1.
Denzel Washington
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Denzel Hayes Washington Jr. is an American actor, director, and producer. Tolson in The Great Debaters, and drug kingpin Frank Lucas in American Gangster and he has been a featured actor in the films produced by Jerry Bruckheimer and has been a frequent collaborator of directors Spike Lee, Antoine Fuqua and Tony Scott. In 2016, Washington was selected as the recipient for the Cecil B, deMille Lifetime Achievement Award at the 73rd Golden Globe Awards. In 2002, Washington made his debut with biographical film Antwone Fisher. His second directorial effort was The Great Debaters, released in 2007, Washingtons third directorial effort, Fences, starring himself and Viola Davis, was released on December 16,2016. Washington was born in Mount Vernon, New York and his mother, Lennis Lynne, was a beauty parlor owner and operator born in Georgia and partly raised in Harlem. Washington attended Pennington-Grimes Elementary School in Mount Vernon until 1968, when he was 14, his parents divorced, and his mother sent him to a private preparatory school, Oakland Military Academy in New Windsor, New York. That decision changed my life, Washington later said, because I wouldnt have survived in the direction I was going, the guys I was hanging out with at the time, my running buddies, have now done maybe 40 years combined in the penitentiary. They were nice guys, but the streets got them, after Oakland, Washington next attended Mainland High School, a public high school in Daytona Beach, Florida, from 1970 to 1971. He was interested in attending Texas Tech University, I grew up in the Boys Club in Mount Vernon, so when I was in high school, I wanted to go to Texas Tech in Lubbock just because they were called the Red Raiders and their uniforms looked like ours. Washington earned a B. A. in Drama and Journalism from Fordham University in 1977, at Fordham, he played collegiate basketball as a guard under coach P. J. Carlesimo. After a period of indecision on which major to study and taking a semester off, Washington worked as creative director at an overnight summer camp, Camp Sloane YMCA in Lakeville. He participated in a talent show for the campers and a colleague suggested he try acting. He then attended school at the American Conservatory Theater in San Francisco. Washington spent the summer of 1976 in St, shortly after graduating from Fordham, Washington made his screen acting debut in the 1977 made-for-television film Wilma, and his first Hollywood appearance in the 1981 film Carbon Copy. A major career break came when Washington starred as Dr. Phillip Chandler in NBCs television hospital drama St. Elsewhere and he was one of only a few African-American actors to appear on the series for its entire six-year run. He also appeared in television, motion picture and stage roles, such as the films A Soldiers Story, Hard Lessons. In 1989, Washington won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his portrayal of a defiant, in 1990, Washington starred as Bleek Gilliam in the Spike Lee film Mo Better Blues
2.
Joe Roth
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Joseph E. Joe Roth is an American film executive, producer and film director. He co-founded Morgan Creek Productions in 1987 and was chairman of 20th Century Fox, Caravan Pictures, Roth was born in New York City, the son of Lawrence Roth, a foreman at a plastics plant, and Frances Roth. In 1959, Roths father volunteered his son to be a plaintiff in the ACLUs effort to abolish mandatory prayer in public schools, the case, filed in New York, wound its way through the system, finally reaching the U. S. Supreme Court in 1962. The Court ruled that such prayer was unconstitutional under the First Amendment, Roth attended Boston University, graduating in 1970 with a bachelors degree in communication. Over the course of his career, he has produced over 40 films, Roth, who was ranked 6th in Premiere Magazines 2003 Hollywood Power List, produced the 76th annual Academy Awards. Roth announced that in October 2007, when Revolutions distribution deal with Sony Pictures ends, Revolution Studios will close, on November 13,2007, Roth was introduced as the majority owner of a Seattle, Washington–based Major League Soccer franchise along with Paul Allen. Seattle Sounders FC—which calls CenturyLink Field home—began regular season play in 2009, on November 12,2015, Roth passed on majority ownership to Adrian Hanauer. He is married to Donna Arkoff whose father was movie producer Samuel Z. Arkoff and they reside in a mansion designed by architect Douglas Honnold for Irish production designer Cedric Gibbons and Mexican actress Dolores Del Rio in 1929 in Los Angeles, California. Joe Roth at the Internet Movie Database
3.
Oprah Winfrey
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Orpah Gail Winfrey, better known as Oprah Winfrey, is an American media proprietor, talk show host, actress, producer, and philanthropist. She is best known for her talk show The Oprah Winfrey Show, several assessments rank her as the most influential woman in the world. In 2013, she was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President Barack Obama and honorary degrees from Duke. Winfrey was born into poverty in rural Mississippi to a single mother and later raised in an inner-city Milwaukee neighborhood. She has stated that she was molested during her childhood and early teens and became pregnant at 14, her son died in infancy. Sent to live with the man she calls her father, a barber in Tennessee, Winfrey landed a job in radio while still in high school, by the mid-1990s, she had reinvented her show with a focus on literature, self-improvement, and spirituality. From 2006 to 2008, her endorsement of Obama, by one estimate, Winfrey was named Orpah on her birth certificate after the biblical figure in the Book of Ruth, but people mispronounced it regularly and Oprah stuck. Winfrey was born in Kosciusko, Mississippi, to a teenage mother. She later said that her conception was due to a sexual encounter. Her mother, Vernita Lee, was a housemaid, Winfreys biological father is usually noted as Vernon Winfrey, a coal miner turned barber turned city councilman who had been in the Armed Forces when she was born. However, Mississippi farmer and World War II veteran Noah Robinson, a genetic test in 2006 determined that her matrilineal line originated among the Kpelle ethnic group, in the area that today is Liberia. Her genetic makeup was determined to be 89% Sub-Saharan African, 8% Native American, however, the East Asian may, given the imprecision of genetic testing, actually be Native American markers. Her grandmother taught her to read before the age of three and took her to the church, where she was nicknamed The Preacher for her ability to recite Bible verses. When Winfrey was a child, her grandmother would hit her with a stick when she did not do chores or if she misbehaved in any way. Around this time, Lee had given birth to daughter, Winfreys younger half-sister. By 1962, Lee was having difficulty raising both daughters so Winfrey was temporarily sent to live with Vernon in Nashville, Tennessee, while Winfrey was in Nashville, Lee gave birth to a third daughter who was put up for adoption and later also named Patricia. Winfrey did not learn she had a second half-sister until 2010, by the time Winfrey moved back in with Lee, Lee had also given birth to a boy named Jeffrey, Winfreys half-brother, who died of AIDS-related causes in 1989. When Winfrey discussed the alleged abuse with family members at age 24, Winfrey once commented that she had chosen not to be a mother because she had not been mothered well
4.
Forest Whitaker
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Forest Steven Whitaker III is an American actor, producer, and director. According to DNA tests, his father was of Igbo descent, when Whitaker was four, his family moved to Carson, California. Whitaker has two brothers, Kenn Whitaker, an actor, and Damon, and an older sister. Whitakers first role as an actor was the lead in Dylan Thomas play Under Milk Wood, Whitaker attended California State Polytechnic University, Pomona on a football scholarship, but a back injury made him change his major to music. He toured England with the Cal Poly Chamber Singers in 1980, while still at Cal Poly, he briefly changed his major to drama. He was accepted to the Music Conservatory at the University of Southern California to study opera as a tenor and he graduated from USC in 1982. He also earned a scholarship to the Berkeley, California branch of the Drama Studio London, Whitaker was pursuing a degree in The Core of Conflict, Studies in Peace and Reconciliation at New York Universitys Gallatin School of Individualized Study in 2004. In 1986, he appeared in Martin Scorseses The Color of Money, the following year, he co-starred in the comedy Good Morning, Vietnam. In 1988, Whitaker appeared in the film Bloodsport and had his first lead role starring as musician Charlie Bird Parker in Clint Eastwoods Bird. To prepare himself for the part, he sequestered himself in a loft with only a bed, couch and his performance, which has been called transcendent, earned him the Best Actor award at the 1988 Cannes Film Festival and a Golden Globe nomination. Whitaker continued to work with a number of directors throughout the 1990s. He starred in the 1990 film Downtown and was cast in the role of Jody. Todd McCarthy of Variety described Whitakers performance as big-hearted, hugely emotional, in 1994, he was a member of the cast that won the first ever National Board of Review Award for Best Acting by an Ensemble for Robert Altmans film, Prêt-à-Porter. He gave an emotional performance in Wayne Wang and Paul Austers 1995 film. Whitaker played a serene, pigeon-raising, bushido-following, mob hit man in Ghost Dog, The Way of the Samurai, many consider this to have been a definitive role for Whitaker. In a manner similar to his preparation for Bird, he immersed himself in his characters world—he studied Eastern philosophy. Whitaker next appeared in what has called one of the worst films ever made. The film was criticized as a notorious commercial and critical disaster
5.
Nate Parker
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In college, Parker was accused and acquitted of the rape of a fellow student, during the trial for this case, he was accused by another woman of indecently exposing himself to her. These incidents became a prominent media story in 2016, during the publicity for The Birth of a Nation, Parker was born in Norfolk, Virginia, to Carolyn Whitfield, a 17-year-old single mother. Although Parkers mother did not marry his father, Parker had a relationship with his father until his father died from cancer when Parker was eleven. Parkers mothers first husband gave Parker his surname, after a divorce, Parkers mother then married her second husband, Walter Whitford, who was in the United States Air Force and was stationed in Bath, Maine. At the age of 14, after problems at home with his stepfather, Parker moved to Virginia Beach, Virginia, to live with his maternal uncle, Combs, a former wrestler, encouraged Parker to join the wrestling team at Princess Anne High School. He then attended Churchland High School and continued on their wrestling team, Parker placed third in the Virginia High School League state wrestling championships as a junior while attending Churchland High School. Parkers mother moved to the Great Bridge High School district so Parker could participate in its wrestling program. Parker earned a scholarship to wrestle at Penn State University. At Penn State, Parker was nationally ranked as a freshman, after transferring to the University of Oklahoma, Parker continued to be ranked as a redshirt junior 141-pound wrestler. In 2002, Parker placed fifth at the National Collegiate Athletic Association wrestling championships, following his fifth-place finish, he was ranked second nationally as a redshirt senior. Parker was discovered while attending an event in Dallas with a model friend, Los Angeles talent manager Jon Simmons noticed Parker, had him audition, put himself on tape, then encouraged Parker to move to Los Angeles where he gradually found work as an actor. In 2006, Parker played the lead in Rome & Jewel. Parkers title character, who is supposed to be the modern day Romeo, was a Compton youth with both tenderness and toughness, despite a troubled script, Parkers rap performance earned comparisons to Will Smith from Nathan Lee of The New York Times. In 2007, he had a role in Pride, about an African American swim team. Parker was tasked with depicting the visual expectations of a proficiency that was new to him. In 2007, Parker played the role of Henry Lowe in the Denzel Washington-directed film, the character was based on the real-life debater, Henry Heights from Wiley College. Parker attended a boot camp to make his performance more authentic. Stephen Holden of The New York Times described Parkers portrayal as having depicted a handsome, while John Clark of the New York Daily News described the role as that of a silver-tongued orator and ladies man
6.
James Newton Howard
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James Newton Howard is an American composer, conductor, music producer and musician. He has scored over 100 films and is the recipient of a Grammy Award, Emmy Award, and eight Academy Award nominations. He has collaborated with directors M. Night Shyamalan, having scored nine of his films since The Sixth Sense, James Newton Howard was born in Los Angeles. He came from a family, his grandmother was the Pittsburgh Symphonys concertmaster. Howard began studying music as a child, taking piano lessons at the age of four. He went on to attend the Thacher School in Ojai, California, after Howard left college, he joined a short-lived rock band, then worked for a couple of years as a session musician with artists including Diana Ross, Ringo Starr, and Harry Nilsson. In the early 70s, he described himself as being dirt poor and he joined Eltons band and toured with them as keyboardist during the late 70s and early 80s. He was part of the band that played Central Park, New York, in 1982, Howard was featured on Toto IV as the strings conductor and orchestrator for I Wont Hold You Back, Afraid of Love, and Lovers in the Night. A year later, he released the live album James Newton Howard and Friends, which featured Totos David Paich, Steve Porcaro, Jeff Porcaro, in 1983, Howard was co-producer, musician, and orchestrator of Riccardo Cocciantes album Sincerità. After briefly touring with Crosby, Stills and Nash, he took an opportunity brought to him by his manager to write a score for a small-time movie. This career move would lead to his becoming a film music composer. He conducted both his own and Paul Buckmasters arrangements during the half of the set, which focused on orchestrated performances of selected songs from the Elton John catalog. When delving into his history, twenty-five years after the death of his father. He later became a practicing Reconstructionist Jew, Howard scored the surprise blockbuster romantic comedy Pretty Woman and received his first Academy Award nomination for his score for Barbra Streisands drama The Prince of Tides. Night Shyamalans The Village, and Michael Clayton, in addition, Howard scored the Western epic Wyatt Earp, Kevin Costners Waterworld, and Primal Fear. His collaborations on songs for One Fine Day and Junior garnered Oscar nominations for Best Song and he has also scored three Disney animated feature films, Dinosaur, Atlantis, The Lost Empire and Treasure Planet. On October 14,2005 Howard replaced Howard Shore as composer for King Kong, the resultant score earned Howard his first Golden Globe nomination for Best Original Score. His work on Michael Clayton earned him an Oscar nomination and he followed in 2008 with his eighth Oscar nomination for Edward Zwicks Defiance
7.
Harpo Productions
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Harpo Productions is a US-based multimedia production company founded by Oprah Winfrey and is the sole subsidiary of her media and entertainment company, Harpo, Inc. Harpo Productionss subsidiaries consist solely of Harpo Print, LLC, One of its subsidiaries, Harpo Films, was shut down in early 2013. Another, Harpo Radio, was shut down January 1,2015 after satellite radio provider SiriusXM decided not to renew the deal with the radio service, the company also counts in its holdings 50% of the Oprah Winfrey Network. It was based in Chicago, and Harpo Studios was located in the Near West Side neighborhood of Chicago until the studios closed in 2015, Harpo Productions and OWN are both currently based in West Hollywood, California. The land where the studio formerly sat once housed the 2nd Regiment Armory that was used as a makeshift morgue for victims of the capsizing of the steamer SS Eastland. The 88, 000-square-foot facility was renovated and opened in the late 1980s for use by The Oprah Winfrey Show, the first Oprah show taped at Harpo Studios was on January 15,1990. Together with Hearst Magazines, Harpo Print, LLC publishes O, the company also published O at Home, which Hearst officially folded in 2008 after a four-year run. On January 1,2011, the Oprah Winfrey Network launched and it is co-owned by Harpo Productions and Discovery Communications, Inc. The network replaced the Discovery Health Channel, a cable channel owned by Discovery Communications. Harpo Studios was the home of The Oprah Winfrey Show located in Near West Side neighborhood of Chicago, the set also housed The Rosie Show, an American evening television talk show which was hosted and produced by actress and comedian Rosie ODonnell, airing on the Oprah Winfrey Network. Harpo Studios has Emmy Award-winning teams in production designs, lighting, camera work, editing, audio direction and it also served as the location for the set of The Women of Brewster Place. Scenes from Beloved were also filmed on a set in Harpo Studios, the studio was sold to developer Sterling Bay in 2014 and was demolished in 2016. The site will be home to the new headquarters of McDonalds. Founded in 1993, Harpo Films, Inc. was the biggest division of Harpo Productions, Harpo Films was based in Los Angeles, California. In late 2008, Harpo Films signed an exclusive pact with HBO. Previously, Harpo Films had a deal with ABC, which included production of Oprah Winfrey Presents, in February 2013, Harpo Films was shut down, citing that the demand for long-form projects, especially on the broadcast side, has dried out. Many of its employees move on to Harpo Studios new scripted series division. Was the holding company for the Oprah & Friends channel, Oprah, herself, also personally interviewed some of the most influential voices in the spiritual realm on her weekly program, Oprahs Soul Series
8.
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer
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Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studios Inc. is an American media company, involved primarily in the production and distribution of feature films and television programs. Its headquarters are in Beverly Hills, California and it is one of the worlds oldest film studios. In 1971, it was announced that MGM would merge with 20th Century Fox, over the next thirty-nine years, the studio was bought and sold at various points in its history until, on November 3,2010, MGM filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy. MGM Resorts International, a Las Vegas-based hotel and casino company listed on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol MGM, is not currently affiliated with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. In 1966, MGM was sold to Canadian investor Edgar Bronfman Sr. whose son Edgar Jr. would later buy Universal Studios, the studio continued to produce five to six films a year that were released through other studios, mostly United Artists. Kerkorian did, however, commit to increased production and a film library when he bought United Artists in 1981. MGM ramped up production, as well as keeping production going at UA. It also incurred significant amounts of debt to increase production, the studio took on additional debt as a series of owners took charge in the 1980s and early 1990s. In 1986, Ted Turner bought MGM, but a few later, sold the company back to Kerkorian to recoup massive debt. The series of deals left MGM even more heavily in debt, MGM was bought by Pathé Communications in 1990, but Parretti lost control of Pathé and defaulted on the loans used to purchase the studio. The French banking conglomerate Crédit Lyonnais, the major creditor. Even more deeply in debt, MGM was purchased by a joint venture between Kerkorian, producer Frank Mancuso, and Australias Seven Network in 1996, the debt load from these and subsequent business deals negatively affected MGMs ability to survive as an independent motion picture studio. In 1924, movie theater magnate Marcus Loew had a problem and he had bought Metro Pictures Corporation in 1919 for a steady supply of films for his large Loews Theatres chain. With Loews lackluster assortment of Metro films, Loew purchased Goldwyn Pictures in 1924 to improve the quality, however, these purchases created a need for someone to oversee his new Hollywood operations, since longtime assistant Nicholas Schenck was needed in New York headquarters to oversee the 150 theaters. Mayer, Loew addressed the situation by buying Louis B. Mayer Pictures on April 17,1924, Mayer became head of the renamed Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, with Irving Thalberg as head of production. MGM produced more than 100 feature films in its first two years, in 1925, MGM released the extravagant and successful Ben-Hur, taking a $4.7 million profit that year, its first full year. Marcus Loew died in 1927, and control of Loews passed to Nicholas Schenck, in 1929, William Fox of Fox Film Corporation bought the Loew familys holdings with Schencks assent. Mayer and Thalberg disagreed with the decision, Mayer was active in the California Republican Party and used his political connections to persuade the Justice Department to delay final approval of the deal on antitrust grounds
9.
The Weinstein Company
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The Weinstein Company is a mini-major film studio, founded in New York City by Bob and Harvey Weinstein in 2005. The studio originated after the Weinsteins had left Miramax Films, which they had co-founded in 1979 and they retained ownership of Dimension Films. TWC is one of the largest mini-major film studios in North America, in February 2006, TWC announced a distribution pact with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. MGM distributed the product domestically in theatres, while TWC will retain ownership of their product. On July 13,2006, the Weinsteins and Robert L. Johnson announced the creation of a joint venture studio titled Our Stories Films, in late August 2006, it was announced that TWC and co-investors Hubbard Media Group purchased Ovation TV, an arts-focused cable channel. In November 2006, TWC announced a deal with Blockbuster Video to give the video renting company exclusive rights for rentals starting on January 1,2007. However, under the First Sale Doctrine of United States copyright law, the company is the co-producer, along with Miramax, of the Lifetime reality series Project Runway, which for its first five seasons aired on Bravo. The series won a Peabody Award in 2007, on May 23,2007, the Weinstein Company announced the launch of three new direct-to-video labels, The Miriam Collection, Kaleidoscope TWC, and Dimension Extreme. On February 8,2008, TWC launched a distributor called Third Rail Releasing that released films aimed mainly at the video market. On September 25,2008, TWC ended its three-year distribution pact with MGM three months before the December 31 end date and this happened in part because TWC had struck a television output deal with Showtime, though not through MGMs output deal with them. During the span of their pact, TWC paid for marketing and prints, in 2009, TWC might have lost the rights to the movie Sin City 2. The first film cost only 40 million dollars to make and brought in almost 159 million in box office alone, Weinstein Company lawyer Bert Fields quickly denied this report saying TWCs rights to produce sequels to Sin City remain intact as they always have been. Any suggestion to the contrary is complete hogwash, in June 2009, the Weinstein Company announced the hiring of a financial adviser to restructure the finances of the company. Since July 2009, many occurred at TWC, and the release dates of some films were pushed back. On September 14,2009, TWC sold its stake in Genius Products, Genius however, had announced to exit the home video distribution business and the DVD rights that were distributed by Genius were sold to Vivendi Entertainment. TWC also struck a deal with Vivendi, the same year, it won a Peabody Award for The No.1 Ladies Detective Agency. In January 2010, TWC announced more layoffs at the company after the box office failure of Nine, on February 21,2010, The Weinstein Company made a deal with Sony Pictures Home Entertainment releasing the DVDs through Sony Pictures Worldwide Acquisitions Group. Bob and Harvey Weinstein attempted to buy back Miramax from Disney in 2010, an ownership interest in TWCs library at that point, consisting of 200 titles, was sold off to Goldman Sachs and Assured Guaranty in 2010
10.
Cinerama Dome
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Pacific Theatress Cinerama Dome is a movie theater located at 6360 Sunset Boulevard in Hollywood, California. Designed to present widescreen Cinerama films, it opened November 7,1963, today it continues as a leading first run theater. The original developer was Saul Pick, in February 1963, Cinerama Inc. unveiled a radically new design for theaters which would show its movies. They would be based on the geodesic dome developed by R. Buckminster Fuller, would cost half as much as conventional theaters of comparable size, cineramas goal was to see at least 600 built worldwide within two years. The following April, Pacific Theatres Inc. announced plans to build the first theater based upon the design, the design was adapted by the noted architectural firm of Welton Becket and Associates. Total construction time is reported to have been 16 weeks, the domed roof comprises 316 precast concrete panels in 16 patterns, each weighing some 3,200 pounds. The first pentagonal panel was placed on August 29, with the rest to be installed over 4 weeks, the Its a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World premiere marked the dawn of single lens Cinerama. Previously, Cinerama was known for its groundbreaking three-projector process, from 1963 until 2002, the Cinerama Dome never showed movies with the three-projector process. With its 86 feet wide screen, advanced acoustics and 70mm film capability, but by the late 1990s the motion picture exhibition business began to favor multiplex cinemas, and Pacific Theatres proposed a plan to remodel the Dome as a part of a shopping mall/cinema complex. Historical preservationists were outraged, not wishing to see another great theater turned into a multiplex or destroyed, at the same time, a small contingent of Cinerama enthusiasts had begun resurrecting the three-projector process. They and the preservationists prevailed on Pacific to rethink its plans for the property, the preservation of the Cinerama Dome came at a time when most other surviving Cinerama theaters were being demolished. The Cinerama Dome was declared a Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monument in 1998, in 2002 after a two-year closure, the Cinerama Dome was reopened as a part of Pacific Theatres ArcLight Hollywood complex. The dome remains essentially unchanged though there have been improvements, notably in the acoustics, but for the first time ever, the Cinerama Dome began showing movies in the three-projector format. It is one of three such theaters in the world today. The Cinerama Dome made its digital debut in May 2005 with Star Wars. In 2009, James Camerons Avatar was the first 3D film to be shown in the Cinerama Dome, in December 2015, the Cinerama Dome upgraded to a laser projection system, using two Christie 6P projectors and Dolby 3D. The Cinerama Dome was featured in the 2008 film Frost/Nixon directed by Ron Howard in the scene recreating the Hollywood premiere of the Sherman Brothers 1976 musical film, The Slipper and the Rose. It was also shown in Melrose Places fourth episode, Vine, as the location for the premiere of the fictional movie Kensington Squared
11.
Biographical film
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A biographical film, or biopic, is a film that dramatizes the life of a non-fictional or historically-based person or people. Such films show the life of a person and the central characters real name is used. Because the figures portrayed are actual people, whose actions and characteristics are known to the public, biopic roles are considered some of the most demanding of actors and actresses. Biopic scholars include George F. Custen of the College of Staten Island, Custen, in Bio/Pics, How Hollywood Constructed Public History, regards the genre as having died with the Hollywood studio era, and in particular, Darryl F. Zanuck. On the other hand, Binghams 2010 study Whose Lives Are They Anyway, ellen Cheshires Bio-Pics, a life in pictures examines UK/US films from the 1990s and 2000s. Each chapter reviews key films linked by profession and concludes with further viewing list, christopher Robé has also written on the gender norms that underlie the biopic in his article, Taking Hollywood Back in the 2009 issue of Cinema Journal. The Hurricane is not a documentary but a parable, some biopics purposely stretch the truth. Confessions of a Dangerous Mind was based on game show host Chuck Barris widely debunked yet popular memoir of the same name, Kafka incorporated both the life of author Franz Kafka and the surreal aspects of his fiction. The Errol Flynn film They Died with Their Boots On tells the story of Custer but is highly romanticized, casting can be controversial for biographical films. Casting is often a balance between similarity in looks and ability to portray the characteristics of the person, anthony Hopkins felt that he should not have played Richard Nixon in Nixon because of a lack of resemblance between the two. The casting of John Wayne as Genghis Khan in The Conqueror was objected to because of the American Wayne being cast as the Mongol warlord. Egyptian critics criticized the casting of Louis Gossett, Jr. an African American actor, also, some objected to the casting of Jennifer Lopez in Selena because she is a New York City native of Puerto Rican descent while Selena was Mexican-American. Biographical novel Biography in literature List of biographical films
12.
Wiley College
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Wiley College is a four-year, private, historically black, liberal arts college located on the west side of Marshall, Texas. In 2005–2006, on-campus enrollment approached 450, while a program in Shreveport, Louisiana, for students with some prior college credits who seek to finish a degree. As of the fall of 2006, total enrollment was about 750, by fall of 2013, total enrollment was approximately 1,400. Wiley is an open admissions college and about 96 percent of students receive financial aid. The Wiley staff learned that over a 15-year period, Melvin B, tolson’s debate teams lost only one of 75 debates. The Wiley Forensic Society competed against historically black colleges, but earned national attention with its debates against the University of Southern California, Wiley College offer bachelors degrees through four academic divisions. Wiley and Bishop students launched the first sit-ins in Texas in the rotunda of the Old Harrison County Courthouse to protest segregation in public facilities. James L. Farmer, Jr. son of James L. Farmer, Sr. graduated from Wiley and became one of the Big Four of the Civil Rights Movement. Together with Roy Wilkins, Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and Whitney M. Young Jr. James L. Farmer, Jr. helped organize the first sit-ins and Freedom Rides in the United States. Tony Schermans article about the Wiley College debate team for the 1997 Spring issue of American Legacy sparked a renewed interest in its history, in 1935, the Wiley College debate team defeated the reigning national debate champion, the University of Southern California. In 2007, Denzel Washington announced a donation of US$1 million to Wiley so the team could be re-established, the Wiley College Debate Team, now also known as the Melvin B. Tolson/Denzel Washington Forensics Society of Wiley College, is under the direction of Christopher Medina, the 23-person team met the best speakers and debaters from 80 colleges and universities sent by 26 states to the Pi Kappa Delta Comprehensive National Tournament staged in Indianapolis, Indiana. This was the largest Pi Kappa Delta Tournament in their 101-year history, the Great Debaters came away in first place. When the winning totals from the debates and individual events –2000 entries in all – Wiley College was named champion, the victory holds special meaning for the Historically Black College. Not only was it the first national speech and debate title won by an HBCU, tolsons tenure, Wiley College had not been permitted to join the national forensics fraternity, Pi Kappa Delta, or to participate in its national convention or national championship. Wiley College teams, nicknamed the Wildcats, are part of the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics, mens sports include baseball, basketball, cross country, soccer, and track & field. Womens sports include basketball, cross country, soccer, track & field, volleyball, Wiley the Wildcat is the mascot. Media related to Wiley College at Wikimedia Commons Official website Official athletics website Official Facebook page T. W. Cole Library official website T. W. Cole Library official Facebook page
13.
Debate
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Debate is a method of formally presenting an argument in a structured manner. The outcome of a debate may depend upon consensus or some way of reaching a resolution. In a formal debating contest, there are rules for participants to discuss and decide on differences, Debating is carried out in debating chambers and assemblies of various types to discuss matters and to make resolutions about action to be taken, often by voting. Deliberative bodies such as parliaments, legislative assemblies, and meetings of all sorts engage in debates, in particular, in parliamentary democracies a legislature debates and decides on new laws. Formal debates between candidates for elected office, such as the debates that are sometimes held in democracies. Debating is also carried out for educational and recreational purposes, usually associated with educational establishments, the major goal of the study of debate as a method or art is to develop the ability to debate rationally from either position with equal ease. The outcome of a contest may be decided by vote, by judges. Debating teams are often helpful to high school students in teaching the writing process, Debating societies emerged in London in the early eighteenth century, and soon became a prominent fixture of national life. The origins of these societies are not certain in many cases however, by the mid-18th century, john Henley, a clergyman, founded an Oratory in 1726 with the principal purpose of reforming the manner in which such public presentations should be performed. He made extensive use of the print industry to advertise the events of his Oratory and these changes were further implemented when Henley moved his enterprise to Lincolns Inn Fields. The public was now willing to pay to be entertained, by the 1770s, debating societies were firmly established in London society. The year 1785 was pivotal, The Morning Chronicle announced on March 27, giles, Clare-Market, Hockley in the Hole, Whitechapel, Rag-Fair, Dukes Place, Billingsgate, and the Back of the Borough. In 1780,35 differently named societies advertised and hosted debates for anywhere between 650 and 1200 people, the question for debate was introduced by a president or moderator who proceeded to regulate the discussion. Speakers were given set amounts of time to argue their point of view, and, at the end of the debate, a vote was taken to determine a decision or adjourn the question for further debate. Speakers were not permitted to slander or insult other speakers, or diverge from the topic at hand, the first of the post-revolutionary debating societies, the Dialectic and Philanthropic Societies, were formed at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in 1795 and are still active. The first student debating society in Great Britain was the St Andrews Debating Society, the Cambridge Union Society was founded in 1815, and claims to be the oldest continually operating debating society in the World. Over the next few decades, similar societies emerged at other prominent universities. Examples include the Oxford Union and the Yale Political Union, in parliaments and other legislatures, members debate proposals regarding legislation, before voting on resolutions which become laws
14.
Kimberly Elise
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Kimberly Elise Trammel, professionally known as Kimberly Elise, is an American film and television actress. She made her film debut in Set It Off. During her career, Elise has appeared in such as John Q. The Manchurian Candidate, Diary of a Mad Black Woman, The Great Debaters, For Colored Girls, Elise also starred in the CBS crime drama series, Close to Home, and in 2013 began starring in the VH1 comedy-drama series, Hit the Floor. Elise was born as Kimberly Elise Trammel in Minneapolis, Minnesota, the daughter of Erma Jean, a school teacher, and Marvin Trammel. She attended The American Film Institute as a Directing Fellow and at the University of Minnesota earned a BA in Mass Communications, elises first film was Set It Off, in which she played one of four women who resort to robbing a bank for money. She received critical acclaim for her role in film, and in 1997. A relative unknown at the time, she conveyed her anonymity upon receiving the award by saying and her performance helped her land a role the next year in Beloved alongside Oprah Winfrey and Danny Glover. She is often compared to a young Cicely Tyson, whom she resembles and she made guest appearances on the situation comedy Girlfriends in 2003, in which she played an HIV-positive woman. In 2004, she appeared in Woman Thou Art Loosed portraying Michelle and this role won her a Black Reel award for Best Actress. She also appeared in John Q, The Manchurian Candidate and Diary of a Mad Black Woman, from 2005 to 2007, she was part of the main cast of the CBS crime drama Close to Home, playing the Marion County, Indiana prosecutor Maureen Scofield. Her character was killed off in the last episode of the series, the series was cancelled on May 2007. Her most recent film role was in Tyler Perrys For Colored Girls, while the film itself received mixed to negative reviews, her performance was praised by many critics. One journalist described her as the great lost Best Supporting Actress contender of the 2010 season, since 2013 Kimberly is part of the cast of VH1s new series Hit The Floor. Elise was married to Maurice Oldham from 1989 to 2005, the couple had two daughters, Ajableu Arial Oldham and Butterfly Rose Oldham. Maurice Oldham died from a blood clot in 2007. Elises maternal descent is of the Songhai people, Elise is vegan and has worked with PETA to promote the lifestyle
15.
Melvin B. Tolson
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Melvin Beaunorus Tolson was an American poet, educator, columnist, and politician. As a poet, he was influenced both by Modernism and the language and experiences of African Americans, and he was influenced by his study of the Harlem Renaissance. As a debate coach at the historically black Wiley College in Marshall, Texas and this work was depicted in 2007 biopic The Great Debaters, produced by Oprah Winfrey and starring Denzel Washington as Tolson. Born in Moberly, Missouri, Tolson was one of four children of Reverend Alonzo Tolson, a Methodist minister, and Lera Tolson, Alonzo Tolson was also of mixed race, the son of an enslaved woman and her white master. He served at churches in the Missouri and Iowa area until settling longer in Kansas City. Reverend Tolson studied throughout his life to add to the education he had first received, even taking Latin, Greek. Both parents emphasized education for their children, Melvin Tolson graduated from Lincoln High School in Kansas City in 1919. He enrolled at Fisk University but transferred to Lincoln University, Pennsylvania the next year for financial reasons, Tolson graduated with honors in 1924. He became a member of the Omega Psi Phi fraternity, in 1922, Melvin Tolson married Ruth Southall of Charlottesville, Virginia, whom he had met as a student at Lincoln University. Their first child was Melvin Beaunorus Tolson, Jr. who, as an adult and he was followed by Arthur Lincoln, who as an adult became a professor at Southern University, Wiley Wilson, and Ruth Marie Tolson. All children were born by 1928, in 1930-31 Tolson took a leave of absence from teaching to study for a Masters degree at Columbia University. His thesis project, The Harlem Group of Negro Writers, was based on his interviews with members of the Harlem Renaissance. His poetry was influenced by his time in New York. He completed his work and was awarded the degree in 1940. After graduation, Tolson and his moved to Marshall, Texas. The small, historically black Methodist Episcopal college had a reputation among blacks in the South. In addition to teaching English, Tolson used his high energies in several directions at Wiley and he built an award-winning debate team, the Wiley Forensic Society, which became a pioneer in interracial collegiate debates. During their tour in 1935, they competed against the University of Southern California, there he also co-founded the black intercollegiate Southern Association of Dramatic and Speech Arts, and directed the theater club
16.
Jim Crow laws
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Jim Crow laws were state and local laws enforcing racial segregation in the Southern United States. Enacted after the Reconstruction period, these continued in force until 1965. They mandated de jure segregation in all public facilities in the states of the former Confederate States of America, starting in 1890 with a separate. Facilities for African Americans were consistently inferior and underfunded compared to available to European Americans. This body of law institutionalized a number of economic, educational, the U. S. military was also segregated, as were federal workplaces, initiated in 1913 under President Woodrow Wilson. By requiring candidates to submit photos, his administration practiced racial discrimination in hiring and these Jim Crow laws followed the 1800–1866 Black Codes, which had previously restricted the civil rights and civil liberties of African Americans. The phrase Jim Crow Law can be found as early as 1892 in the title of a New York Times article about voting laws in the South, as a result of Rices fame, Jim Crow by 1838 had become a pejorative expression meaning Negro. When southern legislatures passed laws of racial segregation which were directed against blacks at the end of the 19th century, during the Reconstruction period of 1865–1877, federal laws provided civil rights protections in the U. S. South for freedmen, the African Americans who had formerly been slaves, extensive voter fraud was also used. Gubernatorial elections were close and had been disputed in Louisiana for years, in 1877, a national Democratic Party compromise to gain Southern support in the presidential election resulted in the governments withdrawing the last of the federal troops from the South. White Democrats had regained power in every Southern state. These Southern, white, Democratic Redeemer governments legislated Jim Crow laws, grandfather clauses temporarily permitted some illiterate whites to vote but gave no relief to most blacks. Voter turnout dropped drastically through the South as a result of such measures, in Louisiana, by 1900, black voters were reduced to 5,320 on the rolls, although they comprised the majority of the states population. By 1910, only 730 blacks were registered, less than 0. 5% of eligible black men, in 27 of the states 60 parishes, not a single black voter was registered any longer, in 9 more parishes, only one black voter was. The cumulative effect in North Carolina meant that voters were completely eliminated from voter rolls during the period from 1896–1904. The growth of their middle class was slowed. Alabama had tens of thousands of poor whites disenfranchised and those who could not vote were not eligible to serve on juries and could not run for local offices. They effectively disappeared from political life, as they could not influence the state legislatures, like schools, Jim Crow public libraries were underfunded and often stocked with secondhand books and other resources
17.
Harvard University
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Although never formally affiliated with any denomination, the early College primarily trained Congregationalist and Unitarian clergy. Its curriculum and student body were gradually secularized during the 18th century, james Bryant Conant led the university through the Great Depression and World War II and began to reform the curriculum and liberalize admissions after the war. The undergraduate college became coeducational after its 1977 merger with Radcliffe College, Harvards $34.5 billion financial endowment is the largest of any academic institution. Harvard is a large, highly residential research university, the nominal cost of attendance is high, but the Universitys large endowment allows it to offer generous financial aid packages. Harvards alumni include eight U. S. presidents, several heads of state,62 living billionaires,359 Rhodes Scholars. To date, some 130 Nobel laureates,18 Fields Medalists, Harvard was formed in 1636 by vote of the Great and General Court of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. In 1638, it obtained British North Americas first known printing press, in 1639 it was named Harvard College after deceased clergyman John Harvard an alumnus of the University of Cambridge who had left the school £779 and his scholars library of some 400 volumes. The charter creating the Harvard Corporation was granted in 1650 and it offered a classic curriculum on the English university model—many leaders in the colony had attended the University of Cambridge—but conformed to the tenets of Puritanism. It was never affiliated with any denomination, but many of its earliest graduates went on to become clergymen in Congregational. The leading Boston divine Increase Mather served as president from 1685 to 1701, in 1708, John Leverett became the first president who was not also a clergyman, which marked a turning of the college toward intellectual independence from Puritanism. When the Hollis Professor of Divinity David Tappan died in 1803 and the president of Harvard Joseph Willard died a year later, in 1804, in 1846, the natural history lectures of Louis Agassiz were acclaimed both in New York and on the campus at Harvard College. Agassizs approach was distinctly idealist and posited Americans participation in the Divine Nature, agassizs perspective on science combined observation with intuition and the assumption that a person can grasp the divine plan in all phenomena. When it came to explaining life-forms, Agassiz resorted to matters of shape based on an archetype for his evidence. Charles W. Eliot, president 1869–1909, eliminated the position of Christianity from the curriculum while opening it to student self-direction. While Eliot was the most crucial figure in the secularization of American higher education, he was motivated not by a desire to secularize education, during the 20th century, Harvards international reputation grew as a burgeoning endowment and prominent professors expanded the universitys scope. Rapid enrollment growth continued as new schools were begun and the undergraduate College expanded. Radcliffe College, established in 1879 as sister school of Harvard College, Harvard became a founding member of the Association of American Universities in 1900. In the early 20th century, the student body was predominately old-stock, high-status Protestants, especially Episcopalians, Congregationalists, by the 1970s it was much more diversified
18.
Great Depression
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The Great Depression was a severe worldwide economic depression that took place during the 1930s. The timing of the Great Depression varied across nations, in most countries it started in 1929 and it was the longest, deepest, and most widespread depression of the 20th century. In the 21st century, the Great Depression is commonly used as an example of how far the economy can decline. The depression originated in the United States, after a fall in stock prices that began around September 4,1929. Between 1929 and 1932, worldwide GDP fell by an estimated 15%, by comparison, worldwide GDP fell by less than 1% from 2008 to 2009 during the Great Recession. Some economies started to recover by the mid-1930s, however, in many countries, the negative effects of the Great Depression lasted until the beginning of World War II. The Great Depression had devastating effects in both rich and poor. Personal income, tax revenue, profits and prices dropped, while international trade plunged by more than 50%, unemployment in the U. S. rose to 25% and in some countries rose as high as 33%. Cities all around the world were hit hard, especially dependent on heavy industry. Construction was virtually halted in many countries, farming communities and rural areas suffered as crop prices fell by about 60%. Facing plummeting demand with few sources of jobs, areas dependent on primary sector industries such as mining and logging suffered the most. Even after the Wall Street Crash of 1929 optimism persisted for some time, john D. Rockefeller said These are days when many are discouraged. In the 93 years of my life, depressions have come, prosperity has always returned and will again. The stock market turned upward in early 1930, returning to early 1929 levels by April and this was still almost 30% below the peak of September 1929. Together, government and business spent more in the first half of 1930 than in the period of the previous year. On the other hand, consumers, many of whom had suffered losses in the stock market the previous year. In addition, beginning in the mid-1930s, a severe drought ravaged the agricultural heartland of the U. S, by mid-1930, interest rates had dropped to low levels, but expected deflation and the continuing reluctance of people to borrow meant that consumer spending and investment were depressed. By May 1930, automobile sales had declined to below the levels of 1928, prices in general began to decline, although wages held steady in 1930
19.
Lynching
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Lynching is an extrajudicial punishment by an informal group. It is most often used to characterise informal public executions by a mob in order to punish an alleged transgressor, or to intimidate a group. It is a form of informal group social control such as charivari, skimmington, riding the rail, and tarring and feathering. Lynchings have been frequent in times of social and economic tension. However, it has resulted from long-held prejudices and practices of discrimination that have conditioned societies to accept this type of violence as normal practices of popular justice. Indeed, instances of it can be found in societies long antedating European settlement of North America, the legal and cultural antecedents of American lynching were carried across the Atlantic by migrants from the British Isles to colonial North America. Collective violence was an aspect of the early modern Anglo-American legal landscape. In the United States, during the decades before the Civil War, assertive free-Blacks, Latinos in the South West, Violence rose even more at the end of the 19th century, after southern white Democrats regained their political power in the South in the 1870s. Nearly 3,500 African Americans and 1,300 whites were lynched in the United States between 1882 and 1968, mostly from 1882 to 1920, the origins of the word lynch are obscure, but it likely originated during the American revolution. The verb comes from the phrase Lynch Law, a term for a punishment without trial, two Americans during this era are generally credited for the phrase, Charles Lynch and William Lynch, who both lived in Virginia in the 1780s. Charles Lynch has the claim, as he was known to have used the term in 1782. There is no evidence that death was imposed as a punishment by either of the two men, in 1782, Charles Lynch wrote that his assistant had administered Lynchs law to Tories for Dealing with negroes, &c. In the United States, the origin of the terms lynching, Charles Lynch was a Virginia planter and American Revolutionary who headed a county court in Virginia which incarcerated Loyalist supporters of the British for up to one year during the war. While he lacked proper jurisdiction, he claimed this right by arguing wartime necessity, subsequently, he prevailed upon his friends in the Congress of the Confederation to pass a law which specifically exonerated him and his associates from wrongdoing. He was concerned that he might face legal action from one or more of those so incarcerated, Lynch was not accused of racist bias, and indeed acquitted blacks accused of murder on three separate occasions, as dictated by the facts brought before him. He was accused, however, of ethnic prejudice in his abuse of Welsh miners, William Lynch from Virginia claimed that the phrase was first used for a 1780 compact signed by him and his neighbors in Pittsylvania County. While Edgar Allan Poe claimed that he found this document, this was likely a hoax, however, linguistic evidence is strongly against it, and the story was likely invented in the 19th century. Racist extremism with an eye to viciousness and public spectacle was frequently evident, in the South, members of the abolitionist movement or other people opposing slavery were usually targets of lynch mob violence before the Civil War
20.
James Farmer
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James Leonard Farmer Jr. was a civil rights activist and leader in the Civil Rights Movement who pushed for nonviolent protest to dismantle segregation, and served alongside Martin Luther King Jr. He was the initiator and organizer of the 1961 Freedom Ride, in 1942, Farmer co-founded the Committee of Racial Equality in Chicago with George Houser and Bernice Fisher. It was later called the Congress of Racial Equality, and was dedicated to ending racial segregation in the United States through nonviolence, Farmer served as the national chairman from 1942 to 1944. He was a vice chairman in the Democratic Socialists of America. By the 1960s, Farmer was known as one of the Big Four civil rights leaders in the 1960s, together with King, NAACP chief Roy Wilkins and Urban League head Whitney Young. James L. Farmer Jr. was born in Marshall, Texas, to James L. Farmer, Sr. and Pearl Houston, who were both educators. His father was a professor at Wiley College, a black college. His mother, a homemaker, was a graduate of Floridas Bethune-Cookman Institute, when Farmer was a young boy, about three or four, he wanted a Coca-Cola when he was out in town with his mother. His mother had told him no, that he had to wait until they got home. Farmer wanted to get one right then and enviously watched another young boy go inside and his mother told him the other boy could buy the Coke at that store because he was white, but Farmer was a person of color and not allowed there. This defining, unjust moment was the first, but not the last, at 10, Farmers Uncle Fred, Aunt Helen, and cousin Muriel came down to visit from New York. They had no trouble getting a sleeping compartment on the train down but were worried about getting one on the way back, Farmer went to the train station with his dad. While his father convinced the manager to give his uncle a room in the car on the train. He was shocked as his father was a minister, Farmer was shocked to hear the lies, on the way back, his father told him, I had to tell that lie about your Uncle Fred. That was the way we could get the reservation. Still, Farmer was very upset that his father had to lie to get the bedroom on the train and this was when Farmer began to dedicate his life to the end of segregation. Farmer was a prodigy, as a freshman in 1934 at the age of 14, he enrolled at Wiley College. He was elected as part of the debate team, tolson, a professor of English, became his mentor
21.
Congress of Racial Equality
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The Congress of Racial Equality is an African-American civil rights organization in the United States that played a pivotal role for African Americans in the Civil Rights Movement. Founded in 1942, CORE was one of the Big Four civil rights organizations, along with the SCLC, the SNCC, and the NAACP. Its stated mission is to bring about equality for all regardless of race, creed, sex, age, disability. COREs national chairman was Roy Innis, CORE was founded in Chicago in March 1942. Among the founding members were James L. Farmer, Jr. George Houser, James R. Robinson, Samuel E. Riley, Bernice Fisher, Homer Jack, and Joe Guinn. Of the 50 original members 28 were men and 22 were women, roughly one-third of them were black, bayard Rustin, while not a father of the organization, was, as Farmer and Houser later said, an uncle to CORE and supported it greatly. The group had evolved out of the pacifist Fellowship of Reconciliation, the groups inspiration was Mahatma Gandhis teachings of non-violence resistance. Gandhi had, in turn, been influenced by the writings of Henry David Thoreau, the American author, poet, in the South, COREs nonviolent direct action campaigns opposed Jim Crow segregation and job discrimination, and fought for voting rights. Outside the South, CORE focused on discrimination in employment and housing, by 1961 CORE had 53 chapters throughout the United States. By 1963, most of the urban centers of the Northeast, Midwest, Mid-Atlantic and West Coast had one or more CORE chapters. In the South, CORE had active chapters and projects in Louisiana, Mississippi, Florida, South Carolina, and Kentucky. The members of group were arrested and jailed several times, but they received a great deal of publicity. By the early 1960s, Farmer, who had taken a hiatus from leading the group, returned as its secretary and sought to repeat the 1947 journey, coining a new name for it. On May 4,1961, participants journeyed to the deep South, the riders were met with severe violence. In Anniston, Alabama, one of the buses was fire-bombed, white mobs also attacked Freedom Riders in Birmingham and Montgomery. The violence garnered national attention, sparking a summer of similar rides by CORE, SNCC and other Civil Rights organizations, in 1960, the Chicago chapter of CORE began to challenge racial segregation in the Chicago Public Schools. By the late 1950s, the Board of Educations maintenance of the school policy resulted in a pattern of racial segregation in the CPS. Many segregated schools were overcrowded, and in order to ease overcrowding, double-shifts meant that students in affected schools attended less than a full day of class
22.
Houston Chronicle
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The Houston Chronicle is the largest daily newspaper in Houston, Texas, United States. As of April 2016, it is the third-largest newspaper by Sunday circulation in the United States, with its 1995 buy-out of long-time rival the Houston Post, the Chronicle became Houstons primary newspaper. The Houston Chronicle is the largest daily paper owned and operated by the Hearst Corporation, the paper employs nearly 2,000 people, including approximately 300 journalists, editors, and photographers. The Chronicle has bureaus in Washington, D. C. and it reports that its web site averages 125 million page views per month. The publication serves as the newspaper of record of the Houston area, previously headquartered in the Houston Chronicle Building at 801 Texas Avenue, Downtown Houston, the Houston Chronicle is now located at 4747 Southwest Freeway. From its inception, the practices and policies of the Houston Chronicle were shaped by strong-willed personalities who were the publishers, the history of the newspaper can be best understood when divided into the eras of these individuals. The Houston Chronicle was founded in 1901 by a reporter for the now-defunct Houston Post. The Chronicles first edition was published on October 14,1901, at the end of its first month in operation, the Chronicle had a circulation of 4,378 — roughly one tenth of the population of Houston at the time. Within the first year of operation, the paper purchased and consolidated the Daily Herald, in 1908, Foster asked Jesse H. Jones agreed, and the resulting Chronicle Building was one of the finest in the South. Under Foster, the circulation grew from about 7,000 in 1901 to 75,000 on weekdays and 85,000 on Sundays by 1926. Foster continued to write columns under the pen name Mefo, and he sold the rest of his interest to Jesse H. Jones on June 26,1926 and promptly retired. In 1911, City Editor George Kepple started Goodfellows, on a Christmas Eve in 1911, Kepple passed a hat among the Chronicles reporters to collect money to buy toys for a shoe-shine boy. Goodfellows continues today through donations made by the newspaper and its readers and it has grown into a city-wide program that provides needy children between the ages of two and ten with toys during the winter holidays. In 2003, Goodfellows distributed almost 250,000 toys to more than 100,000 needy children in the Greater Houston area, in 1926, Jesse H. Jones became the sole owner of the paper. He had approached Foster about selling, and Foster had answered and he replied, On real estate and everything about 200,000 dollars. I then said to him that I would give him 300,000 dollars in cash, having in mind that this would pay his debts, I considered the offer substantially more than the Chronicle was worth at the time. No sooner had I finished stating my proposition than he said, I will take it, in 1937, Jesse H. Jones transferred ownership of the paper to the newly established Houston Endowment Inc. Jones retained the title of publisher until his death in 1956. As such, it eschewed controversial political topics, such as integration or the impacts of economic growth on life in the city
23.
Henrietta Bell Wells
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Henrietta Bell Wells was the first female member of the debate team at historically black Wiley College in Texas. She was born Henrietta Pauline Bell on the banks of Buffalo Bayou in Houston, during her year on the team, Wiley beat some of the top historically black colleges including Tuskegee University and Howard University. They also made history by participating in the first college debate between white and African American students in 1930 when they debated students from the Law School at the University of Michigan. Despite the team’s success, Ms. Bell was only able to participate on the team for one year because financial pressures forced her to work in order to continue her education. Bell married fellow Episcopalian Rev. Wallace L. Wells and went on to be a worker and teacher in Gary, Indiana, Houston, Texas, Birmingham, Alabama and New Orleans. Their assignment in Gary, Indiana included the building of architecturally significant St. Augustines Episcopal Church in Gary, mrs. Wells also served as the Dean of Women at Dillard University in New Orleans. She died 27 February 2008 in Baytown, Texas, the character Samantha Booke in the 2007 movie, The Great Debaters, played by Jurnee Smollett, was loosely based on Wells. Wells stated that she had told Denzel Washington, who directed the film, to play her teams coach. Bell is buried in Paradise North Cemetery in Houston, Harris County, “The Battle of Builders - Tradition Vs. Modern. ”Chicago Daily News 10 Nov.1956,12. Wells, Wallace L. “Prayerful and Militant. ”Henrietta Bell Wells at Find a Grave http, //www. episcopalcafe. com/daily/movies/a_great_debater_looks_back. php
24.
Library of Congress
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The Library of Congress is the research library that officially serves the United States Congress and is the de facto national library of the United States. It is the oldest federal cultural institution in the United States, the Library is housed in three buildings on Capitol Hill in Washington, D. C. it also maintains the Packard Campus in Culpeper, Virginia, which houses the National Audio-Visual Conservation Center. The Library of Congress claims to be the largest library in the world and its collections are universal, not limited by subject, format, or national boundary, and include research materials from all parts of the world and in more than 450 languages. Two-thirds of the books it acquires each year are in other than English. The Library of Congress moved to Washington in 1800, after sitting for years in the temporary national capitals of New York. John J. Beckley, who became the first Librarian of Congress, was two dollars per day and was required to also serve as the Clerk of the House of Representatives. The small Congressional Library was housed in the United States Capitol for most of the 19th century until the early 1890s, most of the original collection had been destroyed by the British in 1814, during the War of 1812. To restore its collection in 1815, the bought from former president Thomas Jefferson his entire personal collection of 6,487 books. After a period of growth, another fire struck the Library in its Capitol chambers in 1851, again destroying a large amount of the collection. The Library received the right of transference of all copyrighted works to have two copies deposited of books, maps, illustrations and diagrams printed in the United States. It also began to build its collections of British and other European works and it included several stories built underground of steel and cast iron stacks. Although the Library is open to the public, only high-ranking government officials may check out books, the Library promotes literacy and American literature through projects such as the American Folklife Center, American Memory, Center for the Book, and Poet Laureate. James Madison is credited with the idea for creating a congressional library, part of the legislation appropriated $5,000 for the purchase of such books as may be necessary for the use of Congress. And for fitting up an apartment for containing them. Books were ordered from London and the collection, consisting of 740 books and 3 maps, was housed in the new Capitol, as president, Thomas Jefferson played an important role in establishing the structure of the Library of Congress. The new law also extended to the president and vice president the ability to borrow books and these volumes had been left in the Senate wing of the Capitol. One of the only congressional volumes to have survived was a government account book of receipts and it was taken as a souvenir by a British Commander whose family later returned it to the United States government in 1940. Within a month, former president Jefferson offered to sell his library as a replacement
25.
Augustine of Hippo
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Augustine of Hippo was an early Christian theologian and philosopher whose writings influenced the development of Western Christianity and Western philosophy. He was the bishop of Hippo Regius, located in Numidia, Augustine is viewed as one of the most important Church Fathers in Western Christianity for his writings in the Patristic Era. Among his most important works are The City of God and Confessions, according to his contemporary, Jerome, Augustine established anew the ancient Faith. In his early years, he was influenced by Manichaeism. After his baptism and conversion to Christianity in 386, Augustine developed his own approach to philosophy and theology, accommodating a variety of methods and perspectives. Believing that the grace of Christ was indispensable to human freedom, he helped formulate the doctrine of original sin, when the Western Roman Empire began to disintegrate, Augustine developed the concept of the Church as a spiritual City of God, distinct from the material Earthly City. His thoughts profoundly influenced the medieval worldview, the segment of the Church that adhered to the concept of the Trinity as defined by the Council of Nicaea and the Council of Constantinople closely identified with Augustines On the Trinity. Augustine is recognized as a saint in the Catholic Church, the Eastern Christian Church, and he is also the patron of the Augustinians. His memorial is celebrated on 28 August, the day of his death, Augustine is the patron saint of brewers, printers, theologians, the alleviation of sore eyes, and a number of cities and dioceses. Many Protestants, especially Calvinists and Lutherans, consider him to be one of the fathers of the Protestant Reformation due to his teachings on salvation. Lutherans, and Martin Luther in particular, have held Augustine in preeminence, Luther himself was a member of the Order of the Augustinian Eremites. In the East, some of his teachings are disputed and have in the 20th century in particular come under attack by such theologians as John Romanides, but other theologians and figures of the Eastern Orthodox Church have shown significant appropriation of his writings, chiefly Georges Florovsky. The most controversial doctrine surrounding his name is the filioque, which has been rejected by the Orthodox Church, other disputed teachings include his views on original sin, the doctrine of grace, and predestination. Nevertheless, though considered to be mistaken on some points, he is considered a saint. In the Orthodox Church his feast day is celebrated on 28 August and he was an early Christian theologian and philosopher whose writings influenced the development of Western Christianity and Western philosophy. Augustine was the bishop of Hippo Regius, located in Numidia and he is viewed as one of the most important Church Fathers in Western Christianity for his writings in the Patristic Era. Among his most important works are The City of God and Confessions, Augustine was born in the year 354 AD in the municipium of Thagaste in Roman Africa. His mother, Monica or Monnica, was a devout Christian, in his writings, Augustine leaves some information as to the consciousness of his African heritage
26.
James L. Farmer Sr.
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James Leonard Farmer Sr. known as J. Leonard Farmer, was an American author, theologian, and educator. He was a minister in the Methodist Episcopal Church, South, James Leonard Farmer was the son of farm workers and former slaves from Kingstree, South Carolina. His father was Carolina and his mother Lorena Farmer, after limited schooling in Georgia and Florida, Farmer gained a scholarship to Boston University. He earned his bachelor, masters of theology, and doctoral degrees at this institution, Farmer had a dual career as a minister and an academic. He was ordained as a minister in the Methodist Episcopal Church, during this period, he served as an administrator as well as a professor. In 1917 Farmer married Pearl Marion and they had two children, Helen Louise and James L. Farmer, Jr. Their son became a civil rights leader during the Civil Rights Movement. A proponent of non-violent action, he was a co-founder of the Congress for Racial Equality, aspects of Farmer Sr. s life are chronicled in the film The Great Debaters, in which the minister is played by Forest Whitaker. James L. Farmer page, Center for East Texas Studies James Farmer Sr. Born, African American Registry
27.
Justice Leak
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Justice Adam Leak is an American film, television and stage actor best known for his portrayal of Harland Osbourne in the 2007 film The Great Debaters. Leak was born and raised in Montgomery, Alabama by parents George, an officer, and Doris. He won the universitys Best Actor award and was nominated for two Irene Ryan Awards for his numerous performances, after obtaining his degree from Auburn University, Leak relocated to Atlanta, Georgia. He was signed to an agency which landed him a number of roles in commercials, television shows and his agent sent Leaks résumé to the producers of The Great Debaters. When he met Denzel Washington, the director and also an actor in The Great Debaters, in a callback audition. I knew my life was about to change and he was given the role of Harland Osbourne, the Harvard University liaison who receives the Wiley College debate team. When he accepted the role in May 2007, he ended his stint on Atlantas longest-running play. Leak appears in the 2008 film Balancing the Books, and stars in the 2012 film Implanted, which he completed before The Great Debaters, Leak and his older sister Liberty were named for their fathers love of the criminal justice system. He is trained in ballet, jazz dance, videography and drum-playing, official website Justice Leak at the Internet Movie Database
28.
Robert X. Golphin
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Robert X. Golphin is an American actor, writer/director, author, speaker and journalist from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He is best known for his role as Dunbar Reed in The Great Debaters, Golphin has had roles in various films and television series including Remember the Daze, Rounding First, Punch Me, The Counterparts, The Underground Kings, and The Wire. He made his theatre debut as Kevin in the 2012 stage-play, The Storm, An Original Pop-Rock Musical at the NoHo Arts Center in North Hollywood. He has written, produced, and/or directed several award-winning short subject films that have screened in the U. S. during his final semester of undergraduate studies at St. Augustines University, he directed and produced an authorized stage medley of Spike Lees School Daze. Golphin co-founded Brotherside Entertainment, LLC, an award-winning North Carolina based film production company and he is the author of the young adult novel, Abandoning Adam, Confessions of an HBCU Scholar. Abandoning Adam, Confessions of an HBCU Scholar,4. Philadelphia Tribunes Entertainment Now 5. Variety 6. Scoop USA Newspaper 7. Philly AD Club 8. Movie Bytes 9. Rounding First official website 10. Entertainment Now, Philadelphia Tribune 11. Robert X. Golphin Featured In The HBCU Digest 12, atlantic City CineFest List Of Nominations for 201113. Blog Talk Radio Interview With Robert X. Golphin on The Joy Keys Morning Show 14, blog Talk Radio Interview with Robert X. Golphin on Solutions Radio with S. Denice Newton 15. Blog Talk Radio Interview with Robert X. Golphin on AfterThoughts Radio with S. Denice Newton 16, blog Talk Radio Interview with Robert X. Golphin on Urban Film Radio 17. Philadelphia Tribune Feature Story About Robert X. Golphin and Punch Me 18, List of Competition Finalist Screenplays 19. J Blair Presents Radio Show Interview w/ Robert X. Golphin 21, reelblack Presents Monthly Showcase Sneak Preview of The Counterparts 22. NBA All Star Executive Produces Gritty Police Drama The Underground Kings 23, Gritty Police Drama The Underground Kings Slated To Premiere in January Official website Robert X. Golphin at the Internet Movie Database Official Twitter Profile Official Fan Page on Facebook
29.
Frank L. Ridley
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Frank Ridley is an American film and television actor best known for his portrayal of satirical politician Honest Gil Fulbright. Born into a family in Michigan, he originally trained as an opera singer with Richard Conrad. After attending Boston Conservatory of Music, he started his career as a member of Sarah Caldwells Opera Company of Boston. His television career started when he was cast as Terry Mulligan in the Showtime network series Brotherhood and his other TV work includes roles on House of Cards, Orange is the New Black, Alpha House, Olive Kitteridge, The Night Of, The Leftovers, and 30 Rock. He also can be seen in a variety of films including Inside Llewyn Davis, Birdman or, Honest Gil Fulbright is a satirical political candidate portrayed by Frank Ridley. Fulbright originally ran for the U. S. Senate in 2014 as an honest politician for Kentucky on behalf of Represent. US, Fulbright has been featured on CNN, The Today Show, Fox & Friends, Al Jazeera, The Washington Post, and The Huffington Post. His campaign message was Im only in this thing for the money, Fulbright is currently considering a run at the 2016 presidential election. Frank L. Ridley at the Internet Movie Database
30.
Documentary film
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A documentary film is a nonfictional motion picture intended to document some aspect of reality, primarily for the purposes of instruction, education, or maintaining a historical record. Documentary has been described as a practice, a cinematic tradition. Polish writer and filmmaker Bolesław Matuszewski was among those who identified the mode of documentary film and he wrote two of the earliest texts on cinema Une nouvelle source de lhistoire and La photographie animée. Both were published in 1898 in French and among the written works to consider the historical. Matuszewski is also among the first filmmakers to propose the creation of a Film Archive to collect, the American film critic Pare Lorentz defines a documentary film as a factual film which is dramatic. Others further state that a documentary stands out from the types of non-fiction films for providing an opinion. Documentary practice is the process of creating documentary projects. Documentary filmmaking can be used as a form of journalism, advocacy, early film was dominated by the novelty of showing an event. They were single-shot moments captured on film, a train entering a station and these short films were called actuality films, the term documentary was not coined until 1926. Many of the first films, such as made by Auguste and Louis Lumière, were a minute or less in length. Films showing many people were made for commercial reasons, the people being filmed were eager to see, for payment. One notable film clocked in at over an hour and a half, using pioneering film-looping technology, Enoch J. Rector presented the entirety of a famous 1897 prize-fight on cinema screens across the United States, in May 1896, Bolesław Matuszewski recorded on film few surigical operations in Warsaw and Saint Petersburg hospitals. In 1898, French surgeon Eugène-Louis Doyen invited Bolesław Matuszewski and Clément Maurice and they started in Paris a series of surgical films sometime before July 1898. Until 1906, the year of his last film, Doyen recorded more than 60 operations, Doyen said that his first films taught him how to correct professional errors he had been unaware of. These and five other of Doyens films survive, all these short films have been preserved. I must say I forgot those works and I am thankful to you that you reminded them to me, unfortunately, not many scientists have followed your way. Travelogue films were popular in the early part of the 20th century
31.
Rotten Tomatoes
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Rotten Tomatoes is an American review aggregator website for film and television. The company was launched in August 1998 by Senh Duong and since January 2010 has been owned by Flixster, in February 2016, Rotten Tomatoes and its parent site Flixster were sold to Comcasts Fandango. Warner Bros. retained a minority stake in the merged entities, since 2007, the websites editor-in-chief has been Matt Atchity. The name, Rotten Tomatoes, derives from the practice of audiences throwing rotten tomatoes when disapproving of a stage performance. From early 2008 to September 2010, Current Television aired the weekly The Rotten Tomatoes Show, featuring hosts, a shorter segment was incorporated into the weekly show, InfoMania, which ended in 2011. In September 2013, the website introduced TV Zone, a section for reviewing scripted TV shows, Rotten Tomatoes was launched on August 12,1998, as a spare-time project by Senh Duong. His goal in creating Rotten Tomatoes was to create a site where people can get access to reviews from a variety of critics in the U. S. As a fan of Jackie Chans, Duong was inspired to create the website after collecting all the reviews of Chans movies as they were being published in the United States, the first movie whose reviews were featured on Rotten Tomatoes was Your Friends & Neighbors. The website was an success, receiving mentions by Netscape, Yahoo. and USA Today within the first week of its launch. They officially launched it on April 1,2000, in June 2004, IGN Entertainment acquired rottentomatoes. com for an undisclosed sum. In September 2005, IGN was bought by News Corps Fox Interactive Media, in January 2010, IGN sold the website to Flixster. The combined reach of both companies is 30 million unique visitors a month across all different platforms, according to the companies, in May 2011, Flixster was acquired by Warner Bros. In early 2009, Current Television launched the version of the web review site. It was hosted by Brett Erlich and Ellen Fox and written by Mark Ganek, the show aired every Thursday at 10,30 EST on the Current TV network. The last episode aired on September 16,2010 and it returned as a much shorter segment of InfoMania, a satirical news show that ended in 2011. By late 2009, the website was designed to enable Rotten Tomatoes users to create, one group, The Golden Oyster Awards, accepted votes of members for different awards, as if in parallel to the better-known Oscars or Golden Globes. When Flixster bought the company, they disbanded the groups, announcing, in the meantime, please use the Forums to continue your conversations about your favorite movie topics. As of February 2011, new community features have been added, for example, users can no longer sort films by fresh ratings from rotten ratings, and vice versa
32.
Metacritic
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Metacritic is a website that aggregates reviews of media products, music albums, games, movies, TV shows, DVDs, and formerly, books. For each product, the scores from each review are averaged, Metacritic was created by Jason Dietz, Marc Doyle, and Julie Doyle Roberts. The site provides an excerpt from each review and hyperlinks to its source, a color of Green, Yellow or Red summarizes the critics recommendations and therefore the general appeal of the product to reviewers and, to a lesser extent, the public. It is regarded as the game industrys foremost review aggregator. Metacritics scoring converts each review into a percentage, either mathematically from the mark given, before being averaged, the scores are weighted according to the critics fame, stature, and volume of reviews. Metacritic was launched in July 1999 by Marc Doyle, his sister Julie Doyle Roberts, rotten Tomatoes was already compiling movie reviews, but Doyle, Roberts, and Dietz saw an opportunity to cover a broader range of media. They sold Metacritic to CNET in 2005, CNET and Metacritic are now owned by the CBS Corporation. Nick Wingfield of The Wall Street Journal wrote in September 2004, Mr. Doyle,36, is now a product manager at CNET. Speaking of video games, Doyle said, A site like ours helps people cut through. unobjective promotional language and he added that the review process was not taken as seriously when unconnected magazines and websites provided reviews in isolation. In August 2010, the appearance was revamped, reaction from users was overwhelmingly negative. Certain publications are given more significance because of their stature, games Editor Marc Doyle was interviewed by Keith Stuart of The Guardian to get a look behind the metascoring process. Stuart wrote, the phenomenon, namely Metacritic and GameRankings, have become an enormously important element of online games journalism over the past few years. The ranging of metascores is, Metacritic is regarded as the foremost online review site for the video game industry. Nick Wingfield of The Wall Street Journal has written that Metacritic influence the sales of games and he explains its influence as coming from the higher cost of buying video games than music or movie tickets. Many executives say that low scores can hurt the sales potential. He claimed that a number of businesses and financial analysts use Metacritic as an early indicator of a games potential sales and, by extension. In 2004, Jason Hall of Warner Bros. began including quality metrics in contracts with partners licensing its movies for games, if a product does not at least achieve a specific score, some deals require the publisher to pay higher royalties. In 2008, Microsoft began using Metacritic averages to de-list underperforming Xbox Live Arcade games and these are the top 10 individual games with the highest scores on the site as of 2 April 2017
33.
The Philadelphia Inquirer
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The Philadelphia Inquirer is a morning daily newspaper that serves the Philadelphia metropolitan area of the United States. The newspaper was founded by John R. Walker and John Norvell in June 1829 as The Pennsylvania Inquirer and is the third-oldest surviving daily newspaper in the United States. Owned by Philadelphia Media Network, The Inquirer has the eighteenth largest average weekday U. S. newspaper circulation and has won nineteen Pulitzer Prizes and it is the newspaper of record in the Delaware Valley. The paper has risen and fallen in prominence throughout its history, the Inquirer first became a major newspaper during the American Civil War when its war coverage was popular on both sides. The papers circulation dropped after the war, then rose by the end of the 19th century, by the end of the 1960s, The Inquirer trailed its chief competitor, the Philadelphia Evening Bulletin, and lacked modern facilities and experienced staff. In the 1970s, new owners and editors turned the newspaper one of the countrys most prominent. Stan Wischnowski is Vice President of News Operations, the Philadelphia Inquirer was founded as The Pennsylvania Inquirer by printer John R. Walker and John Norvell, former editor of Philadelphias largest newspaper, the Aurora & Gazette. Founded on June 1,1829, The Philadelphia Inquirer is the third-oldest surviving daily newspaper in the United States, however, in 1962, an Inquirer-commissioned historian traced The Inquirer to John Dunlaps The Pennsylvania Packet, which was founded on October 28,1771. In 1850, The Packet was merged with another newspaper, The North American, after Harding acquired The Pennsylvania Inquirer, it was briefly published as an afternoon paper before returning to its original morning format in January 1830. Under Harding, in 1829, The Inquirer moved from its location between Front and Second Streets to between Second and Third Streets. When Harding bought and merged the Morning Journal in January 1830, Ten years later The Inquirer again was moved, this time to its own building at the corner of Third Street and Carters Alley. Harding expanded The Inquirers content and the paper grew into a major Philadelphian newspaper. The expanded content included the addition of fiction, and in 1840, at the time the common practice was to pay little or nothing for the rights of foreign authors works. Harding retired in 1859 and was succeeded by his son William White Harding, William Harding changed the name of the newspaper to its current name, The Philadelphia Inquirer. Harding, in an attempt to increase circulation, cut the price of the paper, in 1859, circulation had been around 7,000, by 1863 it had increased to 70,000. Part of the increase was due to the interest in news during the American Civil War, the Philadelphia Inquirer supported the Union, but Harding wanted their coverage to remain neutral. Confederate generals often sought copies of the paper, believing that the war coverage was accurate. Inquirer journalist Uriah Hunt Painter was at the First Battle of Bull Run in 1861, initial reports from the government claimed a Union victory, but The Inquirer went with Painters firsthand account
34.
Roger Ebert
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Roger Joseph Ebert was an American film critic and historian, journalist, screenwriter, and author. He was a critic for the Chicago Sun-Times from 1967 until his death in 2013. In 1975, Ebert became the first film critic to win the Pulitzer Prize for Criticism, the two verbally sparred and traded humorous barbs while discussing films. They created and trademarked the phrase Two Thumbs Up, used when both hosts gave the film a positive review. After Siskel died in 1999, Ebert continued hosting the show with various co-hosts and then, starting in 2000, Ebert lived with cancer of the thyroid and salivary glands from 2002. This required treatments necessitating the removal of his jaw, which cost him the ability to speak or eat normally. His ability to write remained unimpaired, however, and he continued to publish frequently both online and in print until his death on April 4,2013. Roger Joseph Ebert was born in Urbana, Illinois, the child of Annabel, a bookkeeper, and Walter Harry Ebert. He was raised Roman Catholic, attending St. Marys elementary school and his paternal grandparents were German immigrants and his maternal ancestry was Irish and Dutch. In his senior year, he was president and editor-in-chief of his high school newspaper. In 1958, he won the Illinois High School Association state speech championship in radio speaking, regarding his early influences in film criticism, Ebert wrote in the 1998 parody collection Mad About the Movies, I learned to be a movie critic by reading Mad magazine. Mads parodies made me aware of the machine inside the skin – of the way a movie might look original on the outside, I did not read the magazine, I plundered it for clues to the universe. Pauline Kael lost it at the movies, I lost it at Mad magazine, Ebert began taking classes at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign as an early-entrance student, completing his high-school courses while also taking his first university class. After graduating from Urbana High School in 1960, Ebert then attended and received his degree in 1964. As an undergraduate, he was a member of the Phi Delta Theta fraternity, One of the first movie reviews he ever wrote was a review of La Dolce Vita, published in The Daily Illini in October 1961. Ebert spent a semester as a student in the department of English there before attending the University of Cape Town on a Rotary fellowship for a year. He returned from Cape Town to his studies at Illinois for two more semesters and then, after being accepted as a PhD candidate at the University of Chicago. Instead Kogan referred Ebert to the city editor at the Chicago Sun-Times, Jim Hoge and he attended doctoral classes at the University of Chicago while working as a general reporter at the Sun-Times for a year
35.
Chicago Sun-Times
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The Chicago Sun-Times is a daily newspaper published in Chicago, Illinois. It is the paper of the Sun-Times Media Group. The Chicago Sun-Times is the oldest continuously published daily newspaper in the city and it began in 1844 as the Chicago Daily Journal, which was the first newspaper to publish the rumor, now believed false, that a cow owned by Catherine OLeary was responsible for the Chicago fire. The Evening Journal, whose West Side building at 17-19 S. Canal was undamaged, in 1929, the newspaper was relaunched as the Chicago Daily Illustrated Times. The modern paper grew out of the 1948 merger of the Chicago Sun, founded December 4,1941 by Marshall Field III, and the Chicago Daily Times. The newspaper was owned by Field Enterprises, controlled by the Marshall Field family, when the Daily News ended its run in 1978, much of its staff, including Pulitzer Prize-winning columnist Mike Royko, were moved to the Sun-Times. During the Field period, the newspaper had a populist, progressive character that leaned Democratic but was independent of the citys Democratic establishment, although the graphic style was urban tabloid, the paper was well regarded for journalistic quality and did not rely on sensational front-page stories. It typically ran articles from the Washington Post/Los Angeles Times wire service, the advice column Ask Ann Landers debuted in 1943. Ann Landers was the pseudonym of staff writer Ruth Crowley, who answered readers letters until 1955, eppie Lederer, sister of Dear Abby columnist Abigail van Buren, assumed the role thereafter as Ann Landers. Kups Column, written by Irv Kupcinet, also made its first appearance in 1943, Jack Olsen joined the Sun-Times as editor-in-chief in 1954, before moving on to Time and Sports Illustrated magazines and authoring true-crime books. Hired as literary editor in 1955 was Hoke Norris, who covered the civil-rights movement for the Sun-Times. Jerome Holtzman became a member of the Chicago Sun sports department after first being a boy for the Daily News in the 1940s. He and Edgar Munzel, another longtime sportswriter for the paper, famed for his World War II exploits, two-time Pulitzer Prize-winning cartoonist Bill Mauldin made the Sun-Times his home base in 1962. The following year, Mauldin drew one of his most renowned illustrations, two years out of college, Roger Ebert became a staff writer in 1966, and a year later was named Sun-Times film critic. He continued in this role for the remainder of his life, after the friend wrote a story about it, Grizzard fired Banks. With that, the employees union intervened, a federal arbitrator ruled for Banks and 13 months later. The articles received considerable publicity and acclaim, but a nomination for the Pulitzer Prize met resistance from some who believed the Mirage series represented a form of entrapment. In March 1978, the afternoon publication the Chicago Daily News, sister paper of the Sun-Times
