1.
Lower East Side
–
The Lower East Side is roughly bounded by the Bowery to the west, East Houston Street to the north, the F. D. R. Drive to the east and Canal Street to the south, the western boundary below Grand Street veers east off of the Bowery to approximately Essex Street. The neighborhood is bordered in the south and west by Chinatown – which extends north to roughly Grand Street, in the west by Nolita and in the north by the East Village. Historically, the Lower East Side referred to the area alongside the East River from about the Manhattan Bridge and Canal Street up to 14th Street and it included areas known today as East Village, Alphabet City, Chinatown, Bowery, Little Italy, and NoLIta. Parts of the East Village are still known as Loisaida, a Latino pronunciation of Lower East Side, Avenue C is known directly as Loisaida and is home to the Loisaida Festival every summer. Their main trail took approximately the route of Broadway, one encampment in the Lower East Side area, near Corlears Hook was called Rechtauck or Naghtogack. Around these farms were a number of enclaves of free or half-free Africans, one of the largest of these was located along the modern Bowery between Prince Street and Astor Place. These black farmers were some of the earliest settlers of the area, gradually, during the 17th century, there was an overall consolidation of the boweries and farms into larger parcels, and much of the Lower East side was then part of the Delancy farm. James Delanceys pre-Revolutionary farm east of post road leading from the city survives in the names Delancey Street, on the modern map of Manhattan, the Delancey farm is represented in the grid of streets from Division Street north to Houston Street. In response to the pressures of a city, Delancey began to survey streets in the southern part of the West Farm in the 1760s. The point of land on the East River now called Corlears Hook was also called Corlaers Hook under Dutch and British rule, and briefly Crown Point during British occupation in the Revolution. It was named after the schoolmaster Jacobus van Corlaer, who settled on this plantation that in 1638 was called by a Europeanized version of its Lenape name, Nechtans or Nechtanc. Corlaer sold the plantation to Wilhelmus Hendrickse Beekman, founder of the Beekman family of New York, the projection into the East River that retained Corlaers name was an important landmark for navigators for 300 years. On older maps and documents it is usually spelled Corlaers Hook, in the course of the 19th century they came to be called hookers. In 1833, Corlears Hook was the location of some of the first tenements built in New York City, the original location of Corlears Hook is now obscured by shoreline landfill. It was near the east end of the present pedestrian bridge over the FDR Drive near Cherry Street, the name is preserved in Corlears Hook Park at the intersection of Jackson and Cherry Streets along the East River Drive. The bulk of immigrants who came to New York City in the late 19th and early 20th centuries came to the Lower East Side, moving into crowded tenements there. By the 1840s, large numbers of German immigrants settled in the area, later, more radical artists such as the Beat poets and writers were drawn to the neighborhood – especially the parts which later became the East Village – by the inexpensive housing and cheap food
2.
New York City
–
The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange
3.
New York (state)
–
New York is a state in the northeastern United States, and is the 27th-most extensive, fourth-most populous, and seventh-most densely populated U. S. state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south and Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Vermont to the east. With an estimated population of 8.55 million in 2015, New York City is the most populous city in the United States, the New York Metropolitan Area is one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world. New York City makes up over 40% of the population of New York State, two-thirds of the states population lives in the New York City Metropolitan Area, and nearly 40% lives on Long Island. Both the state and New York City were named for the 17th-century Duke of York, the next four most populous cities in the state are Buffalo, Rochester, Yonkers, and Syracuse, while the state capital is Albany. New York has a diverse geography and these more mountainous regions are bisected by two major river valleys—the north-south Hudson River Valley and the east-west Mohawk River Valley, which forms the core of the Erie Canal. Western New York is considered part of the Great Lakes Region and straddles Lake Ontario, between the two lakes lies Niagara Falls. The central part of the state is dominated by the Finger Lakes, New York had been inhabited by tribes of Algonquian and Iroquoian-speaking Native Americans for several hundred years by the time the earliest Europeans came to New York. The first Europeans to arrive were French colonists and Jesuit missionaries who arrived southward from settlements at Montreal for trade, the British annexed the colony from the Dutch in 1664. The borders of the British colony, the Province of New York, were similar to those of the present-day state, New York is home to the Statue of Liberty, a symbol of the United States and its ideals of freedom, democracy, and opportunity. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. On April 17,1524 Verrazanno entered New York Bay, by way of the now called the Narrows into the northern bay which he named Santa Margherita. Verrazzano described it as a vast coastline with a delta in which every kind of ship could pass and he adds. This vast sheet of water swarmed with native boats and he landed on the tip of Manhattan and possibly on the furthest point of Long Island. Verrazannos stay was interrupted by a storm which pushed him north towards Marthas Vineyard, in 1540 French traders from New France built a chateau on Castle Island, within present-day Albany, due to flooding, it was abandoned the next year. In 1614, the Dutch under the command of Hendrick Corstiaensen, rebuilt the French chateau, Fort Nassau was the first Dutch settlement in North America, and was located along the Hudson River, also within present-day Albany. The small fort served as a trading post and warehouse, located on the Hudson River flood plain, the rudimentary fort was washed away by flooding in 1617, and abandoned for good after Fort Orange was built nearby in 1623. Henry Hudsons 1609 voyage marked the beginning of European involvement with the area, sailing for the Dutch East India Company and looking for a passage to Asia, he entered the Upper New York Bay on September 11 of that year
4.
United States
–
Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
5.
Psychedelic folk
–
Psychedelic folk is a loosely defined form of psychedelia that originated in the 1960s. It retains the acoustic instrumentation of folk, but adds musical influences common to psychedelic music. Psychedelic folk generally favors acoustic instrumentation although it incorporates other instrumentation. Chanting, early music and various folk music influences are often found in psych folk. Much like its counterpart, psychedelic folk is often known for a peculiar, trance-like. Its lyrics are concerned with such subjects as the natural world, love and beauty. The first musical use of the term psychedelic is thought to have been by the New York-based folk group The Holy Modal Rounders on their version of Lead Bellys Hesitation Blues in 1964. Folk/avant-garde guitarist John Fahey recorded several songs in the early 1960s that experimented with recording techniques, including backward tapes. His nineteen-minute The Great San Bernardino Birthday Party anticipated elements of psychedelia with its nervy improvisations, Other songs from Faheys The Great San Bernardino Birthday Party & Other Excursions also used unsettling moods and dissonances that took them beyond the typical folk fare. In 1967, he performed with the rock band Red Krayola at the Berkeley Folk Festival which was recorded. Among other descriptions, their performance has been likened to the very weirdest parts of late-60s Pink Floyd pieces, similarly, folk guitarist Sandy Bulls early work incorporated elements of folk, jazz, and Indian and Arabic-influenced dronish modes. His 1963 album Fantasias for Guitar and Banjo explores various styles and instrumentation, later albums, such as 1968s E Pluribus Unum and his live album Still Valentines Day 1969, which use experimental recording techniques and extended improvisation, also have psychedelic elements. In the mid 1970s psychedelia began to fall out of fashion, in Britain folk groups also tended to electrify as did acoustic duo Tyrannosaurus Rex which became the electric combo T. Rex. This was a continuation of a process by which progressive folk had considerable impact on mainstream rock, anti-folk Freak folk Jam bands Neofolk Ptolemaic Terrascope – a psychedelic folk & rock magazine PsychedelicFolk
6.
Prestige Records
–
Prestige Records was a jazz record company and label founded in 1949 by Bob Weinstock in New York City. The company recorded hundreds of albums by many of the jazz musicians of the day. In 1971, the company was sold to Fantasy, which was absorbed by Concord. Weinstock opened a store for collectors in 1948 while still a teenager. The store was adjacent to the Metropole Jazz Club in New York City, Jazz musicians hung out and rehearsed at the club, and then moved upstairs adjacent to Weinstocks store. Weinstock got the idea to record these jazz stars by offering them cash payments, Prestige office was located at 446 West 50th Street, New York City. The labels name was initially New Jazz, but changed to Prestige Records the following year and its catalogue included Gene Ammons, John Coltrane, Miles Davis, Stan Getz, Wardell Gray, Thelonious Monk, and Sonny Rollins. Weinstock stated a desire for an authentic, spontaneous sound, unlike Blue Note, Prestige would not pay musicians for rehearsals and discouraged repeated takes. Another Weinstock practice, of rewinding the tapes after bad takes, has resulted in very few alternate takes surfacing from the classic Prestige years, audio engineer Rudy Van Gelder was in charge of recording many albums in the 1950s. Prestige created new labels in 1960, Swingsville, Moodsville, and Bluesville, musicians recording for the label at this time included Jaki Byard and Booker Ervin, while Prestige remained commercially viable by recording a number of soul jazz artists like Charles Earland. In the mid-sixties the companys headquarters were located at 203 South Washington Avenue in Bergenfield, Bob Weinstock has been criticized over the years for allegedly exploitive business practices. Jackie McLean in A. B. Spellmans Four Lives in the Bebop Business is particularly outspoken and he resented Weinstocks economic exploitation, but appreciated the chance Weinstock gave him when his career was at its low point. The company was sold to Fantasy Records in 1971, and original releases on the label formed a significant proportion of their Original Jazz Classics line, Fantasy was purchased by Concord Records in 2005. Prestige – official site Prestige discography at Discogs Prestige discography at JazzDisco
7.
Rounder Records
–
Rounder Records is an American record label specializing in folk, bluegrass, blues, and other forms of American roots music. Its roster includes Alison Krauss and Union Station, Béla Fleck, Steve Martin and Edie Brickell, Rounders musicians have won over 40 Grammy Awards since the labels inception in 1970. The company also maintains book and video divisions, Rounder was founded in 1970 by Ken Irwin, Bill Nowlin and Marian Leighton-Levy, three college friends in Massachusetts who shared an interest in folk, old country, and bluegrass music. They gave the label its name for reasons, the shape of a vinyl record, the nickname for a hobo. In Rounders first three years, it released 19 records, starting in 1970 with an album by George Pegram, Rounders earliest success was George Thorogood and The Destroyers, a blues-rock band that sold half a millions copes of their 1978 album Move It On Over. Headquarters were moved to Cambridge, Massachusetts, over the years, Rounder expanded its roster to include other genres such as reggae, and zydeco. The labels first Grammy was won by blues guitarist Clarence Gatemouth Brown in 1983 for the album Alright Again, Rounders most successful act is bluegrass singer and fiddler Alison Krauss. In 1991, at the age of 19, she won a Grammy Award for her second album, the album spawned singles, videos, and national TV exposure. Krauss has sold over 12 million albums and won 27 Grammy Awards, in 2012, Rounder was sold to Concord Music Group. Two years later, Rounder moved its headquarters to Nashville, list of record labels Official site The Never-Ending Revival, Rounder Records and the Folk Alliance by Michael F. Scully Radio Interview with founders Marian Leighton Levy and Ken Irwin
8.
ESP-Disk
–
ESP-Disk is a New York-based record company and label founded in 1964 by lawyer Bernard Stollman. Though it originally existed to release Esperanto-based music, starting with its second release, ESP also released recordings by uncommercial underground rock acts including the Fugs, The Godz and Pearls Before Swine. Bernard Stollman faced allegations of not paying royalties to the artists that were signed to ESP-Disk, tom Rapp of the band Pearls Before Swine claimed that We never got any money from ESP. Never, not even like a hundred dollars or something and my real sense is that he was abducted by aliens, and when he was probed it erased his memory of where all the money was. Peter Stampfel of the band Holy Modal Rounders and The Fugs claimed that Stollman told him that the contract says that all belong to me. You have no royalties ever, ever, ever and you dont own the songs anymore. Members of The Fugs have also stated claims that they received a record contract. Ed Sanders said that our royalty rate was less than 3%, other artists who have recorded for this label include Ornette Coleman, Pharoah Sanders, Sun Ra, Ronnie Boykins, Marion Brown, Sonny Simmons, Paul Bley, Ran Blake, and Perry Robinson. The labels catalog has been licensed frequently to record labels since the 1970s. Stollman later resumed direct responsibility for reissues and for recruiting new emerging artists, BYG Actuel AACM List of record labels Official site Official Myspace Collectors discography The Old New Thing is Newer Than Ever. Liner notes for an ESP-Disk mash-up by Wu Ming 1 an esp-disk discography at Wesleyan University
9.
Elektra Records
–
Elektra Records is an American record label owned by Warner Music Group, founded in 1950 by Jac Holzman and Paul Rickolt. It played an important role in the development of folk music. In 2004, it was consolidated into WMGs Atlantic Records Group, after five years of dormancy, the label was revived as an imprint of Atlantic in 2009. The label has been run by Gregg Nadel since 2015 who officially became its president in 2017, Elektra was formed in 1950 by Jac Holzman and Paul Rickolt in Holzmans St. Johns College dorm room. The usual spelling of the Greek mythological Pleiad Electra was changed, Holzman famously explained, I gave her the ‘K’ that I lacked. He found the C in the name too soft but liked the solid bite of the letter K. The first Elektra LP, New Songs, was a collection of Lieder and similar art songs, Holzman also recorded Josh White, who was without a record deal as a result of McCarthyite blacklisting. In 1964, Elektra launched Nonesuch Records and this classical budget label was the best-selling budget classical label of the era. In 1965, Elektra began a joint venture with Survey Music called Bounty Records which was Elektras first foray into pop music. The most notable signing for Bounty was the Paul Butterfield Band who was moved over to Elektra when Bounty folded, the labels most important signings were the Chicago-based Paul Butterfield Blues Band, the Los Angeles bands Love and The Doors, and the Detroit bands The Stooges and MC5. Included in Elektras LA signings were Tim Buckley and Bread, in 1968, the label also signed pioneering rock guitar soloist Lonnie Mack to a three-album deal. Also in 1967, Elektra launched its influential Nonesuch Explorer Series, excerpts from several Nonesuch Explorer recordings were later included on the two Voyager Golden Discs which were sent into deep space in 1977 aboard the Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 space probes. Elektra, along with its Nonesuch Records subsidiary, was acquired by Kinney National Services in 1970, soon afterwards, Kinney consolidated their label holdings under the Warner-Elektra-Atlantic umbrella. Holzman remained in charge of Elektra until 1972, when it merged with Asylum Records to become Elektra/Asylum Records, Asylums founder, David Geffen, would head the newly combined label. Holzman, in the meantime, was appointed vice president and chief technologist for Warner — ushering the company into home video. Holzman also went on to acquire Discovery Records, in 1975, Geffen stepped down due to health problems. He would be replaced by Joe Smith, who went on to become CEO of Capitol Records. Although the company was listed as Elektra/Asylum Records on the label credits
10.
The Holy Modal Rounders
–
Their unique blend of folk music revival and psychedelia gave them a cult-like following from the late 1960s into the 1970s. For a time the group included the playwright and actor Sam Shepard. Stampfel explained the origin of the name in the webzine Perfect Sound Forever, first it was the Total Quintessence Stomach Pumpers. Then the Temporal Worth High Steppers and that was just a joke name. He was Rinky-Dink Steve the Tin Horn and I was Fast Lightning Cumquat and he was Teddy Boy Forever and I was Wild Blue Yonder. Then it was the Total Modal Rounders, then when we were stoned on pot and someone else, Steve Close maybe, said Holy Modal Rounders by mistake. We kept putting out different names and wait until someone starts calling us that then, when we got to Holy Modal Rounders, everyone decided by accumulation that we were the Holy Modal Rounders. Thats the practical way to get named, Stampfel and Weber were introduced to each other by Greenwich Village figure Antonia, who also wrote or co-wrote many of their songs. Their first album, The Holy Modal Rounders, released in 1964, contained their version of Hesitation Blues, the lyrics of which included the first use of the term psychedelic in popular music. Shortly after the release of their album, The Holy Modal Rounders 2, in 1965, they joined Ed Sanders. Their 1965 recordings with the Fugs are on the albums The Village Fugs, Virgin Fugs, Weber wrote the cult classic Boobs a Lot for the Fugs, which the Rounders later recorded on the album Good Taste Is Timeless. After leaving the Fugs, the Rounders re-formed with Sam Shepard and Lee Crabtree to record their album, Indian War Whoop. Their fourth album, The Moray Eels Eat the Holy Modal Rounders, recorded in 1968, included Bird Song, which was featured in Dennis Hoppers film Easy Rider. In 1968 the band performed Youve Got the Right String but the Wrong Yo Yo on the TV series Laugh-In, with appearances by the park-bench oldtimers played by Ruth Buzzi and Arte Johnson. In 1970, Robin Remailly and Dave Reisch joined the band, which relocated to Boston and then Oregon, adding Ted Deane, Roger North, Stampfel stayed in New York but played and recorded with the band on occasion. The bands fifth album, Good Taste Is Timeless, was released by Metromedia in 1971, Stampfel formed the short-lived Unholy Modal Rounders with Kirby Pines, Charlie Messing, Jeff Berman and Paul Presti. The group was part of the collaboration Have Moicy. with Michael Hurley and Jeffrey Frederick, after releasing Last Round in 1978, the Holy Modal Rounders broke up once again. Stampfel and Weber reunited briefly to record Going Nowhere Fast and he won a Grammy in 1998 for writing part of the liner notes for the CD reissue of the Anthology of American Folk Music
11.
Jeff Baxter
–
Jeffrey Allen Skunk Baxter is an American guitarist, known for his stints in the rock bands Steely Dan and The Doobie Brothers during the 1970s and Spirit in the 1980s. More recently, he has working as a defense consultant. He was born in Washington, D. C, while working at Mannys Music Shop in Manhattan in 1966, Baxter met guitarist Jimi Hendrix, who was just beginning his career as a frontman. For a short period during that year, Baxter was the bassist in a Hendrix-led band called Jimmy James, Baxter also worked as a guitar tech and amplifier repairman at Jacks Drum Shop on Boylston Street in Boston. Baxter first reached a rock audience in 1968 as a member of the psychedelic rock band Ultimate Spinach. Baxter joined the band for their third and final album, titled III, after leaving the band, he played with the Holy Modal Rounders and backed singer Buzzy Linhart. After the breakup of Ultimate Spinach, Baxter relocated to Los Angeles, Baxter appeared with Steely Dan on their first three albums, Cant Buy a Thrill in 1972, Countdown to Ecstasy in 1973, and Pretzel Logic in 1974. While finishing work on Pretzel Logic, Baxter became aware of Becker and Fagens intentions to retire Steely Dan from touring, and to work almost exclusively with session players in the future. With that in mind, Baxter left the band in 1974 to join The Doobie Brothers, as a session man, he had contributed pedal steel guitar on Vices as well as South City Midnight Lady on its predecessor, The Captain and Me. Baxters first album as a member of the group was 1975s Stampede. Baxter contributed an acoustic interlude entitled Precis, significant turns on slide and pedal steel guitar, while preparing to tour in support of Stampede, Doobie Brothers founder Tom Johnston was hospitalized with a stomach ailment. To fill in for Johnston on vocals, Baxter suggested bringing in singer-keyboardist Michael McDonald, with Johnston still convalescing, McDonald soon was invited to join the band full-time. McDonalds vocal and songwriting contributions, as well as Baxters jazzier guitar style, in early 1979, Baxter and co-founding drummer John Hartman left the band. He has worked as a musician for Elton John, Linda Ronstadt, and Billy Vera. In 1982, he featured on Spirits album Spirit of 84, in 1984, Baxter sat in and played keyboards with Bobby and the Midnites Bob Weir, Billy Cobham, Bobby Cochran, Kenny Gradney, and Dave Garland at the Capitol Theatre in Passaic, NJ. That same year, Baxter produced and played guitar and synthesizer on the bands album Where the Beat Meets the Street on Columbia Records, in 1986, Baxter joined James Brown and Maceo Parker on guitar for several North American tour dates. In 1990, Baxter joined John Entwistle, Joe Walsh, Keith Emerson, Simon Phillips, the group released a live performance video in Japan before disbanding. He also produced two albums for the rock band Nazareth, and also produced albums for Carl Wilson, Livingston Taylor, The Ventures
12.
Sam Shepard
–
Samuel Shepard Rogers III, known professionally as Sam Shepard, is an American playwright, actor, author, screenwriter, and director, whose body of work spans over half a century. He is the author of plays as well as several books of short stories, essays. Shepard received the Pulitzer Prize for Drama in 1979 for his play Buried Child and he was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his portrayal of pilot Chuck Yeager in The Right Stuff. Shepard received the PEN/Laura Pels International Foundation for Theater Award as a master American dramatist in 2009, New York described him as the greatest American playwright of his generation. Shepards plays are known for their bleak, poetic, often surrealist elements, black humor. His style has evolved over the years, from the absurdism of his early Off-Off-Broadway work to the realism of Buried Child, Shepard was born November 5,1943, in Fort Sheridan, Illinois. He was named Samuel Shepard Rogers III after his father, Samuel Shepard Rogers, Jr. but his nickname was Steve Rogers. His father was a teacher and farmer who served in the United States Army Air Forces as a pilot during World War II, Shepard has characterized him as a drinking man. His mother, Jane Elaine, was a teacher and a native of Chicago, Shepard worked on a ranch as a teenager. Shepard soon dropped out to join a repertory group, the Bishops Company. At this time Samuel Steve Rogers adopted the professional name Sam Shepard, although his plays would go on to be staged at several Off-Off-Broadway venues, he was most closely connected with Cooks Theatre Genesis, housed at St. Marks Church in-the-Bowery in Manhattans East Village, several of Shepards early plays, including Red Cross and La Turista, were directed by Jacques Levy. A habitué of the Chelsea Hotel scene of the era, he contributed to Kenneth Tynans ribald Oh. Calcutta. and drummed sporadically from 1967 through 1971 with psychedelic folk band The Holy Modal Rounders, appearing on Indian War Whoop, Shepards early science fiction play The Unseen Hand would influence Richard OBriens stage musical The Rocky Horror Show. Shepards Cowboy Mouth – a collaboration with his then-lover Patti Smith – was staged at The American Place Theater in April 1971, providing early exposure for the future punk rock singer. The story and characters were inspired by their relationship, and after opening night, he abandoned the production. He wrote plays out of his house and served for a semester as Regents Professor of Drama at the University of California and his diary of the tour was published by Penguin Books in 1978. A decade later, Dylan and Shepard co-wrote the 11-minute Brownsville Girl, included on Dylans Knocked Out Loaded album, in 1975, he was named playwright-in-residence at the Magic Theatre, where he created many of his notable works, including his Family Trilogy
13.
Folk music
–
Folk music includes both traditional music and the genre that evolved from it during the 20th century folk revival. The term originated in the 19th century, but is applied to music older than that. Some types of music are also called world music. Traditional folk music has been defined in several ways, as music transmitted orally, music with unknown composers and it has been contrasted with commercial and classical styles. Starting in the century, a new form of popular folk music evolved from traditional folk music. This process and period is called the revival and reached a zenith in the 1960s. This form of music is called contemporary folk music or folk revival music to distinguish it from earlier folk forms. Smaller, similar revivals have occurred elsewhere in the world at other times and this type of folk music also includes fusion genres such as folk rock, folk metal, electric folk, and others. Even individual songs may be a blend of the two, a consistent definition of traditional folk music is elusive. The terms folk music, folk song, and folk dance are comparatively recent expressions and they are extensions of the term folklore, which was coined in 1846 by the English antiquarian William Thoms to describe the traditions, customs, and superstitions of the uncultured classes. Traditional folk music also includes most indigenous music, however, despite the assembly of an enormous body of work over some two centuries, there is still no certain definition of what folk music is. Some do not even agree that the term Folk Music should be used, Folk music may tend to have certain characteristics but it cannot clearly be differentiated in purely musical terms. One meaning often given is that of old songs, with no known composers, the fashioning and re-fashioning of the music by the community that give it its folk character. Such definitions depend upon processes rather than abstract musical types, one widely used definition is simply Folk music is what the people sing. For Scholes, as well as for Cecil Sharp and Béla Bartók, Folk music was already. seen as the authentic expression of a way of life now past or about to disappear, particularly in a community uninfluenced by art music and by commercial and printed song. In these terms folk music may be seen as part of a schema comprising four types, primitive or tribal, elite or art, folk. Music in this genre is often called traditional music. Although the term is only descriptive, in some cases people use it as the name of a genre
14.
Psychedelia
–
Psychedelia is a name given to the subculture of people, originating in the 1960s, who often use psychedelic drugs such as LSD, mescaline and psilocybin. The term is used to describe a style of psychedelic artwork. Psychedelic art and music typically try to recreate or reflect the experience of altered consciousness, the term psychedelic is derived from the Ancient Greek words psychē and dēloun, translating to soul-revealing. Psychedelic states may be elicited by various techniques, such as meditation, sensory stimulation or deprivation, when these psychoactive substances are used for religious, shamanic, or spiritual purposes, they are termed entheogens. The term was first coined as a noun in 1956 by psychiatrist Humphry Osmond as a descriptor for hallucinogenic drugs in the context of psychedelic psychotherapy. Seeking a name for the experience induced by LSD, Osmond contacted Aldous Huxley, Huxley coined the term phanerothyme, from the Greek terms for manifest and spirit. This mongrel spelling of the word psychedelic was loathed by American ethnobotanist Richard Evans Schultes, but championed by Timothy Leary, who thought it sounded better. In the same period Lysergic acid diethylamide, better known as LSD, or acid, began to be used in the US and UK as an experimental treatment, initially promoted as a potential cure for mental illness. There had long been a culture of use among jazz and blues musicians, and use of drugs had begun to grow among folk and rock musicians. By the mid-1960s, the psychedelic life-style had already developed in California, and this was particularly true in San Francisco, due in part to the first major underground LSD factory, established there by Owsley Stanley. Leary was a proponent of the use of psychedelics, as was Aldous Huxley. However, both advanced widely different opinions on the use of psychedelics by state and civil society. Leary promulgated the idea of such substances as a panacea, while Huxley suggested that only the cultural and intellectual elite should partake of entheogens systematically, in the mid-1960s the use of psychedelic drugs became widespread in modern Western culture, particularly in the United States and Britain. The movement is credited to Michael Hollingshead who arrived in America from London in 1965 and he was sent to the U. S. by other members of the psychedelic movement to get their ideas exposure. Resurgences of the style are common in the modern era, in science, hallucinogen remains the standard term. Advances in printing and photographic technology in the 1960s saw the traditional lithography printing techniques rapidly superseded by the printing system. Many artists in the late 1960s and early 1970s attempted to illustrate the psychedelic experience in paintings, drawings, illustrations, in the modern era, computer graphics may be used to produce psychedelic effects for artwork. The counterculture music scene frequently used psychedelic designs on posters during the Summer of Love, many of these works are now regarded as classics of the poster genre, and original items by these artists command high prices on the collector market today
15.
Ed Sanders
–
Edward Ed Sanders is an American poet, singer, social activist, environmentalist, author, publisher and longtime member of the band The Fugs. He has been called a bridge between the Beat and Hippie generations, Sanders is considered to have been active and present at the countercultures creation. Sanders was born in Kansas City, Missouri and he dropped out of the University of Missouri in 1958 and hitchhiked to New York Citys Greenwich Village to attend New York University. He graduated in 1964, with a degree in Greek, Sanders wrote his first notable poem, Poem from Jail, on toilet paper in his cell after being jailed for protesting the launch of nuclear submarines armed with nuclear missiles in 1961. In 1962, he founded the avant-garde journal Fuck You/A Magazine of the Arts, Sanders opened the Peace Eye Bookstore at 383 East Tenth Street in what was then the Lower East Side, the store became a gathering place for bohemians, writers and radicals. On January 1,1966, police raided Peace Eye Bookstore and charged Sanders with obscenity, notoriety generated by the case led to his appearance on the February 17,1967 cover of Life Magazine, which proclaimed him a leader of New Yorks Other Culture. In late 1964, Sanders founded The Fugs with Tuli Kupferberg, the band broke up in 1969 and reformed in 1984. In 1968, he signed the Writers and Editors War Tax Protest pledge, in 1971, Sanders wrote The Family, a profile of the events leading up to the Tate-LaBianca murders. He attended the Manson groups murder trial, and spent time at their residence at the Spahn Movie Ranch, there have been two updated editions of The Family, the most recent in 2002. The Process Church of the Final Judgement sued Sanderss U. S. publisher for defamation over a chapter linking them with Mansons activities, the case was settled by the publisher, who removed the disputed chapter from future editions. The Process Church then sued Sanderss British publisher, but lost the suit and were forced to pay the legal fees. Sanders is the founder of the Investigative Poetry movement and his 1976 manifesto Investigative Poetry, published by Lawrence Ferlinghetti’s City Lights Books, influenced investigative writing and poetry during the ensuing decades. In the 1990s, Sanders began utilizing the principles of Investigative Poetry to create a series of poems on literary figures. Among these works are Chekhov,1968, A History in Verse, in 1998, Sanders began work on a 9-volume America, A History in Verse. The first five volumes, tracing the history of the 20th century, were published in a CD format with over 2,000 pages in length, Sanders received a Guggenheim Fellowship in poetry in 1983, and a National Endowment for the Arts Fellowship in poetry in 1987. His Thirsting for Peace in a Raging Century, Selected Poems 1961–1985 won an American Book Award in 1988 and he was chosen to deliver the Charles Olson Memorial Lectures at SUNY Buffalo in 1983. In 1997, he received a Writers Community residency sponsored by the YMCA National Writers Voice through the Lila Wallace Readers Digest Fund, in 1997 he was awarded a grant from the Foundation for Contemporary Arts Grants to Artists Award. In 2000 and 2003 he was Writer-in-Residence at the New York State Writers Institute in Albany, Sanders lives in Woodstock, New York, where he publishes the online Woodstock Journal with his wife of over 47 years, the writer and painter Miriam R. Sanders. D
16.
Tuli Kupferberg
–
Naphtali Tuli Kupferberg was an American counterculture poet, author, singer, cartoonist, pacifist anarchist, publisher and co-founder of the band The Fugs. Naphtali Kupferberg was born into a Jewish, Yiddish-speaking household in New York City, a cum laude graduate of Brooklyn College in 1944, Kupferberg founded the magazine Birth in 1958. Birth ran for three issues but published notable Beat Generation authors such as Allen Ginsberg, Diane Di Prima, LeRoi Jones. Kupferberg reportedly appears in Ginsbergs poem Howl as the person who jumped off the Brooklyn Bridge and walked away unknown, yeah, he said, I really did. I thought that I had lost the ability to love, Tuli said, so, I figured I might as well be dead. So, I went one night to the top of The Manhattan Bridge, & after a few minutes, yeah, Tuli said, but nothing happened. I landed in the water, & I wasnt dead, so I swam ashore, & went home, & took a bath, & went to bed. The above paragraph by Berrigan and Waldman is a fiction, according to Kupferberg. Ginsbergs description in Howl is likewise fictional, Kupferberg told his friend Thelma Blitz and other such as Larry Sloman. He did jump from the Manhattan Bridge in 1944, after which he was picked up by a passing tugboat, severely injured, he had broken the transverse process of his spine and spent time in a body cast. He told Blitz he feels its important that people dont think they can emulate this leap, Kupferberg self-published the book Beatniks, or, The War Against the Beats in 1961. Perhaps his best-known book is 1001 Ways to Beat the Draft, in 1961, he wrote 1001 Ways to Live Without Working, which actually contains 1005 ways to live without working. The book also contains a number of old advertisements, for such as raffles for slaves. One of his last published volumes is Teach Yourself Fucking, a collection of cartoons, in 1964, Kupferberg formed the satirical rock group The Fugs with poet Ed Sanders. Kupferberg took their name from Norman Mailers substitute for the word fuck in his novel The Naked and the Dead. He also released two albums, No Deposit, No Return on ESP-Disk in 1966, which is a collection of found pop poetry. Kupferberg was active in New York pacifist anarchist circles, in 1965 he was one of the lecturers at the newly founded Free University of New York. He appeared as a machine-gun-toting soldier policing Manhattan in W. R. Mysteries of the Organism, an anti-police-brutality skit from his Revolting Theatre appeared in the 1971 Richard Pryor underground film Dynamite Chicken
17.
The Fugs First Album
–
The Fugs First Album is the 1965 debut album by The Fugs, described in their AllMusic profile as arguably the first underground rock group of all time. In 1965, the album charted #142 on Billboards Top Pop Albums chart, the album was re-released in 1993 on CD with an additional 11 tracks. The trio invited Steve Weber and Peter Stampfel of the band Holy Modal Rounders to perform them at the 1963 grand opening of Sanders bookstore. Sanders describes the event as heavily attended, with William S. Burroughs, George Plimpton, harry Everett Smith, producer of the famous Anthology of American Folk Music, persuaded Folkways Records to issue the Fugs first album. Following recording sessions in April and June or July 1965, the album The Village Fugs—Ballads and Songs of Contemporary Protest, Points of View and General Dissatisfaction was released. Following a nationwide tour, The Fugs signed a contract with ESP-Disk, a large number of additional performances were captured in the sessions for this album. Three additional performances and some studio chatter appear on the Fugs 4-CD box set Dont Stop, the currently available CD contains the later ESP stereo version of the album. It also includes, among its 11 bonus tracks,6 outtakes from the sessions, the other 11 tracks, the alternate performance of Swineburne Stomp from the Broadside album, and the other Broadside edit variations, remain unreleased in the CD era. The recent Fugs box set Dont Stop, contains an additional three performances from these recording sessions. The first three songs have longer introductions, supergirl, while the same basic performance, has the line Fuck like an angel changed to mmmm like an angel. Swinburne Stomp is a different performance, introduced with Sanders line In the key of metaphysical distress. My Baby Done Left Me edits out the final, very loud shit, crudely replacing it with yodeling and it does, however, leave in the earlier line Id give up heifer fucking. The performance of Boobs a Lot starts later in the song, the sound quality of the first session material is extremely muffled. At least one pressing on the ESP label includes these same takes and it is unclear when the substitutions were made. ESP releases included at least three variations, a blue tinted cover, a black and white cover with advertisements on the back. This album was recorded entirely in two sessions, the first took place in April 1965 and was a chaotic 3-hour acoustic jam featuring Sanders, Kupferberg, Weaver, Stampfel and Weber, performing 23 songs. By this point Peter Stampfel was no longer in the band
18.
Virgin Fugs
–
Virgin Fugs is a 1967 album by The Fugs. While it is their third released album, it consists of outtakes from the two 1965 sessions for their first album, The Village Fugs, while that album emphasized the second recording session, this compilation favors the first, making this arguably their chronologically real first album. It was released on ESP Disc, possibly without the foreknowledge or permission of the Fugs and their site refers to it as a bootleg, though it was distributed through the same channels as their authorized previous ESP album. ESP followed this release with a 1975 compilation including seven more outtakes from sessions, Fugs 4. Original copies of this ESP-Disk LP contained a sticker which read FUG-CUE Four tracks from Virgin Fugs were released as bonus tracks on the CD version of The Fugs First Album
19.
Fugs 4, Rounders Score
–
The title is both a reference to Abraham Lincolns Gettysburg Address, and the fact that this is the fourth album of Fugs material released on ESP, as well as a pun on score as drug slang. Although all recordings were made under the umbrella of the Fugs, there is a notable and unusual lack of lead vocalizing by Ed Sanders, the most prominent vocalist on all other Fugs albums. The LP was released on ESP Disc, probably without the foreknowledge or permission of the musicians, one of the previously unreleased tracks was later re-released as a bonus track on the CD version of The Village Fugs. Tracks 1 on side A and track 1,2 on side B from The Fugs First Album, tracks 3 and 4 on side B from Virgin Fugs. Tracks 5,6,7, side B From The Fugs, tracks 2,4,5 and 6 on side A feature only Stampfel and Weber. Track 1 and 7 on side A feature lead vocals by Weber and/or Stampfel, making them arguably Holy Modal Rounders recordings as well as Fugs recordings
20.
Ray Price (musician)
–
Noble Ray Price was an American country music singer, songwriter, and guitarist. His wide ranging baritone has often praised as among the best male voices of country music. Some of his recordings include Release Me, Crazy Arms, Heartaches by the Number, For the Good Times, Night Life. He was elected to the Country Music Hall of Fame in 1996, Price continued to record and tour well into his mid-eighties. Ray Price was born on a farm near the small, now gone, community of Peach, near Perryville in Wood County, Texas He was the son of Walter Clifton Price and his grandfather James M. M. Price was an early settler of the area. Price was three years old when his parents divorced and his moved to Dallas, Texas. For the rest of his childhood he split time between Dallas and on the farm, where his father had remained. Prices mother and step-father were successful fashion designers and wanted him to take up that line of work, Ray Price began singing and playing guitar as a teenager but at first chose a career in veterinary medicine. He was attending North Texas Agricultural College in preparation for that career when his studies were interrupted by Americas entry into World War II, Price was drafted in 1944 and served in the United States Marine Corps in the Pacific Theater. He returned to the college after the war, and many years later was honored as a distinguished alumnus, after the war and college, Price rethought his decision to continue schooling to be a veterinarian. For one thing he was considered too small to work with cattle and horses. While helping around his fathers ranch he began singing at various functions around the Abilene. This eventually led him to singing on the radio program Hillbilly Circus broadcast on Abilenes KRBC in 1948. It was around this time Ray Price became friends with Lefty Frizzell, the two first met at Beck Recording Studio in Dallas, and Price ended up writing the song Give Me More, More, More Of Your Kisses for Frizzells use. A few demos recorded by Price at Becks caught the attention of Bullet Records in Nashville, Tennessee, however, his first single released on Bullet, Jealous Lies failed to become a chart hit. He relocated to Nashville in the early 1950s, rooming for a time with Hank Williams. When Williams died, Price managed his band, the Drifting Cowboys and he was the first artist to have a success with the song Release Me, a top five popular music hit for Engelbert Humperdinck in 1967. In 1953, Price formed his band, the Cherokee Cowboys, miller wrote one of Ray Prices classics in 1958, Invitation to the Blues, and sang harmony on the recording
21.
Dennis Hopper
–
Dennis Lee Hopper was an American actor, filmmaker, photographer and artist. He attended the Actors Studio, made his first television appearance in 1954, in the next ten years he made a name in television, and by the end of the 1960s had appeared in several films. Hopper also began a prolific and acclaimed photography career in the 1960s, Hopper made his directorial film debut with Easy Rider, which he and co-star Peter Fonda wrote with Terry Southern. The film earned Hopper a Cannes Film Festival Award for Best First Work, Film critic Matthew Hays notes that, no other persona better signifies the lost idealism of the 1960s than that of Dennis Hopper. Hopper was unable to capitalize on his Easy Rider success for several years, in 1970 he filmed The Last Movie, cowritten by Stewart Stern and photographed by Laszlo Kovacs in Peru, and completed production in 1971. On viewing the first release print, fresh from the lab, in his room at Universal, MCA founder Jules Stein rose from his chair and said. He worked on small projects until he found new fame for his role as the American photojournalist in Apocalypse Now. He went on to helm his second directorial work Out of the Blue, for which he was honored at Cannes. His third directorial outing came about through Colors, followed by an Emmy-nominated lead performance in Paris Trout, Hopper found even greater fame for portraying the villains of the films Super Mario Bros. Hoppers later work included a role in the short-lived television series Crash. Hopper has an additional credit in the completed, but unreleased Orson Welles drama The Other Side of the Wind. Hopper was born Dennis Lee Hopper on May 17,1936, in Dodge City, Kansas, Hopper had two brothers, Marvin and David. After World War II, the moved to Kansas City, Missouri. At the age of 13, Hopper and his moved to San Diego. Hopper was voted most likely to succeed at Helix High School and it was there that he developed an interest in acting, studying at the Old Globe Theatre in San Diego, and the Actors Studio in New York City. Hopper struck up a friendship with actor Vincent Price, whose passion for art influenced Hoppers interest in art and he was especially fond of the plays of William Shakespeare. Hopper was reported to have a role in Johnny Guitar in 1954. Hopper made his debut on film in two roles with James Dean in Rebel Without a Cause and Giant
22.
Easy Rider
–
Easy Rider is a 1969 American road movie written by Peter Fonda, Dennis Hopper, and Terry Southern, produced by Fonda and directed by Hopper. It tells the story of two bikers who travel through the American Southwest and South after selling a large score of cocaine, the success of Easy Rider helped spark the New Hollywood era of filmmaking during the early 1970s. The film was added to the Library of Congress National Film Registry in 1998, in Easy Rider, real drugs were used in scenes showing the use of marijuana and other substances. The protagonists are two freewheeling bikers, Wyatt, nicknamed Captain America, and Billy, Wyatt dresses in American flag-adorned leather, while Billy dresses in Native American-style buckskin pants and shirts and a bushman hat. The former is open to people they meet on their journey and accepting of help while the latter is more hostile. After smuggling cocaine from Mexico to Los Angeles, Wyatt and Billy sell their haul to Connection, a man in a Rolls-Royce, during their trip Wyatt and Billy stop to repair one of the bikes at a farmstead, and have a meal with the farmer and his family. Wyatt seems to appreciate the simple, traditional lifestyle presented here, later Wyatt stops to pick up a hippyish hitch-hiker and he invites them to visit his commune, where they stay for the rest of the day. Life in the commune appears to be hard, with young hippies from the city struggling to grow their own crops in a dry climate with poor soil and little rainfall. At one point, the witness a prayer for blessing of the new crop, as put by a commune-member, A chance to make a stand. The commune is also hosting a traveling theater group that sings for its supper, the hitch-hiker asks the two bikers to stay at the commune, saying, the time is now, to which Wyatt replies Im hip about time. but I just gotta go. As the bikers leave, the hitch-hiker gives Wyatt some LSD for him to share with the right people, later, while naughtily riding along with a parade in a small town, the pair are arrested by the local authorities for parading without a permit and thrown in jail. There, they befriend American Civil Liberties Union lawyer and local drunk George Hanson, George helps them get out of jail and decides to travel with Wyatt and Billy to New Orleans. As they camp that night, Wyatt and Billy introduce George to marijuana, as an alcoholic and a square, George is reluctant to try the marijuana, but he quickly relents. Stopping to eat at a smalltown Louisiana diner, the trios appearance attracts the attention of the locals, the girls in the restaurant think theyre exciting but the local men and a police officer begin making loud and denigrating comments and taunts. One of the men menacingly states, I dont believe theyll make the parish line, the waitress does not take their order and Wyatt, Billy and George, feeling the hostility, decide to leave without any fuss. The events of the day cause George to comment, This used to be a hell of a good country, I cant understand whats gone wrong with it. He observes that Americans talk a lot about the value of freedom but are afraid of anyone who truly exhibits it. In the middle of the night a group of attack the sleeping trio
23.
Ruth Buzzi
–
Ruth Ann Buzzi is an American actress, comedian and singer. She has appeared onstage, as well as in films and television and she is best known for her performances on the comedy-variety show Rowan & Martins Laugh-In from 1968–73, for which she won a Golden Globe Award and received five Emmy nominations. Buzzi was born at Westerly Hospital, Westerly, Rhode Island, the daughter of Rena Pauline and Angelo Peter Buzzi and her father was born in Arzo, Switzerland, in the Italian-speaking canton of Ticino, a few miles from the Italian border. He was asked to work on the carving of the Presidents on Mount Rushmore but declined and her mother was born in the United States to immigrants from northern Italy. Buzzi attended Stonington High School, where she was head cheerleader, at 17, she enrolled at the Pasadena Playhouse for the Performing Arts and graduated with honors. She studied voice, dance, and acting, and took courses in cosmetology in case acting didnt work out, before graduation from college, Buzzi was already a working actress with a union card in musical and comedy revues. She moved to New York City after graduation and was hired immediately for a role in an off-Broadway musical revue. Buzzi performed in New York musical variety shows, and she made television commercials. Her first national recognition on television came on The Garry Moore Show in 1964, Buzzi saw her first taste of national fame as Shagundala the Silent, a bumbling magicians assistant to her comedy partner Dom DeLuise who played Dominic the Great. Buzzi was a member of the repertory company on the CBS variety show The Entertainers. In 1966–67, Buzzi appeared in Sweet Charity, with Fosses wife Gwen Verdon in the original cast and she had several small roles, one of them the Singing Fairy. In the late 1960s, Ruth Buzzi appeared in episode of The Steve Allen Show. Her character parts in the Allen sketches led her to be cast for NBCs new show Rowan and she was the only featured player to appear in every episode of Laugh-In including the pilot for the show and the Laugh-In television special. A versatile comedian and accomplished singer, Buzzi played everything from old women to tipsy drunks. Her most famous character was dowdy spinster Gladys Ormphby, clad in brown with her bun hairdo covered by a visible hairnet knotted in the middle of her forehead. Buzzi first used this look when she played Agnes Gooch in a production of Auntie Mame. In most sketches, she used her lethal purse, with which she would flail away vigorously at anyone who incurred her wrath, on Laugh-In, Gladys most often appeared as the unwilling object of the advances of Arte Johnsons dirty old man character Tyrone F. Horneigh. In a typical exchange, Tyrone accosts Gladys and asks, Do you believe in the hereafter, delighted, Tyrone shoots back, Then you know what Im here after
24.
Arte Johnson
–
Arthur Stanton Eric Arte Johnson is an American comic actor who was a regular on televisions Rowan & Martins Laugh-In. His best-remembered character was that of a German soldier with the catchphrase Verrrry interesting, sometimes followed by, Johnson was born January 20,1929, in Benton Harbor, Michigan, and is the son of Abraham Lincoln and Edythe Mackenzie Johnson. Johnson attended the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, where he worked at the radio station and the UI Theater Guild with his brother Coslough Cos Johnson. He sought employment in Chicago advertising agencies but was unsuccessful and left for New York City to work for Viking Press, in early 1954, Johnson performed in several New York nightclubs, including Le Ruban Bleu and The Village Vanguard. His first job in business came when he impulsively stepped into an audition line and was cast in Gentlemen Prefer Blondes. Johnson appeared in Ben Bagleys The Shoestring Revue, which opened off-Broadway on February 28,1955, Johnson appeared three times in the 1955–1956 CBS sitcom Its Always Jan, starring Janis Paige and Merry Anders. In 1958, he joined the cast of the short-lived NBC sitcom, Sally, in it he played Bascomb Bleacher, Jr. the son of a co-owner of a department store, Bascomb, Sr. portrayed by Gale Gordon. In 1960, he played Ariel Lavalerra in the adaptation of Jack Kerouacs novel The Subterraneans. He also starred in The Andy Griffith Show as a clerk in 1962 in the episode Andy. In 1960 and 1961, he was cast in three episodes of Jackie Coopers military sitcom/drama series, Hennesey, also on CBS, the following year, he played Mr. Bates in the episode A Secret Life on Alfred Hitchcock Presents. He was cast in an episode of Frank Aletters sitcom, Bringing Up Buddy and he also appeared in The Whole Truth, a 1961 episode of The Twilight Zone, as an underpaid car salesman who punches dishonest used car lot owner Jack Carson. Before his big breakthrough in Laugh-In, Johnson appeared as Corporal Coogan in the 1962 episode The Handmade Private of the series, GE True. He played a bumbling navy cameraman on an episode of McHales Navy in the first season. Johnson appeared in a role as Charlie, a boom-microphone operator who demonstrates to Jack Benny how to tell a joke properly, on The Jack Benny Program. The joke performed in the sketch was the ugly baby story, in 1965, he made a first-season guest appearance on ABCs sitcom, Bewitched as Samantha s Cousin Edgar. A mute elf, Edgar is initially sent to observe and undermine Samanthas marriage – all with the blessing of Endora, once he sees how happily married Samantha and Darrin Stephens are, Edgar reverses his mischief and gives his blessing to their still-new marriage. Johnson appeared in one of the episodes of ABCs The Donna Reed Show in 1966. He was cast in the 1967 satirical James Coburn film The Presidents Analyst, in 1968, he acted in the Season 3 episode of Lost in Space, Princess of Space
25.
Boston
–
Boston is the capital and most populous city of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States. Boston is also the seat of Suffolk County, although the county government was disbanded on July 1,1999. The city proper covers 48 square miles with a population of 667,137 in 2015, making it the largest city in New England. Alternately, as a Combined Statistical Area, this wider commuting region is home to some 8.1 million people, One of the oldest cities in the United States, Boston was founded on the Shawmut Peninsula in 1630 by Puritan settlers from England. It was the scene of several key events of the American Revolution, such as the Boston Massacre, the Boston Tea Party, the Battle of Bunker Hill, and the Siege of Boston. Upon U. S. independence from Great Britain, it continued to be an important port and manufacturing hub as well as a center for education, through land reclamation and municipal annexation, Boston has expanded beyond the original peninsula. Its rich history attracts many tourists, with Faneuil Hall alone drawing over 20 million visitors per year, Bostons many firsts include the United States first public school, Boston Latin School, first subway system, the Tremont Street Subway, and first public park, Boston Common. Bostons economic base also includes finance, professional and business services, biotechnology, information technology, the city has one of the highest costs of living in the United States as it has undergone gentrification, though it remains high on world livability rankings. Bostons early European settlers had first called the area Trimountaine but later renamed it Boston after Boston, Lincolnshire, England, the renaming on September 7,1630 was by Puritan colonists from England who had moved over from Charlestown earlier that year in quest of fresh water. Their settlement was limited to the Shawmut Peninsula, at that time surrounded by the Massachusetts Bay and Charles River. The peninsula is thought to have been inhabited as early as 5000 BC, in 1629, the Massachusetts Bay Colonys first governor John Winthrop led the signing of the Cambridge Agreement, a key founding document of the city. Puritan ethics and their focus on education influenced its early history, over the next 130 years, the city participated in four French and Indian Wars, until the British defeated the French and their Indian allies in North America. Boston was the largest town in British America until Philadelphia grew larger in the mid-18th century, Bostons harbor activity was significantly curtailed by the Embargo Act of 1807 and the War of 1812. Foreign trade returned after these hostilities, but Bostons merchants had found alternatives for their investments in the interim. Manufacturing became an important component of the economy, and the citys industrial manufacturing overtook international trade in economic importance by the mid-19th century. Boston remained one of the nations largest manufacturing centers until the early 20th century, a network of small rivers bordering the city and connecting it to the surrounding region facilitated shipment of goods and led to a proliferation of mills and factories. Later, a network of railroads furthered the regions industry. Boston was a port of the Atlantic triangular slave trade in the New England colonies
26.
North Drums
–
North Drums are horn-shaped drums that were designed to project their sound outward, so the audience can hear the most direct qualities of the drum. North Drums were invented by Roger North, member of Quill, North created the drums for his own usage sometime around 1968. A patent was obtained in 1970, but it would not be until 1972 that the drums would be publicly sold, the original North Drums were hand-crafted using fiberglass. In 1976, North agreed to let Music Technology Incorporated manufacture, under MTI management, the drums were now produced via an injection-molded polystyrene process. They stopped selling the drums in the early 1980s and now there is a market for the drums. Chad Channing was known for using North Drums in the years of Nirvana. Billy Cobham played North Drums early on as well as Credence Clearwater Revival drummer Doug Cosmo Clifford, lucky Lehrer of the Circle Jerks used North tom-toms. The drum set was destroyed by fans slam dancing but was refurbished by DW’s Louie Garcia and is on permanent display behind glass at the Hard Rock Hotel & Casino in Las Vegas, drummer Ted VanTilburg formerly of Morgue played North Drums from 1988 to 1993. Alan White of the band Yes played North Drums for a while as did Joe English, Gerry Brown, Russ Kunkel, hana of Nippon band Gacharic Spin uses North drums also now
27.
Michael Hurley (musician)
–
Michael Hurley is an American folk singer who was essential to the Greenwich folk music scene of the 1960s and 1970s. He is able to play a variety of instruments. Michael Hurley is also a cartoonist and a painter, Michael Hurleys music is often described as outsider folk. Before starting his recording career Hurley contracted mononucleosis and needed to wait years until he could sign to a record label. Hurleys debut album, First Songs, was recorded for Folkways Records in 1965 on the same machine that taped Lead Bellys Last Sessions. In the late 1970s, Hurley made three albums for Rounder, all of which have since been reissued on CD. A collaboration with the Holy Modal Rounders and Jeffrey Frederick & The Clamtones, was named the greatest folk album of the era by The Village Voices Robert Christgau. In 1996, Koch Records released Wolfways with Hurley backed by Mickey Bones on drums, tours with Son Volt and high praise from younger performers like Lucinda Williams, Vic Chesnutt, Woods, Calexico, Cat Power, Julian Lynch, and Robin Holcomb followed. In 2001, Locust Music reissued Hurleys debut under the new title Blueberry Wine with new artwork contributed by Hurley, gnomonsong released a new Michael Hurley album titled Ancestral Swamp on September 18,2007. Backing was provided by longtime Hurley associate David Reisch of the Holy Modal Rounders and new friends Tara Jane ONeil, in 2010, Secret Seven Records and Mississippi Records teamed up to reissue 100 copies of Hurleys rarest album Blue Navigator on 8-track tape. In 2011, Hurleys first book of lyrics was released by the Quebec book publisher LOie de Cravan, Hurley has performed at the annual Nelsonville Music Festival in 2008,2010,2011,2012,2013 and 2014. Michael Hurley grew up in Bucks County, Pennsylvania, and began playing and writing songs at the age of 13 and he recorded his first album, First Songs at the age of 22. He also lived in New Jersey, Massachusetts, California, Vermont, Ohio, Florida, Michael Hurley self-published at least three magazines. The Underground Monthly, The Outcry, and The Morning Tea and he also created several comic books featuring Jocko and Boone, Greenbriar Kornbread, and Mama Molasses, among other characters. Hurley likes to call himself Elwood Snock, Doc Snock, Snockman, The Snock, Hurley has done much of the artwork for his own albums. Two oft-featured cartoon werewolves, Jocko and Boone, have something of a theme across Hurleys musical career. Both are based on dogs that Hurley owned, Michael Hurley has three children with his former wife, Marjorie, whom he called Pasta, two sons, Jordan and Colorado, and a daughter, Daffodil. With a girlfriend, Kim, he shares a son, Rollin and he shares a daughter, Wilder Mountain Honey, with a girlfriend, Annie
28.
Jeffrey Frederick
–
Jeffrey Sutton Frederick was a songwriter, guitarist and performer specializing in good-time Americana music—an idiosyncratic blend of folk, country and rock and roll. He was a largely uncredited predecessor of todays country music genre. Also notorious for his pranks, he was a songwriter, specializing in sly, hilarious. Fredericks tightly crafted songs and intricate guitar work were praised by the likes of Willie Nelson, Eric Clapton and his songs are being featured in a series of tribute albums, starting with St. Jeffreys Day, The Songs of Jeffrey Frederick, Volume I. Jeffrey Frederick and the Clamtones were inducted into the Oregon Music Hall of Fame on October 8,2011, born in Wilmington, Delaware, to highly religious parents, Harry and Edna Frederick, he spent most of his early years in rural Vermont. He went so far as to become an Eagle Scout, but quit the Scouts at age 14 to start his first band, in the late 1960s Frederick, Jill Gross, Morgan Huber, John Raskin, and Robert Nickson established the original Clamtones band in Vermont. In the early 1970s, Frederick made some changes and started Automatic Slim & the Fat Boys, in addition to Frederick, the band consisted of his close friend, Michael Hurley, Doug Southworth, and Melting Snow. Frederick developed many of his songs during this period, such as What Made My Hamburger Disappear, Robbing Banks, Stolen Guitar. His songs were almost invariably inspired by people and events. For instance, during this period, in northern Vermont there was increasing tension between conservative rural and establishment Vermonters and the young hipster crowd. A corrupt undercover officer, Paul Lawrence, staged a fraudulent drug bust at a St. Albans tavern where Automatic Slim and The Fat Boys often played. As a consequence, the proprietor, Otto Kremer, lost the bar, was forced to plead guilty to a variety of narcotics crimes and these events inspired Fredericks song, Poor Otto. They also helped convince Frederick to leave the area in which he had grown up, Frederick moved to Portland, Oregon, in 1975 at the urging of the Holy Modal Rounders Robin Remaily. His singing partner, Jill Gross, joined him later that year, in an unusual arrangement, the band performed as the Clamtones when Frederick was the frontman and as the Holy Modal Rounders when Steve Weber was frontman. In addition to Frederick and Jill, the band consisted of Dave Reisch, Robin Remaily, Teddy Deane, Richard Tyler and they soon gained the reputation of the greatest. In 1976 the bands took off on a 9, 000-mile Bicentennial tour of the perimeter of the United States. During this tour, Frederick was arrested in Texas for performing in a dress, during the tour, Frederick recorded Have Moicy. with Jill, Michael Hurley, Peter Stampfel, Paul Presti, Dave Reisch, Robin Remaily, Wax Iwaskiewicz and Robert Nickson. His contribution to this record is widely recognized
29.
DAW Books
–
DAW Books is an American science fiction and fantasy publisher, founded by Donald A. Wollheim following his departure from Ace Books in 1971. The company therefore claims to be the first publishing company ever devoted exclusively to science fiction, the first DAW Book published was the 1972 short story collection Spell of the Witch World by Andre Norton. In its early years under the leadership of Wollheim and his wife Elsie, DAW gained a reputation of publishing popular though not always critically acclaimed works of science fiction and fantasy. In 1982, C. J. Cherryhs Downbelow Station was the first DAW book to win the Hugo Award for best novel, which gained the publishing house increased respect within the industry. Until June 1984, all DAW books were characterized by yellow spines, when the design was changed the chronological number was retained but moved to the copyright page and renamed the DAW Collectors Book Number. As of October 2010, the company had published more than 1,500 titles during its 38-year history, the companys offices are in New York City. Official website Fan listing of DAW Books Internet Speculative Fiction Database listing of DAW Books
30.
Grammy Award
–
A Grammy Award, or Grammy, is an honor awarded by The Recording Academy to recognize outstanding achievement in the mainly English-language music industry. The annual presentation ceremony features performances by prominent artists, and the presentation of awards that have a more popular interest. It shares recognition of the industry as that of the other performance awards such as the Emmy Awards, the Tony Awards. The first Grammy Awards ceremony was held on May 4,1959, to honor, following the 2011 ceremony, The Academy overhauled many Grammy Award categories for 2012. The 59th Grammy Awards, honoring the best achievements from October 2015 to September 2016, was held on February 12,2017, the Grammys had their origin in the Hollywood Walk of Fame project in the 1950s. The music executives decided to rectify this by creating a given by their industry similar to the Oscars. This was the beginning of the National Academy of Recording Arts, after it was decided to create such an award, there was still a question of what to call it, one working title was the Eddie, to honor the inventor of the phonograph, Thomas Edison. They finally settled on using the name of the invention of Emile Berliner, the gramophone, for the awards, the number of awards given grew and fluctuated over the years with categories added and removed, at one time reaching over 100. The second Grammy Awards, also held in 1959, was the first ceremony to be televised, the gold-plated trophies, each depicting a gilded gramophone, are made and assembled by hand by Billings Artworks in Ridgway, Colorado. In 1990 the original Grammy design was revamped, changing the traditional soft lead for a stronger alloy less prone to damage, Billings developed a zinc alloy named grammium, which is trademarked. The trophies with the name engraved on them are not available until after the award announcements. By February 2009,7,578 Grammy trophies had been awarded, the General Field are four awards which are not restricted by genre. Album of the Year is awarded to the performer and the team of a full album if other than the performer. Record of the Year is awarded to the performer and the team of a single song if other than the performer. Song of the Year is awarded to the writer/composer of a single song, Best New Artist is awarded to a promising breakthrough performer who releases, during the Eligibility Year, the first recording that establishes the public identity of that artist. The only two artists to win all four of these awards are Christopher Cross, who won all four in 1980, and Adele, who won the Best New Artist award in 2009 and the other three in 2012 and 2017. Other awards are given for performance and production in specific genres, as well as for other such as artwork. Special awards are given for longer-lasting contributions to the music industry, the many other Grammy trophies are presented in a pre-telecast Premiere Ceremony earlier in the afternoon before the Grammy Awards telecast
31.
Anthology of American Folk Music
–
Experimental filmmaker Harry Smith compiled the music from his personal collection of 78 rpm records. The album is due to its role as a touchstone for the American folk music revival in the 1950s and 1960s. The Anthology was released for compact disc by Smithsonian Folkways Recordings on August 19,1997, in 1947, he met with Moses Asch, with an interest in selling or licensing the collection to Aschs label, Folkways Records. Smith wrote that he selected recordings from between 1927, when electronic recording made possible accurate music reproduction, and 1932, when the Depression halted folk music sales, the anthology thus technically qualifies as a high-profile bootleg. Folkways would later obtain some licensing rights, although the Anthology would not be completely licensed until the 1997 Smithsonian reissue, the compilation was divided by Smith into three two-album volumes, Ballads, Social Music, and Songs. As the title indicates, the Ballads volume consists of ballads, the first album in the social music volume largely consists of music likely performed at social gatherings or dances. Many of the songs are instrumentals, the second album in the Social Music volume consists of religious and spiritual songs. The third Songs volume consists of songs, dealing with everyday life, critic Greil Marcus describes its thematic interests as being marriage, labor, dissipation, prison. Smiths booklet in the release makes reference to three additional planned volumes in the series, which would anthologize music up until 1950. In 2000, Revenant Records worked with the Harry Smith Archive to recreate and release a fourth volume, organized around a theme of work and it includes a selection of union songs, and anthologizes material released as late as 1940. Smith also edited and directed the design of the Anthology and he created the liner notes himself, and these notes are almost as famous as the music, using an unusual fragmented, collage method that presaged some postmodern artwork. This etching was printed over against a different color background for each volume of the set, blue, red, the fourth Labour volume is colored yellow to represent the element earth. The back cover to this booklet closes with a quote by Smith, I saw America changed through music. At the 40th Grammy Awards, the reissue won awards for Best Album Notes, writing for Allmusic, critic John Bush wrote the compilation could well be the most influential document of the 50s folk revival. Many of the recordings appeared on it had languished in obscurity for 20 years. Many of the most interesting selections on the Anthology, however, are taken from artists, such as Clarence Ashley, Bascom Lamar Lunsford, and Buell Kazee. In his review for The Village Voice, music critic Robert Christgau wrote Harry Smiths act of history, aces two very 90s concepts, the canon that accrues as rock gathers commentary, and the compilations that multiply as labels recycle catalogue. Somebody you know is worth the 60 bucks itll run you, jon Pareles, writing in The New York Times, said that the songs still sound marvelous and uncanny
32.
The New York Times
–
The New York Times is an American daily newspaper, founded and continuously published in New York City since September 18,1851, by The New York Times Company. The New York Times has won 119 Pulitzer Prizes, more than any other newspaper, the papers print version in 2013 had the second-largest circulation, behind The Wall Street Journal, and the largest circulation among the metropolitan newspapers in the US. The New York Times is ranked 18th in the world by circulation, following industry trends, its weekday circulation had fallen in 2009 to fewer than one million. Nicknamed The Gray Lady, The New York Times has long been regarded within the industry as a newspaper of record. The New York Times international version, formerly the International Herald Tribune, is now called the New York Times International Edition, the papers motto, All the News Thats Fit to Print, appears in the upper left-hand corner of the front page. On Sunday, The New York Times is supplemented by the Sunday Review, The New York Times Book Review, The New York Times Magazine and T, some other early investors of the company were Edwin B. Morgan and Edward B. We do not believe that everything in Society is either right or exactly wrong, —what is good we desire to preserve and improve, —what is evil, to exterminate. In 1852, the started a western division, The Times of California that arrived whenever a mail boat got to California. However, when local California newspapers came into prominence, the effort failed, the newspaper shortened its name to The New-York Times in 1857. It dropped the hyphen in the city name in the 1890s, One of the earliest public controversies it was involved with was the Mortara Affair, the subject of twenty editorials it published alone. At Newspaper Row, across from City Hall, Henry Raymond, owner and editor of The New York Times, averted the rioters with Gatling guns, in 1869, Raymond died, and George Jones took over as publisher. Tweed offered The New York Times five million dollars to not publish the story, in the 1880s, The New York Times transitioned gradually from editorially supporting Republican Party candidates to becoming more politically independent and analytical. In 1884, the paper supported Democrat Grover Cleveland in his first presidential campaign, while this move cost The New York Times readership among its more progressive and Republican readers, the paper eventually regained most of its lost ground within a few years. However, the newspaper was financially crippled by the Panic of 1893, the paper slowly acquired a reputation for even-handedness and accurate modern reporting, especially by the 1890s under the guidance of Ochs. Under Ochs guidance, continuing and expanding upon the Henry Raymond tradition, The New York Times achieved international scope, circulation, in 1910, the first air delivery of The New York Times to Philadelphia began. The New York Times first trans-Atlantic delivery by air to London occurred in 1919 by dirigible, airplane Edition was sent by plane to Chicago so it could be in the hands of Republican convention delegates by evening. In the 1940s, the extended its breadth and reach. The crossword began appearing regularly in 1942, and the section in 1946
33.
Portland, Oregon
–
Portland is a port and the largest city in the U. S. state of Oregon and the seat of Multnomah County. It is in the Willamette Valley region of the Pacific Northwest, at the confluence of the Willamette, the city covers 145 square miles and had an estimated population of 632,309 in 2015, making it the 26th most populous city in the United States. Approximately 2,389,228 people live in the Portland metropolitan statistical area and its Combined Statistical Area ranks 17th with a population of 3,022,178. Roughly 60% of Oregons population resides within the Portland metropolitan area, named after Portland, Maine, the Oregon settlement began to be populated in the 1830s near the end of the Oregon Trail. Its water access provided convenient transportation of goods, and the industry was a major force in the citys early economy. At the turn of the 20th century, the city had a reputation as one of the most dangerous cities in the world. After the citys economy experienced a boom during World War II. Beginning in the 1960s, Portland became noted for its liberal political values, and the city has earned a reputation as a bastion of counterculture. According to a 2009 Pew Research Center study, Portland ranks as the eighth most popular American city, the city operates with a commission-based government guided by a mayor and four commissioners as well as Metro, the only directly elected metropolitan planning organization in the United States. The city government is notable for its planning and investment in public transportation. Its climate is marked by warm, dry summers and cool and this climate is ideal for growing roses, and Portland has been called the City of Roses for over a century. Keep Portland Weird is a slogan for the city. During the prehistoric period, the land that would become Portland was flooded after the collapse of glacial dams from Lake Missoula and these massive floods occurred during the last ice age and filled the Willamette Valley with 300 to 400 feet of water. The Chinook people occupying the land which would become Portland were first documented by Meriwether Lewis, before its European settlement, the Portland Basin of the lower Columbia River and Willamette River valleys had been one of the most densely populated regions on the Pacific Coast. Large numbers of settlers began arriving in the Willamette Valley in the 1830s via the Oregon Trail. In the early 1840s a new settlement began emerging ten miles from the mouth of the Willamette River and this community was initially referred to as Stumptown and The Clearing because of the many trees cut down to allow for its growth. In 1843 William Overton saw potential in the new settlement but lacked the funds to file a land claim. For 25 cents Overton agreed to half of the 640-acre site with Asa Lovejoy of Boston
