1.
Studs Terkel
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Louis Studs Terkel was an American author, historian, actor, and broadcaster. Terkel was born to Samuel Terkel, a Russian Jewish tailor, and Anna Finkel, at the age of eight he moved with his family to Chicago, Illinois, where he spent most of his life. He had two brothers, Ben and Meyer, from 1926 to 1936, his parents ran a rooming house that also served as a meeting place for people from all walks of life. Terkel credited his understanding of humanity and social interaction to the tenants and visitors who gathered in the lobby there, in 1939, he married Ida Goldberg, and the couple had one son. His well-known radio program, titled The Studs Terkel Program, aired on 98.7 WFMT Chicago between 1952 and 1997, the one-hour program was broadcast each weekday during those forty-five years. This show, along with Marlin Perkinss Zoo Parade, Garroway at Large and the childrens show Kukla, Fran, Terkel published his first book, Giants of Jazz, in 1956. He followed it in 1967 with his first collection of oral histories and he also served as a distinguished scholar-in-residence at the Chicago History Museum. Terkel received his nickname while he was acting in a play with another person named Louis, Terkel was acclaimed for his efforts to preserve American oral history. His 1985 book The Good War, An Oral History of World War Two and his 1974 book, Working, in which People Talk About What They Do All Day and How They Feel About What They Do, also was highly acclaimed. Working was made into a short-lived Broadway show of the title in 1978 and was telecast on PBS in 1982. In 1995, he received the Chicago History Museum Making History Award for Distinction in Journalism, in 1997, Terkel was elected a member of The American Academy of Arts and Letters. Two years later, he received the George Polk Career Award in 1999, in 2004, Terkel received the Elijah Parish Lovejoy Award as well as an honorary Doctor of Laws degree from Colby College. In August 2005, Terkel underwent successful open-heart surgery, at the age of ninety-three, he was one of the oldest people to undergo this form of surgery and doctors reported his recovery to be remarkable for someone of that advanced age. Terkel smoked two cigars a day until 2004, the lawsuit was dismissed by Judge Matthew F. Kennelly on July 26,2006. Judge Kennelly cited a state secrets privilege designed to protect national security from being harmed by lawsuits, in 2006, Terkel received the Dayton Literary Peace Prizes first-ever Lifetime Achievement Award. In an interview in The Guardian celebrating his 95th birthday, Terkel discussed his own diverse and idiosyncratic taste in music, from Bob Dylan to Alexander Frey, Terkel completed a new personal memoir entitled, Touch and Go, published in the fall of 2007. Terkel was an agnostic, which he jokingly defined as a cowardly atheist during a 2004 interview with Krista Tippett on American Public Medias Speaking of Faith. Movie critic Roger Ebert claimed that Terkel was an atheist, one of his last interviews was for the documentary Soul of a People on Smithsonian Channel
2.
Military history
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On the other hand, Just War Theory explores the moral dimensions of warfare, and to better limit the destructive reality caused by war, seeks to establish a doctrine of military ethics. The discipline of history is dynamic, changing with development as much of the subject area as the societies. An important recent concept is the Revolution in Military Affairs which attempts to explain how warfare has been shaped by emerging technologies and it highlights the short outbursts of rapid change followed by periods of relative stability. In terms of the profession in major countries, military history is an orphan. William H. McNeill points out, This branch of our discipline flourishes in an intellectual ghetto, the study of military history in universities remains seriously underdeveloped. Indeed, lack of interest in and disdain for military history probably constitute one of the strangest prejudices of the profession, historiography is the study of the history and method of the discipline of history or the study of a specialised topic. In this case, military history with an eye to gaining an accurate assessment of conflicts using all available sources, Military historians use Historiographical analysis in an effort to allow an unbiased, contemporary view of records. Historians utilize their knowledge of government regulation and military organization, and employing a targeted, despite these limits, wars are some of the most studied and detailed periods of human history. Military historians have often compared organization, tactical and strategic ideas, leadership, in the early 1980s, historian Jeffrey Kimball surveyed the ideological preferences of 109 active diplomatic historians in the United States as well as 54 active military historians. He reports that, Of historians in the field of history, 7% are Socialist, 19% are Other, 53% are Liberal, 11% are None. Of military historians, 0% are Socialist, 8% are Other, 35% are Liberal, 18% are None, the documentation of military history begins with the confrontation between Sumer and Elam c.2700 BC near the modern Basra, and includes such enduring records as the Hebrew Bible. Other prominent records in history are the Trojan War in Homers Iliad. An approach centered on the analysis of a leader was taken by Xenophon in Anabasis, the records of the Roman Julius Caesar enable a comparative approach for campaigns such as Commentarii de Bello Gallico and Commentarii de Bello Civili. New weapons development can dramatically alter the face of war, the cost of warfare, the preparations, a rule of thumb is that if your enemy has a potentially war winning weapon, you have to either match it or neutralize it. The chariot was an effective, fast weapon, while one man controlled the maneuvering of the chariot and these became crucial to the maintenance of several governments, including the New Egyptian Kingdom and the Shang Dynasty and the nation states of early to mid Zhou dynasty. The infantry started as opposing armed groups of soldiers underneath commanders, the Greeks and early Romans used rigid, heavily armed phalanxes. The Macedonians and Hellenistic states would adopt phalanx formations with sarissa pikemen, the Romans would later adopt more flexible maniples from their neighbors which made them extremely successful in the field of battle. The kingdoms of the Warring States in East Asia also adopted infantry combat, in the Sicilian Expedition, led by Athens in an attempt to subdue Syracuse, the well-trained Syracusan cavalry became crucial to the success of the Syracusans
3.
Pantheon Books
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Pantheon Books is an American book publishing imprint with editorial independence. It is part of the Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group, the current editor-in-chief at Pantheon Books is Dan Frank. In addition to classics, international fiction, and trade paperbacks and it has published many critically acclaimed graphic novels and comics collections, including Ice Haven, La Perdida, Read Yourself RAW, Maus, In the Shadow of No Towers, and Black Hole. Many of its comics publications are high-quality collected editions of works originally serialized by other such as Fantagraphics Books. Pantheon Books was founded in 1942 in New York City by Helen and Kurt Wolff who had come to the United States to escape fascism, Pantheon is currently part of Bertelsmann. When Random House bought Alfred A. Knopf in 1960, the front page of the New York Times reported that the merger united two of the nations most celebrated publishers of quality writing. The following year, Random House would buy Pantheon, which would be moved into the Knopf Publishing Group, also in 1961, Pantheon hired Andre Schiffrin as executive editor of Pantheon Books. By the late 1960s, Pantheon started to bring American writers such as Noam Chomsky, James Loewen, in 1965, RCA bought Random House. Throughout the 1970s, Pantheon continued to publish intellectual and often leftist works of fiction and nonfiction without a profit-and-loss sheet in sight, in other words, Pantheon editors prided themselves on subsidizing the cost of publishing less commercially successful works with the profits from more commercially successful books. In 1980, RCA sold Random House to Samuel Irving Newhouse, Jr. in early 2009, long-time Pantheon publisher Janice Goldklang was laid off as part of a general restructuring of Random House and its publishing divisions. Pantheon and Random House, which at the time was owned by SI Newhouse, were plagued with throughout the late 1980s. In December 1989, Alberto Vitale, a banker, replaced Robert L. Berstein as chairman. In February 1990, Schiffrin was asked to resign after he refused to reduce the number of titles published or to trim Pantheons 30-member staff. In the week following the protests,40 Random House editors and publishers signed a statement that defended the changes at Pantheon, stating, like Pantheon. We have never experienced it, nor do we believe that Pantheon has ever experienced it and we would not tolerate censorship of any form, and we are offended by any suggestion to the contrary. But, unlike Pantheon, we have preserved our independence and the independence of our authors by supporting the integrity of our publishing programs with fiscal responsibility, another supporter of Schiffrins termination wrote that the protests and resignations were a hilarious specimen of people intoxicated by self-importance. It also is a study of the descent of intellectuals leftism into burlesque. In 1998, Random House made news again when it was bought by Bertelsmann, the Authors Guild approached the Fair Trade Commission, arguing that the $1
4.
Paperback
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A paperback is a type of book characterized by a thick paper or paperboard cover, and often held together with glue rather than stitches or staples. In contrast, hardcover or hardback books are bound with cardboard covered with cloth, inexpensive books bound in paper have existed since at least the 19th century in such forms as pamphlets, yellowbacks, dime novels, and airport novels. Modern paperbacks can be differentiated by size, in the US there are mass-market paperbacks and larger, more durable trade paperbacks. In the UK, there are A-format, B-format, and the largest C-format sizes, Paperback editions of books are issued when a publisher decides to release a book in a low-cost format. Cheaper, lower quality paper, glued bindings, and the lack of a cover may contribute to the lower cost of paperbacks. Paperbacks can be the medium when a book is not expected to be a major seller or where the publisher wishes to release a book without putting forth a large investment. Examples include many novels, and newer editions or reprintings of older books, first editions of many modern books, especially genre fiction, are issued in paperback. Best-selling books, on the hand, may maintain sales in hardcover for an extended period in order to reap the greater profits that the hardcovers provide. These paper bound volumes were offered for sale at a fraction of the historic cost of a book, the Routledges Railway Library series of paperbacks remained in print until 1898, and offered the traveling public 1,277 unique titles. The German-language market also supported examples of cheap books, Bernhard Tauchnitz started the Collection of British. These inexpensive, paperbound editions, a precursor to mass-market paperbacks. Reclam published Shakespeare in this format from October 1857 and went on to pioneer the mass-market paper-bound Universal-Bibliothek series from 10 November 1867, the German publisher Albatross Books revised the 20th-century mass-market paperback format in 1931, but the approach of World War II cut the experiment short. The first released book on Penguins 1935 list was André Maurois Ariel, Lane intended to produce inexpensive books. He purchased paperback rights from publishers, ordered large print runs to keep prices low. Booksellers were initially reluctant to buy his books, but when Woolworths placed a large order, after that initial success, booksellers showed more willingness to stock paperbacks, and the name Penguin became closely associated with the word paperback. In 1939, Robert de Graaf issued a similar line in the United States, the term pocket book became synonymous with paperback in English-speaking North America. In French, the term livre de poche was used and is still in use today, de Graaf, like Lane, negotiated paperback rights from other publishers, and produced many runs. His practices contrasted with those of Lane by his adoption of illustrated covers aimed at the North American market, in order to reach an even broader market than Lane, he used distribution networks of newspapers and magazines, which had a lengthy history of being aimed at mass audiences
5.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
6.
OCLC
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The Online Computer Library Center is a US-based nonprofit cooperative organization dedicated to the public purposes of furthering access to the worlds information and reducing information costs. It was founded in 1967 as the Ohio College Library Center, OCLC and its member libraries cooperatively produce and maintain WorldCat, the largest online public access catalog in the world. OCLC is funded mainly by the fees that libraries have to pay for its services, the group first met on July 5,1967 on the campus of the Ohio State University to sign the articles of incorporation for the nonprofit organization. The group hired Frederick G. Kilgour, a former Yale University medical school librarian, Kilgour wished to merge the latest information storage and retrieval system of the time, the computer, with the oldest, the library. The goal of network and database was to bring libraries together to cooperatively keep track of the worlds information in order to best serve researchers and scholars. The first library to do online cataloging through OCLC was the Alden Library at Ohio University on August 26,1971 and this was the first occurrence of online cataloging by any library worldwide. Membership in OCLC is based on use of services and contribution of data, between 1967 and 1977, OCLC membership was limited to institutions in Ohio, but in 1978, a new governance structure was established that allowed institutions from other states to join. In 2002, the structure was again modified to accommodate participation from outside the United States. As OCLC expanded services in the United States outside of Ohio, it relied on establishing strategic partnerships with networks, organizations that provided training, support, by 2008, there were 15 independent United States regional service providers. OCLC networks played a key role in OCLC governance, with networks electing delegates to serve on OCLC Members Council, in early 2009, OCLC negotiated new contracts with the former networks and opened a centralized support center. OCLC provides bibliographic, abstract and full-text information to anyone, OCLC and its member libraries cooperatively produce and maintain WorldCat—the OCLC Online Union Catalog, the largest online public access catalog in the world. WorldCat has holding records from public and private libraries worldwide. org, in October 2005, the OCLC technical staff began a wiki project, WikiD, allowing readers to add commentary and structured-field information associated with any WorldCat record. The Online Computer Library Center acquired the trademark and copyrights associated with the Dewey Decimal Classification System when it bought Forest Press in 1988, a browser for books with their Dewey Decimal Classifications was available until July 2013, it was replaced by the Classify Service. S. The reference management service QuestionPoint provides libraries with tools to communicate with users and this around-the-clock reference service is provided by a cooperative of participating global libraries. OCLC has produced cards for members since 1971 with its shared online catalog. OCLC commercially sells software, e. g. CONTENTdm for managing digital collections, OCLC has been conducting research for the library community for more than 30 years. In accordance with its mission, OCLC makes its research outcomes known through various publications and these publications, including journal articles, reports, newsletters, and presentations, are available through the organizations website. The most recent publications are displayed first, and all archived resources, membership Reports – A number of significant reports on topics ranging from virtual reference in libraries to perceptions about library funding
7.
Dewey Decimal Classification
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The Dewey Decimal Classification, or Dewey Decimal System, is a proprietary library classification system first published in the United States by Melvil Dewey in 1876. It has been revised and expanded through 23 major editions, the latest issued in 2011 and it is also available in an abridged version suitable for smaller libraries. It is currently maintained by the Online Computer Library Center, a cooperative that serves libraries. OCLC licenses access to a version for catalogers called WebDewey. The Decimal Classification introduced the concepts of relative location and relative index which allow new books to be added to a library in their location based on subject. Libraries previously had given books permanent shelf locations that were related to the order of acquisition rather than topic, the classifications notation makes use of three-digit Arabic numerals for main classes, with fractional decimals allowing expansion for further detail. Using Arabic numerals for symbols, it is flexible to the degree that numbers can be expanded in linear fashion to cover aspects of general subjects. A library assigns a number that unambiguously locates a particular volume in a position relative to other books in the library. The number makes it possible to find any book and to return it to its place on the library shelves. The classification system is used in 200,000 libraries in at least 135 countries, the major competing classification system to the Dewey Decimal system is the Library of Congress Classification system created by the U. S. Melvil Dewey was an American librarian and self-declared reformer and he was a founding member of the American Library Association and can be credited with the promotion of card systems in libraries and business. He developed the ideas for his classification system in 1873 while working at Amherst College library. He applied the classification to the books in library, until in 1876 he had a first version of the classification. In 1876, he published the classification in pamphlet form with the title A Classification and Subject Index for Cataloguing and Arranging the Books and he used the pamphlet, published in more than one version during the year, to solicit comments from other librarians. It is not known who received copies or how many commented as only one copy with comments has survived, in March 1876, he applied for, and received copyright on the first edition of the index. The edition was 44 pages in length, with 2,000 index entries, comprised 314 pages, with 10,000 index entries. Editions 3–14, published between 1888 and 1942, used a variant of this same title, Dewey modified and expanded his system considerably for the second edition. In an introduction to that edition Dewey states that nearly 100 persons hav contributed criticisms, one of the innovations of the Dewey Decimal system was that of positioning books on the shelves in relation to other books on similar topics
8.
Library of Congress Classification
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The Library of Congress Classification is a system of library classification developed by the Library of Congress. It is used by most research and academic libraries in the U. S. the Classification is also distinct from Library of Congress Subject Headings, the system of labels such as Boarding schools and Boarding schools—Fiction that describe contents systematically. The classification was invented by Herbert Putnam in 1897, just before he assumed the librarianship of Congress, with advice from Charles Ammi Cutter, it was influenced by his Cutter Expansive Classification, the Dewey Decimal System, and the Putnam Classification System. It was designed specifically for the purposes and collection of the Library of Congress to replace the fixed location system developed by Thomas Jefferson, by the time Putnam departed from his post in 1939, all the classes except K and parts of B were well developed. LCC has been criticized for lacking a theoretical basis, many of the classification decisions were driven by the practical needs of that library rather than epistemological considerations. Although it divides subjects into broad categories, it is essentially enumerative in nature and that is, it provides a guide to the books actually in one librarys collections, not a classification of the world. In 2007 the Wall Street Journal reported that in the countries it surveyed most public libraries, the National Library of Medicine classification system uses the initial letters W and QS–QZ, which are not used by LCC. Some libraries use NLM in conjunction with LCC, eschewing LCCs R for Medicine, others use LCCs QP–QR schedules and include Medicine R. Subclass AC – Collections. Collected works Subclass AE – Encyclopedias Subclass AG – Dictionaries and other reference works Subclass AI – Indexes Subclass AM – Museums. Collectors and collecting Subclass AN – Newspapers Subclass AP – Periodicals Subclass AS – Academies, directories Subclass AZ – History of scholarship and learning. The humanities Subclass B – Philosophy Subclass BC – Logic Subclass BD – Speculative philosophy Subclass BF – Psychology Subclass BH – Aesthetics Subclass BJ – Ethics Subclass BL – Religions, rationalism Subclass BM – Judaism Subclass BP – Islam. Seals Subclass CE – Technical Chronology, calendar Subclass CJ – Numismatics Subclass CN – Inscriptions. Former Soviet Republics – Poland Subclass DL – Northern Europe, maps Subclass GA – Mathematical geography. Cartography Subclass GB – Physical geography Subclass GC – Oceanography Subclass GE – Environmental Sciences Subclass GF – Human ecology, anthropogeography Subclass GN – Anthropology Subclass GR – Folklore Subclass GT – Manners and customs Subclass GV – Recreation. Leisure Subclass H – Social sciences Subclass HA – Statistics Subclass HB – Economic theory, demography Subclass HC – Economic history and conditions Subclass HD – Industries. Labor Subclass HE – Transportation and communications Subclass HF – Commerce Subclass HG – Finance Subclass HJ – Public finance Subclass HM – Sociology Subclass HN – Social history, Social reform Subclass HQ – The family. Marriage, Women and Sexuality Subclass HS – Societies, secret, benevolent, races Subclass HV – Social pathology. Municipal government Subclass JV – Colonies and colonization, International migration Subclass JX – International law, see JZ and KZ Subclass JZ – International relations Subclass K – Law in general
9.
Oral history
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These interviews are conducted with people who participated in or observed past events and whose memories and perceptions of these are to be preserved as an aural record for future generations. Oral history strives to obtain information from different perspectives and most of these cannot be found in written sources, Oral history also refers to information gathered in this manner and to a written work based on such data, often preserved in archives and large libraries. Knowledge presented by Oral History is unique in that it shares the tacit perspective, thoughts, opinions, however, as the Columbia Encyclopedia explains, Primitive societies have long relied on oral tradition to preserve a record of the past in the absence of written histories. In Western society, the use of oral material goes back to the early Greek historians Herodotus and Thucydides, the modern concept of oral history was developed in the 1940s by Allan Nevins and his associates at Oral history has become an international movement in historical research. Oral historians in different countries have approached the collection, analysis, however, it should also be noted that there are many ways of creating oral histories and carrying out the study of oral history even within individual national contexts. Authors such as Studs Terkel, Alex Haley, and Oscar Lewis have employed oral history in their books, in another important example of the genre, a massive archive covering the oral history of American music has been compiled at the Yale School of Music. By the end of the 20th cent, Oral history had become a respected discipline in many colleges and universities. At that time the Italian historian Alessandro Portelli and his associates began to study the role that memory itself, whether accurate or faulty, plays in the themes and structures of oral history. Their published work has become standard material in the field. Since the early 1970s, oral history in Britain has grown from being a method in folklore studies to becoming a key component in community histories, Oral history continues to be an important means by which non-academics can actively participate in the compilation and study of history. However, practitioners across a range of academic disciplines have also developed the method into a way of recording, understanding. Influences have included womens history and labour history, in Britain, the Oral History Society has played a key role in facilitating and developing the use of oral history. A more complete account of the history of history in Britain. The Bureau of Military History conducted over 1700 interviews with veterans of the First World War, the documentation was released for research in 2003. During 1998 and 1999,40 BBC local radio stations recorded personal oral histories from a broad cross-section of the population for The Century Speaks series. The result was 640 half-hour radio documentaries, broadcast in the weeks of the millennium, and one of the largest single oral history collections in Europe. The interview based recordings are held by the British Library Sound Archive in the history collection. In one of the largest memory project anywhere, The BBC in 2003-6 invited its audiences to send in recollections of the homefront in the Second World War and it put 47,000 of the recollections online, along with 15,000 photographs
10.
World War II
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World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although related conflicts began earlier. It involved the vast majority of the worlds countries—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing alliances, the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread war in history, and directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. Marked by mass deaths of civilians, including the Holocaust and the bombing of industrial and population centres. These made World War II the deadliest conflict in human history, from late 1939 to early 1941, in a series of campaigns and treaties, Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe, and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan. Under the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours, Poland, Finland, Romania and the Baltic states. In December 1941, Japan attacked the United States and European colonies in the Pacific Ocean, and quickly conquered much of the Western Pacific. The Axis advance halted in 1942 when Japan lost the critical Battle of Midway, near Hawaii, in 1944, the Western Allies invaded German-occupied France, while the Soviet Union regained all of its territorial losses and invaded Germany and its allies. During 1944 and 1945 the Japanese suffered major reverses in mainland Asia in South Central China and Burma, while the Allies crippled the Japanese Navy, thus ended the war in Asia, cementing the total victory of the Allies. World War II altered the political alignment and social structure of the world, the United Nations was established to foster international co-operation and prevent future conflicts. The victorious great powers—the United States, the Soviet Union, China, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and the United States emerged as rival superpowers, setting the stage for the Cold War, which lasted for the next 46 years. Meanwhile, the influence of European great powers waned, while the decolonisation of Asia, most countries whose industries had been damaged moved towards economic recovery. Political integration, especially in Europe, emerged as an effort to end pre-war enmities, the start of the war in Europe is generally held to be 1 September 1939, beginning with the German invasion of Poland, Britain and France declared war on Germany two days later. The dates for the beginning of war in the Pacific include the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War on 7 July 1937, or even the Japanese invasion of Manchuria on 19 September 1931. Others follow the British historian A. J. P. Taylor, who held that the Sino-Japanese War and war in Europe and its colonies occurred simultaneously and this article uses the conventional dating. Other starting dates sometimes used for World War II include the Italian invasion of Abyssinia on 3 October 1935. The British historian Antony Beevor views the beginning of World War II as the Battles of Khalkhin Gol fought between Japan and the forces of Mongolia and the Soviet Union from May to September 1939, the exact date of the wars end is also not universally agreed upon. It was generally accepted at the time that the war ended with the armistice of 14 August 1945, rather than the formal surrender of Japan
11.
Pulitzer Prize for General Non-Fiction
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The Pulitzer Prize for General Nonfiction is one of the seven American Pulitzer Prizes that are annually awarded for Letters, Drama, and Music. Finalists have been announced from 1980, ordinarily two others beside the winner, in its first 52 years to 2013, the Nonfiction Pulitzer was awarded 55 times, two prizes were given in 1969,1973, and 1986. Two people won the prize as co-authors in 1968,1990, barbara Tuchman and E. O. Wilson have won two Nonfiction prizes each. 2 and 3, by Robert Coles 1974, The Denial of Death by Ernest Becker 1975, Pilgrim at Tinker Creek by Annie Dillard 1976, harris, The Death of the Scarsdale Diet Doctor by Diana Trilling 1983, Is There No Place on Earth for Me. Barbara Tuchman,1963 for The Guns of August and 1972 for Stilwell and the American Experience in China E. O
12.
Tom Bradley (American politician)
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Thomas J. Tom Bradley was the 38th Mayor of Los Angeles, serving from 1973 to 1993. He was the only African-American mayor of city, and his 20 years in office mark the longest tenure by any mayor in the citys history. His 1973 election made him the second African-American mayor of a major U. S. city, Bradley retired in 1993, after his approval ratings began dropping subsequent to the 1992 Los Angeles Riots. Bradley unsuccessfully ran for Governor of California in 1982 and 1986 and was defeated each time by the Republican George Deukmejian, the racial dynamics that appeared to underlie his narrow and unexpected loss in 1982 gave rise to the political term the Bradley effect. In 1985, he was awarded the Spingarn Medal from the NAACP, Bradley, the grandson of a slave, was born on December 29,1917, to Lee Thomas and Crenner Bradley, poor sharecroppers who lived in a small log cabin outside Calvert, Texas. He had four siblings — Lawrence, Willa Mae, Ellis, the family moved to Arizona to pick cotton and then in 1924 to the Temple-Alvarado area of Los Angeles, where Lee was a Santa Fe Railroad porter and Crenner was a maid. He was captain of the team and all-city tackle for the high school football team. He went to UCLA in 1937 on a scholarship and joined Kappa Alpha Psi fraternity. Among the jobs he had while at college was as a photographer for comedian Jimmy Durante, Bradley left his studies to join the Los Angeles Police Department in 1940. He became one of the just 400 blacks among the departments 4,000 officers and he recalled the downtown department store that refused him credit, although he was a police officer, and the restaurants that would not serve blacks. He told a Times reporter, When I came on the department and you either worked Newton Street Division, which has a predominantly black community, or you worked traffic downtown. You could not work with an officer, and that continued until 1964. Bradley and Ethel Arnold met at the New Hope Baptist Church and were married May 4,1941 and they had three daughters, Lorraine, Phyllis and a baby who died on the day she was born. He and his wife needed an intermediary to buy their first house in Leimert Park. Bradley was attending Southwestern University Law School while a police officer, upon his leaving the office of mayor in 1993, he joined the law offices of Brobeck, Phleger & Harrison, specializing in international trade issues. His entry into politics came when he decided to become the president of the United Club, the club was part of the California Democratic Council, a liberal, reformist group organized in the 1950s by young Democrats energized by Adlai E. Stevensons presidential campaigns. It was predominantly white and had many Jewish members, thus marking the beginnings of the coalition, which along with Latinos, Unruh, then an up-and-coming state assemblyman. The early stage of Bradleys political career was marked by clashes with African American leaders like onetime California Lieutenant Governor, representative Mervyn Dymally, an Unruh ally
13.
Eugene Sledge
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Eugene Bondurant Sledge was a United States Marine, university professor, and author. Sledge was enrolled in the Marion Military Institute but instead chose to volunteer for the U. S. Marine Corps in December 1942. Once he was out of school he was assigned duty as a man and was eventually assigned to K Company, 3rd Battalion, 5th Marines. Burgin and PFC Merriell SNAFU Shelton and he achieved the rank of Corporal in the Pacific Theater and saw combat as a 60 mm mortarman at Peleliu and Okinawa. When fighting grew too close for use of the mortar he served in other duties such as stretcher bearer. During his service, Sledge kept notes of what happened in his pocket sized New Testament, when the war ended, he took these notes and compiled them into the memoir that was to be known as With the Old Breed. After being posted to Peking after the war, he was discharged from the Marine Corps in February 1946 with the rank of Corporal. After the war, Sledge attended Auburn University where he was a member of the Phi Delta Theta fraternity, Sledge, like many other war veterans, had a hard time readjusting to civilian life. “As I strolled the streets of Mobile, civilian life seemed so strange, “People rushed around in a hurry about seemingly insignificant things. Few seemed to realize how blessed they were to be free and untouched by the horrors of war. To them, a veteran was a veteran – all were the same, whether one man had survived the deadliest combat or another had pounded a typewriter while in uniform. ”Once an avid hunter, Sledge gave up his hobby. He found that he could not endure the thought of wounding a bird and his father found him weeping after a dove hunt where Sledge had to kill a wounded dove and in the ensuing conversations he told his father he could no longer tolerate seeing any suffering. A key turning point in his life and career followed when his father advised him that he could substitute bird watching as a hobby, Sledge started to assist the conservation department in its banding study efforts, the origin of his well-known passion for the science of ornithology. When he came to enroll at Auburn University, the clerk at the Registrars office asked him if the Marine Corps taught him anything useful, Sledge replied saying Lady, there was a killing war. The Marine Corps taught me how to kill Japs and try to survive, now, if that dont fit into any academic course, Im sorry. But some of us had to do the killing — and most of my buddies got killed or wounded and he found his salvation in science, as it kept the flashbacks of Peleliu and Okinawa at bay. He returned to Auburn in 1953 where he worked as an assistant until 1955. That same year he graduated from API with a Master of Science degree in botany, from 1956 to 1960 Sledge attended the University of Florida and worked as a research assistant
14.
Pauline Kael
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Pauline Kael was an American film critic who wrote for The New Yorker magazine from 1968 to 1991. Kael was known for her witty, biting, highly opinionated and sharply focused reviews and she is regarded as one of the most influential American film critics of her day. She left an impression on many other prominent film critics, including Armond White. You couldnt apply her approach to a film, with her it was all personal. Owen Gleiberman said she was more than a great critic and she re-invented the form, and pioneered an entire aesthetic of writing. Kael was born on a farm in Petaluma, California, to Isaac Paul Kael and Judith Kael. Her parents lost their farm when Kael was eight, and the moved to San Francisco. In 1936 she matriculated at the University of California, Berkeley, where she studied philosophy, literature, nevertheless, Kael intended to go on to law school but fell in with a group of artists and moved to New York City with the poet Robert Horan. Three years later, Kael returned to San Francisco and led a life, writing plays. In 1948, Kael and filmmaker James Broughton had a daughter, Gina, in 1953, the editor of City Lights magazine overheard Kael arguing about films in a coffeeshop with a friend and asked her to review Charlie Chaplins Limelight. Kael dubbed the film Slimelight and began publishing film criticism regularly in magazines, Kael later explained her writing style, I worked to loosen my style—to get away from the term-paper pomposity that we learn at college. I wanted the sentences to breathe, to have the sound of a human voice, Kael disparaged the supposed critics ideal of objectivity, referring to it as saphead objectivity, and incorporated aspects of autobiography into her criticism. I came out of the theater, tears streaming, and overheard the petulant voice of a college girl complaining to her boyfriend, for if people cannot feel Shoeshine, what can they feel. Later I learned that the man with whom I had quarreled had gone the same night and had emerged in tears. Yet our tears for each other, and for Shoeshine did not bring us together, Life, as Shoeshine demonstrates, is too complex for facile endings. Kael broadcast many of her early reviews on the public radio station KPFA, in Berkeley. As manager of a theater, Kael programmed the films that were shown. She also wrote pungent capsule reviews of the films, which her patrons began collecting, Kael continued to juggle writing with other work until she received an offer to publish a book of her criticism
15.
Mike Royko
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Michael Mike Royko was a Chicago newspaper columnist, winner of the 1972 Pulitzer Prize for commentary. Over his 30-year career, he wrote over 7,500 daily columns for three newspapers, the Chicago Daily News, the Chicago Sun-Times, and the Chicago Tribune. Originally a humorist focused on life in Chicago, he authored a scathing biography of Chicago Mayor Richard J. Daley in 1971. He was an outspoken liberal until the 1990s when he moved politically to the right, Mike Royko grew up in Chicago, living in an apartment above a bar. His mother, Helen, was Polish, and his father, Michael Royko and he briefly attended Wright Junior College and then enlisted in the U. S. Air Force in 1952. On becoming a columnist, he drew on experiences from his childhood, reporter Mike Royko covered Cook County politics and government in a weekly political column, soon supplemented with a second, weekly column reporting about Chicagos folk music scene. The success of those columns earned him a column in 1964, writing about all topics for the Daily News. His column appeared five days a week until 1992, when he cut back to four days a week, Studs Terkel explained Roykos incredible productivity and longevity by simply saying, He is possessed by a demon. In 1972, Royko received the Pulitzer Prize for commentary as a Daily News columnist, when the Daily News closed, Royko worked for its allied morning newspaper, the Chicago Sun-Times. In 1984, Rupert Murdoch, for whom Royko said he would never work, Royko commented that No self-respecting fish would want to be wrapped in a Murdoch paper, and is goal is not quality journalism. His goal is vast power for Rupert Murdoch, political power, Mike Royko then worked for the rival Chicago Tribune, a paper he had said hed never work for and at which he never felt comfortable. For a period after the takeover, the Sun-Times reprinted Roykos columns, in 1976, a Royko column criticized the Chicago Police Department for providing an around-the-clock guard for Frank Sinatra. Sinatra responded with a letter calling Royko a pimp, which Royko then published in his column, sinatras letter is now valued at $15,000. Like some other columnists, Royko created fictitious personae with whom he could converse, the most famous being Slats Grobnik, generally, the Slats Grobnik columns described two men discussing a current event in a Polish neighborhood bar. In 1973, Royko collected several of the Grobnik columns in a collection titled Slats Grobnik, another of Roykos characters was his pseudo-psychiatrist Dr. I. M. Kookie. Dr. Kookie, purportedly the founder of the Asylumism religion — according to which Earth was settled by a higher civilizations rejected insane people — satirized pop culture and pop psychology. Through his columns, Royko helped make his favorite bar, the Billy Goat Tavern, famous. Billy Goats reciprocated by sponsoring the Daily Newss 16-inch softball team, Roykos columns were syndicated country-wide in more than 600 newspapers
16.
John Ciardi
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John Anthony Ciardi was an American poet, translator, and etymologist. In 1959, Ciardi published a book on how to read, write, at the peak of his popularity in the early 1960s, Ciardi also had a network television program on CBS, Accent. Ciardis impact on poetry is perhaps best measured through the younger poets whom he influenced as a teacher, Ciardi was born at home in Bostons North End in 1916. His father, an Italian immigrant, died in an accident in 1919. In 1921, his family moved to Medford, Massachusetts, where he attended public schools and his family members saved enough money to send him to college. He entered Bates College in Lewiston, Maine, before transferring to Tufts University in Boston to study under poet John Holmes and he graduated from Tufts in 1938, and the following year completed his MA at the University of Michigan. UMich awarded him their Hopwood Prize for his Homeward to America and he was discharged in October 1945 with the rank of Technical Sergeant and with both the Air Medal and Oak Leaf Cluster. Ciardis war diary, Saipan, was published posthumously in 1988, after the war, Ciardi returned to UKC for the spring semester 1946, where he met and married Myra Judith Hostetter on July 28. John Ciardi was a resident of Metuchen, New Jersey. Ciardi had published his first book of poems, Homeward to America, in 1940, before the war and his third book, Live Another Day, came out in 1949. Ciardi had begun translating Dante for his classes at Harvard and continued with the work throughout his time there and his translation of The Inferno was published in 1954. The translation is used at universities. Ciardis translation of The Purgatorio followed in 1961 and The Paradiso in 1970, Ciardis version of The Inferno was recorded and released by Folkways Records in 1954. Two years later, Ciardi would have his work featured again on an album titled, As If, Poems, New and Selected and he was popular enough and interesting enough to warrant a pair of appearances in the early 1960s on The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson. He was the editor of the Saturday Review from 1956 to 1972. He wrote the 1959 poetry textbook How Does A Poem Mean, Ciardi was a fellow of the National Academy of Arts and Sciences and a member and former president of the National Institute of Arts and Letters. He was one of the signers of the Humanist Manifesto, the weekly three-minute spot on etymology was called Word In Your Ear. He also taught at the University of Florida, among 20th-century American men of letters, he maintained a notably high profile and level of popularity with the general public, as well as a reputation for considerable craftsmanship in his output
17.
John Kenneth Galbraith
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John Kenneth Ken Galbraith, OC was a Canadian-born economist, public official, and diplomat, and a leading proponent of 20th-century American liberalism. His books on economic topics were bestsellers from the 1950s through the 2000s, as an economist, he leaned toward Post-Keynesian economics from an institutionalist perspective. Galbraith was a long-time Harvard faculty member and stayed with Harvard University for half a century as a professor of economics and he was a prolific author and wrote four dozen books, including several novels, and published more than a thousand articles and essays on various subjects. Among his works was a trilogy on economics, American Capitalism, The Affluent Society, Galbraith was active in Democratic Party politics, serving in the administrations of Franklin D. Roosevelt, Harry S Truman, John F. Kennedy, and Lyndon B. Johnson. He served as United States Ambassador to India under the Kennedy administration and his political activism, literary output and outspokenness brought him wide fame during his lifetime. Galbraith was one of the few to both the Medal of Freedom and the Presidential Medal of Freedom for his public service and contributions to science. The government of France made him a Commandeur de la Légion dhonneur, Galbraith was born to Canadians of Scottish descent, Sarah Catherine Kendall and Archibald Archie Galbraith, in Iona Station, Ontario, Canada, and was raised in Dunwich Township, Ontario. He had three siblings, Alice, Catherine, and Archibald William, by the time he was a teenager, he had adopted the name Ken, and later disliked being called John. Galbraith grew to be a tall man, attaining a height of 6 feet 9 inches. His father was a farmer and school teacher, a homemaker and a community activist, his mother died when he was fourteen years old. The family farm was located on Thomson Line, both of his parents were supporters of the United Farmers of Ontario in the 1920s. His early years were spent at a school which is still standing. Later, he went to Dutton High School and St. Thomas High School, in 1931, Galbraith graduated with a Bachelor of Science in Agriculture from the Ontario Agricultural College, which was then an associate agricultural college of the University of Toronto. After graduation in 1934, he started to work as an instructor at Harvard University, Galbraith taught intermittently at Harvard in the period 1934 to 1939. From 1939 to 1940, he taught at Princeton University, in 1937, he became a United States citizen and was no longer a British subject. In the same year, he took a fellowship at the University of Cambridge, England. He then traveled in Europe for several months in 1938, attending an international economic conference and his public service started in the era of New Deal when he joined the United States Department of Agriculture. From 1943 until 1948, he served as an editor of Fortune magazine, in 1949, he was appointed professor of economics at Harvard
18.
The Andrews Sisters
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The Andrews Sisters were an American close harmony singing group of the swing and boogie-woogie eras. The group consisted of three sisters, contralto LaVerne Sophia, soprano Maxene Angelyn, and mezzo-soprano Patricia Marie Patty, throughout their long career, the sisters sold well over 75 million records. Their 1941 hit Boogie Woogie Bugle Boy can be considered an example of rhythm. The Andrews Sisters harmonies and songs are still today, and have been covered by entertainers such as Bette Midler, Christina Aguilera, Pentatonix. The group was inducted into the Vocal Group Hall of Fame in 1998, writing for Bloomberg, Mark Schoifet said the sisters became the most popular female vocal group of the first half of the 20th century. They are still widely acclaimed today for their famous close harmonies, the sisters were born to Peter Andreos and Olga, their father was Greek and their mother Norwegian-American of the Lutheran faith. Following the collapse of their fathers Minneapolis restaurant, the sisters went on the road to support the family and they started their career as imitators of an earlier successful singing group, the Boswell Sisters who were popular in the 1930s. They followed this success with a string of best-selling records over the two years and they became a household name by the 1940s. Instrumental to the success over the years were their parents, their orchestra leader and musical arranger, Vic Schoen, and Jack and David Kapp. During World War II they entertained the Allied forces extensively in America, Africa and Italy, visiting Army, Navy, Marine and Coast Guard bases, war zones, hospitals, and munitions factories. They encouraged U. S. citizens to war bonds with their rendition of Irving Berlins song Any Bonds Today. While touring, they often treated three random servicemen to dinner when they were dining out. I. An ad in the 1951 Radio Annual showed photos of the Andrews as children, as singers, and as old women in the then-future year of 1975, sadly. In the 1950s, Patty Andrews decided to break away from the act to be a soloist and she had married the trios pianist, Walter Weschler, who then became the groups manager and demanded more money for Patty. Patty attributed the breakup to the deaths of their parents, We had been nearly all our lives. Then in one year our dream world ended and our mother died and then our father. All three of us were upset, and we were at each others throats all the time, in 1951, they recorded The Windmill Song which is an adaptation of the French song Maître Pierre written in 1948 by Henri Betti and Jacques Plante. The English lyrics were written by Mitchell Parish, the Andrews Sisters formally broke up in 1953
19.
Hamilton Fish III
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Hamilton Fish III was a soldier and Republican politician from New York State. When Fish celebrated his 102nd birthday in 1990, he was the oldest living American who had served in Congress, Fish was born Hamilton Stuyvesant Fish in Garrison, Putnam County, New York to the former Republican U. S. Representative Hamilton Fish II and the former Emily Mann and his paternal grandfather, Hamilton Fish, was United States Secretary of State under the Republican President Ulysses S. Grant. The father of the first Hamilton Fish, Nicholas Fish, was an officer in the Continental Army and was appointed adjutant general of New York by Governor George Clinton. The wife of Nicholas Fish was Elizabeth Stuyvesant, a descendant of Peter Stuyvesant, through his mother, Emily Mann, Hamilton Fish III was also a descendant of Thomas Hooker, who settled Hartford, Connecticut in 1636. Fishs uncle Elias Mann was a judge and three-term mayor of Troy, john Kean and Susan Livingstons great-grandson, and thus a relative of Fish, was Thomas Kean, who was elected governor of New Jersey in 1982. A cousin of Hamilton Fish III was a sergeant in Company L of Theodore Roosevelts Rough Riders, at the age of ten, Hamilton Fish II had his sons name legally changed from Hamilton Stuyvesant Fish to just Hamilton Fish to honor his fallen cousin. Fish was married in 1921 to Grace Chapin Rogers, daughter of onetime Brooklyn Mayor Alfred C and their son, Hamilton Fish IV, was a thirteen-term U. S. Representative from New York, holding office from 1969 to 1995, the Fishes daughter Lillian Veronica Fish married David Whitmire Hearst, son of William Randolph Hearst. During his childhood, Fish attended Chateau de Lancy, a Swiss school near Geneva, which his father also attended in 1860, there and he spent summers with his family in Bavaria. He began his U. S. boarding school education at Fay School in Southborough, Massachusetts, marks School, a preparatory school also in Southborough. Fish later described himself as a B student but successful in different sports. Marks in 1906, Fish went on to attend Harvard University, there, he played on Harvards football team as a tackle and was a member of the Porcellian Club. Standing 6 feet 4 inches and weighing 200 pounds, Ham Fish was highly successful as a player, he was twice an All-America. He was the only Harvard man on Yale graduate Walter Camps All time All America team, after graduating from Harvard, Fish continued his involvement in football. He donated $5000 for several awards to Harvard football players, and organized the Harvard Law School football team, in 1909, aged twenty, Fish graduated early from Harvard with a cum laude degree in history and government. He declined an offer to teach history at Harvard and instead attended Harvard Law School and he left law school before graduating, and took a job in a New York City insurance office. Fish was a Progressive member of the New York State Assembly in 1914,1915 and 1916, prior to the United States entering the First World War, Fish was captain of Company K, 15th New York Infantry
20.
Virginia Foster Durr
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Virginia Foster Durr was an American and a white civil rights activist and lobbyist. She was born in Birmingham, Alabama in 1903 to Dr. Sterling Foster, an Alabama Presbyterian minister, at 22 she married lawyer Clifford Durr, with whom she had 5 children, one of whom died in infancy. Durr was a friend of Rosa Parks and Eleanor Roosevelt, and was sister-in-law to. Her circle of friends extended to Alger Hiss and she was inducted into the Alabama Womens Hall of Fame in 2006. Durr was born in Birmingham, Alabama, where she was raised by black women, one of her grandfathers had owned a plantation and slaves, while the other was a member of the Ku Klux Klan. Durr attended Wellesley College in Massachusetts from 1920 to 1923, Durr has explicitly acknowledged Wellesley as the catalyst of her moral transformation from a racist to civil rights activist. She came to question segregation after her experience with her college’s dining hall, the dining halls had a rotating tables policy that required students to eat meals with random students regardless of their race. This led to a new phrase, Virginia Durr Moment, which refers to an event that promotes the development of an individual. Durr was forced to withdraw from Wellesley College due to reasons in 1923 and returned home to Birmingham. After withdrawing from school in 1923, Virginia Durr returned home to Birmingham, Virginia Durr and Clifford Durr got married in April,1926, and had five children. Clifford married Virginia Foster Durr in hopes of her being a wife and great social figure while he became a very successful. While accepting the role of housewife, Virginia was bothered by the many workers and their families were in. Virginia and Clifford Durr gave legal, financial, and moral support to civil rights activists, eventually it was where they became New Dealers. It was in Washington where Virginia Durr’s activism began and she met important people through her husbands New Deal contacts, some of which changed her conservative views on civil matters. While her husband was working for the Reconstruction Finance Corporation, Durr joined the Womans National Democratic Club, in 1938, she was one of the founding members of the Southern Conference for Human Welfare, an interracial group working to reduce segregation and improve living conditions in the South. The group was formed in part as a response to Franklin Roosevelts proclamation that the South was the economic problem in the nation. By 1941, Durr became the president of the SCHWs civil rights subcommittee. Working together with First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt, she lobbied for legislation to abolish the poll tax and she worked jointly with liberal political leaders in order to gain the necessary support needed for legislation, which ultimately resulted in the passing of the Voting Rights Act of 1965
21.
W. Averell Harriman
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William Averell Harriman was an American Democratic politician, businessman, and diplomat. He was the son of railroad baron E. H. Harriman and he served as Secretary of Commerce under President Harry S. Truman and later as the 48th Governor of New York. He was a candidate for the Democratic presidential nomination in 1952, Harriman served President Franklin D. Roosevelt as special envoy to Europe and served as the U. S. Ambassador to the Soviet Union and U. S. Ambassador to Britain. He served in numerous U. S. diplomatic assignments in the Kennedy and he was a core member of the group of foreign policy elders known as The Wise Men. Better known as Averell Harriman, he was born in New York City and he was the brother of E. Roland Harriman and Mary Harriman Rumsey. Harriman was a friend of Hall Roosevelt, the brother of Eleanor Roosevelt. Hart Merriam, Grove Karl Gilbert, and Edward Curtis, along with 100 family members and staff, young Harriman would have his first introduction to Russia, a nation on which he would spend a significant amount of attention in his later life in public service. He attended Groton School in Massachusetts before going on to Yale where he joined the Skull, after graduating, he inherited the largest fortune in America and became Yales youngest Crew coach. Using money from his father he established W. A. Harriman & Co banking business in 1922, in 1927 his brother Roland joined the business and the name was changed to Harriman Brothers & Company. In 1931, it merged with Brown Bros. & Co. to create the highly successful Wall Street firm Brown Brothers Harriman & Co, notable employees included George Herbert Walker and his son-in-law Prescott Bush. Harrimans main properties included Brown Brothers & Harriman & Co, Union Pacific Railroad, Merchant Shipping Corporation, Harrimans associated properties included the Southern Pacific Railroad, Illinois Central Railroad, Wells Fargo & Co. the Pacific Mail Steamship Co. American Ship & Commerce, Hamburg-Amerikanische Packetfahrt-Aktiengesellschaft, the American Hawaiian Steamship Co, United American Lines, the Guaranty Trust Company, and the Union Banking Corporation. He served as Chairman of The Business Council, then known as the Business Advisory Council for the United States Department of Commerce in 1937 and 1939. Harrimans older sister, Mary Rumsey, encouraged Averell to leave his job and work with her and their friends. Averell joined the NRA National Recovery Administration, the first government consumer rights group, following the death of August Belmont, Jr. in 1924, Harriman, George Walker, and Joseph E. Widener purchased much of Belmonts thoroughbred breeding stock. Harriman raced under the name of Arden Farms, among his horses, Chance Play won the 1927 Jockey Club Gold Cup. He also raced in partnership with Walker under the name Log Cabin Stable before buying him out, racing Hall of Fame inductee Louis Feustel, trainer of Man o War, trained the Log Cabin horses until 1926. Of the partnerships successful runners purchased from the August Belmont estate, Harrimans banking business was the main Wall Street connection for German companies and the varied U. S. financial interests of Fritz Thyssen, who was a financial backer of the Nazi party until 1938
22.
Lowell Steward
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Lowell Steward was born in Los Angeles and was a member of the Tuskegee Airmen who flew missions during World War II. For his service, he received the Distinguished Flying Cross and other medals, as a member of the Tuskegee Airmen, he received the Congressional Gold Medal in 2007. After Steward graduated college and when Army Air Corps began allowing blacks to enlist and become pilots, according to Steward, the US Air Force brought together black men—specifically black athletes—from throughout the US to be trained at Tuskegee Institute. When they were deployed in Europe, they were initially ignored. Their mission was to fly aircraft to escort bombers. Once their reputation for providing air support for bombers became widely known. Steward describe how he became a Tuskegee Airman, When I left school to sign up for the air force, I was the only black on the basketball team. We had decided among ourselves that we would all go into the air force, when I went down to sign up, they didnt know what to do with me. Just told me they couldnt send me to the air force, ten months later I was finally called. Thats when they decided what they could do with me, I was sent to Tuskegee, an all-segregated base, deep in the heart of Alabama. After receiving segregated training at the Tuskegee Army Air Field, he was sent to Italy in 1944 with the 100th Fighter Squadron, from Capodichino Air Base in Naples, Italy he flew a number of missions in Bell P-39 Airacobras and Curtiss P-40 Warhawks. He was subsequently based in Ramitelli Airfield where he flew more missions in North American P-51 Mustangs. In total, he flew 143 missions, after the war and after his return to Los Angeles, he helped to organize the Los Angeles chapter of Tuskegee Airmen, Inc. and to found a scholarship foundation in the name of the Tuskegee Airmen. In 2007, Steward attended President George W. Bushs presentation of the Tuskegee Airmen with the Congressional Gold Medal, Steward was born in Los Angeles and was a childhood friend of Jackie Robinson. In 1937, he entered Santa Barbara State College where he would become the first black captain of the Gauchos team, in 1941, he led the Gauchos to the semifinals of the 1941 NAIA Mens Division I Basketball Tournament but was not allowed to play because he was black. Steward graduated from college in 1941 with a business degree and he met his wife Helen in Santa Barbara, California and married her in Los Angeles in 1943. They had one son and two daughters, in 1942, when United States Army Air Forces began to allow blacks enter and become pilots, Steward was allowed to enlist and he was sent to the Tuskegee Institute for training. After his military discharge in 1946, he returned to Los Angeles with his wife to buy a house, because of this, he went to real estate school and obtained a real estate license
23.
John Houseman
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He is perhaps best known for his role as Professor Charles W. Kingsfield in the film The Paper Chase, for which he won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor. He reprised his role as Kingsfield in the subsequent television series adaptation of The Paper Chase, Houseman was also known for his commercials for the brokerage firm Smith Barney. He had a distinctive Mid-Atlantic English accent, in common with many actors of his generation, Houseman was born in Bucharest, Romania, on September 22,1902, the son of May and Georges Haussmann, who ran a grain business. His mother was British, from a Christian family of Welsh and Irish descent and his father was an Alsatian-born Jew. He became a United States citizen in 1943, Houseman died at age 86 of spinal cancer on October 31,1988 at his home in Malibu, California. He also directed Lute Song, The Country Girl, and Don Juan in Hell, Houseman himself worked as a speculator in the international grain markets, only turning to the theater following the 1929 stock market crash. He received his first opportunity of any note in 1933 when composer Virgil Thomson recruited him to direct Four Saints in Three Acts, Welles consented and, after preliminary conversations, agreed to leave the play he was in after a single night to take the lead in Housemans production. Panic opened at the Imperial Theatre on March 15,1935, among the cast was Housemans ex-wife, Zita Johann, who had co-starred with Boris Karloff three years earlier in Universals The Mummy. In 1936, the Federal Theatre Project of the Works Progress Administration put unemployed theatre performers, the Negro Theatre Unit of the Federal Theatre Project was headed by Rose McClendon, a well-known black actress, and Houseman, a theatre producer. The incidental music was composed by Virgil Thomson, the play premiered at the Lafayette Theatre on April 14,1936, to enthusiastic reviews and remained sold out for each of its nightly performances. The play was regarded by critics and patrons as an enormous, if controversial, after 10 months with the Negro Theater Project, however, Houseman felt he was faced with the dilemma of risking his future. In 1936, the two were running a WPA unit in midtown Manhattan for classic productions called Project No.891 and their first production would be Christopher Marlowes Tragical History of Dr. Faustus which Welles directed, also playing the title role. In June 1937, Project No.891 would produce their most controversial work with The Cradle Will Rock, written by Marc Blitzstein the musical was about Larry Foreman, a worker in Steeltown, which is run by the boss, Mister Mister. The show was thought to have had left-wing and unionist sympathies, shortly before the show was to open, FTP officials in Washington announced that no productions would open until after July 1,1937, the beginning of the new fiscal year. In his memoir, Run-Through, Houseman wrote about the surrounding the opening night at the Maxine Elliott Theatre. All the performers had been enjoined not to perform on stage for the production when it opened on July 14,1937, the cast and crew left their government-owned theatre and walked 20 blocks to another theatre, with the audience following. No one knew what to expect, when they got there Blitzstein himself was at the piano, one of the non-professional performers, Olive Stanton, who played the part of Moll, the prostitute, stood up in the audience, and began singing her part. All the other performers, in turn, stood up for their parts, thus the oratorio version of the show was born
24.
Milton Caniff
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Milton Arthur Paul Milt Caniff was an American cartoonist famous for the Terry and the Pirates and Steve Canyon comic strips. Caniff was born in Hillsboro, Ohio and he was an Eagle Scout and a recipient of the Distinguished Eagle Scout Award from the Boy Scouts of America. Caniff did cartoons for local newspapers while studying at Stivers High School in Dayton Ohio, at Ohio State University, Caniff joined the Sigma Chi Fraternity and later illustrated for The Magazine of Sigma Chi and The Norman Shield. Graduating in 1930, Caniff began at the Columbus Dispatch where he worked with the noted cartoonists Billy Ireland and Dudley Fisher, but Caniffs position was eliminated during the Great Depression. Caniff related later that he had been uncertain of whether to pursue acting or cartooning as a career and he died on May 3,1988 and was buried in the Mount Repose Cemetery, Haverstraw, New York. In 1932, Caniff moved to New York City to accept an artist job with the Features Service of the Associated Press. Caniff continued Gilfeather until the spring of 1933, when it was retired in favor of a comedy panel cartoon called The Gay Thirties. In July 1933, Caniff began a fantasy strip, Dickie Dare, influenced by series such as Flash Gordon. The eponymous main character was a youth who dreamed himself into adventures with such literary and legendary persons as Robin Hood, Robinson Crusoe, in 1934, Caniff was hired by the New York Daily News to produce a new strip for the Chicago Tribune New York News Syndicate. The result was Terry and the Pirates, the strip which made Caniff famous, like Dickie Dare, Terry Lee began as a boy who is traveling with an adult mentor and adventurer, Pat Ryan. But over the years the character aged, and by World War II he was old enough to serve in the Army Air Force. During the 12 years that Caniff produced the strip, he introduced many fascinating characters, introduced during the early days of the strip was Terry and Pats interpreter and manservant Connie. They were later joined by the mute Chinese giant Big Stoop, both he and Connie provided the main source of comic relief. During the war, Caniff began a strip, a special version of Terry. Caniff donated all of his work on this strip to the armed forces—the strip was only in military newspapers. Another strip had her dancing with a man in civilian clothes, a disgruntled GI shoved and mocked him for having an easy life, Caniff continued Male Call until seven months after V-J Day, ending it in March 1946. In 1946 Caniff ended his association with Terry and the Pirates, while the strip was a major success, it was not owned by its creator but by its distributing syndicate, the Chicago Tribune-New York Daily News, a common practice with syndicated comics at the time. Caniff produced his last strip of Terry and the Pirates in December 1946, at the time, Caniff was one of only two or three syndicated cartoonists who owned their creations, and he attracted considerable publicity as a result of this circumstance
25.
Garson Kanin
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Garson Kanin was an American writer and director of plays and films. Garson Kanin began his business career as a jazz musician, burlesque comedian. He graduated from the American Academy of Dramatic Arts in New York City, in 1935, Kanin was cast in a George Abbott play and soon became Abbotts assistant. Kanin made his Broadway debut as a director in 1936, at the age of twenty-four, in 1945, Kanin directed Spencer Tracy in Tracys first play in 15 years. Tracy had been through a dark patch personally—culminating with a stay in hospital—and Katharine Hepburn felt that a play would help restore his focus, Tracy told a journalist in April, Im coming back to Broadway to see if I can still act. The play was The Rugged Path by Robert E. Sherwood, the Rugged Path was a difficult production, with Kanin later writing, In the ten days prior to the New York opening all the important relationships had deteriorated. Spencer was tense and unbending, could not, or would not, Tracy considered leaving the show before it even opened on Broadway, and lasted there just six weeks before announcing his intention to close the show. It closed on January 19,1946, after 81 performances, Tracy later explained to a friend, I couldnt say those goddamn lines over and over and over again every night. At least every day is a new day for me in films, but this thing—every day, every day, over and over again. Kanins 1946 play Born Yesterday, which he directed, ran for 1,642 performances. Kanin worked, uncredited, on the screenplay of the 1950 film adaptation and his other stage work includes directing The Diary of Anne Frank, which ran for 717 performances, and the musical Funny Girl, which ran for 1,348 performances. Kanin wrote and directed his last play, Peccadillo, in 1985 and his first film as a director was A Man to Remember, which The New York Times considered one of the ten best films of 1938. Kanin was twenty-six at the time, other directing credits include The Great Man Votes, My Favorite Wife, They Knew What They Wanted and Tom, Dick and Harry. Kanins Hollywood career was interrupted by the draft and he served in the United States Army from 1941 to 1945. During this time Kanin, with Carol Reed, co-directed General Dwight D. Eisenhowers official record of the Allied Invasion, during this time, he began writing what would become his greatest play, Born Yesterday. Kanins best-remembered screenplays, however, were written in collaboration with his wife, actress Ruth Gordon, together, they wrote the Spencer Tracy/Katharine Hepburn film comedies Adams Rib and Pat and Mike, as well as A Double Life, starring Ronald Colman, all directed by George Cukor. In the 1950s through the 1980s, Kanin adapted several of his stories and plays for television, most notably Mr. Broadway, kanins best-selling novel Smash, about the pre-Broadway tryout of a musical comedy, has recently been adapted into the television series Smash. He was a colleague of Thornton Wilder, who mentored him, Kanin said Id rather be Capra than God, if there is a Capra
26.
Bill Mauldin
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William Henry Bill Mauldin was an American editorial cartoonist who won two Pulitzer Prizes for his work. His cartoons were popular with soldiers throughout Europe, and with civilians in the United States as well, Mauldin was born in Mountain Park, New Mexico into a family with a tradition of military service. His father served as an artilleryman in World War I, after growing up there and in Phoenix, Arizona, Mauldin took courses at the Chicago Academy of Fine Arts under the tutoring of Ruth VanSickle Ford. While in Chicago, Mauldin met Will Lang Jr. and became fast friends with him, Lang Jr. later became a journalist and a bureau head for Life magazine. Mauldin entered the US Army in 1940 via the Arizona National Guard, while in the 45th Infantry Division, Mauldin volunteered to work for the units newspaper, drawing cartoons about regular soldiers or dogfaces. Eventually he created two cartoon infantrymen, Willie and Joe, who represented the average American GI. During July 1943, Mauldins cartoon work continued when, as a sergeant of the 45th Divisions press corps, he landed with the division in the invasion of Sicily and later in the Italian campaign. Mauldin began working for Stars and Stripes, the American soldiers newspaper, as well as the 45th Division News, until he was transferred to the Stars. By March 1944, he was given his own jeep, in which he roamed the front and he published six cartoons a week. His cartoons were viewed by soldiers throughout Europe during World War II, the War Office supported their syndication, not only because they helped publicize the ground forces but also to show the grim side of war, which helped show that victory would not be easy. While in Europe, Mauldin befriended a fellow soldier-cartoonist, Gregor Duncan, Mauldin was not without his detractors. His images—which often parodied the Armys spit-shine and obedience-to-orders-without-question policy—offended some officers, general Dwight Eisenhower, Pattons superior, told Patton to leave Mauldin alone, he felt the cartoons gave the soldiers an outlet for their frustrations. Stars and Stripes is the paper, he told him. In a 1989 interview, Mauldin said, I always admired Patton, oh, sure, the stupid bastard was crazy. He thought he was living in the Dark Ages, I didnt like that attitude, but I certainly respected his theories and the techniques he used to get his men out of their foxholes. Mauldins cartoons made him a hero to the common soldier, gIs often credited him with helping them to get through the rigors of the war. His credibility with the common soldier increased in September 1943, when he was wounded in the shoulder by a German mortar while visiting a machine gun crew near Monte Cassino, by the end of the war he received the Armys Legion of Merit for his cartoons. Mauldin wanted Willie and Joe to be killed on the last day of combat, the first civilian compilation of his work, Up Front, a collection of his cartoons interwoven with his observations of war, topped the best-seller list in 1945
27.
Richard Leacock
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Richard Leacock was a British-born documentary film director and one of the pioneers of Direct Cinema and Cinéma vérité. Leacock was born in London on 18 July 1921, the brother of film director. Leacock grew up on his fathers plantation in the Canary Islands until being sent to boarding schools in England at the age of eight. He took up photography with a plate camera, built a darkroom and developed his pictures. At age 11 he was shown a silent film Turk-Sib about the building of the Trans-Siberian Railway and he was stunned, and said to himself, All I need is a cine-camera and I can make a film that shows you what it is like to be there. At the age of 14 he wrote, directed, filmed and edited Canary Bananas, a film about growing bananas and he was educated at Dartington Hall School from 1934 to 1938, alongside Robert Flahertys daughters, and where David Lack taught biology. Three years as a photographer in Burma and China were followed by 14 months as cameraman on Robert Flahertys Louisiana Story. In the meantime, Leacock had married Eleanor Happy Burke in 1941, daughter of the world-famous literary critic, philosopher, and writer Kenneth Burke, she had studied at Radcliffe College, but graduated from Barnard in New York City. The Leacocks had four children together, Elspeth, Robert, David, after ethnographic fieldwork with the Innu of Labrador, Eleanor Leacock earned her doctorate in anthropology at Columbia University. Ten years later, after her marriage broke up, she went on to become a pioneering feminist anthropologist, in 1963 he married Marilyn Pedersen West, a painter, writer, and fashion model, who worked for social causes. In 1970 they separated, and remained separated until her death in 1980, many relatively conventional jobs followed, until 1954. He was then asked to make a reportage on a travelling tent theatre in Missouri, another new contact, Roger Tilton wanted to film an evening of people dancing to Dixieland music spontaneously. Leacock filmed Jazz Dance for him, using hand held camera techniques, Leacocks search for high quality, mobile, synchronous equipment to facilitate observation was ongoing. Leacock along with film maker Robert Drew came up with the method of separating the wire from the microphones. Leacock explains the problem with Louisiana story and pre-synchronized sound filmmakers, Like all documentary filmmakers and they couldnt deal with sync sound. Made them rigid… Except for the sequence, which was shot with sound. In 1958, the idea became obvious and we had to have a mobile quartz camera, and we had to have a mobile quartz tape recorder, and we couldnt have cables connecting them. Leacock took the design as in an accutron watch and put it in the camera
28.
Walter Rosenblum
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Walter A. Rosenblum was an American photographer. He photographed the World War II D-Day landing at Normandy in 1944 and he was the first Allied photographer to enter the liberated Dachau concentration camp. He received several decorations including a Purple Heart. His photography is on display in museums around the world, Rosenblum was born on October 1,1919 in New York City. Rosenblum was a member of the New York Photo League where he was mentored by Paul Strand and he became president of the League in 1941. He taught photography at Brooklyn College for 40 years and his wife is photographic historian Naomi Rosenblum. They have two daughters, Lisa and documentary filmmaker Nina, the J. Paul Getty Museum The Museum of Modern Art Lifetime achievement award - International Center of Photography
29.
Telford Taylor
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Taylor was born in Schenectady, New York, his parents were John Bellamy Taylor and Marcia Estabrook Jones. He attended Williams College in Massachusetts before enrolling at the Harvard Law School in 1928 and he subsequently worked for several government agencies, becoming the general counsel for the Federal Communications Commission in 1940. He was promoted to Lieutenant Colonel in 1943 and visited Bletchley Park in England, at the Nuremberg Trials, he initially served as an assistant to Chief Counsel Robert H. Jackson and in this function was the U. S. prosecutor in the High Command case. In these trials at Nuremberg,163 of the 200 defendants who were tried were found guilty in some or all of the charges of the indictments, in 1950, the United Nations codified the most important statements from these trials in the seven Nuremberg Principles. After the Nuremberg Trials, Taylor returned to life in the United States. He became increasingly concerned with Senator McCarthys activities, which he criticized strongly, eisenhower for not stopping McCarthys shameful abuse of Congressional investigatory power. He defended several victims of McCarthyism — alleged communists or perjurers — including labor leader Harry Bridges, in 1961 Taylor attended the Eichmann trial in Israel as a semi-official observer, and expressed concerns about the trial being held on a defective statute. Taylor became a professor at Columbia University in 1962, where he would be named Nash Professor of Law in 1974. In 1966, he was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts, Taylor was very critical of the conduct of U. S. troops in the Vietnam War, and in 1971 urged President Richard Nixon to set up a national commission to investigate the conflict. He strongly criticized the court-martial of Lt. William Calley, the officer of the U. S. troops involved in the My Lai massacre. Taylor published his views in a book entitled Nuremberg and Vietnam and he argued that by the standards employed at the Nuremberg Trials, U. S. conduct in Vietnam and Cambodia was equally criminal as that of the Nazis during World War II. For this reason, he favored prosecuting U. S. aviators who had participated in bombing missions over North Vietnam and his 1979 book, Munich, The Price of Peace, won the National Book Critics Circle Award for the best work of general nonfiction. In the 1980s, he extended his activities into sports. His 700-page 1992 memoir of the Nuremberg trials revealed how Nazi leader Hermann Göring had cheated the hangman by taking smuggled poison and he died in 1998 at the St. Lukes-Roosevelt Hospital in Manhattan after having suffered a stroke. He was survived by his second wife Toby Golick and six children, Joan, Ellen, John, Ursula, Ben, here is the list of his decorations, Sword and Swastika, Generals and Nazis in the Third Reich, Simon & Schuster 1952, reprinted 1980. ISBN 0-8446-0934-X Grand Inquest, The Story of Congressional Investigations, Simon & Schuster 1955, ISBN 0-306-70620-2 The March of Conquest, The German Victories in Western Europe,1940, Simon & Schuster 1958, reprinted 1991. ISBN 0-88184-447-0 The Anatomy of the Nuremberg Trials, A Personal Memoir, Knopf 1992, ISBN 0-394-58355-8 Main sources, The obituary from the New York Times, telford Taylor, Pioneer of International Criminal Law, Columbia Journal of Transnational Law,37,1999. Telford Taylor from the Cardozo School of Law at the Yeshiva University, a short biography from Columbia University
30.
Arno J. Mayer
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Mayer was born in 1926 into a Jewish family that fled to the United States during the Nazi invasion of Luxembourg in May 1940. He became a naturalized United States citizen in 1944, that year he was drafted into the United States Army. He eventually became an officer for high-ranking German prisoners of war. He received his education at the City College of New York and he has been professor at Wesleyan University, Brandeis University and Harvard University. He has taught at Princeton University since 1961, a self-proclaimed left dissident Marxist, Mayers major interests are in modernization theory and what he calls The Thirty Years Crisis between 1914 and 1945. Mayer posits that Europe was characterized in the 19th century by a modernization in the economic field by industrialization and retardation in the political field. He has argued that what he refers to as The Thirty Years Crisis was caused by the problems of a new society produced by industrialization facing a rigid political order. In a 1967 essay The Primacy of Domestic Politics, Mayer made a Primat der Innenpolitik argument for the origins of World War I and he sees the United States diplomacy at Versailles as an attempt to establish a new, but counter-revolutionary style of diplomacy against revolutionary Soviet diplomacy. In Mayers view, the greatest failure of the Treaty of Versailles was that it was a triumph for the Old Diplomacy with a thin New Diplomacy veneer. According to Mayer, the irrational fears generated by the Russian Revolution led to a system designed to contain the Soviet Union. A major influence on Mayer is the British historian E. H. Carr, in 1961, Mayer played a key role in the American publication of Carrs book What Is History. Many of Mayers writings on international affairs in the interwar era take as their starting point Carrs 1939 book The Twenty Years Crisis. In his 1981 book, The Persistence of the Old Regime, in Mayers view, It would take two world wars and the Holocaust finally to dislodge the feudal and aristocratic presumption from Europes civil and political societies. In his 1988 book Why Did the Heavens Not Darken, in Mayers opinion, the Judeocide was the horrific climax of the Thirty Years Crisis that had been raging in Europe since 1914. The book views the Holocaust as primarily an expression of anti-communism, Anti-Semitism did not play a decisive or even significant role in the growth of the Nazi movement, the appeals of Nazism were many and complex. Mayer stated that one purpose of his in writing Why Did the Heavens Not Darken. was to put an end to a cult of remembrance that, Mayer has often accused Israel of exploiting the memory of the Holocaust to further its foreign policy objectives. In his opinion, Hitlers war was first and foremost against the Soviets, according to Mayer, the original German plan was to defeat the Soviet Union, and then to deport all the Soviet Jews to a reservation behind the Urals. In regards to the functionalist-intentionalist divide that once pervaded Holocaust historiography, Mayer argues that there was no masterplan for genocide, and that the Holocaust cannot be explained solely in regards to Hitlers world view
31.
Milton Wolff
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Milton Milt Wolff was an American veteran of the Spanish Civil War, the last commander of the Lincoln Battalion of XV International Brigade, and a prominent communist. He was born into a working class Jewish immigrant family in Brooklyn and his parents originally came from Lithuania and Hungary. He was also a member of the Civilian Conservation Corps during the Great Depression and he became active in the Young Communist League on returning to Brooklyn after the CCC. It was there that he volunteered to go to Spain to fight fascism, in early 1937, Wolff set off to join the International Brigades in Spain, reaching Albacete by March. As a pacifist, a common in the 1930s, he originally wished to be a medic. However, after the International Brigades heavy losses at the Battle of Jarama, he became a soldier instead and he detested elegant uniforms, customarily wearing baggy trousers, a stained leather jacket and, in wet weather, a woolly poncho. After a years fighting in Brunete, Belchite and Teruel, the Brigade lost two officers, David Doran and Robert Hale Merriman at the Gandesa battle on the Aragon front. After which, in March 1938, Wolff became the battalion commander and he led the now Lincoln-Washington Battalion during the Battle of the Ebro and left Spain in November 1938 when the International Brigades were demobilized. Ernest Hemingway described him during this period.23 years old, tall as Lincoln, gaunt as Lincoln and he is alive and unhit by the same hazard that leaves one tall palm tree standing where a hurricane has passed. In 1940, Wolff volunteered for the British Special Operations Executive, after the United States entry into World War II, Wolff volunteered for the infantry in June 1942. He saw action at the end of 1943 in Burma, there, General Wild Bill Donovan met him and assigned him to the O. S. S. to work with anti-fascist partisans in occupied Italy. Wolff appeared before the House Un-American Activities Committee to defend VALB from being banned as a Communist front organization. His explanation for his actions owed to his ancestry, I am Jewish, Wolff also battled fiercely for civil rights and against the Vietnam War. He even offered the services of the veterans of the Lincoln Brigade to the North Vietnamese leader, Ho Chi Minh. Later, Wolff campaigned against apartheid in South Africa, and raised money for ambulances in Sandinista-ruled Nicaragua in the 1980s, Wolff married and had two children. His family resided primarily in Stony Brook, New York and he supported his family as a pharmaceutical salesman, which required that he live in New York City mid-week and with the family on the weekends. Eventually this marriage ended in divorce, while Wolff was in California, he looked up a comrade of his from Spain, a fellow New Yorker. Her sister had died years before, and for reasons of political prejudice and identity and she was an artist who owned a dress shop in Carmel
32.
George Benedict Zabelka
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Zabelka, a Catholic chaplain with the U. S. Army Air Force, was stationed on Tinian Island in the South Pacific in 1945, where he was assigned to 509th Composite Group. This is the unit of the crews of Enola Gay and Bockscar and his duties included saying Mass on Sunday and during the week, hearing confessions, talking with the soldiers, and other typical duties of a wartime chaplain. Zabelka was also very much a soldier and once received a reprimand for “excessive zeal. ”He left the military with the rank of lieutenant colonel. Then in 1973 he went on a retreat with priests of his diocese that focused on the issue. About December 1975, he did what he called “an about face”, but his conversion may have started just months after the dropping of the atomic bombs as he says, Three of us chaplains took a trip to Nagasaki to see the bombing. There were no restrictions of any kind, so we went to the nearest place where there were still the survivors. And this I think is what really got me started on even a beginning of a new way of thinking on this, because, here were little children that were horribly burned and suffering and dying. By that time there were nurses and doctors taking care of them, but this was the beginning of a whole new kind of worm squirming in my stomach that something was wrong. These little children had nothing to do with the war and this quote can be found between 25,40 and 26,17 of The Reluctant Prophet DVD. George Benedict Zabelka, the Catholic Chaplain for the 509th Composite Group and his parents, John J. and Katarina Zabelka, were Moravian Catholics who immigrated to the United States before the First World War, from Austria where his father served in the army. George Zabelka was raised on a farm and attended elementary school in a one-room schoolhouse in St. John’s. Upon graduation from school, he entered the Sacred Heart Minor Seminary of the Catholic Archdiocese of Detroit. He completed his school education there, and matriculated to Mount St. Mary’s Catholic Seminary in Cincinnati, Ohio. He was ordained a Roman Catholic priest on June 7,1941 by the Catholic Bishop of the Diocese of Lansing, Michigan and he celebrated his first Mass at St. Joseph’s Church in St. John’s Michigan. His first pastoral assignment was as assistant pastor to Rev. John Blasko at Sacred Heart Parish in Flint and he remained in that position until December 1943. In December 1943, Rev. Zabelka joined the United States Army Air Corps Chaplaincy, attending Chaplaincy School at Harvard University in Cambridge and he served first as a chaplain at Wright Field, a United States Army Air Corps airfield in Riverside, Ohio. His persistent request for combat chaplaincy service eventually resulted in his being assigned to the 309th General Hospital Unit on Tinian Island in the Marianas in 1945. The 509th Composite Group, which included the atomic bomb crews, the 509th had a Protestant chaplain but no Catholic chaplain
33.
The New York Times
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The New York Times is an American daily newspaper, founded and continuously published in New York City since September 18,1851, by The New York Times Company. The New York Times has won 119 Pulitzer Prizes, more than any other newspaper, the papers print version in 2013 had the second-largest circulation, behind The Wall Street Journal, and the largest circulation among the metropolitan newspapers in the US. The New York Times is ranked 18th in the world by circulation, following industry trends, its weekday circulation had fallen in 2009 to fewer than one million. Nicknamed The Gray Lady, The New York Times has long been regarded within the industry as a newspaper of record. The New York Times international version, formerly the International Herald Tribune, is now called the New York Times International Edition, the papers motto, All the News Thats Fit to Print, appears in the upper left-hand corner of the front page. On Sunday, The New York Times is supplemented by the Sunday Review, The New York Times Book Review, The New York Times Magazine and T, some other early investors of the company were Edwin B. Morgan and Edward B. We do not believe that everything in Society is either right or exactly wrong, —what is good we desire to preserve and improve, —what is evil, to exterminate. In 1852, the started a western division, The Times of California that arrived whenever a mail boat got to California. However, when local California newspapers came into prominence, the effort failed, the newspaper shortened its name to The New-York Times in 1857. It dropped the hyphen in the city name in the 1890s, One of the earliest public controversies it was involved with was the Mortara Affair, the subject of twenty editorials it published alone. At Newspaper Row, across from City Hall, Henry Raymond, owner and editor of The New York Times, averted the rioters with Gatling guns, in 1869, Raymond died, and George Jones took over as publisher. Tweed offered The New York Times five million dollars to not publish the story, in the 1880s, The New York Times transitioned gradually from editorially supporting Republican Party candidates to becoming more politically independent and analytical. In 1884, the paper supported Democrat Grover Cleveland in his first presidential campaign, while this move cost The New York Times readership among its more progressive and Republican readers, the paper eventually regained most of its lost ground within a few years. However, the newspaper was financially crippled by the Panic of 1893, the paper slowly acquired a reputation for even-handedness and accurate modern reporting, especially by the 1890s under the guidance of Ochs. Under Ochs guidance, continuing and expanding upon the Henry Raymond tradition, The New York Times achieved international scope, circulation, in 1910, the first air delivery of The New York Times to Philadelphia began. The New York Times first trans-Atlantic delivery by air to London occurred in 1919 by dirigible, airplane Edition was sent by plane to Chicago so it could be in the hands of Republican convention delegates by evening. In the 1940s, the extended its breadth and reach. The crossword began appearing regularly in 1942, and the section in 1946
34.
Kirkus Reviews
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Kirkus Reviews is an American book review magazine founded in 1933 by Virginia Kirkus. The magazine is headquartered in New York City, Kirkus Reviews, published on the first and 15th of each month, previews books prior to their publication. Kirkus reviews over 7,000 titles per year, in 2014, Kirkus Reviews started the Kirkus Prize. It is one of the richest literary awards in the world, bestowing $50,000 prizes annually to authors of fiction, nonfiction, Kirkus operates a number of additional services, including Kirkus Editorial, Kirkus Indie, and Kirkus Marketing. And, Motoko reported, Authors seemed to have a relationship with Kirkus. Not surprisingly, it had to do with what the reviewers said about their books, one book reviewed in the Kirkus Indie is chosen to be included in the bi-weekly magazine and one is included in the weekly email newsletter. Virginia Kirkus was hired by Harper & Brothers to establish a book department in 1926. The department was eliminated as a measure in 1932, so Kirkus left. Initially, she arranged to get galley proofs of 20 or so books in advance of their publication, almost 80 years later and it was sold to The New York Review of Books in 1970 and later sold by the Review to Barbara Bader and Josh Rubins. In 1985, magazine consultant James B, david LeBreton bought Kirkus from Kobak in 1993. BPI Communications, owned by Dutch publisher VNU, bought Kirkus from LeBreton in 1999, at the end of 2009, the company announced the end of operations for Kirkus. The journal was purchased from VNU on February 10,2010 by businessman Herbert Simon and it was thereafter renamed Kirkus Media, and book industry veteran Marc Winkelman was made publisher. Official website Kirkus Service at Library of Congress Authorities, with 4 catalog records Virginia Kirkus at Library of Congress Authorities, with 7 catalog records
35.
1985 Pulitzer Prize
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The following are the Pulitzer Prizes for 1985. Public Service, The Fort Worth Star-Telegram, For reporting by Mark J. Thompson which revealed that nearly 250 U. S, general News Reporting, Thomas Turcol of The Virginian-Pilot and The Ledger-Star, for City Hall coverage which exposed the corruption of a local economic development official. Explanatory Journalism, Jon Franklin of The Baltimore Evening Sun, for his seven-part series The Mind Fixers, national reporting, Thomas J. Knudson of the Des Moines Register, for his series of articles that examined the dangers of farming as an occupation. International Reporting, Joshua Friedman and Dennis Bell, reporters, and Ozier Muhammad, for their series on the plight of the hungry in Africa. Feature Writing, Alice Steinbach of The Baltimore Sun, for her account of a blind boys world, commentary, Murray Kempton of Newsday, for witty and insightful reflection on public issues in 1984 and throughout a distinguished career. Criticism, Howard Rosenberg of the Los Angeles Times, for his television criticism, editorial Writing, Richard Aregood of the Philadelphia Daily News, for his editorials on a variety of subjects. Editorial Cartooning, Jeff MacNelly of the Chicago Tribune, spot News Photography, Photography Staff of Register, for their exceptional coverage of the Olympic games. Price of The Philadelphia Inquirer, for his series of photographs from Angola, feature Photography, Stan Grossfeld of The Boston Globe, for his series of photographs of the famine in Ethiopia and for his pictures of illegal aliens on the Mexican border. Special Awards and Citations - Music, William Schuman, a citation to William Schuman for more than half a century of contribution to American music as composer
36.
Max Brooks
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Maximillian Michael Brooks is an American horror author and screenwriter, as well as a television and voice-over actor. He is the son of comedy filmmaker Mel Brooks and actress Anne Bancroft, much of Brookss writing focuses on zombie stories. Max Brooks was born in New York City, the son of actress Anne Bancroft and director, producer, writer and his father is Jewish and his mother was of Italian descent. Brooks is dyslexic and attended Crossroads School in Santa Monica, California and he studied at Pitzer College in Claremont, California, where he earned a bachelors degree in history. He spent a semester at the University of the Virgin Islands and he graduated from American University in Washington, D. C. in 1994. From 2001 to 2003, Brooks was a member of the team at Saturday Night Live. His first book, The Zombie Survival Guide, published by Three Rivers Press, describes in depth the origin, the book was followed up by The Zombie Survival Guide, Recorded Attacks, a graphic novel depicting several of the events detailed in the first books latter section. In 2006, Brooks followed with World War Z, An Oral History of the Zombie War, paramount Pictures acquired the movie rights, and Brad Pitts production company, Plan B Entertainment, produced the film. In 2013, Cemetery Dance published a new limited Edition of the World War Z novel, jeremy Caniglia created all new artwork for this special release to coincide with the film release. Brooks wrote the introduction for the collected edition of Dynamite Entertainments zombie miniseries Raise the Dead. The New Dead, an anthology of previously unpublished zombie stories edited by Christopher Golden, contains an additional World War Z story titled Closure, in 2010, Brooks wrote the IDW comic book mini-series G. I. In 2011, he wrote the foreword for Everything You Ever Wanted to Know About Zombies, in 2012, he published Closure, Limited, featuring the story of that name from The New Dead, along with three other short stories set in the World War Z universe. Sony Pictures has purchased the rights to create a version of the novel, with Caleeb Pinkett. In 2016, Brooks was invited to Minecon 2016 and announced that he was working on a new novel on Minecraft, Brooks has a number of other creative credits. As an actor, he has seen in Roseanne, To Be or Not to Be, Pacific Blue. He also has a career voicing animation, his voice has featured in the animated shows Batman Beyond, Buzz Lightyear of Star Command, Justice League and All Dogs Go to Heaven. During the start of the 3rd season of Lost Tapes, he was cast as himself in the zombie episode and he also appeared on the Discovery Channels Sons of Guns in a zombie gun build off. Brooks has been married to playwright Michelle Kholos since 2003 and they have one son, Henry Michael Brooks, and live in Venice, California
37.
World War Z
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World War Z, An Oral History of the Zombie War is an apocalyptic horror novel by Max Brooks. The novel is a collection of individual accounts narrated by an agent of the United Nations Postwar Commission, other passages record a decade-long desperate struggle, as experienced by people of various nationalities. The personal accounts also describe the social, political, religious. World War Z is a follow-up to Brooks survival manual, The Zombie Survival Guide and it was inspired by The Good War, An Oral History of World War Two by Studs Terkel, and by the zombie films of George A. Romero. Brooks used World War Z to comment on government ineptitude and American isolationism, while also examining survivalism, the novel was a commercial hit and was praised by most critics. Its audiobook version, performed by a full cast including Alan Alda, Mark Hamill, a film with the same name as the novel, directed by Marc Forster and starring Brad Pitt, was released in 2013. The story is told in the form of a series of interviews conducted by the narrator, Max Brooks, although the exact origin of the plague is unknown, a young boy from a village in China is identified as the plagues official patient zero. The boys case marks the point where the Chinese government begins to take measures to cover up the disease, nevertheless, the plague still manages to spread to various nations by human trafficking, refugees and the black market organ trade. Initially, these nations were able to cover up their smaller outbreaks, as the infection spreads, Israel abandons the Palestinian territories and initiates a nationwide quarantine, closing its borders to everyone except uninfected Jews and Palestinians. Its military then puts down an uprising, which is later referred to as an Israeli civil war. The United States does little to prepare because it is overconfident in its ability to any threat. As many more areas around the fall to infection, a period known as the Great Panic begins. Pakistan and Iran destroy each other in a war, after the Iranian government attempts to stem the flow of refugees fleeing through Pakistan into Iran. After zombies overrun New York City, the U. S. military sets up a defense in the nearby city of Yonkers. The unprepared and demoralized soldiers are routed on live television, other countries suffer similarly disastrous defeats, and human civilization teeters on the brink of destruction. In South Africa, the government adopts a contingency plan drafted by apartheid-era intelligence consultant Paul Redeker, governments worldwide assume similar plans or relocate the populace to safer foreign territory, such as the attempted complete evacuation of the Japanese archipelago to Kamchatka. Because zombies freeze solid in severe cold, many civilians in North America flee to the wildernesses of northern Canada and the Arctic, where eleven million people die of starvation and hypothermia. It is implied that some turn to cannibalism to survive, further interviews from other sources imply that cannibalism occurred in areas of the United States where food shortages occurred
