1.
The Host (2013 film)
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The Host is a 2013 American romantic science fiction thriller film adapted from Stephenie Meyers novel of the same name. It tells the story of a woman, Melanie, who is captured after the human race has been taken over by parasitic aliens called Souls. After Melanie is infused with a soul called Wanderer, Melanie, written and directed by Andrew Niccol, the film stars Saoirse Ronan, Max Irons, Jake Abel, William Hurt, and Diane Kruger. Released in theaters on March 29,2013, the film was received by critics. The human race has taken over by small parasitic aliens called Souls. They travel to planets inserting themselves into a host body of that planets dominant species while suppressing the hosts consciousness and they access the hosts memories, and occupied hosts are identifiable by silver rings in the hosts eyes. A human on the run, Melanie Stryder, is captured and infused with a soul called Wanderer, Wanderer is asked by Seeker to access Melanies memories in order to discover the location of a pocket of unassimilated humans. Melanies consciousness, however, has not been eliminated. Melanie and Wanderer carry out a conversation and debate with each other. Wanderer shares with Seeker that Melanie was traveling with her brother, Jamie, Wanderer admits that Melanie is still present, so Seeker decides to be transferred into Melanies body to get the information herself. With the help of Melanie, Wanderer escapes and makes her way to the desert, where she is found by Jeb, wanderers presence is met with hostility by all but Jeb and Jamie. Melanie instructs Wanderer not to anyone she is still alive, since it would provoke them. Wanderer begins interacting with the humans and slowly begins to gain their trust, Seeker leads a search party into the desert to find Wanderer. They intercept one of the shelters supply teams, and in the chase, Aaron. During the chase, Seeker accidentally kills another Soul, leading her superiors to call off the search, returning to the caves, Jared and Kyle move to kill Wanderer, causing Jamie to reveal that Melanies consciousness is alive. Jeb and Ian accept this, but Jared refuses to believe it until he attempts to determine the truth by kissing Wanderer, provoking Melanie to take back control, Kyle tries to kill Wanderer but endangers his own life and ends up being saved by Wanderer. Ian believes that Kyle attacked Wanderer and tells her that he loves her, Wanderer admits that, while occupying Melanies body, she must love Jared, but she has feelings of her own, and the two kiss. After isolating herself for several days, Wanderer learns that Jamie is critically ill with an infection in his leg and she infiltrates a Soul medical facility to steal some of their alien medicine, saving Jamies life
2.
Hangul
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The Korean alphabet, known as Hangul in South Korea and as Chosŏngŭl/Chosŏn Muntcha in North Korea is the alphabet that has been used to write the Korean language since the 15th century. It was created during the Joseon Dynasty in 1443 by King Sejong the Great, in South Korea, Hangul is used primarily to write the Korean language as using Hanja in typical Korean writing had fallen out of common usage during the late 1990s. In its classical and modern forms, the alphabet has 19 consonant and 21 vowel letters, however, instead of being written sequentially like the letters of the Latin alphabet, Hangul letters are grouped into blocks, such as 한 han, each of which transcribes a syllable. That is, although the syllable 한 han may look like a single character, each syllabic block consists of two to six letters, including at least one consonant and one vowel. These blocks are arranged horizontally from left to right or vertically from top to bottom. Each Korean word consists of one or more syllables, hence one or more blocks, of the 11,172 possible Hangul syllables, the most frequent 256 have a cumulative frequency of 88. 2%, with the top 512, it reaches 99. 9%. The modern name Hangul was coined by Ju Sigyeong in 1912, han meant great in archaic Korean, and geul is the native Korean word for script. Taken together, then, the meaning is great script, as the word han had also become one way of indicating Korea as a whole the name could also potentially be interpreted as Korean script. Korean 한글 is pronounced, and in English as /ˈhɑːn. ɡʊl/ or /ˈhɑːŋɡʊl/, when used as an English word, it is often rendered without the diacritics, hangul, and it is often capitalized as Hangul, as it appears in many English dictionaries. Hankul in the Yale romanization, a system recommended for technical linguistic studies, North Koreans call it Chosŏngŭl, after Chosŏn, the North Korean name for Korea. Because of objections to the names Hangeul, Chosŏngŭl, and urigeul by Koreans in China, until the early 20th century, Hangul was denigrated as vulgar by the literate elite, who preferred the traditional hanja writing system. They gave it such names as these, Achimgeul, in the original Hanja, it is rendered as 故智者不終朝而會，愚者可浹旬而學。 Gugmun Eonmun Amgeul. Am is a prefix that signifies a noun is feminine Ahaetgeul or Ahaegeul Hangul was promulgated by Sejong the Great, the Hall of Worthies, a group of scholars who worked with Sejong to develop and refine the new alphabet, is often credited for the work. The project was completed in late December 1443 or January 1444, the publication date of the Hunmin Jeong-eum, October 9, became Hangul Day in South Korea. Its North Korean equivalent, Chosongul Day, is on January 15, various speculations about the creation process were put to rest by the discovery in 1940 of the 1446 Hunmin Jeong-eum Haerye. This document explains the design of the consonant letters according to articulatory phonetics, to assuage this problem, King Sejong created the unique alphabet known as Hangul to promote literacy among the common people. However, it entered popular culture as Sejong had intended, being used especially by women, the late 16th century, however, saw a revival of Hangul, with gasa literature and later sijo flourishing. In the 17th century, Hangul novels became a major genre, by this point spelling had become quite irregular
3.
Hanja
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Hanja is the Korean name for Chinese characters. Borrowed from Chinese and incorporated into the Korean language with Korean pronunciation, hanja-mal or hanja-eo refers to words that can be written with hanja, and hanmun refers to Classical Chinese writing, although hanja is sometimes used loosely to encompass these other concepts. Because hanja never underwent major reform, they are almost entirely identical to traditional Chinese, only a small number of hanja characters are modified or unique to Korean. By contrast, many of the Chinese characters currently in use in Japan and Mainland China have been simplified, and contain fewer strokes than the corresponding hanja characters. Today, a working knowledge of Chinese characters is still important for anyone who wishes to study older texts. Learning a certain number of hanja is very helpful for understanding the etymology of Sino-Korean words, hanja are not used to write native Korean words, which are always rendered in hangul, and even words of Chinese origin—hanja-eo —are written with the hangul alphabet most of the time. A major motivation for the introduction of Chinese characters into Korea was the spread of Buddhism, the major Chinese text that introduced hanja to Koreans, however, was not a religious text but the Chinese text, Cheonjamun. One way of adapting hanja to write Korean in such systems was to represent native Korean grammatical particles, for example, Gugyeol uses the characters 爲尼 to transcribe the Korean word hăni, in modern Korean, that means does, and so. However, in Chinese, the characters are read as the expression wéi ní. This is an example of Gugyeol words where the radical is read in Korean for its meaning. Hanja was the means of writing Korean until King Sejong the Great promoted the invention of hangul in the 15th century. However, even after the invention of hangul, most Korean scholars continued to write in hanmun and it was not until the 20th century that hangul truly replaced hanja. Officially, hanja has not been used in North Korea since June 1949, additionally, many words borrowed from Chinese have been replaced in the North with native Korean words. However, there are a number of Chinese-borrowed words in widespread usage in the North. The replacement has been less total in South Korea where, although usage has declined over time, some remains in common usage in some contexts. Each hanja is composed of one of 214 radicals plus in most cases one or more additional elements, the vast majority of hanja use the additional elements to indicate the sound of the character, but a few hanja are purely pictographic, and some were formed in other ways. This dual meaning-sound reading of a character is called eumhun, the word or words used to denote the meaning are often—though hardly always—words of native Korean origin, and are sometimes archaic words no longer commonly used. South Korean primary schools abandoned the teaching of hanja in 1971 and it is taught in separate courses in South Korean high schools, separately from the normal Korean-language curriculum
4.
Bong Joon-ho
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Bong Joon-ho is a South Korean film director and screenwriter. His films include South Korean hits Memories of Murder, based on a serial murder case, monster movie The Host. Korean film industry insiders have nicknamed him Bong Tae-il, which, pronounced in Korean, though he displays a fascination for strong subject matter, his films are filled with humor and sudden mood shifts. Bong Joon-ho was born in Daegu in 1969 and decided to become a filmmaker while in middle school and his father was a designer and his grandfather was a noted author. He majored in sociology in Yonsei University in the late 1980s and was a member of the club there. He was then a fan of Edward Yang, Hou Hsiao-hsien, in the early 1990s, he completed a two-year program at the Korean Academy of Film Arts. While there, he made many 16mm short films and his graduation films Memory Within the Frame and Incoherence were invited to screen at the Vancouver and Hong Kong international film festivals. He also collaborated on works with his classmates — most notably as cinematographer on highly acclaimed short 2001 Imagine. Aside from cinematography on Hur Jae-youngs short A Hat, Bong was also lighting director on an early short Sounds From Heaven and Earth by Choi Equan, after graduating, he spent the next five years contributing in various capacities to works by other directors. Shortly afterwards Bong began shooting his first feature Barking Dogs Never Bite under producer Cha Seung-jae, the film, about a low-ranking university lecturer who abducts a neighbors dog, was shot in the same apartment complex where Bong had lived after getting married. Although now remembered fondly, at the time of its release in February 2000 it did not stir up much interest among audiences, response from critics was positive but slightly muted. Nonetheless, the film was invited to the section of Spains prestigious San Sebastian International Film Festival. Bongs second film, Memories of Murder, a much larger-scale project, was adapted from a stage play centered on a real-life serial killer who terrorized a rural town in the 1980s. Production of the film was a long and arduous process, but with the weather providing unexpected help with some stunning skyscapes and it was released in April 2003 and proved an immediate critical and popular success. Although passed over by the Cannes and Venice Film Festivals, the film received its international premiere at San Sebastian. The film also received a strong critical reception on its release in foreign territories such as France. Following this, Bong took some time to short films to two omnibus projects. Influenza is a disturbing 30-minute work acted out entirely in front of real CCTV cameras stationed throughout Seoul and his films Memories of Murder, The Host, Madeo and Snowpiercer were re-released as a film series in April 2015 in the Jacob Burns Film Center in New York
5.
Song Kang-ho
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Song Kang-ho is a South Korean actor. Song Kang-ho never professionally trained as an actor, beginning his career in theater groups after graduating from Gimhae High School. He made his premiere in 1991, in the play Dongseung. Although regularly approached to act in films, he turned down the opportunity until taking a role as an extra in Hong Sang-soos The Day a Pig Fell into the Well. Since that time hes been cast in supporting roles before his high-profile appearance as Han Suk-kyus secret agent partner in Kang Je-gyus blockbuster thriller Shiri. In early 2000, Song became a star with his first leading role in the box office smash The Foul King, but it is with his award-winning role as a North Korean sergeant in Joint Security Area/JSA that Song came to the forefront as one of Koreas leading actors. Song also starred in Park Chan-wooks acclaimed followup, Sympathy for Mr. Vengeance, in 2002 Song starred in another major production by Myung Films, YMCA Baseball Team, about Koreas first baseball team which formed in the early 20th century. The following year he played a role as an incompetent rural detective in yet another critically acclaimed smash hit. In 2004 Song starred in a film by debut director Im Charn-sang that imagines the life of South Korean president Park Chung-hees personal barber. The following year he took the lead in Antarctic Journal. In 2006 Song was thrust back in the spotlight, however, Song Kang-ho at Cine21 Song Kang-ho at the Korean Movie Database Song Kang-ho at the Internet Movie Database Song Kang-ho at HanCinema
6.
Bae Doona
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Bae Doo-Na is a South Korean actress and photographer. She has had English-speaking roles in the Wachowski films Cloud Atlas and Jupiter Ascending, Bae was born in Seoul, South Korea. Growing up, Bae would follow her mother, Kim Hwa-young and this did not initially lead Bae towards acting, saying, People might say that since my mother is a theater actor, I became an actress. But to me, those experiences probably had the opposite effect, on the contrary, because I saw many great actors working with my mother, I thought this was a job only people with extraordinary talent could do. A Hanyang University student in 1998, Bae was scouted by a talent agency while walking in Seoul. This led to modeling clothing for COOLDOGs catalog, amongst others, in 1999 she made the switch to acting, debuting in the TV drama School. Later that year, she appeared as the ghost in The Ring Virus, in 2000, director Bong Joon-ho cast her in the film Barking Dogs Never Bite for her willingness to do the part without makeup, something other South Korean actresses were unwilling to do. In Kim So-youngs documentary Womens History Trilogy, Bae stated her admiration for veteran South Korean actress Yoon Jeong-hee, Yoon returned the compliment, saying Bae Doo-na owns her world. In this same documentary, Bae shared how her own most memorable scene was being chased by the man throughout the apartment in Barking Dogs Never Bite. That same year she gave a performance in Plum Blossom. This was followed by two more critical successes, 2001s Take Care of My Cat, directed by Jeong Jae-eun,2003 was less kind to Bae, as she saw both Tube and Spring Bears Love flop at the box office. After completing principal photography on Spring Bears Love, Bae decided to take time off from film, saying, the moment a film was presented to the press, I was almost always already shooting the next one I thought by myself, now my first cycle is really over. While I rest a little, I wanted to make a new start. During her hiatus from the big screen, Bae took up photography and she also continued to work on TV, starring in Country Princess and Rosemary. Bae finally stepped onto a stage in 2004, for a production of Sunday Seoul. In 2005 Bae gave a turn as an exchange student who joins a band in the Japanese film Linda Linda Linda. She reunited with Bong Joon-ho in 2006s The Host, which became the film in South Korean box office history. For her role, she trained in archery for months that she was if she really wanted
7.
Go Ah-sung
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Go Ah-sung is a South Korean actress. She began her career as an actress, notably in 2006 top-grossing blockbuster The Host. This was followed by roles in Snowpiercer, Thread of Lies and Office, as well as the TV dramas Master of Study. Go Ah-sung was four years old when she appeared in her first commercial, at thirteen, Go began her acting career in the KBS childrens program Oolla Boolla Blue-jjang. Having worked together in the MBC omnibus drama Beating Heart, actress Bae Doona recommended Go to director Bong Joon-ho when he was casting for his much-anticipated monster film, after an extensive audition process, Go made her film debut in 2006 with a starring role in The Host. Bong praised her work, saying that she showed really mature acting for her age, Go received several acting nominations, and won Best New Actress at the 2006 Blue Dragon Film Awards. She continued her career with supporting roles in The Happy Life, Radio Dayz. In 2010, Go appeared in the high school series Master of Study and it scored the highest ratings in its timeslot during its run. In 2013, she reunited with The Host costar Song Kang-ho in the blockbuster sci-fi thriller Snowpiercer, Go next appeared opposite Kim Hee-ae in Thread of Lies, a film adaptation of Kim Ryeo-ryeongs novel Elegant Lies about a willful girl seeking the truth behind her sisters suicide. Go signed with an American agency, Untitled Entertainment in 2014 and she returned to television in 2015 with Heard It Through the Grapevine, a black comedy about the chaos an unplanned teenage pregnancy causes in a wealthy, powerful family. Go enjoys traveling alone and taking pictures and she became interested in photography through friend and frequent costar Bae Doona. Gos photographs were exhibited at the 5th annual Seoul Open Art Fair in 2010, alongside artwork by Ha Jung-woo, another of her interests is music. She did her own singing for the film Duet, and has performed live on stage at Mudaeruk in Hongdae, Go is currently a Psychology major at Sungkyunkwan University
8.
Monster film
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The film may also belong to the horror, comedy, fantasy or science fiction genre. Monster movies originated with adaptations of horror folklore and literature, the most common aspect of a monster movie is the struggle between a human collective of protagonists against one or more monsters, who serve as the antagonistic force. In Japanese cinema, giant monsters known as kaiju often take up this role, the monster is created by a folly of mankind - an experiment gone wrong, the effects of radiation or the destruction of habitat. Or usually the monster is from outer space, has been on Earth for a time with no one ever seeing it. On the contrary, Godzilla began in this fashion yet as time moved on his reputation grew into that of a cultural icon to the Japanese. The attempts of the humans to destroy the monster would at first be the usage of a military force - an attempt that would antagonize the monster even more. The Godzilla series utilized the concept of a built by Japanese scientists to suppress him or any of the monsters he fights. Historically, monsters have been depicted using stop-motion animation, puppets, in the modern day, many monster movies have used CGI monsters. The first feature-length films to include what are regarded as monsters were often classed as horror or science fiction films, the 1915 German silent film, The Golem directed by Paul Wegener is one of the earliest examples of film to include a creature. Following tradition the German Expressionist Nosferatu in 1922 and the depiction of a dragon in Fritz Langs Die Nibelungen in 1924, classified as Horror films, they included iconic monsters. Special effects animator Willis OBrien worked on the 1925 fantasy adventure The Lost World, the book and film featured dinosaurs, the basis for many future movies. He began work on a film known as Creation in 1931. Two years later, he produced special effects for the RKO1933 film King Kong directed by Merian C, since then King Kong has not only become one of the most famous examples of a monster movie, but also is considered a landmark film in the history of cinema. The monster King Kong became an icon, being featured in many other films. King Kong went on to many other films of its genre. A notable example was Ray Harryhausen, who would work with Willis O’Brien on Mighty Joe Young in 1949, following the re-release of King Kong in 1952, Harryhausen would later work on The Beast from 20,000 Fathoms in 1953. The film was about a dinosaur, a Rhedosaurus, that was awakened from frozen ice in the Arctic Circle by an atomic bomb test. It is considered to be the film which started the 50s wave of “creature features”
9.
Han River (Korea)
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The Han River or Hangang is a major river in South Korea and the fourth longest river on the Korean peninsula after the Amnok, Tuman, and Nakdong rivers. The river begins as two rivers in the eastern mountains of the Korean peninsula, which then converge near Seoul. The Han River and its area have played an important role in Korean history. The Three Kingdoms of Korea strove to control of this land. However, the river is no longer used for navigation. The river serves as a source for over 12 million Koreans. In July 2000, the US military admitted to having dumped toxic chemicals in the river, currently, the lower stretches of the Han river are lined with pedestrian walkways, bicycle paths, public parks and restaurants, particularly in Seoul. The Han is formed by the confluence of the Namhan River, which originates in Mount Daedeok, and the Bukhan River, the River flows through Seoul and then merges with the Rimjin River shortly before it flows into the Yellow Sea. The two major branches of the river, the Namhan River and the Bukhan River, come together at Yangpyeong, Gyeonggi province and it then passes through Seoul and continues on to the Yellow Sea. Broad tidal flats can be found at the mouth of the Han River, the total length of the Han River is approximately 494 kilometres. Although it is not a river, the lower Han is remarkably broad for such a relatively short river. Within Seoul city limits, the river is more than 1 kilometre wide, prior to the construction of a number of major dams, the river was known for its huge coefficient of river regime of 1,390. The Namhangang is sometimes, but not always, referred to as the Han in South Korea, the term South Han is understood irrespective of which side of the border one stands. Even though Namhan and Bukhan are homophones with the acronyms Namhan and Bukhan, used commonly in South Korea, the hanja for the Han River is not 韓 but 漢. It is also easily mistaken with the use of 漢 in Seouls older name, 漢城 where 漢 does not refer to Chinese people, Han River has been called by different names through the course of Korean history. During the period of the Han Commanderies on the peninsula and the part of the three kingdoms period the river was often referred to as the Daesu. The state of Goguryeo called it the Arisu, Baekje called it the Ungniha, while the kingdom of Silla termed it the Iha. The Han River has played a role in Korean history from the earliest times
10.
Memories of Murder
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Memories of Murder is a 2003 South Korean crime-drama film co-written and directed by Bong Joon-ho. It is based on the story of Koreas first serial murder in history. Song Kang-ho and Kim Sang-kyung star as Detective Park and Detective Seo, respectively, the film was the second feature film directed by Bong, following his 2000 debut film Barking Dogs Never Bite. The screenplay was adapted by Bong and Shim Sung-bo from Kim Kwang-rims 1996 stage play about the same subject, the films cinematography, as well as Song Kang-hos performance, earned it wide praise. In October 1986, a woman is found raped and murdered in a ditch near a field. Soon after, another woman is raped and murdered in a field. He realizes that the killer waits until a night. A female police officer realizes that a radio station is always requested to play a particular song during the nights the murders are committed. Seo clears both of those suspects and follows a trail of clues to a factory worker who had only moved to the area a short time before the first murder. Finally, when yet another murder is committed and DNA evidence sent for processing in the United States comes back inconclusive, Seos frustrations flow over and he flies into a rage and roughs up the factory worker, only Park stops Seo from shooting the suspect. In the end, the crimes remain unsolved, visiting the crime scene years later in 2003, Park Doo-man, now a businessman, learns from a little girl that the scene had recently been visited by another, unknown man with a plain face. The little girl had asked him why that man was looking at the ditch, the film won the South Korean film industrys 2003 Grand Bell Awards for best film, while Bong Joon-ho and Song Kang-ho won the awards for best director and best leading actor respectively. By the end of the domestic run it had been seen by 5,101,645 people. While it was eventually outgained by Silmido, which was released in the same year, at the end of the films run, Memories of Murder was also the fourth most viewed film of all time in the country, after Shiri, Friend and Joint Security Area. The commercial success of the film has been credited as saving one of its companies, Sidus Pictures. Director Quentin Tarantino named it, along with Bongs The Host, while a total body count was never mentioned in the film, a total of 10 similar murders were committed in the Hwaseong area between October 1986 and April 1991. Some of the details of the murders, such as the killer gagging the women with their underwear, were taken from the case. After the ninth murder, DNA evidence was sent to Japan for analysis, as in the film, the actual murderer has not been caught
11.
Blu-ray
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Blu-ray or Blu-ray Disc is a digital optical disc data storage format. It was designed to supersede the DVD format, in that it is capable of storing high-definition, the plastic disc is 120 mm in diameter and 1.2 mm thick, the same size as DVDs and CDs. Conventional Blu-ray Disc discs contain 25 GB per layer, with dual layer discs being the standard for feature-length video discs. Triple-layer discs and quadruple layers are available for BD-XL re-writer drives, the name Blu-ray refers to the blue laser used to read the disc, which allows information to be stored at a greater density than is possible with the longer-wavelength red laser used for DVDs. The main application of Blu-ray is as a medium for video material such as films and physical distribution of video games for the PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4. Besides the hardware specifications, Blu-ray is associated with a set of multimedia formats, high-definition video may be stored on Blu-ray discs with up to 2160p resolution, at up to 60 frames per second. DVD discs had been limited to a resolution of 480p or 576p. The BD format was developed by the Blu-ray Disc Association, a group representing makers of consumer electronics, computer hardware, Sony unveiled the first Blu-ray disc prototypes in October 2000, and the first prototype player was released in April 2003 in Japan. Afterwards, it continued to be developed until its release in June 2006. During the high definition disc format war, Blu-ray Disc competed with the HD DVD format. Toshiba, the company that supported HD DVD, conceded in February 2008. According to Media Research, high-definition software sales in the US were slower in the first two years than DVD software sales, Blu-ray faces competition from video on demand and the continued sale of DVDs. As of January 2016, 44% of U. S. broadband households had a Blu-ray player, the information density of the DVD format was limited by the wavelength of the laser diodes used. Following protracted development, blue laser diodes operating at 405 nanometers became available on a production basis, Sony started two projects in collaboration with Philips applying the new diodes, UDO, and DVR Blue, a format of rewritable discs that would eventually become Blu-ray Disc. The core technologies of the formats are similar, the first DVR Blue prototypes were unveiled at the CEATEC exhibition in October 2000 by Sony. A trademark for the Blue Disc logo was filed February 9,2001, on February 19,2002, the project was officially announced as Blu-ray Disc, and Blu-ray Disc Founders was founded by the nine initial members. The first consumer device arrived in stores on April 10,2003, the Sony BDZ-S77, but there was no standard for prerecorded video, and no movies were released for this player. On October 4,2004, the name Blu-ray Disc Founders was officially changed to the Blu-ray Disc Association, the Blu-ray Disc physical specifications were completed in 2004
12.
HD DVD
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HD DVD is a discontinued high-density optical disc format for storing data and playback of high-definition video. Supported principally by Toshiba, HD DVD was envisioned to be the successor to the standard DVD format, on 19 February 2008, after a protracted format war with rival Blu-ray, Toshiba abandoned the format, announcing it would no longer develop or manufacture HD DVD players and drives. The HD DVD Promotion Group was dissolved on March 28,2008, the HD DVD physical disc specifications were still in use as the basis for the China Blue High-definition Disc formerly called CH-DVD. Because all variants except 3× DVD and HD REC employed a laser with a shorter wavelength. In the late 1990s, commercial HDTV sets started to enter a larger market, jVCs D-VHS and Sonys HDCAM formats could store that amount of data, but were neither popular nor well-known. It was well known that using lasers with shorter wavelengths would yield optical storage with higher density, shuji Nakamura invented practical blue laser diodes, but a lengthy patent lawsuit delayed commercial introduction. The two formats share several technologies, in February 2002, the project was officially announced as Blu-ray Disc, and the Blu-ray Disc Association was founded by the nine initial members. The DVD Forum was deeply split over whether to go with the more expensive blue lasers or not, in March 2002, the forum voted to approve a proposal endorsed by Warner Bros. and other motion picture studios that involved compressing HD content onto dual-layer DVD-9 discs. In spite of this decision, the DVD Forums Steering Committee announced in April that it was pursuing its own blue-laser high-definition solution, in August, Toshiba and NEC announced their competing standard Advanced Optical Disc. It was adopted by the DVD forum and renamed to HD DVD the next year, the HD DVD Promotion Group was a group of manufacturers and media studios formed to exchange thoughts and ideas to help promote the format worldwide. The HD DVD promotion group was dissolved on March 28,2008, following Toshibas announcement on February 19,2008 that it would no longer develop or manufacture HD DVD players. Much like the VHS vs. Betamax videotape format war during the late 1970s and early 1980s, HD DVD was competing with a rival format - in this case, in 2008, major content manufacturers and key retailers began withdrawing their support for the format. In an attempt to avoid a costly war, the Blu-ray Disc Association. One of the issues was that Blu-ray Disc companies wanted to use a Java-based platform for interactivity, another problem was the physical formats of the discs themselves. The negotiations proceeded slowly and ultimately stalled, on August 22,2005, the Blu-ray Disc Association and DVD Forum announced that the negotiations to unify their standards had failed. Rumors surfaced that talks had stalled, publicly, the reasons of physical format incompatibility were cited. By the end of September that year, Microsoft and Intel jointly announced their support for HD DVD, the Blu-ray Disc Association did not agree to HPs demands. On March 31,2006, Toshiba released their first consumer-based HD DVD player in Japan at ¥110,000, HD DVD was released in the United States on April 18,2006, with players priced at $499 and $799
13.
Asian Film Awards
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The Asian Film Awards are presented annually by the Hong Kong International Film Festival Society to recognize the excellence of the film professionals in the film industries of Asian cinema. On January 29,2007, Wilfred Wong, the Chairman of Hong Kong International Film Festival Society, the 1st Asian Film Awards occurred on March 20,2007, on the opening night of the 31st Hong Kong International Film Festival in Hong Kong Convention and Exhibition Centre. It honoured the best film achievements of the Asian cinema in the year 2006 and it was attended by about 4000 guests from around the world. The AFA Presentation Ceremony takes place as part of the Entertainment Expo Hong Kong Opening Gala, throughout its history and since its inauguration in 2007, Chinese-language films from China, Taiwan, and Hong Kong, and South Korean films have dominated the top awards. Films from Japan, Iran and Thailand have also won on occasion and this lack of diversity has been criticized. At the same event the AFA trophy, designed by award-winning production designer, according to William Chang, his inspiration behind the artwork was his admiration to a combination of architectural drawings and his own collection of antique statues. Measuring 36 cm, the trophy symbolises the joy and the accomplishment of all the award winners, the current trophy is gold as a whole but had changed significantly before. The first trophies that were handed in 2007 has its trophy in black with a white base, in the 2nd AFA, the current gold colour was used as whole but in 2009 for its 3rd AFA instead of a gold base, it has a black base. Then in 2010, the gold trophy had returned and now used nowadays. To be eligible, films must be feature length, be in 35mm or 70mm film format or digital format suitable for exhibition in cinemas and this encompasses all the cinemas of Asia, East Asia, South Asia, Southeast Asia and West Asia. Additionally, the films must have English subtitles, each Official Submission Organisation can submit up to three films to represent their territory. The Asian Film Awards Jury is composed of professionals from around the world. Each Jury Member can recommend up to two nominations in each Category. The Society chooses the special awards to be given for a certain year and their first and original names are used in this list. Hong Kong International Film Festival Official website Asian Film Awards at IMDB 6th Asian Film Awards Rules and Regulations
14.
United States Forces Korea
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United States Forces Korea is a sub-unified command of United States Pacific Command. Major USFK elements include Eighth U. S. Army, U. S. Air Forces Korea, U. S. Naval Forces Korea, U. S. Marine Forces Korea and it was established on 1 July 1957. USFK has Title 10 authority, which means that USFK is responsible for organizing, training and equipping U. S. forces on the Korean Peninsula so that forces are agile, adaptable and ready. The USFK mission also includes planning non-combatant evacuation operations to ensure that if the need arises, U. S. to this end, USFK conducts routine exercises to ensure that this process is effective, efficient and orderly. As such, USFK continues to support the ROK-US Mutual Defense Treaty, the UNC mission was to assist South Korea to repel the attack and restore international peace and security in Korea. Throughout the war,53 nations provided support to the UNC,16 nations provided combat forces, after three years of hostilities, the commanders of both sides signed the Armistice Agreement on 27 July 1953. Hostilities today are also deterred by this bi-national defense team that evolved from the multi-national UNC, established on 7 November 1978, the ROK-US Combined Forces Command is the warfighting headquarters. Its role is to deter, or defeat if necessary, outside aggression against the ROK, the following is a partial list of border incidents involving North Korea since the Armistice Agreement of 27 July 1953, ended large scale military action of the Korean War. Most of these took place near either the Korean Demilitarized Zone or the Northern Limit Line. This list includes engagements on land, air, and sea, many of the incidents occurring at sea are due to border disputes. The North claims jurisdiction over an area south of the disputed western maritime border. This is a fishing area, particularly for crabs. In addition, the North claims its territorial waters extend for 50 nautical miles from the coast, according to the 5 January 2011 Korea Herald, since July 1953 North Korea has violated the armistice 221 times, including 26 military attacks. May 1962, Private Larry Allen Abshier abandoned his post in South Korea in May 1962 when he away from his base. Larry Abshier was the first to defect, also in May 1962, Corporal Jerry Parrish crossed the DMZ into North Korea. Aug 1962, James Joseph Dresnok was a Private First Class with a U. S. Army unit along the Korean Demilitarized Zone. Soon after his arrival, he found himself facing a court martial for forging signatures on paperwork that gave him permission to leave base, Dresnok was taken by train to Pyongyang, the North Korean capital, and interrogated. In South Korea, Jenkins was assigned to night patrols, as a result of fears that he would be transferred to combat duty in Vietnam, he grew depressed and anxious, and started drinking alcohol
15.
Pathology
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Pathology is a significant component of the causal study of disease and a major field in modern medicine and diagnosis. Similarly, a condition is one caused by disease, rather than occurring physiologically. A physician practicing pathology is called a pathologist, as a field of general inquiry and research, pathology addresses four components of disease, cause, mechanisms of development, structural alterations of cells, and the consequences of changes. Further divisions in specialty exist on the basis of the involved sample types, organs, the sense of the word pathology as a synonym of disease or pathosis is very common in health care. The persistence of this usage despite attempted proscription is discussed elsewhere, the study of pathology, including the detailed examination of the body, including dissection and inquiry into specific maladies, dates back to antiquity. Notably, many advances were made in the era of Islam, during which numerous texts of complex pathologies were developed. By the 17th century, the study of microscopy was underway and examination of tissues had led British Royal Society member Robert Hooke to coin the word cell, setting the stage for later germ theory. However, pathology as an area of specialty was not fully developed until the late 19th and early 20th centuries. This realization led to the understanding that diseases are able to replicate themselves. To determine causes of diseases, medical experts used the most common and widely accepted assumptions or symptoms of their times, by the late 1920s to early 1930s pathology was deemed a medical specialty. The modern practice of pathology is divided into a number of subdisciplines within the discrete but deeply interconnected aims of biological research, anatomical pathology is itself divided into subfields, the main divisions being surgical pathology, cytopathology, and forensic pathology. Sometimes, pathologists practice both anatomical and clinical pathology, a known as general pathology. Cytopathology is a branch of pathology that studies and diagnoses diseases on the cellular level, however, cytology samples may be prepared in other ways, including cytocentrifugation. Dermatopathology is a subspecialty of pathology that focuses on the skin. It is unique, in there are two paths a physician can take to obtain the specialization. The completion of this allows one to take a subspecialty board examination. Dermatologists are able to recognize most skin diseases based on their appearances, anatomic distributions, sometimes, however, those criteria do not lead to a conclusive diagnosis, and a skin biopsy is taken to be examined under the microscope using usual histological tests. One of the greatest challenges of dermatopathology is its scope, more than 1500 different disorders of the skin exist, including cutaneous eruptions and neoplasms
16.
Scott Wilson (actor)
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Scott Wilson is an American film and television actor. He has more than 50 film credits, including In the Heat of the Night, In Cold Blood, The Great Gatsby, Dead Man Walking, Pearl Harbor, and Junebug. In 1980, Wilson received a Golden Globe nomination for Best Supporting Actor – Motion Picture for his role in The Ninth Configuration and he played veterinarian Hershel Greene on the AMC television series The Walking Dead from 2011 to 2014. He had a role on CSI, Crime Scene Investigation as casino mogul Sam Braun. Wilson was born in Thomasville, Georgia and he made his screen debut portraying characters suspected of murder in his first three films. In his debut film, Wilson played a suspect in In the Heat of the Night. His follow-up role, in the year, was In Cold Blood. Wilson portrayed real-life murderer Richard Hickock, while Robert Blake played his partner, director Richard Brooks cast Wilson and Blake in the starring roles specifically because they were unknown at the time. The director passed over better-known actors, including Steve McQueen and Paul Newman, Wilson later explained Brooks casting motivations, Brooks hired two unknowns and he wanted to keep it that way. We were treated like two killers he had run across. Wilson appeared in Sparta on March 15,2014 to celebrate the citys 175th anniversary in reference to his appearance in the film. The film earned Wilson an appearance on the cover of Life Magazine, Wilson was just 25 years old at the time. The cover features Truman Capote standing between Wilson and Blake on an empty highway in Kansas, the caption, Nightmare Revisited, appears with them on the cover. Wilson appeared in The Great Gatsby in 1974 opposite Robert Redford and he received a 1980 Golden Globe nomination for Best Supporting Actor for his performance in The Ninth Configuration by director and friend William Peter Blatty. He lost the Golden Globe to Timothy Hutton, in 1995 Wilson got attention for his role as a prison chaplain in Dead Man Walking, starring Susan Sarandon and Sean Penn, based on the book of the same name by Sister Helen Prejean. Wilson has filmed on location in South Korea, Japan and Spain, Wilson had a recurring role in several episodes of CSI, Crime Scene Investigation as Sam Braun, father of crime-scene investigator Catherine Willows. Braun was killed off in the episode Built to Kill, Part 2, in the fall of 2011 he also made an appearance opposite Laura Dern in the HBO series, Enlightened. Wilson was cast as veterinarian, Hershel Greene in the season of The Walking Dead in June 2011
17.
Archery
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Archery is the sport, practice or skill of using a bow to propel arrows. The word comes from the Latin arcus, historically, archery has been used for hunting and combat. In modern times, it is mainly a competitive sport and recreational activity, a person who participates in archery is typically called an archer or a bowman, and a person who is fond of or an expert at archery is sometimes called a toxophilite. The bow and arrow seems to have invented in the later Paleolithic or early Mesolithic periods. The oldest signs of its use in Europe come from the Stellmoor in the Ahrensburg valley north of Hamburg, Germany and dates from the late Paleolithic, about 10, 000–9000 BC. The arrows were made of pine and consisted of a mainshaft, there are no definite earlier bows, previous pointed shafts are known, but may have been launched by spear-throwers rather than bows. The oldest bows known so far come from the Holmegård swamp in Denmark, bows and arrows have been present in Egyptian culture since its predynastic origins. In the Levant, artifacts that could be arrow-shaft straighteners are known from the Natufian culture, the Khiamian and PPN A shouldered Khiam-points may well be arrowheads. Classical civilizations, notably the Assyrians, Greeks, Armenians, Persians, Parthians, Indians, Koreans, Chinese, akkadians were the first to use composite bows in war according to the victory stele of Naram-Sin of Akkad. The Welsh longbow proved its worth for the first time in Continental warfare at the Battle of Crécy, in the Americas archery was widespread at European contact. Archery was highly developed in Asia, the Sanskrit term for archery, dhanurveda, came to refer to martial arts in general. In East Asia, Goguryeo, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea was well known for its regiments of skilled archers. Central Asian tribesmen and American Plains Indians became extremely adept at archery on horseback, lightly armoured, but highly mobile archers were excellently suited to warfare in the Central Asian steppes, and they formed a large part of armies that repeatedly conquered large areas of Eurasia. Shorter bows are more suited to use on horseback, and the bow enabled mounted archers to use powerful weapons. It is possible that barbarian peoples were responsible for introducing archery or certain types of bows to their civilized counterparts—the Xiong-nu, similarly, short bows seem to have been introduced to Japan by northeast Asian groups. The development of firearms rendered bows obsolete in warfare, albeit efforts were made to preserve archery practice. In Wales and England, for example, the government tried to practice with the Longbow until the end of the 16th century. This was because it was recognised that the bow had been instrumental to military success during the Hundred Years War, early firearms were inferior in rate-of-fire, and were very susceptible to wet weather
18.
Oh Dal-su
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Oh Dal-su is a South Korean actor. Oh Dal-su began his career in theater in Busan. His rich experience on the stage, in productions such as Ogu. He also dubbed the voice of the monster in The Host, Oh Dal-soo at HanCinema Oh Dal-soo at the Korean Movie Database Oh Dal-su at the Internet Movie Database
19.
Che Guevara
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Ernesto Che Guevara was an Argentine Marxist revolutionary, physician, author, guerrilla leader, diplomat, and military theorist. A major figure of the Cuban Revolution, his stylized visage has become a ubiquitous symbol of rebellion. As a young student, Guevara traveled throughout South America and was radicalized by the poverty, hunger. Guevara soon rose to prominence among the insurgents, was promoted to second-in-command, following the Cuban Revolution, Guevara performed a number of key roles in the new government. Additionally, he was a writer and diarist, composing a seminal manual on guerrilla warfare. Guevara left Cuba in 1965 to foment revolution abroad, first unsuccessfully in Congo-Kinshasa and later in Bolivia, Guevara remains both a revered and reviled historical figure, polarized in the collective imagination in a multitude of biographies, memoirs, essays, documentaries, songs, and films. In accordance with the flexibility allowed in Spanish naming customs, his name will sometimes appear with de la Serna and/or Lynch accompanying it. Referring to Ches restless nature, his father declared the first thing to note is that in my sons veins flowed the blood of the Irish rebels, very early on in life, Ernestito developed an affinity for the poor. Growing up in a family with leftist leanings, Guevara was introduced to a spectrum of political perspectives even as a boy. His father, a supporter of Republicans from the Spanish Civil War. He was a rugby union player, and played at fly-half for Club Universitario de Buenos Aires. His rugby playing earned him the nickname Fuser—a contraction of El Furibundo and his mothers surname, Guevara learned chess from his father and began participating in local tournaments by age 12. He could also recite Rudyard Kiplings If— and José Hernándezs Martín Fierro by heart. Additionally, he enjoyed the works of Jawaharlal Nehru, Franz Kafka, Albert Camus, Vladimir Lenin, and Jean-Paul Sartre, as well as Anatole France, Friedrich Engels, H. G. Wells, and Robert Frost. As he grew older, he developed an interest in the Latin American writers Horacio Quiroga, Ciro Alegría, Jorge Icaza, Rubén Darío, many of these authors ideas he cataloged in his own handwritten notebooks of concepts, definitions, and philosophies of influential intellectuals. These included composing analytical sketches of Buddha and Aristotle, along with examining Bertrand Russell on love and patriotism, Jack London on society, sigmund Freuds ideas fascinated him as he quoted him on a variety of topics from dreams and libido to narcissism and the Oedipus complex. His favorite subjects in school included philosophy, mathematics, engineering, political science, sociology, history, in 1948, Guevara entered the University of Buenos Aires to study medicine. The first expedition in 1950 was a 4, 500-kilometer solo trip through the provinces of northern Argentina on a bicycle on which he installed a small engine
20.
Kim Roi-ha
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Kim Roi-ha is a South Korean actor. Notable roles include a detective in Memories of Murder, and a gangster in A Bittersweet Life, kim won Best Actor at the 2001 Dong-A Theatre Awards for his portrayal of Yeonsangun of Joseon in the stage play Yi. He reprised the role in 2010, kim married actress Park Yoon-kyung on September 10,2006 at the Park Eul-bok Embroidery Museum in Ui-dong, Seoul
21.
New Zealand
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New Zealand /njuːˈziːlənd/ is an island nation in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. The country geographically comprises two main landmasses—the North Island, or Te Ika-a-Māui, and the South Island, or Te Waipounamu—and around 600 smaller islands. New Zealand is situated some 1,500 kilometres east of Australia across the Tasman Sea and roughly 1,000 kilometres south of the Pacific island areas of New Caledonia, Fiji, because of its remoteness, it was one of the last lands to be settled by humans. During its long period of isolation, New Zealand developed a distinct biodiversity of animal, fungal, the countrys varied topography and its sharp mountain peaks, such as the Southern Alps, owe much to the tectonic uplift of land and volcanic eruptions. New Zealands capital city is Wellington, while its most populous city is Auckland, sometime between 1250 and 1300 CE, Polynesians settled in the islands that later were named New Zealand and developed a distinctive Māori culture. In 1642, Dutch explorer Abel Tasman became the first European to sight New Zealand, in 1840, representatives of Britain and Māori chiefs signed the Treaty of Waitangi, which declared British sovereignty over the islands. In 1841, New Zealand became a colony within the British Empire, today, the majority of New Zealands population of 4.7 million is of European descent, the indigenous Māori are the largest minority, followed by Asians and Pacific Islanders. Reflecting this, New Zealands culture is derived from Māori and early British settlers. The official languages are English, Māori and New Zealand Sign Language, New Zealand is a developed country and ranks highly in international comparisons of national performance, such as health, education, economic freedom and quality of life. Since the 1980s, New Zealand has transformed from an agrarian, Queen Elizabeth II is the countrys head of state and is represented by a governor-general. In addition, New Zealand is organised into 11 regional councils and 67 territorial authorities for local government purposes, the Realm of New Zealand also includes Tokelau, the Cook Islands and Niue, and the Ross Dependency, which is New Zealands territorial claim in Antarctica. New Zealand is a member of the United Nations, Commonwealth of Nations, ANZUS, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Pacific Islands Forum, and Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation. Dutch explorer Abel Tasman sighted New Zealand in 1642 and called it Staten Landt, in 1645, Dutch cartographers renamed the land Nova Zeelandia after the Dutch province of Zeeland. British explorer James Cook subsequently anglicised the name to New Zealand, Aotearoa is the current Māori name for New Zealand. It is unknown whether Māori had a name for the country before the arrival of Europeans. Māori had several names for the two main islands, including Te Ika-a-Māui for the North Island and Te Waipounamu or Te Waka o Aoraki for the South Island. Early European maps labelled the islands North, Middle and South, in 1830, maps began to use North and South to distinguish the two largest islands and by 1907, this was the accepted norm. The New Zealand Geographic Board discovered in 2009 that the names of the North Island and South Island had never been formalised and this set the names as North Island or Te Ika-a-Māui, and South Island or Te Waipounamu
22.
Weta Workshop
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Weta Workshop is a special effects and prop company based in Miramar, New Zealand, producing effects for television and film. A digital division, Weta Digital, was formed in 1993, Weta Workshops output came to worldwide prominence with director Peter Jacksons film trilogy The Lord of the Rings, producing sets, costumes, armour, weapons, creatures and miniatures. It supported the creation of Reclaiming the Blade, a film on stage combat. The company name comes from the weta, New Zealands coolest little monster, for The Lord of the Rings film trilogy realistic looking PVC chainmail was made, not just for the lead actors, but also for the hundreds of extras that appeared throughout the films. PVC pipe was cut into rings, assembled by hand into armor, a total of 12.5 million links were manufactured from 7 miles of PVC pipe. The term Bigature is Weta Workshops nickname for a large miniature model. They are used in the Lord of the Rings film trilogy, extensive computer graphics techniques and computer-controlled cameras were used to seamlessly mesh the Bigature photography with live actors and scenes. Weta also used Bigatures in Peter Jacksons King Kong, Bigatures used in The Lord of the Rings film trilogy include, The Hornburg – The mountain fortress of the Rohirrim. The Grey Havens – The Elven harbour, Minas Tirith – The White City of Gondor. Minas Morgul – Saurons Dead City, the Black Gate – The gate guarding the gap between the Ered Lithui and the Ephel Dúath. Grond – The battering ram that smashed down the gates of Minas Tirith, mûmakil – Large war elephants used by the Harad armies. The name Weta Legs is Weta Workshops name for a low profile, professional grade reverse leg stilt developed by Kim Graham and Weta technicians and manufactured by Performing Legs Ltd. Originally reserved for commercial film and television projects, Weta brought them to market – in relatively limited quantities – for online purchase by members of the public in 2010. Citing low pre-order numbers, Weta unceremoniously canceled the production of Weta Legs by informing those who did pre-order by email. The Weta Legs page has since removed from Wetas website. The workshop now has a division, Weta Tenzan Chain Maille, PVC injection was used for the armor in Kingdom of Heaven, giving better results than the process for Lord of the Rings. Versions electroplated with a layer of metal have the same look as real chain mail, move like metal at one third the weight. Aluminium or steel mail for high-impact stuntwork is also produced
23.
Animatronics
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Animatronics refers to the use of robotic devices to emulate a human or an animal, or bring lifelike characteristics to an otherwise inanimate object. A robot designed to be an imitation of a human is more specifically labeled as an android. Modern animatronics have found applications in movie special effects and theme parks and have, since their inception. Animatronics is a field which integrates anatomy, robots, mechatronics. Animatronic figures are often powered by pneumatics, hydraulics, and/or by electrical means, motion actuators are often used to imitate muscle movements and create realistic motions in limbs. Animatronics is portmanteau of animate and electronics The term audio-animatronics was coined by Walt Disney in 1961 when he started developing animatronics for entertainment, Audio-Animatronics does not differentiate between animatronics and androids. 1515, Leonardo da Vinci designed and built the Automata Lion,1738, The construction of automata begins in Grenoble, France by Jacques de Vaucanson. 1770, Pierre Jaquet-Droz and his son Henri-Louis Jaquet-Droz, both Swiss watchmakers, start making automata for European royalty, once completed, they had created three dolls. One doll was able to write, the other play music,1801, Joseph Jacquard builds a loom that is controlled autonomously with punched cards. The animatronic galloping horse was also on display at the 1939 Worlds Fair,1939 New York Worlds Fair 1961, Heinrich Ernst develops the MH-1, a computer-operated mechanical hand. 1961, Walt Disney coins the term audio-animatronics and begins developing modern animatronic technology,1963, The first animatronics, called Audio-Animatronics, created by Disney were the Enchanted Tiki Birds. Disneyland 1964, In the film Mary Poppins, animatronic birds are the first animatronics to be featured in a motion picture,1965, The first animatronics figure of a person is created by Disney and is Abraham Lincoln. 1968, The first animatronic character at a restaurant is created, goes by the name Golden Mario and was built by Team Built in 1968. 1977, Chuck E. Cheeses opens its doors, as the first restaurant with animatronics as an attraction,1980, ShowBiz Pizza Place opens with the Rock-afire Explosion 1982, Ben Franklin is the first animatronic figure to walk up a set of stairs. 1989, The first A-100 animatronic is developed for The Great Movie Ride attraction at the Disney-MGM Studios to represent The Wicked Witch of the West,1993, The largest animatronic figure ever built is the T. rex for the movie, Jurassic Park. 1998, Tiger Electronics begins selling Furby, a pet with over 800 English phrases or Furbish. Vernon Hills, Illinois May 11,1999, Sony releases the AIBO animatronics pet, tokyo, Japan 2008, Mr. Potato Head at the Toy Story exhibit features lips with superior range of movement to any other animatronic figure previously. Disneys Hollywood Studios October 31,2008 –July 1,2009, the Hall of Presidents September 28,2009, Disney develops Otto, the first interactive figure that can hear, see and sense actions in the room
24.
Computer-generated imagery
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The term CGI animation refers to dynamic CGI rendered as a movie. The term virtual world refers to agent-based, interactive environments, Computer graphics software is used to make computer-generated imagery for films, etc. Availability of CGI software and increased computer speeds have allowed artists and small companies to produce professional-grade films, games. This has brought about an Internet subculture with its own set of global celebrities, clichés, the evolution of CGI led to the emergence of virtual cinematography in the 1990s where runs of the simulated camera are not constrained by the laws of physics. Not only do animated images form part of computer-generated imagery, natural looking landscapes are generated via computer algorithms. A simple way to generate fractal surfaces is to use an extension of the triangular mesh method, relying on the construction of special case of a de Rham curve. The creation of a Brownian surface may be achieved not only by adding noise as new nodes are created, thus a topographical map with varying levels of height can be created using relatively straightforward fractal algorithms. Some typical, easy-to-program fractals used in CGI are the plasma fractal, modern architects use services from computer graphic firms to create 3-dimensional models for both customers and builders. These computer generated models can be accurate than traditional drawings. Architectural animation can also be used to see the relationship a building will have in relation to the environment. The rendering of architectural spaces without the use of paper and pencil tools is now an accepted practice with a number of computer-assisted architectural design systems. Architectural modeling tools allow an architect to visualize a space and perform walk-throughs in an interactive manner, Architectural modeling tools have now become increasingly internet-based. However, the quality of internet-based systems still lags behind those of sophisticated in-house modeling systems, in some applications, computer-generated images are used to reverse engineer historical buildings. Computer generated models used in animation are not always anatomically correct. However, organizations such as the Scientific Computing and Imaging Institute have developed anatomically correct computer-based models, Computer generated anatomical models can be used both for instructional and operational purposes. To date, a body of artist produced medical images continue to be used by medical students, such as images by Frank H. Netter. However, a number of anatomical models are becoming available. A single patient X-ray is not a computer generated image, even if digitized, however, in applications which involve CT scans a three-dimensional model is automatically produced from a large number of single slice x-rays, producing computer generated image
25.
The Day After Tomorrow
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Filmed in Toronto and Montreal, it is the highest-grossing Hollywood film made in Canada. Originally slated for release in the summer of 2003, The Day After Tomorrow opened in Mexico City on May 17,2004, a major commercial success, the film became the sixth highest-grossing film of 2004. It received mixed reviews upon release, with critics praising the films special effects. Paleoclimatologist Jack Hall and his colleagues, Frank and Jason, are drilling for ice-core samples on the Larsen Ice Shelf for NOAA when the shelf breaks apart. When Jack later presents his findings on global warming at a United Nations conference in New Delhi, however, Professor Terry Rapson of the Hedland Climate Research Centre in Scotland believes in Jacks theories. He contacts Jack, whose paleoclimatologic weather model demonstrates how climate changes caused the first ice age and his team, including NASA meteorologist Janet Tokada, builds a forecast model based on Jacks findings. Around the world, violent weather causes widespread destruction, US President Blake authorizes the FAA to halt air traffic due to severe turbulence, on the International Space Station, three astronauts see a storm system spanning the Northern Hemisphere, which soon develops into three hurricane-like superstorms. The temperature of the eyes of the storms is −150 °F, the cells, located over Canada, Scotland, and Siberia, will affect all of their respective continents within days. During this time, tornadoes destroy Los Angeles, in Manhattan, Jacks son Sam learns about the worsening weather when he participates in an academic decathlon. Although Sam promises to be on the train home, flooding quickly closes the subway and Grand Central Terminal, before a gigantic storm surge strikes New York City. In Scotland, Rapson and his colleagues at the Hedland Centre die in the European superstorm, as suggested by Jack, President Blake orders the evacuation of the southern United States and warns the northern half of the country to seek shelter. Jack and his team set out for Manhattan to find Sam, but when their truck crashes into a north of Philadelphia. En route, Frank falls through the roof of a snow-covered shopping mall. As Jason and Jack try to pull him up, the glass under them continues cracking, most of the group sheltered in the library leave, when the water outside freezes, leaving Sam, his friends, and a few others who trust him. They burn books to stay warm and break into a machine for food. Sam admits his feelings for Laura, and she reciprocates, at the US refugee camp in Mexico, Becker learns that President Blake died when his motorcade was caught in the superstorm, and he is now the president. The next morning, Sams group determines that Laura has blood poisoning from the cut on her leg, Sam and two others search for penicillin in a derelict Russian cargo ship that drifted into Manhattan. Although they find food and supplies, they encounter a pack of escaped wolves from a city zoo
26.
Seoul
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The Seoul Capital Area houses up to half of the countrys population of 50.22 million people with 678,102 international residents. Situated on the Han River, Seouls history stretches back more than two years when it was founded in 18 BCE by Baekje, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. It continued as the capital of Korea under the Joseon Dynasty, the Seoul Capital Area contains five UNESCO World Heritage Sites, Changdeok Palace, Hwaseong Fortress, Jongmyo Shrine, Namhansanseong and the Royal Tombs of the Joseon Dynasty. Seoul is surrounded by mountains, the tallest being Mt. Bukhan, in 2015, it was rated Asias most livable city with the second highest quality of life globally by Arcadis. In 2014, the citys GDP per capita of $39,786 was comparable to that of France and Finland. Ranked sixth in the Global Power City Index and Global Financial Centres Index, Seoul is the worlds most wired city and ranked first in technology readiness by PwCs Cities of Opportunity report. It is served by the KTX high-speed rail and the Seoul Subway, providing 4G LTE, WiFi, Seoul is connected via AREX to Incheon International Airport, rated the worlds best airport nine years in a row by Airports Council International. Lotte World Tower, a 556-metre supertall skyscraper with 123 floors, has built in Seoul and become the OECDs tallest in 2016. Its Lotte Cinema houses the worlds largest cinema screen, Seouls COEX Mall is the worlds largest underground shopping mall. Seoul hosted the 1986 Asian Games,1988 Summer Olympics,2002 FIFA World Cup, the Miss Universe 1980 pageant, a UNESCO City of Design, Seoul was named the 2010 World Design Capital. The city has known in the past by the names Wirye-seong, Hanju. During Japans annexation in Korea, Hanseong was renamed to Keijō by the Imperial authorities to prevent confusion with the hanja 漢, in reality, the ancient name of Seoul, Hanseong, originally had the meaning of big or vast. Its current name originated from the Korean word meaning city, which is believed to be derived from the word Seorabeol, which originally referred to Gyeongju. Unlike most place names in Korea, Seoul has no corresponding hanja, on January 18,2005, Seoul government officially changed its official Chinese language name to Shouer from the historic Hancheng, of which use is becoming less common. Settlement of the Han River area, where present-day Seoul is located, Seoul is first recorded as Wiryeseong, the capital of Baekje in the northeastern Seoul area. There are several city walls remaining in the area date from this time. Pungnaptoseong, a wall just outside Seoul, is widely believed to have been at the main Wiryeseong site. As the Three Kingdoms competed for this region, control passed from Baekje to Goguryeo in the 5th century
27.
Agent Orange
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Agent Orange is a herbicide and defoliant chemical. It is widely known for its use by the U. S. military as part of its herbicidal warfare program, Operation Ranch Hand and it was a mixture of equal parts of two herbicides,2,4, 5-T and 2, 4-D. The chemical damaged the health of people who came into contact with it as well as extensively contaminated the environment, the defoliant caused grievous health consequences for those who came in contact. Up to 4 million people in Vietnam were affected and 1 million people have illnesses, the chemical has damaged the genes, giving descendants with deformities. The US government has documented cases of leukemia, Hodgkins lymphoma as well as various kinds of cancer in veterans. Agent Orange caused enormous damage in Vietnam. Over 3,100,000 hectares of forest were defoliated, defoliants eroded tree cover and seedling forest stock, making reforestation difficult in numerous areas. Animal species diversity sharply reduced in contrast with unsprayed areas, the aftermath of the use of Agent Orange in Vietnam resulted in massive legal consequences. The United Nations ratified Resolution 31/72 and the Environmental Modification Convention, lawsuits filed on behalf of veterans as well as Vietnamese veterans sought compensation for damages. Agent Orange was to a lesser extent used outside Vietnam, some countries saw testing, while other countries such as Canada and Brazil used the herbicide to clear out sections of land for agriculture. Land in Laos and Cambodia was sprayed with Agent Orange because forests on the border with Vietnam were used by the Vietcong, the dioxin TCDD is significant contaminant of Agent Orange. TCDD is the most toxic of the dioxins, and is classified as a carcinogen by the US Environmental Protection Agency. Agent Orange dries quickly after spraying and breaks down within hours to days when exposed to sunlight and is no longer harmful, due to its fat-soluble nature, dioxin enters through physical contact or ingestion. Dioxin easily accumulates in the food chain, Dioxin enters the body by attaching to a protein called the aryl hydrocarbon receptor, a transcription factor. When dioxin binds to AhR, the moves to the nucleus. Several herbicides were discovered as part of efforts by the USA and these included 2, 4-D,2,4, 5-T, MCPA, and isopropyl phenylcarbamate. He discovered both that 2,3, 5-triiodobenzoic acid would speed up the flowering of soybeans and that in higher concentrations it would defoliate the soybeans, from these studies arose the concept of using aerial applications of herbicides to destroy enemy crops to disrupt their food supply. In early 1945, the U. S. Army ran tests of various 2, 4-D and 2,4, 5-T mixtures at the Bushnell Army Airfield in Florida
28.
North Korea
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North Korea, officially the Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea, is a country in East Asia, constituting the northern part of the Korean Peninsula. Pyongyang is both the capital as well as its largest city. To the north and northwest the country is bordered by China and by Russia along the Amnok, the country is bordered to the south by South Korea, with the heavily fortified Korean Demilitarized Zone separating the two. Negotiations on reunification failed, and in 1948 two separate governments were formed, the communist Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea in the north, an invasion initiated by North Korea led to the Korean War. The Korean Armistice Agreement brought about a ceasefire, and no peace treaty was ever signed. North Korea officially describes itself as a self-reliant socialist state and formally holds elections, critics regard it as a totalitarian dictatorship. Various outlets have called it Stalinist, particularly noting the elaborate cult of personality around Kim Il-sung, International organizations have assessed human rights violations in North Korea as belonging to a category of their own, with no parallel in the contemporary world. Over time, North Korea has gradually distanced itself from the world communist movement, Juche, an ideology of national self-reliance, was introduced into the constitution as a creative application of Marxism–Leninism in 1972. The means of production are owned by the state through state-run enterprises, most services such as healthcare, education, housing and food production are subsidized or state-funded. From 1994 to 1998, North Korea suffered from a famine that resulted in the deaths of between 0.24 and 3.5 million people, and the continues to struggle with food production. North Korea follows Songun, or military-first policy and it is the country with the highest number of military and paramilitary personnel, with a total of 9,495,000 active, reserve, and paramilitary personnel. Its active duty army of 1.21 million is the fourth largest in the world, after China, North Korea is an atheist state with no official religion and where public religion is discouraged. The name Korea derives from the name Goryeo, the name Goryeo itself was first used by the ancient kingdom of Goguryeo in the 5th century as a shortened form of its name. The 10th-century kingdom of Goryeo succeeded Goguryeo, and thus inherited its name, the modern spelling of Korea first appeared in the late 17th century in the travel writings of the Dutch East India Companys Hendrick Hamel. After the division of the country into North and South Korea, the two sides used different terms to refer to Korea, Chosun or Joseon in North Korea, in 1948, North Korea adopted Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea as its new legal name. After the First Sino-Japanese War and the Russo-Japanese War, Korea was occupied by Japan, Japan tried to suppress Korean traditions and culture and ran the economy primarily for its own benefit. Korean resistance groups known as Dongnipgun operated along the Sino-Korean border, some of them took part in allied action in China and parts of South East Asia. One of the leaders was the communist Kim Il-sung, who later became the leader of North Korea
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2006 Cannes Film Festival
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The 2006 Cannes Film Festival ran from 17 May 2006 to 28 May 2006. Twenty films from countries were in competition for the Palme dOr. The President of the Official Jury was Wong Kar-wai, the first Chinese director to preside over the jury, english director Ken Loach won Palme dOr, with his movie The Wind That Shakes the Barley. Other winners were Pedro Almodóvar and Alejandro González Iñárritu and this also marked the first time in three years that no American film, actor, actress, or filmmaker won any awards in Cannes. The festival opened with the screening of The Da Vinci Code. Journalists gave the film a cool reception at its first press screening, transylvania by Tony Gatlif closed the festival. Paris, je taime opened the Un Certain Regard section of the festival, Wong Kar-wai, President Helena Bonham Carter Monica Bellucci Samuel L
30.
Typhoon (2005 film)
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Typhoon is a 2005 South Korean action film directed by Kwak Kyung-taek and starring Jang Dong-gun, Lee Jung-jae and Lee Mi-yeon. An American freighter ship carrying sensitive cargo en route to Taiwan is hijacked by North Korean pirates led by Sin, the sensitive cargo is weapons technology for a military satellite, secretly made by the U. S. in reaction to strengthening Chinese/Russian relations. Having stolen the technology, Sin attempts to attain nuclear grade radioactive waste from Russia through the black market and his plan is to detonate a fleet of helium balloons loaded with radioactive waste over the Korean Peninsula. To investigate the hijacking, the South Korean government sends Sejong, Sejongs meeting with the contact goes sour but he learns about Sin and tracks his location in the Russian district of Busan, South Korea. In Busan, Sin meets with Russian mob members who take him to a seminar, where he stabs Park Wan-sik. In a flashback that Park was partly responsible for the death, Sins family were North Korean refugees who requested embassy in South Korea. At the time, the South Korean government was trying to strengthen relations with China, Park Wansik was sent by the South Korean government in order to make arrangements for the familys disposal. The family ended up being killed by North Korean authorities, the only survivors were Sin and his older sister, who managed to escape but where stranded in the wilderness between the borders of North Korea and China. After enduring hardship, starvation, and rape, they managed to cross over to a station in China where the two were tragically separated. Sin goes down his own path and lives the life of a criminal and a pirate in South East Asia, where his bitterness and hatred grows. His anger expands and he decides to destroy the entire Korean Peninsula, Sin is embittered towards the North Korean government for the murder of his family and at the South Korean government for abandoning them. He decides to hatch a plan to unleash nuclear grade uranium onto the clouds of a typhoon so that rain will shower onto the Korean Peninsula. He sets out with his group of South East Asian pirates, in an attempt to lure Sin into their hands, Sejong sets up an appointment for Sin to reunite with his sister. Sin, who had assumed his sister to be dead, believes it to be a farce to lure him out, Sin takes the bait and enters the meeting, but Sejong soon discovers that Sin and his sister are more prepared than he had thought. Sin has a set up, who effectively takes out part of Sejongs elite team, though Sins sister is caught in the crossfire. After escaping, Sin sets out to execute his plans of mass destruction and he embarks on a freight carrier that he names Typhoon that is filled with balloons carrying canisters filled with uranium. Meanwhile, in an effort to save the Korean Peninsula, Sejong gathers a South Korean UDT/SEAL team. He makes a point of picking single men, stating that death is likely and they fly through the impending typhoon to the freight carrier, encountering Sin and his pirates
31.
Asia
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Asia covers an area of 44,579,000 square kilometres, about 30% of Earths total land area and 8. 7% of the Earths total surface area. The continent, which has long been home to the majority of the population, was the site of many of the first civilizations. Asia is notable for not only its large size and population. In general terms, Asia is bounded on the east by the Pacific Ocean, on the south by the Indian Ocean, the western boundary with Europe is a historical and cultural construct, as there is no clear physical and geographical separation between them. The most commonly accepted boundaries place Asia to the east of the Suez Canal, the Ural River, and the Ural Mountains, and south of the Caucasus Mountains, China and India alternated in being the largest economies in the world from 1 to 1800 A. D. The accidental discovery of America by Columbus in search for India demonstrates this deep fascination, the Silk Road became the main East-West trading route in the Asian hitherland while the Straits of Malacca stood as a major sea route. Asia has exhibited economic dynamism as well as robust population growth during the 20th century, given its size and diversity, the concept of Asia—a name dating back to classical antiquity—may actually have more to do with human geography than physical geography. Asia varies greatly across and within its regions with regard to ethnic groups, cultures, environments, economics, historical ties, the boundary between Asia and Africa is the Red Sea, the Gulf of Suez, and the Suez Canal. This makes Egypt a transcontinental country, with the Sinai peninsula in Asia, the border between Asia and Europe was historically defined by European academics. In Sweden, five years after Peters death, in 1730 Philip Johan von Strahlenberg published a new atlas proposing the Urals as the border of Asia, the Russians were enthusiastic about the concept, which allowed them to keep their European identity in geography. Tatishchev announced that he had proposed the idea to von Strahlenberg, the latter had suggested the Emba River as the lower boundary. Over the next century various proposals were made until the Ural River prevailed in the mid-19th century, the border had been moved perforce from the Black Sea to the Caspian Sea into which the Ural River projects. The border between the Black Sea and the Caspian is usually placed along the crest of the Caucasus Mountains, the border between Asia and the loosely defined region of Oceania is usually placed somewhere in the Malay Archipelago. The terms Southeast Asia and Oceania, devised in the 19th century, have had several different geographic meanings since their inception. The chief factor in determining which islands of the Malay Archipelago are Asian has been the location of the possessions of the various empires there. Lewis and Wigen assert, The narrowing of Southeast Asia to its present boundaries was thus a gradual process, Asia is larger and more culturally diverse than Europe. It does not exactly correspond to the borders of its various types of constituents. From the time of Herodotus a minority of geographers have rejected the three-continent system on the grounds there is no or is no substantial physical separation between them
32.
Australia
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Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania and numerous smaller islands. It is the worlds sixth-largest country by total area, the neighbouring countries are Papua New Guinea, Indonesia and East Timor to the north, the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu to the north-east, and New Zealand to the south-east. Australias capital is Canberra, and its largest urban area is Sydney, for about 50,000 years before the first British settlement in the late 18th century, Australia was inhabited by indigenous Australians, who spoke languages classifiable into roughly 250 groups. The population grew steadily in subsequent decades, and by the 1850s most of the continent had been explored, on 1 January 1901, the six colonies federated, forming the Commonwealth of Australia. Australia has since maintained a liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy comprising six states. The population of 24 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard, Australia has the worlds 13th-largest economy and ninth-highest per capita income. With the second-highest human development index globally, the country highly in quality of life, health, education, economic freedom. The name Australia is derived from the Latin Terra Australis a name used for putative lands in the southern hemisphere since ancient times, the Dutch adjectival form Australische was used in a Dutch book in Batavia in 1638, to refer to the newly discovered lands to the south. On 12 December 1817, Macquarie recommended to the Colonial Office that it be formally adopted, in 1824, the Admiralty agreed that the continent should be known officially as Australia. The first official published use of the term Australia came with the 1830 publication of The Australia Directory and these first inhabitants may have been ancestors of modern Indigenous Australians. The Torres Strait Islanders, ethnically Melanesian, were originally horticulturists, the northern coasts and waters of Australia were visited sporadically by fishermen from Maritime Southeast Asia. The first recorded European sighting of the Australian mainland, and the first recorded European landfall on the Australian continent, are attributed to the Dutch. The first ship and crew to chart the Australian coast and meet with Aboriginal people was the Duyfken captained by Dutch navigator, Willem Janszoon. He sighted the coast of Cape York Peninsula in early 1606, the Dutch charted the whole of the western and northern coastlines and named the island continent New Holland during the 17th century, but made no attempt at settlement. William Dampier, an English explorer and privateer, landed on the north-west coast of New Holland in 1688, in 1770, James Cook sailed along and mapped the east coast, which he named New South Wales and claimed for Great Britain. The first settlement led to the foundation of Sydney, and the exploration, a British settlement was established in Van Diemens Land, now known as Tasmania, in 1803, and it became a separate colony in 1825. The United Kingdom formally claimed the part of Western Australia in 1828. Separate colonies were carved from parts of New South Wales, South Australia in 1836, Victoria in 1851, the Northern Territory was founded in 1911 when it was excised from South Australia
33.
Toronto International Film Festival
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The Toronto International Film Festival is one of the largest publicly attended film festivals in the world, attracting over 480,000 people annually. Year-round, TIFF Bell Lightbox offers screenings, lectures, discussions, festivals, workshops, industry support, TIFF Bell Lightbox is located on the north west corner of King Street and John Street in downtown Toronto. In 2015,397 films from 71 countries were screened at 28 screens in downtown Toronto venues, welcoming an estimated 480,000 attendees, TIFF starts the Thursday night after Labour Day and lasts for eleven days. Founded in 1976, TIFF is now one of the most prestigious events of its kind in the world, in 1998, Variety magazine acknowledged that TIFF is second only to Cannes in terms of high-profile pics, stars and market activity. In 2007, TIME noted that TIFF had grown from its place as the most influential film festival to the most influential film festival. This is partially the result of TIFFs ability and reputation for generating Oscar buzz, the Toronto International Festival’s Grolsch People’s Choice Award — which is based on popular vote by Festival filmgoers — has emerged as a beacon of awards-season success. Founded by Bill Marshall, Dusty Cohl and Henk Van der Kolk and that first year,35,000 filmgoers watched 127 films from 30 countries presented in ten programmes. Piers Handling has been the director and CEO since 1994. TIFF was once centred on the Yorkville neighbourhood, but the Toronto Entertainment District later gained a level of prominence. TIFF is known for the celebrity buzz it brings to the area with international media setting up near its restaurants and stores for photos and interviews with the stars. In 2010, TIFF opened its permanent headquarters, TIFF Bell Lightbox, TIFF has grown, steadily adding initiatives throughout the years. TIFF Cinematheque and the Film Reference Library opened in 1990, the TIFF Kids International Film Festival launched in 1998. Film Circuit began exhibiting independent and Canadian films in under-serviced cities across Canada in 1994, the festival was founded in 1976 at the Windsor Arms Hotel by Bill Marshall, Henk Van der Kolk and Dusty Cohl. Beginning as a collection of the films from film festivals around the world. Ironically, however, Hollywood studios withdrew their submissions from TIFF due to concerns that Toronto audiences would be too parochial for their products, in 1994, the decision was made to replace the name Festival of Festivals with Toronto International Film Festival. From 1994 to 2009, the organization running TIFF was named Toronto International Film Festival Group. In 2009, the umbrella organization TIFFG was renamed to TIFF, in 2001, Perspective Canada, the programme that had focused on Canadian films since 1984, was replaced by two programmes, Canada First. A forum for Canadian filmmakers presenting their first feature-length work, featuring eight to 15 films, and Short Cuts Canada, in 2004, TIFF was featured as the site of murder mystery in the film Jiminy Glick in Lalawood, a comedy film starring Martin Short
