1.
Manchester
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Manchester is a major city and metropolitan borough in Greater Manchester, England, with a population of 514,414 as of 2013. It lies within the United Kingdoms second-most populous urban area, with a population of 2.55 million, Manchester is fringed by the Cheshire Plain to the south, the Pennines to the north and east and an arc of towns with which it forms a continuous conurbation. The local authority is Manchester City Council and it was historically a part of Lancashire, although areas of Cheshire south of the River Mersey were incorporated during the 20th century. Throughout the Middle Ages Manchester remained a township but began to expand at an astonishing rate around the turn of the 19th century. Manchesters unplanned urbanisation was brought on by a boom in textile manufacture during the Industrial Revolution, Manchester achieved city status in 1853. The Manchester Ship Canal opened in 1894, creating the Port of Manchester and its fortunes declined after the Second World War, owing to deindustrialisation. The city centre was devastated in a bombing in 1996, but it led to extensive investment, in 2014, the Globalization and World Cities Research Network ranked Manchester as a beta world city, the highest-ranked British city apart from London. Manchester is the third-most visited city in the UK and it is notable for its architecture, culture, musical exports, media links, scientific and engineering output, social impact, sports clubs and transport connections. Manchester Liverpool Road railway station was the worlds first inter-city passenger railway station and in the city scientists first split the atom, the name Manchester originates from the Latin name Mamucium or its variant Mancunium and the citizens are still referred to as Mancunians. These are generally thought to represent a Latinisation of an original Brittonic name, both meanings are preserved in languages derived from Common Brittonic, mam meaning breast in Irish and mother in Welsh. The suffix -chester is a survival of Old English ceaster and their territory extended across the fertile lowland of what is now Salford and Stretford. Central Manchester has been settled since this time. A stabilised fragment of foundations of the version of the Roman fort is visible in Castlefield. After the Roman withdrawal and Saxon conquest, the focus of settlement shifted to the confluence of the Irwell, much of the wider area was laid waste in the subsequent Harrying of the North. Thomas de la Warre, lord of the manor, founded and constructed a church for the parish in 1421. The church is now Manchester Cathedral, the premises of the college house Chethams School of Music. The library, which opened in 1653 and is open to the public today, is the oldest free public reference library in the United Kingdom. Manchester is mentioned as having a market in 1282, around the 14th century, Manchester received an influx of Flemish weavers, sometimes credited as the foundation of the regions textile industry
2.
England
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England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west, the Irish Sea lies northwest of England and the Celtic Sea lies to the southwest. England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east, the country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain in its centre and south, and includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly, and the Isle of Wight. England became a state in the 10th century, and since the Age of Discovery. The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England, transforming its society into the worlds first industrialised nation, Englands terrain mostly comprises low hills and plains, especially in central and southern England. However, there are uplands in the north and in the southwest, the capital is London, which is the largest metropolitan area in both the United Kingdom and the European Union. In 1801, Great Britain was united with the Kingdom of Ireland through another Act of Union to become the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. In 1922 the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom, leading to the latter being renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain, the name England is derived from the Old English name Englaland, which means land of the Angles. The Angles were one of the Germanic tribes that settled in Great Britain during the Early Middle Ages, the Angles came from the Angeln peninsula in the Bay of Kiel area of the Baltic Sea. The earliest recorded use of the term, as Engla londe, is in the ninth century translation into Old English of Bedes Ecclesiastical History of the English People. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, its spelling was first used in 1538. The earliest attested reference to the Angles occurs in the 1st-century work by Tacitus, Germania, the etymology of the tribal name itself is disputed by scholars, it has been suggested that it derives from the shape of the Angeln peninsula, an angular shape. An alternative name for England is Albion, the name Albion originally referred to the entire island of Great Britain. The nominally earliest record of the name appears in the Aristotelian Corpus, specifically the 4th century BC De Mundo, in it are two very large islands called Britannia, these are Albion and Ierne. But modern scholarly consensus ascribes De Mundo not to Aristotle but to Pseudo-Aristotle, the word Albion or insula Albionum has two possible origins. Albion is now applied to England in a poetic capacity. Another romantic name for England is Loegria, related to the Welsh word for England, Lloegr, the earliest known evidence of human presence in the area now known as England was that of Homo antecessor, dating to approximately 780,000 years ago. The oldest proto-human bones discovered in England date from 500,000 years ago, Modern humans are known to have inhabited the area during the Upper Paleolithic period, though permanent settlements were only established within the last 6,000 years
3.
Factory Records
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Like the label 4AD Records, Factory Records used a creative team which gave the label and the artists recording for it a particular sound and image. The label employed a unique cataloguing system that gave a not just to its musical releases. At that time there was a label in Manchester called Rabid Records, run by Tosh Ryan. It had several successful acts, including Slaughter & The Dogs, John Cooper Clarke, after his seminal TV series So It Goes, Tony Wilson was interested in the way Rabid Records ran, and was convinced that the real money and power were in album sales. With a lot of discussion, Tony Wilson, Rob Gretton and Alan Erasmus set up Factory Records, the Factory name was first used for a club in May of that year, which featured local bands including The Durutti Column, Cabaret Voltaire from Sheffield, and Joy Division. Peter Saville designed advertising for the club, and in September Factory released an EP of music by acts who had played at the club called A Factory Sample, in 1978, Wilson compered the new wave afternoon at Deeply Vale Festival. The Factory label set up an office in Erasmus home on the first floor of 86 Palatine Road, singles followed by A Certain Ratio and Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark. The first Factory LP, Joy Divisions Unknown Pleasures, was released in June, in January 1980, The Return of the Durutti Column was released, the first in a long series of releases by guitarist Vini Reilly. In May, Joy Division singer Ian Curtis committed suicide shortly before a tour of the USA. The following month saw Joy Divisions single Love Will Tear Us Apart reach the UK top twenty, in late 1980, the remaining members of Joy Division decided to continue as New Order. Hannett left the label, as he had wanted to open a studio instead. Saville also quit as a due to problems with payments. Wilson, Erasmus and Gretton formed Factory Communications Ltd, the Haçienda opened in May 1982. Adjusting bar prices failed to help matters as by the crowds were increasingly preferring ecstasy to alcohol. Therefore the Haçienda ended up costing tens of thousands of pounds every month, in 1983 New Orders Blue Monday became an international chart hit. Saville noted that nobody at Factory expected Blue Monday to be a successful record at all. 1985 saw the first release by Happy Mondays, New Order and Happy Mondays became the most successful bands on the label, bankrolling a host of other projects. Factory, and the Haçienda, became a hub of the emerging techno and acid house genres
4.
Rave
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A rave is a large dance party featuring performances by DJs and occasionally live performers playing electronic music. The music is amplified with a large, powerful sound reinforcement system, the music is accompanied by laser light shows, projected images, visual effects and fog machines. The word rave was first used in the late 1980s to describe the subculture grew out of the acid house movement. While some raves may be small parties held at nightclubs or private residences, some raves have grown to immense size, some electronic dance music festivals have features of raves, but on a large, often commercial scale. Raves may last for a time, with some events continuing for twenty-four hours. In the late 1950s in London the term rave was used to describe the wild bohemian parties of the Soho beatnik set, in 1958, Buddy Holly recorded the hit Rave On, citing the madness and frenzy of a feeling and the desire for it never to end. The word rave was used in the burgeoning mod youth culture of the early 1960s as the way to describe any wild party in general. People who were gregarious party animals were described as ravers, pop musicians such as Steve Marriott of The Small Faces and Keith Moon of The Who were self-described ravers. Presaging the words subsequent 1980s association with music, the word rave was a common term used regarding the music of mid-1960s garage rock. It was later part of the title of a music performance event held on 28 January 1967 at Londons Roundhouse titled the Million Volt Light. The event featured the only public airing of an experimental sound collage created for the occasion by Paul McCartney of The Beatles – the legendary Carnival of Light recording. With the rapid change of British pop culture from the mod era of 1963–1966 to the era of 1967 and beyond. Its use during that era would have perceived as a quaint or ironic use of bygone slang. Also during the 1970s the Chicago house movement continued to expand along with a new club - Studio 54, Studio 54 was a world-famous New York nightclub and discothèque. Founded and created by Steve Rubell and Ian Schrager in 1977, Rubell and Schrager hired Scott Bromley as architect, Ron Doud as interior designer and Brian Thompson as lighting designer. Where formerly all clubs had very dark, at Studio 54 the crowd could be lit brightly. In the late 1970s, the club was arguably the best-known nightclub in the world, the perception of the word changed again in the late 1980s when the term was revived and adopted by a new youth culture, possibly inspired by the use of the term in Jamaica. In the late 1980s, the word rave was adopted to describe the subculture grew out of the acid house movement
5.
Castlefield
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Castlefield is an inner city conservation area of Manchester in North West England. The conservation area which bears its name is bounded by the River Irwell, Quay Street, Deansgate and it was the site of the Roman era fort of Mamucium or Mancunium which gave its name to Manchester. It was the terminus of the Bridgewater Canal, the worlds first industrial canal built in 1764, the worlds first passenger railway terminated here in 1830, at Liverpool Road railway station and the first railway warehouse opened here in 1831. The Rochdale Canal met the Bridgewater Canal at Castlefield in 1805 and in the 1830s they were linked with the Mersey and it has a tram station, Deansgate-Castlefield tram stop providing frequent Manchester Metrolink services to Eccles, Bury, Altrincham, Manchester Piccadilly, East Didsbury and Rochdale. Castlefield was designated as an area in 1980 and the United Kingdoms first designated Urban Heritage Park in 1982. The name Castlefield refers to the position below the former Roman fort. It is a version of the earlier name Castle-in-the-field. Another name for the area was Campfield, which derived from the same source and it is preserved in the name of St Matthews Church, Campfield, and Campfield Market. Port in Old English could refer to a harbour or a market so the names could be old, a Roman fort, Mamucium or Mancunium was established in what is now Castlefield around AD79 near a crossing place on the River Medlock. The fort was sited on a bluff near the confluence of the River Medlock. It was erected as a series of fortifications established by Gnaeus Julius Agricola during his campaign against the Brigantes who were the Celtic tribe in control of most of northern England and it guarded a central stage of the Roman road, between Deva Victrix and Eboracum. Another road branched off to the north to Bremetennacum, the neighbouring forts were Castleshaw and Northwich. Built first from turf and timber, the fort was demolished around 140, when it was rebuilt around 160, it was again of turf and timber construction. Around the year 200, the fort underwent another rebuild enhancing its defences by replacing the gatehouse in stone, the fort would have been garrisoned by an infantry cohort of around 500 auxiliary troops. Evidence of both pagan and Christian worship has been discovered, two altars have been found and there may be a temple of Mithras at the site. A word square was discovered in the 1970s that may be one of the earliest examples of Christianity in Britain, a civilian settlement grew in association with the fort, made up of traders and the soldiers families. An area which has a concentration of furnaces and industrial activity has been described as an industrial estate, the civilian settlement was probably abandoned by the mid-3rd century, although a small garrison may have remained at Mamucium into the late 3rd and early 4th centuries. A reconstructed part of the stands on the site and is open to the public
6.
Guy Burgess
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Guy Francis de Moncy Burgess was a British radio producer, intelligence officer and Foreign Office official. He was a member of the Cambridge Five spy ring that passed Western secrets to the Soviets before and he defected to the Soviet Union in 1951. Burgess was born in Devonport, Devon, England, the son of Evelyn Mary and Malcolm Kingsford de Moncy Burgess, the Burgesses were of Huguenot origin, having changed the name from Bourgeois, and had been successful bankers in Kent during the Napoleonic wars. Although Burgess attended the Royal Naval College, Dartmouth, he failed to follow in his fathers footsteps, like most of the Cambridge Five, he came from a privileged background, attending Lockers Park School and Eton College, and eventually attending Trinity College, Cambridge. In 1934 Burgess travelled to the USSR during his summer vacation, Burgess, together with Blunt, Donald Maclean and Kim Philby, was recruited by Soviet intelligence. Anthony Blunt in his memoir described Burgess as an extraordinarily persuasive person who talked him into joining the spy ring, although they were both homosexual and once shared a house together, Blunt said that there was nothing sexual in their relationship. According to author Andrew Lownie, Soviet intelligence considered that Burgesss homosexuality was an advantage as he was used to covert activities and had a network of contacts. Upon coming down from Cambridge, Burgess initially was personal assistant to Jack Macnamara, Burgess also had ties to Sir George Joseph Ball, who ran the Research Department at Conservative Party Central Office. Macnamara was a member of the Anglo-German Fellowship, which Burgess and Philby joined, Burgess then worked for the BBC as a Talks Assistant, producing a wide variety of programmes. In 1938, he met with Winston Churchill and encouraged him to campaign against the Munich Agreement and he recorded an account of the meeting in 1951 shortly before his defection to the Soviet Union, and the recording was broadcast in 2014. In London, Burgess resided at Chester Square and later 5 Bentinck Street, for time with Anthony Blunt and Teresa Mayor. The house, which belonged to Victor Rothschild, was a centre of bohemian life during the Blitz. In 1946, after the Labour Government took office, Burgess became an assistant to Hector McNeil, Burgess was able regularly to show top secret Foreign Office documents to the KGB. In 1948 Burgess was briefly seconded to the newly formed Information Research Department, in 1948 Burgess joined the Far East Department of the Foreign Office. In early 1949, he had a fall at a nightclub. Later that year, he faced disciplinary action for drunkenness and indiscretion, in 1950, he was sent to the Washington Embassy. While in Washington, Burgess lived with Kim Philbys family, in a basement flat, in 1951, cryptographers in the VENONA project had found evidence against Donald Maclean, and told Philby as the head of the MI6 station in Washington. On 28 February, Burgess was pulled over for speeding three times while on a car trip through Virginia and claimed diplomatic immunity, the Governor of Virginia protested, and Burgess was sent home
7.
Hacienda
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Hacienda is a Spanish word for an estate. Some haciendas were plantations, mines or factories, many haciendas combined these productive activities. The term hacienda is imprecise, but usually refers to landed estates of significant size, smaller holdings were termed estancias or ranchos that were owned almost exclusively by Spaniards and criollos and in rare cases by mixed-race individuals. In Argentina, the estancia is used for large estates that in Mexico would be termed haciendas. In recent decades, the term has been used in the United States to refer to a style associated with the earlier estate manor houses. The hacienda system of Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Mexico, New Granada, a similar system existed on a smaller scale in the Philippines and Puerto Rico. Haciendas were developed as profit-making, economic enterprises linked to regional or international markets, the owner of an hacienda was termed an hacendado. Even though the private landed estates that comprised most haciendas did not have a tie to the encomienda. Encomenderos were in a position to retain their prominence economically via the hacienda, since the encomienda was a grant from the crown, holders were dependent on the crown for its continuation. As the crown moved to eliminate the encomienda with its supply, Spaniards consolidated private landholdings. The long term trend then was the creation of the hacienda as secure private property, haciendas originated in Spanish land grants, made to many conquistadors and crown officials, but many ordinary Spaniards could also petition for land grants from the crown. The system is considered to have started in present-day Mexico, when the Spanish Crown granted to Hernán Cortés the title of Marquis of the Valley of Oaxaca in 1529 and it gave him a tract of land that included all of the present state of Morelos. Cortés was also granted encomiendas, that gave him access to a vast pool of indigenous labor, in Spanish America, the owner of an hacienda was called the hacendado or patrón. Onsite management of the estates was by a paid administrator or manager. Administrators were often hired for a term of employment, receiving a salary. Some administrators also acquired landholdings themselves in the area of the estate they were managing, the work force on haciendas varied, depending on the type of hacienda and where it was located. In central Mexico near indigenous communities and growing crops to supply urban markets, there was often a small, labor could be recruited from nearby indigenous communities on an as-needed basis, such as planting and harvest time. The permanent and temporary employees worked land that belonged to the patrón
8.
The Smiths
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The Smiths were an English rock band formed in Manchester in 1982. The band consisted of vocalist Morrissey, guitarist Johnny Marr, bassist Andy Rourke, critics have called them the most important alternative rock band to emerge from the British independent music scene of the 1980s. The NME named the Smiths the most influential artist ever in a 2002 poll, four of their albums appeared on Rolling Stones list of the 500 Greatest Albums of All Time. They have also released several compilations, and numerous non-LP singles, the Smiths had several singles reach the UK top twenty and all four of their studio albums reached the UK top five, including one which topped the charts. They won a significant following and remain cult favourites, although they had limited success outside the UK while they were still together. The band broke up in 1987 and have turned down offers to reunite. The bands focus on a guitar, bass, and drum sound, Marrs guitar-playing on his Rickenbacker often had a jangly sound reminiscent of Roger McGuinn of the Byrds. Marrs guitar-playing influenced later Manchester bands, including the Stone Roses, Morrissey and Marrs songs combined themes about ordinary people with complex, literate lyrics delivered by Morrissey with a mordant sense of humour. In 2014 and 2015, they were nominated for induction into the Rock, on 31 August 1978, Morrissey was briefly introduced to the 14-year-old Johnny Marr by mutual acquaintances Billy Duffy and Howard Bates at a Patti Smith gig held at Manchesters Apollo Theatre. According to Morrissey, We got on absolutely famously and we were very similar in drive. Conversing, the two found that they were fans of many of the same bands, the next day, Morrissey phoned Marr to confirm that he would be interested in forming a band with him. A few days later, Morrissey and Marr held their first rehearsal in Marrs rented attic room in Bowdon, the next song that they worked on was titled The Hand that Rocks the Cradle, which again was based on lyrics produced by Morrissey. Marr included a tempo which was based on the Patti Smith song Kimberly, the third track that the duo worked on was Suffer Little Children. Around the time of the formation, Morrissey decided that he would be publicly known only by his surname. In 1983 he forbade those around him using the name of Steven. After remaining with the band for rehearsals, Pomfret departed un-amicably. He was replaced by the bass player Dale Hibbert, who worked at Manchesters Decibel Studios and it was through Hibbert that the Smiths were able to record their first demo at Decibel, doing so one night in August 1982. Aided by drummer Simon Wolstencroft, whom Marr had worked with in Freak Party, meanwhile, Morrissey took the demo recording to Factory Records, but Factorys Tony Wilson wasnt interested
9.
Fatboy Slim
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Norman Quentin Cook, also known by his stage name Fatboy Slim, is an English DJ, musician and record producer/mixer. As a solo act, he has won ten MTV Video Music Awards. His records as Fatboy Slim also helped to popularise the big beat genre, Cook first rose to fame in the 1980s as the bassist of the indie rock band The Housemartins who scored a UK number-one single with their a cappella cover of Isley-Jasper-Isleys Caravan of Love. Cook then went on to numerous other acts, including Freak Power, Pizzaman. Cook adopted the Fatboy Slim moniker in 1996 and released Better Living Through Chemistry to critical acclaim, in 2008, Cook founded a project called The Brighton Port Authority. Cook has been responsible for successful remixes for Cornershop, Beastie Boys, A Tribe Called Quest, Groove Armada, Quentin Leo Cook was born in Bromley, raised in Reigate, Surrey, England, and educated at Reigate Grammar School. He played drums in Disque Attack, a British new wave-influenced rock band, when frontman Charlie Alcock was told by his parents that he had to give up the band to concentrate on his O levels, Cook took over as lead vocalist. At The Railway Tavern in Reigate, Cook met Paul Heaton with whom he formed the Stomping Pondfrogs. At 18, Cook went to Brighton Polytechnic to read a B. A. in English, politics, and sociology, in 1985, Cooks friend Paul Heaton had formed a guitar band called The Housemartins. Their bassist left on the eve of their first national tour, the band soon had a hit single with Happy Hour, and their two albums, London 0 Hull 4 and The People Who Grinned Themselves to Death, peaked in the Top 10 of the UK Albums Chart. They also reached number one just before Christmas 1986 with a version of Caravan of Love, however, by 1988 they had split up. Heaton and the bands drummer Dave Hemingway went on to form The Beautiful South and it was at this time that he first started working with young studio engineer Simon Thornton, with whom he continues to make records. All of Cooks records released from that point onwards have involved both of them to varying degrees, Cook achieved his first solo hit in 1989, featuring his future Beats International member MC Wildski, called Blame It on the Bassline. MC Wildski, the song followed the template of what was to come in the style of the music of Beats International. It became a modest hit in the UK Singles Chart, reaching number 29, Cook formed Beats International, a loose confederation of studio musicians including vocalists Lindy Layton, Lester Noel, D. J. Baptiste, rapper MC Wildski, and keyboardist Andy Boucher. O. S and this bankrupted Cook as he lost the case and was ordered to pay back twice the royalties made on the record. The 1991 follow-up album Excursion on the Version, an exploration of dub and reggae music, failed to repeat the success of its predecessor, Cook then formed Freak Power with horn player Ashley Slater and singer Jesse Graham. They released their debut album Drive-Thru Booty in 1994, which contained the single Turn On, Tune In, the cut was picked up by the Levis company for use in a multimillion-dollar advertising campaign
10.
House music
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House music is a genre of electronic music created by club DJs and music producers in Chicago in the early 1980s. Early house music was characterized by repetitive 4/4 beats, rhythms mainly provided by drum machines, off-beat hi-hat cymbals. While house displayed several characteristics similar to music, it was more electronic and minimalistic. House music became popular in Chicago clubs in 1984 and it was pioneered by figures such as Frankie Knuckles, Phuture, Kym Mazelle, and Mr. Fingers, and was associated with African-American and gay subcultures. House music quickly spread to other American cities such as Detroit, New York City, Baltimore, in the mid-to-late 1980s, house music became popular in Europe as well as major cities in South America, and Australia. Since the early to mid-1990s, house music has been infused in mainstream pop, in the late 1980s, many local Chicago house music artists suddenly found themselves presented with major label deals. House music proved to be a successful genre and a more mainstream pop-based variation grew increasingly popular. House music has also fused with other genres creating fusion subgenres, such as euro house, tech house, electro house. After enjoying significant success in the early to mid-90s, house music grew even larger during the wave of progressive house. The genre has remained popular and fused into other subgenres, for example, ghetto house, deep house. As of 2016, house music popular in both clubs and in the mainstream pop scene while retaining a foothold on underground scenes across the globe. The song structure of music songs typically involves an intro, a chorus, various verse sections, a midsection. Some songs do not have a verse, taking a part from the chorus. The drum beat is one of the important elements within the genre and is almost always provided by an electronic drum machine rather than by a human drummer playing drumkit. The drum beats of house are four on the floor, with bass drums played on every beat, House music is often based on bass-heavy loops or basslines produced by a synthesizer and/or from samples of disco or funk songs. The tempo of most house songs is between 118 and 135 beats per minute, soul music and disco influenced house music. These artists produced longer, more repetitive, and percussive arrangements of existing disco recordings, early house producers such as Frankie Knuckles created similar compositions from scratch, using samplers, synthesizers, sequencers, and drum machines. Rachel Cain, co-founder of an influential Trax Records, was involved in the burgeoning punk scene and cites industrial
11.
Ibiza
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Ibiza is an island in the Mediterranean Sea off the east coast of Spain. It is 150 kilometres from the city of Valencia and it is the third largest of the Balearic Islands, an autonomous community of Spain. Its largest settlements are Ibiza Town, Santa Eulària des Riu and its highest point, called Sa Talaiassa, is 475 metres above sea level. The islands government and the Spanish Tourist Office have been working to promote more family-oriented tourism, the port in Ibiza Town is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Ibiza and the island of Formentera to its south are called the Pine Islands. The official name of the island is in Catalan Eivissa and its name in Spanish is Ibiza. In British English, the name is pronounced in an approximation of the Spanish /ɪˈbiːθə/, whereas in American English the pronunciation is more anglicized. Phoenician colonists called the island Ibossim and it was later known to Romans as Ebusus. The Greeks called the two islands of Ibiza and Formentera the Pityûssai, in the 18th and 19th centuries the island was known to the British, and especially to the Royal Navy, as Ivica. In 654 BC, Phoenician settlers founded a port on Ibiza, with the decline of Phoenicia after the Assyrian invasions, Ibiza came under the control of Carthage, also a former Phoenician colony. The island produced dye, salt, fish sauce, and wool, a shrine with offerings to the goddess Tanit was established in the cave at Es Cuieram, and the rest of the Balearic Islands entered Eivissas commercial orbit after 400 BC. Ibiza was a trading post along the Mediterranean routes. During the Second Punic War, the island was assaulted by the two Scipio brothers in 209 BC but remained loyal to Carthage. With the Carthaginian military failing on the Iberian mainland, Ibiza was last used by the fleeing Carthaginian General Mago to gather supplies and men before sailing to Minorca, for this reason, Ibiza today contains excellent examples of late Carthaginian-Punic civilization. During the Roman Empire, the became a quiet imperial outpost. Ibiza together with the islands of Formentera and Minorca were invaded by the Norwegian King Sigurd I of Norway in the spring of 1110 on his crusade to Jerusalem. The king had previously conquered the cities of Sintra, Lisbon, King Sigurd continued to Sicily where he visited King Roger II of Sicily. The island was conquered by Aragonese King James I in 1235, the local Muslim population got deported as was the case with neighboring Majorca and elsewhere, and Christians arrived from Girona
12.
MDMA
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3, 4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine, commonly known as ecstasy, is a psychoactive drug used primarily as a recreational drug. Desired effects include increased empathy, euphoria, and heightened sensations, when taken by mouth, effects begin after 30–45 minutes and last 3–6 hours. It is also sometimes snorted or smoked, as of 2017, MDMA has no accepted medical uses. Adverse effects of MDMA use include addiction, memory problems, paranoia, difficulty sleeping, teeth grinding, blurred vision, sweating, use may also lead to depression and fatigue. Deaths have been reported due to increased temperature and dehydration. MDMA increases the release and slows the reuptake of the serotonin, dopamine. It has stimulant and psychedelic effects, the initial increase is followed by a short-term decrease in the neurotransmitters. MDMA belongs to the substituted methylenedioxyphenethylamine and substituted amphetamine classes of drugs, MDMA was first made in 1912. It was used to improve psychotherapy beginning in the 1970s and became popular as a drug in the 1980s. MDMA is commonly associated with parties, raves, and electronic dance music. It is often mixed with other substances such as ephedrine, amphetamine. In 2014, between 9 and 29 million people between the ages of 15 and 64 used ecstasy and this was broadly similar to the percentage of people who use cocaine, amphetamines, and opioids, but fewer than for cannabis. In the United States, about 0.9 million people used ecstasy in 2010, MDMA is generally illegal in most countries. Limited exceptions are made for research. Researchers are investigating whether a few low doses of MDMA may assist in treating severe, in November 2016, phase 3 clinical trials for PTSD were approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration to assess effectiveness and safety. As of 2017, MDMA has no accepted medical indications, before it was widely banned, it saw limited use in therapy. A small number of therapists continue to use MDMA in therapy despite its illegal status, MDMA is often considered the drug of choice within the rave culture and is also used at clubs, festivals and house parties. In the rave environment, the effects from the music
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