Nellie Ruth, was born in Scarborough, Maine, Donald and Nellie were married July 23,1939, in Cumberland County, Maine. The family moved to De Pere, Wisconsin, Fort Wayne, Indiana, when King was 11, the family returned to Durham, Maine, where his mother cared for her parents until their deaths. She then became a caregiver in a residential facility for the mentally challenged. King was raised Methodist and remains religious as an adult, as a child, King apparently witnessed one of his friends being struck and killed by a train, though he has no memory of the event. His family told him that leaving home to play with the boy, King returned, speechless. Only later did the family learn of the friends death, some commentators have suggested that this event may have psychologically inspired some of Kings darker works, but King makes no mention of it in his memoir On Writing. King related in detail his primary inspiration for writing fiction in his non-fiction Danse Macabre. King compares his uncles successfully dowsing for water using the bough of a branch with the sudden realization of what he wanted to do for a living. King told Barnes & Noble Studios during a 2009 interview, I knew that Id found home when I read that book, King attended Durham Elementary School and graduated from Lisbon Falls High School, in Lisbon Falls, Maine
19.
The New York Times
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The New York Times is an American daily newspaper, founded and continuously published in New York City since September 18,1851, by The New York Times Company. The New York Times has won 119 Pulitzer Prizes, more than any other newspaper, the papers print version in 2013 had the second-largest circulation, behind The Wall Street Journal, and the largest circulation among the metropolitan newspapers in the US. The New York Times is ranked 18th in the world by circulation, following industry trends, its weekday circulation had fallen in 2009 to fewer than one million. Nicknamed The Gray Lady, The New York Times has long been regarded within the industry as a newspaper of record. The New York Times international version, formerly the International Herald Tribune, is now called the New York Times International Edition, the papers motto, All the News Thats Fit to Print, appears in the upper left-hand corner of the front page. On Sunday, The New York Times is supplemented by the Sunday Review, The New York Times Book Review, The New York Times Magazine and T, some other early investors of the company were Edwin B. Morgan and Edward B. We do not believe that everything in Society is either right or exactly wrong, —what is good we desire to preserve and improve, —what is evil, to exterminate. In 1852, the started a western division, The Times of California that arrived whenever a mail boat got to California. However, when local California newspapers came into prominence, the effort failed, the newspaper shortened its name to The New-York Times in 1857. It dropped the hyphen in the city name in the 1890s, One of the earliest public controversies it was involved with was the Mortara Affair, the subject of twenty editorials it published alone. At Newspaper Row, across from City Hall, Henry Raymond, owner and editor of The New York Times, averted the rioters with Gatling guns, in 1869, Raymond died, and George Jones took over as publisher. Tweed offered The New York Times five million dollars to not publish the story, in the 1880s, The New York Times transitioned gradually from editorially supporting Republican Party candidates to becoming more politically independent and analytical. In 1884, the paper supported Democrat Grover Cleveland in his first presidential campaign, while this move cost The New York Times readership among its more progressive and Republican readers, the paper eventually regained most of its lost ground within a few years. However, the newspaper was financially crippled by the Panic of 1893, the paper slowly acquired a reputation for even-handedness and accurate modern reporting, especially by the 1890s under the guidance of Ochs. Under Ochs guidance, continuing and expanding upon the Henry Raymond tradition, The New York Times achieved international scope, circulation, in 1910, the first air delivery of The New York Times to Philadelphia began. The New York Times first trans-Atlantic delivery by air to London occurred in 1919 by dirigible, airplane Edition was sent by plane to Chicago so it could be in the hands of Republican convention delegates by evening. In the 1940s, the extended its breadth and reach. The crossword began appearing regularly in 1942, and the section in 1946
20.
Vanity Fair (magazine)
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Vanity Fair is a magazine of popular culture, fashion, and current affairs published by Condé Nast in the United States. The first version of Vanity Fair was published from 1913 to 1936, the imprint was revived in 1983, and came to include four European editions of the magazine. The current editor is Graydon Carter, Condé Montrose Nast began his empire by purchasing the mens fashion magazine Dress in 1913. He renamed the magazine Dress and Vanity Fair and published four issues in 1913 and it continued to thrive into the twenties. However, it became a casualty of the Great Depression and declining advertising revenues, although its circulation, Condé Nast announced in December 1935 that Vanity Fair would be folded into Vogue as of the March 1936 issue. Condé Nast Publications, under the ownership of S. I. Newhouse, the first issue was released in February 1983, edited by Richard Locke, formerly of The New York Times Book Review. After three issues, Locke was replaced by Leo Lerman, veteran features editor of Vogue and he was followed by editors Tina Brown and Graydon Carter. Regular writers columnists have included Dominick Dunne, Sebastian Junger, Michael Wolff, Maureen Orth and Christopher Hitchens. Amongst the most famous of these was the August 1991 Leibovitz cover featuring a naked, pregnant Demi Moore, in addition to its controversial photography, the magazine also prints articles on a variety of topics. In 1996, journalist Marie Brenner wrote an exposé on the tobacco industry titled The Man Who Knew Too Much, the article was later adapted into a movie The Insider, which starred Al Pacino and Russell Crowe. S. The magazine also features interviews with celebrities, including a monthly Proust Questionnaire. The magazine was the subject of Toby Youngs book, How to Lose Friends and Alienate People, about his search for success, from 1995, the book has been made into a movie, with Jeff Bridges playing Carter. There are currently five international editions of Vanity Fair being published, namely in the United Kingdom, Spain, France, Italy, the British Vanity Fair was first published in 1991. The Italian Vanity Fair was established in October 2003 and celebrated its 10th anniversary in 2013, Vanity Fair Germany launched in February 2007 at a cost of €50 million, then the most expensive new magazine in Germany in years and Condé Nasts biggest investment outside the United States. After circulation had plummeted from half a million to less than 200,000 per week, a French version started in June 2013. The Spanish version of the magazine was first published in Spain in 2008, in April 2015 Condé Nast México y Latinoamerica was to launch Vanity Fair Mexico. As a successor to a similar invitation-only event annually held by the late agent Irving Paul Lazar, during its first years, the magazines Oscar party was co-hosted by producer Steve Tisch at Mortons in West Hollywood. At first, editor Graydon Carter kept the invitation list small, between 2009 and 2013, the party was held at Sunset Tower
21.
The New Yorker
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The New Yorker is an American magazine of reportage, commentary, criticism, essays, fiction, satire, cartoons, and poetry. It is published by Condé Nast, started as a weekly in 1925, the magazine is now published 47 times annually, with five of these issues covering two-week spans. Although its reviews and events listings often focus on the life of New York City. The New Yorker debuted on February 21,1925 and it was founded by Harold Ross and his wife, Jane Grant, a New York Times reporter. Ross wanted to create a humor magazine that would be different from perceivably corny humor publications such as Judge. Ross partnered with entrepreneur Raoul H. Fleischmann to establish the F-R Publishing Company, the magazines first offices were at 25 West 45th Street in Manhattan. Ross edited the magazine until his death in 1951, during the early, occasionally precarious years of its existence, the magazine prided itself on its cosmopolitan sophistication. Ross famously declared in a 1925 prospectus for the magazine, It has announced that it is not edited for the old lady in Dubuque, although the magazine never lost its touches of humor, it soon established itself as a pre-eminent forum for serious fiction literature and journalism. Shortly after the end of World War II, John Herseys essay Hiroshima filled an entire issue, D. Salinger, Irwin Shaw, James Thurber, John Updike, Eudora Welty, Stephen King, and E. B. White. Publication of Shirley Jacksons The Lottery drew more mail than any story in the magazines history. In its early decades, the magazine published two or even three short stories a week, but in recent years the pace has remained steady at one story per issue. Kurt Vonnegut said that The New Yorker has been an instrument for getting a large audience to appreciate modern literature. Vonneguts 1974 interview with Joe David Bellamy and John Casey contained a discussion of The New Yorkers influence, No other art requires the audience to be a performer. You have to count on the readers being a good performer and those writers you mentioned and myself are teaching an audience how to play this kind of music in their heads. Its a learning process, and The New Yorker has been a good institution of the sort needed. They have an audience, and they come out every week, and people finally catch on to Barthelme, for instance. The non-fiction feature articles cover an array of topics. Recent subjects have included eccentric evangelist Creflo Dollar, the different ways in which humans perceive the passage of time, the magazine is notable for its editorial traditions
22.
London Review of Books
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The London Review of Books is a British journal of literary essays. The LRB was founded in 1979, when publication of The Times Literary Supplement was suspended during the year-long lock-out at The Times, for its first six months, it appeared as an insert in The New York Review of Books. In May 1980, the London Review became an independent publication with an orientation described by Alan Bennett, unlike The Times Literary Supplement, the majority of the articles the LRB publishes are long essays. Some articles in each issue are not based on books, while several short articles discuss film or exhibitions, political and social essays are frequent. The magazine is headquartered in Bloomsbury, London, mary-Kay Wilmers took over as editor in 1992. Average circulation per issue for 2015 was 67,529, in 2011, when Pankaj Mishra criticised Niall Fergusons book Civilisation, The West and the Rest in the London Review of Books, Ferguson threatened to sue for libel. The London Review Bookshop opened in Bloomsbury in May 2003 and the next door, reaching which involves walking through from the bookshop. The bookshop is used as a venue for presentations and discussions. Contributors have included, Literary criticism Elizabeth Day, is the LRB the best magazine in the world
23.
The Sunday Times
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The Sunday Times is the largest-selling British national newspaper in the quality press market category. It is published by Times Newspapers Ltd, a subsidiary of News UK, Times Newspapers also publishes The Times. The two papers were founded independently and have been under common ownership only since 1966 and they were bought by News International in 1981. The Sunday Times occupies a dominant position in the quality Sunday market, its circulation of just under one million equals that of its rivals, The Sunday Telegraph and The Observer. While some other national newspapers moved to a format in the early 2000s. It sells more than twice as many copies as its sister paper, The Times, the Sunday Times has acquired a reputation for the strength of its investigative reporting – much of it by its award-winning Insight team – and also for its wide-ranging foreign coverage. It has a number of writers, columnists and commentators including Jeremy Clarkson. It was Britains first multi-section newspaper and remains substantially larger than its rivals, a typical edition contains the equivalent of 450 to 500 tabloid pages. Besides the main section, it has standalone News Review, Business, Sport, Money. There are three magazines and two tabloid supplements and it publishes The Sunday Times Bestseller List of books in Britain, and a list of the 100 Best Companies to Work For, focusing on UK companies. It also organises The Sunday Times Oxford Literary Festival, held annually, and The Sunday Times Festival of Education, the paper began publication on 18 February 1821 as The New Observer, but from 21 April its title was changed to the Independent Observer. On 20 October 1822 it was reborn as The Sunday Times, in January 1823, White sold the paper to Daniel Whittle Harvey, a radical politician. The paper was bought in 1887 by Alice Cornwell, whose father George Cornwell made a fortune in mining in Australia and she then sold it in 1893 to Frederick Beer, who already owned Observer. Beer appointed his wife, Rachel Sassoon Beer, as editor and she was already editor of Observer – the first woman to run a national newspaper – and continued to edit both titles until 1901. There was a change of ownership in 1903, and then in 1915 the paper was bought by William Berry and his brother, Gomer Berry, later ennobled as Lord Camrose. In 1943, the Kemsley Newspapers Group was established, with The Sunday Times becoming its flagship paper, at this time, Kemsley was the largest newspaper group in Britain. On 12 November 1945, Ian Fleming, who later created James Bond, joined the paper as foreign manager, the following month, circulation reached 500,000. On 28 September 1958 the paper launched a separate Review section, in 1959 the Kemsley group was bought by Lord Thomson, and in October 1960 circulation reached one million for the first time
24.
The Paris Review
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The Paris Review is a quarterly English language literary magazine established in Paris in 1953 by Harold L. Humes, Peter Matthiessen, and George Plimpton. The series has been called one of the single most persistent acts of conservation in the history of the world. The headquarters of The Paris Review moved from Paris to New York City in 1973, Plimpton edited the Review from its founding until his death in 2003, Lorin Stein has been editor since 2010. I think The Paris Review should welcome these people into its pages, the writers and good poets. The Reviews founding editors include Humes, Matthiessen, Plimpton, William Pène du Bois, Thomas Guinzburg, the first publisher was Prince Sadruddin Aga Khan. Du Bois, the magazine’s first art editor, designed the iconic Paris Review eagle to include both American and French significance, an American eagle holding a pen and wearing a Phrygian cap. The magazine’s first office was located in a room of the publishing house Éditions de la Table ronde. Other legendary locations of The Paris Review include a Thames River grain carrier anchored on the Seine from 1956 to 1957, the first-floor and basement rooms in Plimptons 72nd Street apartment became the headquarters of The Paris Review when the magazine moved from Paris to New York City in 1973. Philip Gourevitch was selected by the Reviews board of directors as George Plimptons successor in 2005, under Gourevitchs leadership, the Review began incorporating more nonfiction pieces and, for the first time, began regularly publishing a photography spread. The Paris Review also announced, in 2006, the publication of a set of Paris Review interviews. The Paris Review Interviews, Volumes I-IV were published by Picador from 2006–2009, Gourevitch announced his departure in the fall of 2009, citing a desire to concentrate more fully on his writing. In a May 27,2008 interview with Charlie Rose, Matthiessen stated that he invented The Paris Review as cover for his CIA activities, Lorin Stein was named editor of The Paris Review in April 2010. He oversaw a redesign of the print edition and its website. In September 2010, the Review made available online its entire archive of interviews, contributors include Jeffrey Eugenides, Lydia Davis, and Ali Smith. It promises to be a resource for writers, students. As Stein explains, Some chose classics, Some chose stories that were new even to us. Our hope is that this collection will be useful to young writers, most of all, it is intended for readers who are not in the habit of reading short stories. We hope these object lessons will remind them how varied the form can be, how vital it remains, on October 8,2012, the magazine launched its app for the iPad and iPhone
25.
Le Monde
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Le Monde is a French daily afternoon newspaper founded by Hubert Beuve-Méry and continuously published in Paris since its first edition on 19 December 1944. It is one of the most important and widely respected newspapers in the world and it is one of two French newspapers of record along with Le Figaro, and the main publication of La Vie-Le Monde Group. It reported a circulation of 323,039 copies per issue in 2009. It has had its own website since 19 December 1995, and is often the only French newspaper easily obtainable in non-French-speaking countries and it should not be confused with the monthly publication Le Monde diplomatique, of which Le Monde has 51% ownership, but which is editorially independent. In the 1990s and 2000s, La Vie-Le Monde Group expanded under editor Jean-Marie Colombani with a number of acquisitions. However, its profitability was not sufficient to cover the debt loads it took on to fund this expansion. In June 2010, investors Matthieu Pigasse, Pierre Bergé, in contrast to other world newspapers such as The New York Times, Le Monde was traditionally focused on offering analysis and opinion, as opposed to being a newspaper of record. Hence, it was considered important for the paper to offer maximum coverage of the news than to offer thoughtful interpretation of current events. For instance, on the 10th anniversary of the sinking of the Rainbow Warrior, the newspaper directly implicated François Mitterrand, in recent years, however, the paper has established a greater distinction between fact and opinion. Beuve-Méry reportedly demanded total editorial independence as the condition for his taking on the project, in 1981 it backed the election of socialist François Mitterrand on the grounds that alternation of the political party in government would be beneficial to the state. The paper endorsed centre-right candidate Édouard Balladur in the 1995 presidential election and Ségolène Royal, according to the Mitrokhin Archive investigators, Le Monde was the KGBs key outlet for spreading anti-American and pro-Soviet disinformation to the French media. The archive identified two senior Le Monde journalists and several contributors who were used in the operations, michel Legris, a former journalist with the paper, wrote Le Monde tel quil est in 1976. According to him, the journal minimized the atrocities committed by the Cambodian Khmer Rouge and it also accused the paper of dangerously damaging the authority of the French state by having revealed various political scandals. This book remains controversial, but attracted attention and media coverage in France. Following a lawsuit, the authors and the publisher agreed in 2004 not to proceed to any reprinting, Le Monde has been found guilty of defamation for saying that Spanish football club FC Barcelona was connected to a doctor involved in steroid use. The Spanish court fined the newspaper nearly $450,000, in April 2016, a Le Monde reporter was denied visa to visit Algeria as part of the French Prime Minister press convoy to Algeria. Le Monde had previously published names of Algerian officials directly involved with the Panama papers corruption scandal, Le Monde is published around midday, and the date on the masthead is the following days. For instance, the issue released at midday on 15 March shows 16 March on the masthead and it is available on newsstands in France on the day of release, and received by mail subscribers on the masthead date
26.
Le Journal du Dimanche
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Le Journal du Dimanche is a French weekly newspaper published on Sundays in France. Le Journal du Dimanche was created by Pierre Lazareff in 1948 and he was managing editor of France Soir at that time. The weekly paper belongs to the Lagardère Group through Hachette Filipacchi Médias, the company is also the publisher of the paper which is based in Paris and which is published on Sundays. Le Journal du Dimanche was published in broadsheet format until 1999 when it began to be published in the Berliner format, on 6 March 2011 the paper again changed its format and became published in large tabloid format. In the period of 2001-2002 Le Journal du Dimanche had a circulation of 275,000 copies and its 2009 circulation was 269,000 copies. Between January and December 2010 the paper had a circulation of 257,280 copies, alain Genestar Jean-Claude Maurice between 1999 and December 2005. Jacques Espérandieu between December 2005 and May 2008, christian de Villeneuve between May 2008 and February 2010 Olivier Jay between March 2010 and December 2011 Jerôme Bellay since January 2012 Article on the French Wikipedia
27.
De Volkskrant
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De Volkskrant is a Dutch daily morning newspaper. It was founded in 1919 and it currently has a circulation of approximately 250,000 nationwide, formerly a leading centre-left Catholic broadsheet, de Volkskrant today is a medium-sized centrist compact. Philippe Remarque is the current editor-in-chief, De Volkskrant was founded in 1919 and has been a daily morning newspaper since 1921. Originally de Volkskrant was a Roman Catholic newspaper closely linked to the Catholic Peoples Party, the paper temporarily ceased publication in 1941. On its re-founding in 1945 its office moved from Den Bosch to Amsterdam and it became a left-wing newspaper in the 1960s. Its former clear left wing stance has been watered down since 1980, on 23 August 2006 the Volkskrant published its 25, 000th edition. In 2013 de Volkskrant was awarded the European Newspaper of the Year in the category of nationwide newspapers, De Volkskrant was part of PCM Uitgevers N. V. a publishing company which also owned NRC Handelsblad, Algemeen Dagblad, and Trouw. Until 1 January 2003 the newspaper Het Parool was part of PCM Uitgevers too, in 2009 PCM Uitgevers was taken over by De Persgroep, a Belgian publishing company. In October 2006, Volkskrant announced it intended to start publishing a version of its paper. Its competitors were to have been Metro and Sp. ts, however PCM gave no permission for this plan so it had to be retracted. A year later PCM started its own free paper DAG, that had a short life, in 2001 the circulation of De Volkskrant was 335,000 copies. The total Dutch newspaper circulation in 2002 was 4.9 million, the paper has since then heavily lost circulation. The circulation drop occurred under the editorship of Pieter Broertjes, who gave up his 20-year tenure in 2010, the typeface Capitolium News by Gerard Unger has been the main type used in de Volkskrant since 2 December 2006
28.
NRC Handelsblad
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NRC Handelsblad, often abbreviated to NRC, is a daily evening newspaper published in the Netherlands by NRC Media. NRC Handelsblad was first published on 1 October 1970 after a merger of the Amsterdam newspaper Algemeen Handelsblad, the papers motto is Lux et Libertas – Light and Freedom. In February 2006, NRC Handelsblad started a newspaper, nrc•next. Editor Folkert Jensma was succeeded on 12 December 2006, by Birgit Donker, after a dispute with the new owners Donker had to step down on 26 April 2010 and was replaced by Belgian Peter Vandermeersch. On 7 March 2011 the paper changed its format from broadsheet to tabloid, the circulation of NRC Handelsblad in 2014 was 188,500 copies, putting it in 4th place among the national dailies. In 2015 the NRC Media group was acquired by the Belgian company Mediahuis
29.
Charles Dickens
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Charles John Huffam Dickens was an English writer and social critic. He created some of the worlds best-known fictional characters and is regarded by many as the greatest novelist of the Victorian era and his works enjoyed unprecedented popularity during his lifetime, and by the twentieth century critics and scholars had recognised him as a literary genius. His novels and short stories enjoy lasting popularity, born in Portsmouth, Dickens left school to work in a factory when his father was incarcerated in a debtors prison. Dickenss literary success began with the 1836 serial publication of The Pickwick Papers, within a few years he had become an international literary celebrity, famous for his humour, satire, and keen observation of character and society. His novels, most published in monthly or weekly instalments, pioneered the publication of narrative fiction. The instalment format allowed Dickens to evaluate his audiences reaction, and he modified his plot. For example, when his wifes chiropodist expressed distress at the way Miss Mowcher in David Copperfield seemed to reflect her disabilities and his plots were carefully constructed, and he often wove elements from topical events into his narratives. Masses of the poor chipped in hapennies to have each new monthly episode read to them, opening up. Dickens was regarded as the literary colossus of his age and his 1843 novella, A Christmas Carol, remains popular and continues to inspire adaptations in every artistic genre. Oliver Twist and Great Expectations are also adapted, and, like many of his novels. His 1859 novel, A Tale of Two Cities, set in London, Dickens has been praised by fellow writers—from Leo Tolstoy to George Orwell and G. K. Chesterton—for his realism, comedy, prose style, unique characterisations, and social criticism. On the other hand, Oscar Wilde, Henry James, and Virginia Woolf complained of a lack of depth, loose writing. The term Dickensian is used to something that is reminiscent of Dickens and his writings. Charles John Huffam Dickens was born on 7 February 1812, at 1 Mile End Terrace, Landport in Portsea Island and his father was a clerk in the Navy Pay Office and was temporarily stationed in the district. He asked Christopher Huffam, rigger to His Majestys Navy, gentleman, Huffam is thought to be the inspiration for Paul Dombey, the owner of a shipping company in Dickenss eponymous Dombey and Son. In January 1815 John Dickens was called back to London, when Charles was four, they relocated to Sheerness, and thence to Chatham, Kent, where he spent his formative years until the age of 11. His early life seems to have been idyllic, though he himself a very small. Charles spent time outdoors but also read voraciously, including the novels of Tobias Smollett and Henry Fielding, as well as Robinson Crusoe
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De Groene Amsterdammer
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De Groene Amsterdammer is an independent Dutch weekly newsmagazine published in Amsterdam and distributed throughout the Netherlands. It is conventionally considered to be one of the four most influential media in its sector, along with HP/De Tijd, Vrij Nederland. De Groene Amsterdammer was founded in 1877, making it one of the oldest Dutch newsmagazines still in existence, the magazine started under the name De Amsterdammer, meaning The Amsterdammer. In its early days green ink was used, later causing the word groene to be added to its name when a newspaper in Amsterdam was published under the same name De Amsterdammer. The name De Groene Amsterdammer became official in 1925, as its title implies the weekly is based in Amsterdam. During the German occupation between 1940 and 1945 the magazine ceased publication. Over the course of time the magazine manifested itself in Dutch media with a range of subjects being published about, varying from philosophy, politics. De Groene Amsterdammer, unlike its name suggests, shows a keen interest in international subjects, the weekly magazine is generally considered to be intellectually left-wing and progressive
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De Telegraaf
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De Telegraaf is the largest Dutch daily morning newspaper. The paper edition had a circulation of 430,686 in 2015. Paul Jansen has been the editor-in-chief since August 2015, De Telegraaf was founded by Henry Tindal, who simultaneously started another paper De Courant. The first issue appeared on 1 January 1893, following Tindals death on 31 January 1902 the printer HMC Holdert, with backing from financiers, took over De Telegraaf and De Courant on 12 September 1902. This proved to be an investment, particularly with regard to De Courant. He added the name Amsterdamsche Courant as a subtitle to De Telegraaf, in 1926, he began construction of a new printing facility at the Nieuwezijds Voorburgwal in Amsterdam, designed by J. F. Staal and G. J. Construction was completed and the building occupied in 1930, in 1974, De Telegraaf moved to its current location in the Basisweg. During World War II, the Telegraaf companies published pro-German papers, the prohibition was, however, lifted in 1949 and De Telegraaf flourished anew to become the biggest newspaper in the Netherlands. De Telegraaf is based in Amsterdam, paul Jansen is the editor-in-chief of the paper that is owned by the Telegraaf Media Groep, which also publishes the free daily Metro. De Courant/Nieuws van de Dag ceased publication in 1998, De Telegraaf was also published on Sundays between 21 March 2004 and 27 December 2009. De Telegraaf was published in broadsheet format until October 2014 when the paper began to be published in tabloid format. In the period of 1995–1996 De Telegraaf had a circulation of 760,000 copies, in 1999, the circulation of the paper was 808,000 copies, making it the ninth best selling European newspaper. It was the eighth top European newspaper with a circulation of 807,000 copies in 2001 and its circulation was 488,902 copies in 2013,455,727 in 2014, and 430,686 in 2015. This national newspaper contains many sensational and sports-related articles, and one or more pages the content of which is supplied by the gossip-magazine Privé, the financial news coverage, however, is more serious in tone. The paper targets an audience, mostly in a conservative and populist style. The newspaper not only reports news, but also campaigns in political issues
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National Book Critics Circle Award
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The National Book Critics Circle Awards are a set of annual American literary awards by the National Book Critics Circle to promote the finest books and reviews published in English. The first NBCC awards were announced and presented January 16,1976, There are six awards to books published in the U. S. during the preceding calendar year, in six categories, Fiction, Nonfiction, Poetry, Memoir/Autobiography, Biography, and Criticism. Books previously published in English are not eligible, such as re-issues, nor does the NBC Circle consider cookbooks, self help books, reference books, picture books or childrens books. They do consider translations, short story and essay collections, self published books, winners of the awards are announced each year at the NBCC awards ceremony in conjunction with the yearly membership meeting, which takes place in March. Award for a best first book in any genre, Ivan Sandrof was one founder of the National Book Critics Circle and its first President. The Sandrof Award has also presented as the Ivan Sandrof Award for Lifetime Achievement in Publishing. It honors Nona Balakian, who was one of three NBCC founders, for 43 years, Balakian was an editor on the staff of the New York Times Book Review. Five finalists are announced each year, one of whom is selected as the winner of the citation, the award has been called the most prestigious award for book criticism in the country. Award year is for the publication year, currently January 1 to December 31. The finalists were announced on January 17,2017, the winners were announced March 17,2016 at the New School in New York. J. The winners were announced March 12,2015, lacy M. Johnson, The Other Side Gary Shteyngart, Little Failure Meline Toumani, There Was and There Was Not Biography Ezra Greenspan, William Wells Brown, An African American Life S. C. The winners were announced on March 13,2014, powers Ruth Franklin James Marcus Roxana Robinson Alexandra Schwartz The finalists were announced January 14,2012. The winners were announced on Feb.28,2012, Fiction Laurent Binet, HHhH tr. A. Powell, Useless Landscape, or A Guide for Boys A. E. Stallings, Olives Autobiography Reyna Grande, The Distance Between Us Maureen N. Pugliese, Bitter Spring, A Life of Ignazio Silone Martha A. A, herring, From Colony to Superpower, US Foreign Relations Since 1776. Allan Lichtman, White Protestant Nation, Jane Mayer, The Dark Side, Autobiography Rick Bass, Why I Came West, Helene Cooper, The House on Sugar Beach, Honor Moore, The Bishop’s Daughter, Andrew X. S. Naipaul, Paul J. Giddings, Ida, A Sword Among Lions, complete list of NBCC winners and finalists
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Women's Prize for Fiction
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The Baileys Womens Prize for Fiction is one of the United Kingdoms most prestigious literary prizes. It is awarded annually to an author of any nationality for the best original full-length novel written in English. The prize was established to recognise the achievement of female writers. The inspiration for the Baileys Prize was the Booker Prize of 1991, a group of women and men working in the industry – authors, publishers, agents, booksellers, librarians, journalists – therefore met to discuss the issue. Research showed that women’s literary achievements were not acknowledged by the major literary prizes. The winner of the prize receives £30,000, along with a sculpture called the Bessie created by artist Grizel Niven. Typically, a longlist of nominees is announced around March each year, followed by a shortlist in June, the winner is selected by a board of five leading women each year. In support of the 2004 award, the Orange Prize for Fiction published a list of 50 contemporary essential reads, the books were chosen by a sample of 500 people attending the Guardian Hay Festival and represent the audiences must have books by living UK writers. The list is called the Orange Prize for Fictions 50 Essential Reads by Contemporary Authors, the prize was originally sponsored by Orange, a telecommunications company. In May 2012, it was announced Orange would be ending its sponsorship of the prize. There was no sponsor for 2013, sponsorship was by private benefactors, led by Cherie Blair and writers Joanna Trollope. Beginning in 2014, the prize was sponsored by the liquor brand Baileys Irish Cream, in January 2017, Diageo announced that it had regretfully decided to make way for a new sponsor, the 2017 prize to be announced in June, will be the last it supports. In May 2014, Baileys Womens Prize for Fiction launched the campaign to find out which books. Nineteen inspirational women were chosen to launch the campaign and then thousands of people from the public submitted their ideas via Twitter. The 20 winners were announced 29 July 2014, the organizers noted that over half the winning books were published before 1960. To Kill a Mockingbird, Harper Lee The Handmaids Tale, Margaret Atwood Jane Eyre, Charlotte Bronte Harry Potter, after the prize was founded, Auberon Waugh nicknamed it the Lemon Prize, while Germaine Greer said there would soon be a prize for writers with red hair. A. S. Byatt, who won the 1990 Man Booker Prize, said it was a sexist prize and she refused to have her work considered for this prize. In 2007, former editor of The Times Simon Jenkins called the prize sexist, in 2008, writer Tim Lott suggested the Orange Prize is sexist and discriminatory, and it should be shunned
34.
The New York Times Book Review
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The New York Times Book Review is a weekly paper-magazine supplement to The New York Times in which current non-fiction and fiction books are reviewed. It is one of the most influential and widely read book review publications in the industry, the offices are located near Times Square in New York City. The New York Times has published a review section since October 10,1896, announcing. Associated with news of the day, the target audience is an intelligent, general-interest adult reader. Each week the NYTBR receives 750 to 1000 books from authors and publishers in the mail, Books are selected by the preview editors who read over 1,500 advance galleys a year. The selection process is based on finding books that are important and notable, self-published books are generally not reviewed as a matter of policy. Books not selected for review are stored in a discard room, as of 2006, Barnes & Noble arrived about once a month to purchase the contents of the discard room, and the proceeds are then donated by NYTBR to charities. Books that are actually reviewed are usually donated to the reviewer, as of 2015, all review critics are freelance, the NYTBR does not have staff critics. In prior years, the NYTBR did have in-house critics, or a mix of in-house, for freelance critics, they are assigned an in-house preview editor who works with them in creating the final review. Freelance critics might be employees of The New York Times whose main duties are in other departments and they also include professional literary critics, novelists, academics and artists who write reviews for the NYTBR on a regular basis. In addition to the magazine there is an Internet site that offers content, including audio interviews with authors. The book review publishes each week the widely cited and influential New York Times Best Seller list, pamela Paul was named Senior Editor in spring 2013. Sam Tanenhaus was Senior Editor from the spring of 2004 to spring 2013, each year, around the beginning of December, a 100 Notable Books of the Year list is published. It contains fiction and non-fiction titles of books previously reviewed,50 of each, from the list of 100,10 books are awarded the Best Books of the Year title, five each of fiction and non-fiction. Other year-end lists include the Best Illustrated Childrens Books, in which 10 books are chosen by a panel of judges. In 2010, Stanford professors Alan Sorenson and Jonah Berger published a study examining the effect on sales from positive or negative reviews in the New York Times Book Review. They found all books benefited from positive reviews, while popular or well-known authors were negatively impacted by negative reviews, lesser-known authors benefited from negative reviews, in other words, bad publicity actually boosted book sales. A study published in 2012, by university professor and author Roxane Gay, Gay said, The numbers reflect the overall trend in publishing where the majority of books published are written by white writers
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The Goldfinch (novel)
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The Goldfinch is the third novel by American author Donna Tartt, her first new book in 11 years. It won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction in 2014 among other honors, the novel is a Bildungsroman told in the first person by Theodore Decker who, at the age of 13, survives a terrorist bombing at an art museum in which his beloved mother dies. Staggering out through the debris, he takes him a small, Dutch Golden Age painting, The Goldfinch. The Goldfinch is told in retrospective first-person narration by Theodore Theo Decker, as a thirteen-year-old boy in New York City, Theo adores his energetic, beautiful mother—as do many other people in Manhattan. He thinks of his father, who had walked out on them a year earlier, as an alcoholic, abusive thief. Theos life is turned upside down when he and his visit the Metropolitan Museum of Art to see an exhibition of Dutch masterpieces, including a favorite painting. There, he falls in love at first sight with a girl who is accompanied by an elderly man. But then a terrorist bomb explodes, killing his mother and other patrons, in the rubble, Theo encounters the old man, Welton Welty Blackwell, who gives him a ring and an enigmatic message. Believing that Welty is pointing at The Goldfinch, Theo takes it during his panicked escape. The taking of these items is done by Theo in a state of terror, concussion and shock, alone and determined to avoid being taken in by the city as an orphan, Theo lives with a school friend, Andy Barbour, and his wealthy family. Theo lives in the Barbours’ elegant Park Avenue apartment for months and is fairly happy there. Unbeknownst to the Barbours, Theo carries out the last wishes of Welty and returns the ring to his family, becoming friends with James Hobie Hobart, Weltys partner. He also briefly encounters the girl, Pippa, who was injured in the bombing and is being sent to live with an aunt in Texas. Theo feels a bond with her but fears he will never see her again. Theos life with the Barbours is disrupted when his dad, Larry Decker, arrives with his new girlfriend, Xandra. Theo secretly brings the painting, afraid to tell anyone about it for fear he will get in trouble, in Las Vegas, Theo feels rootless and his father and Xandra make little effort at parenting. His father earns a living and pays for a home outside Vegas with gambling wins. At school, Theo makes a new friend, Boris, a son of a Ukrainian émigré
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Warner Bros.
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Entertainment Inc. – colloquially known as Warner Bros. or Warner Bros. It is one of the Big Six major American film studios, Warner Bros. is a member of the Motion Picture Association of America. The companys name originated from the four founding Warner brothers, Harry, Albert, Sam, Jack, the youngest, was born in London, Ontario. The three elder brothers began in the theater business, having acquired a movie projector with which they showed films in the mining towns of Pennsylvania. In the beginning, Sam and Albert Warner invested $150 to present Life of an American Fireman and they opened their first theater, the Cascade, in New Castle, Pennsylvania, in 1903. When the original building was in danger of being demolished, the modern Warner Bros. called the current building owners, the owners noted people across the country had asked them to protect it for its historical significance. In 1904, the Warners founded the Pittsburgh-based Duquesne Amusement & Supply Company, in 1912, Harry Warner hired an auditor named Paul Ashley Chase. By the time of World War I they had begun producing films, in 1918 they opened the first Warner Bros. studio on Sunset Boulevard in Hollywood. Sam and Jack produced the pictures, while Harry and Albert, along with their auditor and now controller Chase, handled finance and distribution in New York City. During World War I their first nationally syndicated film, My Four Years in Germany, on April 4,1923, with help from money loaned to Harry by his banker Motley Flint, they formally incorporated as Warner Brothers Pictures, Incorporated. The first important deal was the acquisition of the rights to Avery Hopwoods 1919 Broadway play, The Gold Diggers, however, Rin Tin Tin, a dog brought from France after World War I by an American soldier, established their reputation. Rin Tin Tin debuted in the feature Where the North Begins, the movie was so successful that Jack signed the dog to star in more films for $1,000 per week. Rin Tin Tin became the top star. Jack nicknamed him The Mortgage Lifter and the success boosted Darryl F. Zanucks career, Zanuck eventually became a top producer and between 1928 and 1933 served as Jacks right-hand man and executive producer, with responsibilities including day-to-day film production. More success came after Ernst Lubitsch was hired as head director, lubitschs film The Marriage Circle was the studios most successful film of 1924, and was on The New York Times best list for that year. Despite the success of Rin Tin Tin and Lubitsch, Warners remained a lesser studio, Sam and Jack decided to offer Broadway actor John Barrymore the lead role in Beau Brummel. The film was so successful that Harry signed Barrymore to a contract, like The Marriage Circle. By the end of 1924, Warner Bros. was arguably Hollywoods most successful independent studio, as the studio prospered, it gained backing from Wall Street, and in 1924 Goldman Sachs arranged a major loan
