1.
The Hunt for Red October (film)
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The film is based on Tom Clancys 1984 bestselling novel of the same name. An American CIA analyst correctly deduces his motive and must prove his theory to the U. S. Navy before a violent confrontation between the Soviet and the American navies spirals out of control. The film was a co-production between the motion picture studios Paramount Pictures, Mace Neufeld Productions, and Nina Saxon Film Design, theatrically, it was commercially distributed by Paramount Pictures and by the Paramount Home Entertainment division for home media markets. Following its wide release, the film was nominated for and won a number of accolades. On June 12,1990, the soundtrack, composed and conducted by Basil Poledouris, was released by MCA Records. The film was the first in a series involving the fictional character Jack Ryan, played additionally by Harrison Ford, Ben Affleck, Ramius leaves port to conduct exercises with attack submarine V. K. Konovalov, commanded by his former student Captain Tupolev. Once at sea, Ramius secretly kills political officer Ivan Putin, the next morning, CIA analyst and ex-Marine, Jack Ryan, after consulting with Vice Admiral James Greer, briefs United States government officials on Red October and the threat it poses. Officials in the briefing learn that the bulk of the Soviet Navy has been deployed to sink Red October, Ryan, however, hypothesizes that Ramius instead plans to defect, and leaves to rendezvous with the American attack submarine USS Dallas to prove his theory. Meanwhile, Tupolev, though unable to track Red October, guesses his former mentors route, due to the actions of an unknown saboteur, Red Octobers caterpillar drive fails during risky maneuvers through a narrow undersea canyon. Petty Officer Jones, a sonar technician aboard Dallas, has discovered a way to detect Red October using underwater acoustics, Ryan arranges a hazardous mid-ocean rendezvous to board Dallas, where he attempts to persuade its captain, Commander Bart Mancuso, to contact Ramius and determine his intentions. The Soviet Ambassador informs the U. S. that Ramius is a renegade and that order is sent to the U. S. Fleet, including Dallas, which has found the Soviet submarine. Ryan, however, is convinced that Ramius plans to defect with his officers and convinces Mancuso to contact Ramius, Ramius, stunned that the Americans correctly guessed his plan, accepts. He then stages a nuclear emergency, ordering his crew to abandon ship. After a U. S. frigate is spotted, Ramius submerges, meanwhile, Ryan, Mancuso, and Jones come aboard via a rescue sub, at which point Ramius requests asylum in the United States for himself and his officers. Red October is suddenly attacked by Konovalov, which has tracked them across the Atlantic, as the two Soviet subs maneuver, one of Red Octobers cooks, Loginov, an undercover GRU agent and the secret saboteur, opens fire. He fatally wounds first officer Vasily Borodin before retreating to the nuclear missiles bay, pursued by Ryan, Loginov shoots Ramius, wounding him, but Ryan kills Loginov before he can detonate a missile. Meanwhile, Red October makes evasive maneuvers with a provided by Dallas. Ryan and Ramius, their complete, navigate Red October to the Penobscot River in Maine
The Hunt for Red October (film)
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Typhoon-class submarine, the same type as the fictional Red October.
The Hunt for Red October (film)
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Theatrical release poster
The Hunt for Red October (film)
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Swedish actor
Stellan Skarsgård, who portrayed commanding officer Tupolev of the Russian submarine V.K. Konovalov.
The Hunt for Red October (film)
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The
USS Reuben James, where a number of flight deck scenes were filmed.
2.
Tom Clancy
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Thomas Leo Tom Clancy Jr. was an American novelist and video game designer best known for his technically detailed espionage and military-science story lines set during and after the Cold War. Seventeen of his novels were bestsellers, and more than 100 million copies of his books are in print and his name was also used on movie scripts written by ghost writers, nonfiction books on military subjects, and video games. He was a part-owner of the Baltimore Orioles and vice-chairman of their community activities, Clancys literary career began in 1984 when he sold The Hunt for Red October for $5,000. His works, The Hunt for Red October, Patriot Games, Clear and Present Danger, Clancy died on October 1,2013, of an undisclosed illness. Clancy was born on April 12,1947, at Franklin Square Hospital in Baltimore, Maryland and he was the second of three children to Thomas Clancy, who worked for the United States Postal Service, and Catherine Clancy, who worked in a stores credit department. His mother worked to him to the private Catholic Loyola Blakefield in Towson, Maryland. He then attended Loyola College in Baltimore, graduating in 1969 with a degree in English literature, while at university, he was president of the chess club. He joined the Army Reserve Officers Training Corps, however, he was ineligible to serve due to his nearsightedness, after graduating, he worked for an insurance company in Hartford, Connecticut. In 1973, he joined the O. F. Bowen Agency, in 1980, he purchased the insurance agency from his wifes grandmother and wrote novels in his spare time. While working at the agency, he wrote his debut novel. Clancys literary career began in 1982 when he started writing The Hunt for Red October and she believed Clancy had an innate storytelling ability, and his characters had this very witty dialogue. The publisher requested Clancy to cut numerous technical details, amounting to about 100 pages, Clancy, who had wanted to sell 5,000 copies, ended up selling over 45,000. The book was praised for its technical accuracy, which led to Clancys meeting several high-ranking officers in the U. S. military. All but two of Clancys solely written novels feature Jack Ryan or John Clark, the Cold War epic Red Storm Rising was co-written with fellow military-oriented author Larry Bond. The first NetForce novel, titled Net Force, was adapted as a 1999 TV movie starring Scott Bakula, the first Op-Center novel was released to coincide with a 1995 NBC television miniseries of the same name starring Harry Hamlin and a cast of stars. Though the miniseries did not continue, the series did, but later had little in common with the first TV miniseries other than the title. Clancy wrote several books about various branches of the U. S. He also branded several lines of books and video games with his name that are written by other authors, by 1988, Clancy had earned $1.3 million for The Hunt for Red October and had signed a $3 million contract for his next three books
Tom Clancy
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Clancy at
Boston College 's Burns Library in November 1989
3.
Jack Ryan (Tom Clancy character)
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Dr John Patrick Jack Ryan, Sr. KCVO, Ph. D. is a fictional character created by Tom Clancy who appears in many of his novels and their respective film adaptations. Jack Ryan was born in Baltimore in 1950 and grew up there and he earned an NROTC commission in the Marines at Boston College. Medically discharged at the rank of 2ndLt following a helicopter crash and he met and married Caroline Cathy Mueller, a medical student and later an ophthalmic surgeon, with whom he had four children. He returned to academia, eventually accepting a position at the U. S. Naval Academy and he was later recommended to the CIA, eventually spending a short period there writing a position paper, as well as developing a counter-espionage mechanism. He returned to the academy and, while on a research trip to London. After his return to the States, he accepted a position with the CIA. He rose rapidly through the ranks in a variety of operations against the USSR. As DDI, he had political battles that led to him becoming President of the United States, Ryan had his background established in Patriot Games and Red Rabbit. He was born in 1950, the son of Emmet William Ryan, a Baltimore Police Department homicide lieutenant, the elder Ryan had served with the U. S. Armys 101st Airborne Division at the Battle of the Bulge. His mother, Catherine Burke Ryan, was a nurse, without Remorse mentioned that he had a sister, who lived in Seattle. S. While waiting for the Corps to assign him, he passed the Certified Public Accountant exam, after officer training at Marine Corps Base Quantico, he went on to serve as a platoon commander. The crash badly injured Ryans back, U. S. Navy surgeons, at the National Naval Medical Center in Bethesda, Maryland, inadequately repaired his back. This led to a recovery process after which, complete with a permanent disability and wearing a back brace. He passed his stockbrokers exam and took a position with Wall Street investment firm Merrill Lynchs Baltimore office and his parents died in a plane crash at Chicago Midway International Airport,19 months after his crash in Crete. He developed a fear of flying that persisted for years, the film version of The Hunt for Red October changed his education background to being a 1972 graduate of the US Naval Academy. Ryans story starts in Patriot Games and continues in Red Rabbit and he did so well that one of Merrill Lynchs senior vice presidents, Joe Muller, came to Baltimore to have dinner with him, with the objective of inviting him to the firms New York City headquarters. Also present is Mullers daughter Caroline, nicknamed Cathy, then a medical student at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine. They immediately fall in love and get engaged, one night, while having dinner with his fiancée, Ryan throws out his back
Jack Ryan (Tom Clancy character)
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Alec Baldwin portraying Jack Ryan
4.
Naval Institute Press
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In addition to publishing magazines and books, the Naval Institute holds several annual conferences. Established in 1873, the Naval Institute currently has about 50,000 members, mostly active and retired personnel of the United States Navy, Marine Corps, the organization also has members in over 90 countries. Its chair is former NATO Supreme Allied Commander Europe James G. Stavridis and its CEO is Peter H. Daly, a retired Navy vice admiral. The U. S. Naval Institute was established as a forum for the exchange of ideas, to disseminate and advance the knowledge of sea power, rear Admiral John L. Worden served as the first president. In 1874, the Naval Institute began to accept papers and publish the proceedings of its discussions which were distributed to the organization’s members, a practice that continues to this day. Two decades later, the Naval Institute Press was created to publish basic naval guides, it expanded to publish more general-interest titles in history, biography. Having outgrown its offices at Preble Hall, the Naval Institute gave the building to the Naval Academy and, in 1999, the monthly magazine Proceedings is the Naval Institutes flagship product. Published since 1874, it is one of the oldest continuously published magazines in the United States, issues include articles from military professionals and civilian experts, historical essays, book reviews, full-color photography, and reader commentary. Roughly a third are written by active duty and active reserve personnel, a third by retired military, the magazine has published controversial articles on contentious issues, moreover, military brass have been known to block certain articles from being submitted to the journal. For example, in 1962, DoD officials prevented a Marine Corps lieutenant colonel from sending to Proceedings an article about a 1949 proposal to merge the Marines aviation units into the Air Force. Naval History magazine was first published in 1987 to explore the role of sea power in U. S. history, the Naval Institute Press was founded in 1898 and publishes about 80 books a year. Among the professional development titles are The Bluejackets Manual, Naval Shiphandling, The Naval Officers Guide, The Marine Officer’s Guide, the Naval Institute Guide to Combat Fleets of the World and The Naval Institute Guide to Ships and Aircraft of the U. S. Fleet are popular reference books with the military, media and maritime enthusiasts, launched in December 2008, the blog is another forum for debate. Contributors have included former NATO Supreme Commander Admiral James G. Stavridis, USN and Admiral Thad Allen, launched in February 2012, USNI News provides breaking news and insight on emerging issues. In 1985, the Institute began to hold conferences, open to the public, the largest of these, are held in San Diego and Washington, D. C. The conferences often feature the Chief of Naval Operations and the Commandant of the Marine Corps, in 2007, USNI produced Americans At War, a series of video interviews with U. S. combat veterans of conflicts dating to World War I. Former President George H. W. Bush, Senators Bob Dole, Daniel Inouye, Bob Kerrey, the series was broadcast on Public Broadcasting Service television stations nationwide. The U. S. Naval Institute holds one of the world’s largest private collections of photographs, more than 450,000 images of people, ships
Naval Institute Press
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United States Naval Institute
5.
Hardcover
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A hardcover or hardback book is one bound with rigid protective covers. It has a flexible, sewn spine which allows the book to lie flat on a surface when opened, following the ISBN sequence numbers, books of this type may be identified by the abbreviation Hbk. Hardcover books are printed on acid-free paper, and are much more durable than paperbacks. Hardcover books are more costly to manufacture. If brisk sales are anticipated, an edition of a book is typically released first. Some publishers publish paperback originals if slow hardback sales are anticipated, for very popular books these sales cycles may be extended, and followed by a mass market paperback edition typeset in a more compact size and printed on shallower, less hardy paper. In the past the release of an edition was one year after the hardback. It is very unusual for a book that was first published in paperback to be followed by a hardback, an example is the novel The Judgment of Paris by Gore Vidal, which had its revised edition of 1961 first published in paperback, and later in hardcover. Hardcover books are sold at higher prices than comparable paperbacks. Hardcovers typically consist of a block, two boards, and a cloth or heavy paper covering. The pages are sewn together and glued onto a flexible spine between the boards, and it too is covered by the cloth, a paper wrapper, or dust jacket, is usually put over the binding, folding over each horizontal end of the boards. On the folded part, or flap, over the front cover is generally a blurb, the back flap is where the biography of the author can be found. Reviews are often placed on the back of the jacket, bookbinding Paperback How to make a simple Hardcover book
Hardcover
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An example of the modern hardcover book with dust jacket: The first edition of
William Faulkner 's 1929 novel
The Sound and the Fury
Hardcover
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Old hardcover books at the
Merton College library.
6.
Paperback
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A paperback is a type of book characterized by a thick paper or paperboard cover, and often held together with glue rather than stitches or staples. In contrast, hardcover or hardback books are bound with cardboard covered with cloth, inexpensive books bound in paper have existed since at least the 19th century in such forms as pamphlets, yellowbacks, dime novels, and airport novels. Modern paperbacks can be differentiated by size, in the US there are mass-market paperbacks and larger, more durable trade paperbacks. In the UK, there are A-format, B-format, and the largest C-format sizes, Paperback editions of books are issued when a publisher decides to release a book in a low-cost format. Cheaper, lower quality paper, glued bindings, and the lack of a cover may contribute to the lower cost of paperbacks. Paperbacks can be the medium when a book is not expected to be a major seller or where the publisher wishes to release a book without putting forth a large investment. Examples include many novels, and newer editions or reprintings of older books, first editions of many modern books, especially genre fiction, are issued in paperback. Best-selling books, on the hand, may maintain sales in hardcover for an extended period in order to reap the greater profits that the hardcovers provide. These paper bound volumes were offered for sale at a fraction of the historic cost of a book, the Routledges Railway Library series of paperbacks remained in print until 1898, and offered the traveling public 1,277 unique titles. The German-language market also supported examples of cheap books, Bernhard Tauchnitz started the Collection of British. These inexpensive, paperbound editions, a precursor to mass-market paperbacks. Reclam published Shakespeare in this format from October 1857 and went on to pioneer the mass-market paper-bound Universal-Bibliothek series from 10 November 1867, the German publisher Albatross Books revised the 20th-century mass-market paperback format in 1931, but the approach of World War II cut the experiment short. The first released book on Penguins 1935 list was André Maurois Ariel, Lane intended to produce inexpensive books. He purchased paperback rights from publishers, ordered large print runs to keep prices low. Booksellers were initially reluctant to buy his books, but when Woolworths placed a large order, after that initial success, booksellers showed more willingness to stock paperbacks, and the name Penguin became closely associated with the word paperback. In 1939, Robert de Graaf issued a similar line in the United States, the term pocket book became synonymous with paperback in English-speaking North America. In French, the term livre de poche was used and is still in use today, de Graaf, like Lane, negotiated paperback rights from other publishers, and produced many runs. His practices contrasted with those of Lane by his adoption of illustrated covers aimed at the North American market, in order to reach an even broader market than Lane, he used distribution networks of newspapers and magazines, which had a lengthy history of being aimed at mass audiences
Paperback
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Blank paperback book
Paperback
7.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
International Standard Book Number
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A 13-digit ISBN, 978-3-16-148410-0, as represented by an
EAN-13 bar code
8.
OCLC
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The Online Computer Library Center is a US-based nonprofit cooperative organization dedicated to the public purposes of furthering access to the worlds information and reducing information costs. It was founded in 1967 as the Ohio College Library Center, OCLC and its member libraries cooperatively produce and maintain WorldCat, the largest online public access catalog in the world. OCLC is funded mainly by the fees that libraries have to pay for its services, the group first met on July 5,1967 on the campus of the Ohio State University to sign the articles of incorporation for the nonprofit organization. The group hired Frederick G. Kilgour, a former Yale University medical school librarian, Kilgour wished to merge the latest information storage and retrieval system of the time, the computer, with the oldest, the library. The goal of network and database was to bring libraries together to cooperatively keep track of the worlds information in order to best serve researchers and scholars. The first library to do online cataloging through OCLC was the Alden Library at Ohio University on August 26,1971 and this was the first occurrence of online cataloging by any library worldwide. Membership in OCLC is based on use of services and contribution of data, between 1967 and 1977, OCLC membership was limited to institutions in Ohio, but in 1978, a new governance structure was established that allowed institutions from other states to join. In 2002, the structure was again modified to accommodate participation from outside the United States. As OCLC expanded services in the United States outside of Ohio, it relied on establishing strategic partnerships with networks, organizations that provided training, support, by 2008, there were 15 independent United States regional service providers. OCLC networks played a key role in OCLC governance, with networks electing delegates to serve on OCLC Members Council, in early 2009, OCLC negotiated new contracts with the former networks and opened a centralized support center. OCLC provides bibliographic, abstract and full-text information to anyone, OCLC and its member libraries cooperatively produce and maintain WorldCat—the OCLC Online Union Catalog, the largest online public access catalog in the world. WorldCat has holding records from public and private libraries worldwide. org, in October 2005, the OCLC technical staff began a wiki project, WikiD, allowing readers to add commentary and structured-field information associated with any WorldCat record. The Online Computer Library Center acquired the trademark and copyrights associated with the Dewey Decimal Classification System when it bought Forest Press in 1988, a browser for books with their Dewey Decimal Classifications was available until July 2013, it was replaced by the Classify Service. S. The reference management service QuestionPoint provides libraries with tools to communicate with users and this around-the-clock reference service is provided by a cooperative of participating global libraries. OCLC has produced cards for members since 1971 with its shared online catalog. OCLC commercially sells software, e. g. CONTENTdm for managing digital collections, OCLC has been conducting research for the library community for more than 30 years. In accordance with its mission, OCLC makes its research outcomes known through various publications and these publications, including journal articles, reports, newsletters, and presentations, are available through the organizations website. The most recent publications are displayed first, and all archived resources, membership Reports – A number of significant reports on topics ranging from virtual reference in libraries to perceptions about library funding
OCLC
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Fred Kilgour (1st director of OCLC)
OCLC
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Online Computer Library Center (OCLC)
OCLC
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OCLC headquarters (Ohio)
OCLC
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OCLC offices in Leiden (the Netherlands)
9.
Dewey Decimal Classification
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The Dewey Decimal Classification, or Dewey Decimal System, is a proprietary library classification system first published in the United States by Melvil Dewey in 1876. It has been revised and expanded through 23 major editions, the latest issued in 2011 and it is also available in an abridged version suitable for smaller libraries. It is currently maintained by the Online Computer Library Center, a cooperative that serves libraries. OCLC licenses access to a version for catalogers called WebDewey. The Decimal Classification introduced the concepts of relative location and relative index which allow new books to be added to a library in their location based on subject. Libraries previously had given books permanent shelf locations that were related to the order of acquisition rather than topic, the classifications notation makes use of three-digit Arabic numerals for main classes, with fractional decimals allowing expansion for further detail. Using Arabic numerals for symbols, it is flexible to the degree that numbers can be expanded in linear fashion to cover aspects of general subjects. A library assigns a number that unambiguously locates a particular volume in a position relative to other books in the library. The number makes it possible to find any book and to return it to its place on the library shelves. The classification system is used in 200,000 libraries in at least 135 countries, the major competing classification system to the Dewey Decimal system is the Library of Congress Classification system created by the U. S. Melvil Dewey was an American librarian and self-declared reformer and he was a founding member of the American Library Association and can be credited with the promotion of card systems in libraries and business. He developed the ideas for his classification system in 1873 while working at Amherst College library. He applied the classification to the books in library, until in 1876 he had a first version of the classification. In 1876, he published the classification in pamphlet form with the title A Classification and Subject Index for Cataloguing and Arranging the Books and he used the pamphlet, published in more than one version during the year, to solicit comments from other librarians. It is not known who received copies or how many commented as only one copy with comments has survived, in March 1876, he applied for, and received copyright on the first edition of the index. The edition was 44 pages in length, with 2,000 index entries, comprised 314 pages, with 10,000 index entries. Editions 3–14, published between 1888 and 1942, used a variant of this same title, Dewey modified and expanded his system considerably for the second edition. In an introduction to that edition Dewey states that nearly 100 persons hav contributed criticisms, one of the innovations of the Dewey Decimal system was that of positioning books on the shelves in relation to other books on similar topics
Dewey Decimal Classification
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Melvil Dewey, the inventor of the Dewey Decimal classification
Dewey Decimal Classification
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A library book shelf in
Hong Kong catalogued using the Dewey classification
10.
Library of Congress Classification
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The Library of Congress Classification is a system of library classification developed by the Library of Congress. It is used by most research and academic libraries in the U. S. the Classification is also distinct from Library of Congress Subject Headings, the system of labels such as Boarding schools and Boarding schools—Fiction that describe contents systematically. The classification was invented by Herbert Putnam in 1897, just before he assumed the librarianship of Congress, with advice from Charles Ammi Cutter, it was influenced by his Cutter Expansive Classification, the Dewey Decimal System, and the Putnam Classification System. It was designed specifically for the purposes and collection of the Library of Congress to replace the fixed location system developed by Thomas Jefferson, by the time Putnam departed from his post in 1939, all the classes except K and parts of B were well developed. LCC has been criticized for lacking a theoretical basis, many of the classification decisions were driven by the practical needs of that library rather than epistemological considerations. Although it divides subjects into broad categories, it is essentially enumerative in nature and that is, it provides a guide to the books actually in one librarys collections, not a classification of the world. In 2007 the Wall Street Journal reported that in the countries it surveyed most public libraries, the National Library of Medicine classification system uses the initial letters W and QS–QZ, which are not used by LCC. Some libraries use NLM in conjunction with LCC, eschewing LCCs R for Medicine, others use LCCs QP–QR schedules and include Medicine R. Subclass AC – Collections. Collected works Subclass AE – Encyclopedias Subclass AG – Dictionaries and other reference works Subclass AI – Indexes Subclass AM – Museums. Collectors and collecting Subclass AN – Newspapers Subclass AP – Periodicals Subclass AS – Academies, directories Subclass AZ – History of scholarship and learning. The humanities Subclass B – Philosophy Subclass BC – Logic Subclass BD – Speculative philosophy Subclass BF – Psychology Subclass BH – Aesthetics Subclass BJ – Ethics Subclass BL – Religions, rationalism Subclass BM – Judaism Subclass BP – Islam. Seals Subclass CE – Technical Chronology, calendar Subclass CJ – Numismatics Subclass CN – Inscriptions. Former Soviet Republics – Poland Subclass DL – Northern Europe, maps Subclass GA – Mathematical geography. Cartography Subclass GB – Physical geography Subclass GC – Oceanography Subclass GE – Environmental Sciences Subclass GF – Human ecology, anthropogeography Subclass GN – Anthropology Subclass GR – Folklore Subclass GT – Manners and customs Subclass GV – Recreation. Leisure Subclass H – Social sciences Subclass HA – Statistics Subclass HB – Economic theory, demography Subclass HC – Economic history and conditions Subclass HD – Industries. Labor Subclass HE – Transportation and communications Subclass HF – Commerce Subclass HG – Finance Subclass HJ – Public finance Subclass HM – Sociology Subclass HN – Social history, Social reform Subclass HQ – The family. Marriage, Women and Sexuality Subclass HS – Societies, secret, benevolent, races Subclass HV – Social pathology. Municipal government Subclass JV – Colonies and colonization, International migration Subclass JX – International law, see JZ and KZ Subclass JZ – International relations Subclass K – Law in general
Library of Congress Classification
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Java programming books in the QA subclass.
Library of Congress Classification
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The PN-subclass shelf.
11.
Red Rabbit
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Red Rabbit is a bestselling novel by Tom Clancy. It incorporates the 1981 plot to assassinate Pope John Paul II and it made it on to the New York Times bestseller list. The abridged book on CD released in 2002 was read by Dennis Boutsikaris, the unabridged book on CD released in 2002 was read by Derrick Hagon. The defector tells of a KGB plan to kill Pope John Paul II, in Command Authority, When trying to find information on the KGB assassin known as Zenith. Ryan asks Greer if Rabbit knows anything about the assassin with Greer confirming to Ryan that Rabbit does not know anything about him, upon its release the novel received somewhat poor reviews. Critics praised Clancys believable account of the plot, but disdained the lack of suspense, reviewers for CNN and The New York Times considered the development of the main plot slow and tedious and noted that sub-plots remained underdeveloped and unresolved. Reviewers for Publishers Weekly and Esquire believed the involvement of Clancys main character Ryan in the plot to be highly marginal. Nevertheless, the novel reached #1 on the New York Times Best Seller List
Red Rabbit
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Red Rabbit
12.
The Cardinal of the Kremlin
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The Cardinal of the Kremlin is a novel by Tom Clancy, featuring his character Jack Ryan. The SDI systems discussed in the book are based on real-world systems, in the book, satellite photos are shown of the Dushanbe Complex called Bright Star in the novel. These images are of an actual contemporary Soviet mountaintop site of then-disputed function called Okno, the site is referenced in the Federation of American Scientists Space Policy Project Special Weapons Monitor section. CIA analyst Jack Ryan attends a conference in Moscow as part of an American delegation to the Soviet Union. As a result, Filitov has been passing political, technical, the U. S. discovers through National Technical Means that the Soviets are working on an ABM defense system codenamed Bright Star, based at Dushanbe in Tajikistan. Emilio Ortiz, a CIA liaison, is sent to aid Mujaheddin rebels in the region, the Archer determines that the Soviet installation is a threat to him and his people, and tasks his group with attacking and pillaging the facility. In the end, the guerrillas destroy a large amount of Soviet equipment, however, the rebels suffer horrendous losses, including the death of the Archer. Ryan travels to New Mexico to meet with the countrys top SDI researcher, U. S. Army Major Alan Gregory, Gregory lives with another scientist, Candi Long, who is working on adaptive optics for use in the development of laser weaponry. A lesbian KGB agent, Bea Taussig—who has unluckily fallen in love with Long—describes Gregory and his work to her KGB handler, the KGB launches a plan to kidnap and debrief Gregory. Filitov is arrested after his work for the CIA is discovered, however, Ryan concocts a plan to both secure the return of Filitov and arrange the defection of the sitting KGB chairman, Nikolay Borissovich Gerasimov. Gerasimov is angling to take over as General Secretary in the wake of Filitovs arrest, Ryan schemes to go public with the prior capture of the Soviet submarine Red October, banking on the political instability of the Soviet Politburo. He plans for Filitov and Gerasimov to be exfiltrated on the American delegations aircraft and he reveals this in a private meeting with Gerasimov, forcing the KGB chairmans hand. S. received when the Red October crew defected. Their plans are foiled when the FBI sends in the Hostage Rescue Team to retrieve Gregory, Ryan informs Gerasimov of the failed operation, forcing the enraged chairman to accept Ryans defection offer. Taussig is arrested when she attempts to seduce Long after Gregory is reported kidnapped, the flipped Gerasimov fetches Filitov from his confinement. The three make their way to Sheremetyevo Airport, awaiting the departure of the American delegation, as Gerasimov and Filitov escape, Ryan allows himself to be captured by Golovko, banking on his diplomatic status to protect him from harm. Ryan returns to the United States, where he and several others attend the funeral of Filitov, Filitov is buried at Camp David, within twenty miles of the Antietam battlefield. A Soviet military attaché attending the funeral questions why Filitov would be buried so close to American soldiers, Ryan, always working to keep the peace, explains to him, One way or another, we all fight for what we believe in. Doesnt that give us some common ground and it was to involve Harrison Ford and William Shatner
The Cardinal of the Kremlin
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First edition
13.
Debut novel
–
A debut novel is the first novel a novelist publishes. First-time novelists without a previous published reputation, such as publication in nonfiction, magazines, or literary journals, sometimes new novelists will self-publish their debut novels, because publishing houses will not risk the capital needed to market books by an unknown author to the public. Most publishers purchase rights to novels, especially debut novels, through literary agents, for this reason, literary communities have created awards that help acknowledge exceptional debut novels. The books film rights were purchased soon after by producer Scott Rudin. For similar reasons that advances are not very large—novels frequently dont sell well until the author gains a literary reputation. There are exceptions, however, YouTube star Zoella published her debut novel Girl Online in November 2014, the novel saw huge sales because she already had an established audience, and publishers were willing to run a large print run. By comparison, bestselling Fifty Shades of Grey sold 14,814 copies in its first week, or later popular novels like Harry Potter and the Philosophers Stone, only receive small initial print runs. Debut novels that do well will be reprinted as sales increase due to word of mouth popularity of the novels — publishers dont often run large marketing campaigns for debut novelists, there are numerous literary prizes for debut novels often associated with genre or nationality. These prizes are in recognition of the difficulties faced by debut novelists and bring attention to deserving works, often an authors first novel will not be as complex stylistically or thematically as subsequent works and often will not feature the authors typical literary characteristics. As examples, Astor points to J. R. R, sometimes, instead of writing novels to begin their career, some authors will start with short stories, which can be easier to publish and allow authors to get started in writing fiction. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the earliest attested usage of first novel is from 1876, however, the term is much older, with instances going back to at least 1800. The Oxford English Dictionary doesnt have an entry for debut novel, the earliest usage of debut novel in the Google Books database is 1930. The Google Books Ngram Viewer shows it becoming more used after about 1980
Debut novel
–
The title page of
Sense and Sensibility,
Jane Austen 's debut novel published in 1811.
14.
Defection
–
In politics, a defector is a person who gives up allegiance to one state in exchange for allegiance to another, in a way which is considered illegitimate by the first state. More broadly, it involves abandoning a person, cause or doctrine to one is bound by some tie. This term is applied, often pejoratively, to anyone who switches loyalty to another religion, sports team, political party. In that sense, the defector is often considered a traitor by their original side, the physical act of defection is usually in a manner which violates the laws of the nation or political entity from which the person is seeking to depart. By contrast, mere changes in citizenship, or working with allied militia, the Berlin Wall and fortifications along the Inner German border were erected by the Communist East German Democratic Republic in 1961 to enforce the policy. When people tried to defect from the GDR they were to be shot on sight, several hundred people were killed along the border in their Republikflucht attempt. Official crossings did exist, but permissions to leave temporarily or permanently were seldom granted, on the other hand, the GDR citizenship of some inconvenient East Germans was revoked, and they had to leave their home on short notice against their will. Others, like singer Wolf Biermann, were prohibited from returning to the GDR, during the Cold War, the many people illegally emigrating from the Soviet Union or Eastern Bloc to the West were called defectors. Westerners defected to the Eastern Bloc as well, often to avoid prosecution as spies, when the individual leaves his country and provides information to a foreign intelligence service, they are a HUMINT source defector. In some cases, defectors remain in the country or with the entity they were against. Intelligence services are concerned when debriefing defectors with the possibility of a fake defection. Alexander Mogilny, Soviet Hockey Player, who defected to the United States in 1988 and he was the first Soviet player to defect to play in the NHL. Aroldis Chapman, Cuban baseball pitcher, who defected to Andorra in 2009 before signing a Major League Baseball contract in 2010, josé Fernández, Cuban baseball player, who defected to the United States in 2008. Orlando Hernandez, Cuban baseball pitcher, who defected to the United States in 1997, arturo Sandoval, Cuban trumpeter, pianist, and composer, who defected to the United States in 1990. Nadia Comăneci, Romanian Olympic Gymnast, who defected to the United States in 1989, béla Károlyi and his wife Márta Károlyi, Romanian gymnastics coaches, who defected to the United States in 1981. Paquito DRivera, Cuban saxophonist and clarinetist, who defected to the United States in 1980, mikhail Baryshnikov, Soviet dancer, who defected to Canada in 1974, while in Toronto, touring with the Kirov Ballet. He later moved to the United States, natalia Makarova, Soviet dancer, who defected while in London in 1970. Rudolf Nureyev, Soviet dancer, who defected while in Paris touring with the Kirov Ballet in 1961, george Balanchine, Russian choreographer, who defected to the Weimar Republic in 1924
Defection
–
A memorial to those who could not cross the
Berlin Wall alive stood for ten months in 2004 and 2005 near
Checkpoint Charlie.
15.
Soviet Union
–
The Soviet Union, officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics was a socialist state in Eurasia that existed from 1922 to 1991. It was nominally a union of national republics, but its government. The Soviet Union had its roots in the October Revolution of 1917 and this established the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic and started the Russian Civil War between the revolutionary Reds and the counter-revolutionary Whites. In 1922, the communists were victorious, forming the Soviet Union with the unification of the Russian, Transcaucasian, Ukrainian, following Lenins death in 1924, a collective leadership and a brief power struggle, Joseph Stalin came to power in the mid-1920s. Stalin suppressed all opposition to his rule, committed the state ideology to Marxism–Leninism. As a result, the country underwent a period of rapid industrialization and collectivization which laid the foundation for its victory in World War II and postwar dominance of Eastern Europe. Shortly before World War II, Stalin signed the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact agreeing to non-aggression with Nazi Germany, in June 1941, the Germans invaded the Soviet Union, opening the largest and bloodiest theater of war in history. Soviet war casualties accounted for the highest proportion of the conflict in the effort of acquiring the upper hand over Axis forces at battles such as Stalingrad. Soviet forces eventually captured Berlin in 1945, the territory overtaken by the Red Army became satellite states of the Eastern Bloc. The Cold War emerged by 1947 as the Soviet bloc confronted the Western states that united in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization in 1949. Following Stalins death in 1953, a period of political and economic liberalization, known as de-Stalinization and Khrushchevs Thaw, the country developed rapidly, as millions of peasants were moved into industrialized cities. The USSR took a lead in the Space Race with Sputnik 1, the first ever satellite, and Vostok 1. In the 1970s, there was a brief détente of relations with the United States, the war drained economic resources and was matched by an escalation of American military aid to Mujahideen fighters. In the mid-1980s, the last Soviet leader, Mikhail Gorbachev, sought to reform and liberalize the economy through his policies of glasnost. The goal was to preserve the Communist Party while reversing the economic stagnation, the Cold War ended during his tenure, and in 1989 Soviet satellite countries in Eastern Europe overthrew their respective communist regimes. This led to the rise of strong nationalist and separatist movements inside the USSR as well, in August 1991, a coup détat was attempted by Communist Party hardliners. It failed, with Russian President Boris Yeltsin playing a role in facing down the coup. On 25 December 1991, Gorbachev resigned and the twelve constituent republics emerged from the dissolution of the Soviet Union as independent post-Soviet states
Soviet Union
–
Vladimir Lenin addressing a crowd with Trotsky, 1920
Soviet Union
–
Flag
Soviet Union
–
Stalin and
Nikolai Yezhov, head of the
NKVD. After Yezhov was executed, he was
edited out of the image.
Soviet Union
16.
United States Marine Corps
–
The U. S. Marine Corps is one of the four armed service branches in the U. S. Department of Defense and one of the seven uniformed services of the United States. The current Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, the military officer in the U. S. Armed Forces, is a Marine Corps general, the Marine Corps has been a component of the U. S. Department of the Navy since 30 June 1834, working closely with naval forces for training, transportation, and logistics. The USMC operates posts on land and aboard sea-going amphibious warfare ships around the world, two battalions of Continental Marines were formed on 10 November 1775 in Philadelphia as a service branch of infantry troops capable of fighting for independence both at sea and on shore. The role of the Corps has since grown and evolved, expanding to aerial warfare and earning popular titles such as, Americas third air force, and, second land army. By the mid-20th century, the U. S. Marine Corps had become a major theorist of and its ability to rapidly respond on short notice to expeditionary crises gives it a strong role in the implementation and execution of American foreign policy. As of 2016, the USMC has around 182,000 active duty members and it is the smallest of the U. S. The USMC serves as an expeditionary force-in-readiness and this last clause, while seemingly redundant given the Presidents position as Commander-in-chief, is a codification of the expeditionary responsibilities of the Marine Corps. It derives from similar language in the Congressional acts For the Better Organization of the Marine Corps of 1834, in 1951, the House of Representatives Armed Services Committee called the clause one of the most important statutory – and traditional – functions of the Marine Corps. In addition to its duties, the Marine Corps conducts Visit, Board, Search, and Seizure operations, as well as missions in direct support of the White House. The Marine Band, dubbed the Presidents Own by Thomas Jefferson, Marines from Ceremonial Companies A & B, quartered in Marine Barracks, Washington, D. C. The Executive Flight Detachment also provides transport to Cabinet members. The relationship between the Department of State and the U. S. Marine Corps is nearly as old as the corps itself, for over 200 years, Marines have served at the request of various Secretaries of State. After World War II, an alert, disciplined force was needed to protect American embassies, consulates, in 1947, a proposal was made that the Department of War furnish Marine Corps personnel for Foreign Service guard duty under the provisions of the Foreign Service Act of 1946. A formal Memorandum of Agreement was signed between the Department of State and the Secretary of the Navy on December 15,1948, during the first year of the MSG program,36 detachments were deployed worldwide. Continental Marines manned raiding parties, both at sea and ashore, the Advanced Base Doctrine of the early 20th century codified their combat duties ashore, outlining the use of Marines in the seizure of bases and other duties on land to support naval campaigns. Throughout the late 19th and 20th centuries, Marine detachments served aboard Navy cruisers, battleships, Marine detachments served in their traditional duties as a ships landing force, manning the ships weapons and providing shipboard security. Marines would develop tactics and techniques of amphibious assault on defended coastlines in time for use in World War II, during World War II, Marines continued to serve on capital ships
United States Marine Corps
United States Marine Corps
–
United States Marine Corps portal
United States Marine Corps
United States Marine Corps
–
A Marine
Corporal and
Lance Corporal of
3rd Battalion, 6th Marines engaging the enemy during
Operation Moshtarak in Afghanistan's
Helmand Province.
17.
CIA
–
As one of the principal members of the U. S. Intelligence Community, the CIA reports to the Director of National Intelligence and is focused on providing intelligence for the President. Though it is not the only U. S. government agency specializing in HUMINT and it exerts foreign political influence through its tactical divisions, such as the Special Activities Division. Despite transferring some of its powers to the DNI, the CIA has grown in size as a result of the September 11 attacks. In 2013, The Washington Post reported that in fiscal year 2010, the CIA has increasingly expanded its roles, including covert paramilitary operations. One of its largest divisions, the Information Operations Center, has shifted focus from counter-terrorism to offensive cyber-operations, when the CIA was created, its purpose was to create a clearinghouse for foreign policy intelligence and analysis. Today its primary purpose is to collect, analyze, evaluate, and disseminate foreign intelligence, warning/informing American leaders of important overseas events, with Pakistan described as an intractable target. Counterintelligence, with China, Russia, Iran, Cuba, the Executive Office also supports the U. S. military by providing it with information it gathers, receiving information from military intelligence organizations, and cooperates on field activities. The Executive Director is in charge of the day to day operation of the CIA, each branch of the military service has its own Director. The Directorate has four regional groups, six groups for transnational issues. There is a dedicated to Iraq, regional analytical offices covering the Near East and South Asia, Russia and Europe, and the Asian Pacific, Latin American. The Directorate of Operations is responsible for collecting intelligence. The name reflects its role as the coordinator of intelligence activities between other elements of the wider U. S. intelligence community with their own HUMINT operations. This Directorate was created in an attempt to end years of rivalry over influence, philosophy, in spite of this, the Department of Defense recently organized its own global clandestine intelligence service, the Defense Clandestine Service, under the Defense Intelligence Agency. This Directorate is known to be organized by regions and issues. The Directorate of Science & Technology was established to research, create, many of its innovations were transferred to other intelligence organizations, or, as they became more overt, to the military services. For example, the development of the U-2 high-altitude reconnaissance aircraft was done in cooperation with the United States Air Force, the U-2s original mission was clandestine imagery intelligence over denied areas such as the Soviet Union. It was subsequently provided with signals intelligence and measurement and signature intelligence capabilities, subsequently, NPIC was transferred to the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency
CIA
–
John Brennan, the current
director of the Central Intelligence Agency
CIA
–
Seal of the Central Intelligence Agency
CIA
–
Aerial view of the Central Intelligence Agency headquarters,
Langley, Virginia
CIA
–
The 111 stars on the
CIA Memorial Wall in the original CIA headquarters, each representing a CIA officer killed in action.
18.
Soviet frigate Storozhevoy
–
Storozhevoy was a Soviet Navy 1135 Burevestnik-class anti-submarine frigate. The ship was attached to the Soviet Baltic Fleet and based in Riga and it was involved in a mutiny in November 1975. The mutiny was led by the political commissar, Captain of the Third Rank Valery Sablin. On the evening of 9 November 1975, Sablin lured the captain to the lower deck, when the captain arrived at the lower deck, Sablin detained him and other officers in the forward sonar compartment and seized control of the ship. Sablin then summoned a meeting of all the officers on the ship. Here a vote was taken amongst the fifteen officers present, Sablin informed the officers that he planned to sail to Leningrad and broadcast his revolutionary message. Eight officers voted in favor of the mutiny, the seven senior members of the ships crew who did not wish to go along with the plan were locked in a separate compartment below the main deck. Sablin then moved on to the phase of the plan. Sablin was an officer and he used this to his advantage. He assembled the crew and delivered a speech which instantly had all the seamen motivated and excited about a revolution. On discovering that they might soon be detected, Sablin decided to set sail immediately, rather than till the morning and set sail with the rest of the fleet. The crew immediately set sail under the cover of dark and made their way out of Riga, Sablin also ensured that the radar was off to avoid detection from Soviet forces. When Soviet authorities learned of the mutiny, the Kremlin ordered that control must be regained, half the Baltic fleet, including thirteen naval vessels, were sent in pursuit and were joined by 60 warplanes, which dropped 500-pound bombs in the vicinity of the rebel ship. The aircraft also strafed Storozhevoy repeatedly, the ships steering was damaged and she stopped dead on the water 43 miles from Swedish territorial waters and 330 miles from Kronstadt. After warning shots from the closing loyal warships, the frigate was eventually boarded by Soviet marine commandos, by then, Sablin had been shot and detained by members of his own crew, who also unlocked the captive captain and officers. All the complement from Storozhevoy was arrested and interrogated, but only Sablin and his second-in-command, Alexander Shein, a 20-year-old seaman, were tried and convicted. At his trial in July 1976, Sablin was convicted of treason and shot on 3 August 1976. The rest of the mutineers were set free but dishonorably discharged from the Soviet Navy, Storozhevoy continued in service until the late 1990s
Soviet frigate Storozhevoy
–
A Burevestnik-class frigate at anchor. Storozhevoy would have looked identical in most respects to the vessel pictured here.
19.
United States Naval Institute
–
In addition to publishing magazines and books, the Naval Institute holds several annual conferences. Established in 1873, the Naval Institute currently has about 50,000 members, mostly active and retired personnel of the United States Navy, Marine Corps, the organization also has members in over 90 countries. Its chair is former NATO Supreme Allied Commander Europe James G. Stavridis and its CEO is Peter H. Daly, a retired Navy vice admiral. The U. S. Naval Institute was established as a forum for the exchange of ideas, to disseminate and advance the knowledge of sea power, rear Admiral John L. Worden served as the first president. In 1874, the Naval Institute began to accept papers and publish the proceedings of its discussions which were distributed to the organization’s members, a practice that continues to this day. Two decades later, the Naval Institute Press was created to publish basic naval guides, it expanded to publish more general-interest titles in history, biography. Having outgrown its offices at Preble Hall, the Naval Institute gave the building to the Naval Academy and, in 1999, the monthly magazine Proceedings is the Naval Institutes flagship product. Published since 1874, it is one of the oldest continuously published magazines in the United States, issues include articles from military professionals and civilian experts, historical essays, book reviews, full-color photography, and reader commentary. Roughly a third are written by active duty and active reserve personnel, a third by retired military, the magazine has published controversial articles on contentious issues, moreover, military brass have been known to block certain articles from being submitted to the journal. For example, in 1962, DoD officials prevented a Marine Corps lieutenant colonel from sending to Proceedings an article about a 1949 proposal to merge the Marines aviation units into the Air Force. Naval History magazine was first published in 1987 to explore the role of sea power in U. S. history, the Naval Institute Press was founded in 1898 and publishes about 80 books a year. Among the professional development titles are The Bluejackets Manual, Naval Shiphandling, The Naval Officers Guide, The Marine Officer’s Guide, the Naval Institute Guide to Combat Fleets of the World and The Naval Institute Guide to Ships and Aircraft of the U. S. Fleet are popular reference books with the military, media and maritime enthusiasts, launched in December 2008, the blog is another forum for debate. Contributors have included former NATO Supreme Commander Admiral James G. Stavridis, USN and Admiral Thad Allen, launched in February 2012, USNI News provides breaking news and insight on emerging issues. In 1985, the Institute began to hold conferences, open to the public, the largest of these, are held in San Diego and Washington, D. C. The conferences often feature the Chief of Naval Operations and the Commandant of the Marine Corps, in 2007, USNI produced Americans At War, a series of video interviews with U. S. combat veterans of conflicts dating to World War I. Former President George H. W. Bush, Senators Bob Dole, Daniel Inouye, Bob Kerrey, the series was broadcast on Public Broadcasting Service television stations nationwide. The U. S. Naval Institute holds one of the world’s largest private collections of photographs, more than 450,000 images of people, ships
United States Naval Institute
–
United States Naval Institute
20.
Cold War
–
The Cold War was a state of geopolitical tension after World War II between powers in the Eastern Bloc and powers in the Western Bloc. Historians do not fully agree on the dates, but a common timeframe is the period between 1947, the year the Truman Doctrine was announced, and 1991, the year the Soviet Union collapsed. The term cold is used there was no large-scale fighting directly between the two sides, although there were major regional wars, known as proxy wars, supported by the two sides. The Cold War split the temporary alliance against Nazi Germany, leaving the Soviet Union. The USSR was a Marxist–Leninist state ruled by its Communist Party and secret police, the Party controlled the press, the military, the economy and all organizations. In opposition stood the West, dominantly democratic and capitalist with a free press, a small neutral bloc arose with the Non-Aligned Movement, it sought good relations with both sides. The two superpowers never engaged directly in full-scale armed combat, but they were armed in preparation for a possible all-out nuclear world war. The first phase of the Cold War began in the first two years after the end of the Second World War in 1945, the Berlin Blockade was the first major crisis of the Cold War. With the victory of the communist side in the Chinese Civil War and the outbreak of the Korean War, the USSR and USA competed for influence in Latin America, and the decolonizing states of Africa and Asia. Meanwhile, the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 was stopped by the Soviets, the expansion and escalation sparked more crises, such as the Suez Crisis, the Berlin Crisis of 1961, and the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962. The USSR crushed the 1968 Prague Spring liberalization program in Czechoslovakia, détente collapsed at the end of the decade with the beginning of the Soviet–Afghan War in 1979. The early 1980s were another period of elevated tension, with the Soviet downing of Korean Air Lines Flight 007, the United States increased diplomatic, military, and economic pressures on the Soviet Union, at a time when the communist state was already suffering from economic stagnation. In the mid-1980s, the new Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev introduced the reforms of perestroika and glasnost. Pressures for national independence grew stronger in Eastern Europe, especially Poland, Gorbachev meanwhile refused to use Soviet troops to bolster the faltering Warsaw Pact regimes as had occurred in the past. The result in 1989 was a wave of revolutions that peacefully overthrew all of the communist regimes of Central, the Communist Party of the Soviet Union itself lost control and was banned following an abortive coup attempt in August 1991. This in turn led to the dissolution of the USSR in December 1991. The United States remained as the only superpower. The Cold War and its events have left a significant legacy and it is often referred to in popular culture, especially in media featuring themes of espionage and the threat of nuclear warfare
Cold War
–
Photograph of the
Berlin Wall taken from the West side. The Wall was built in 1961 to prevent East Germans from fleeing and to stop an economically disastrous drain of workers. It was a symbol of the Cold War and its fall in 1989 marked the approaching end of the war.
Cold War
–
Allied troops in
Vladivostok, August 1918, during the
Allied intervention in the
Russian Civil War.
Cold War
–
The "
Big Three " at the Yalta Conference:
Winston Churchill,
Franklin D. Roosevelt and
Joseph Stalin, 1945.
21.
Lithuanian people
–
Lithuanians are a Baltic ethnic group, native to Lithuania, where they number around 2,561,300 people. Another million or more make up the Lithuanian diaspora, largely found in such as the United States, Argentina, Brazil, Canada, Colombia, Russia, United Kingdom. Their native language is Lithuanian, one of two surviving members of the Baltic language family. Most Lithuanians belong to the Roman Catholic Church, while the Lietuvininkai who lived in the part of East Prussia prior to World War II, were mostly Evangelical Lutherans. The territory of the Balts, including modern Lithuania, was inhabited by several Baltic tribal entities, as attested by ancient sources. The last Pagan peoples in Europe, they were converted to Christianity in 1387. The subsequent imperial Russian occupation accelerated this process, it pursued a policy of Russification and it was believed by some at the time that the nation as such, along with its language, would become extinct within a few generations. At the end of the 19th century a Lithuanian cultural and linguistic revival occurred, Lithuania declared independence after World War I, which helped its national consolidation. A standardised Lithuanian language was approved, however, the eastern parts of Lithuania, including the Vilnius Region, were annexed by Poland, while the Klaipėda Region was taken over by Nazi Germany in 1939. In 1940, Lithuania was invaded and occupied by the Soviet Union, the Germans and their allies attacked the USSR in June 1941, and from 1941—1944, Lithuania was occupied by Germany. The Germans retreated in 1944, and Lithuania fell under Soviet rule once again, the long-standing communities of Lithuanians in the Kaliningrad Oblast were almost destroyed as a result. The Lithuanian nation as such remained primarily in Lithuania, few villages in northeastern Poland, southern Latvia, some indigenous Lithuanians still remain in Belarus and the Kaliningrad Oblast, but their number is small compared to what they used to be. Lithuania regained its independence in 1990, and was recognized by most countries in 1991 and it became a member of the European Union on May 1,2004. Among the Baltic states, Lithuania has the most homogeneous population, Poles are mostly concentrated in the Vilnius Region. Especially large Polish communities are located in the Vilnius District Municipality and this concentration allows Electoral Action of Poles in Lithuania, an ethnic minority-based political party, to exert political influence. Due to the excessive pro-Pole political agenda, the party is known to cause friction between Lithuanians and Poles, however, it has only held 1 or 2 seats in the parliament of Lithuania for the past decade. Thus, it is active in local politics by having a majority in a few minor municipality councils. Russians, even though they are almost as numerous as Poles, are more evenly scattered
Lithuanian people
–
Lithuanian šakotis
Lithuanian people
–
Historical ethnographic regions
Lithuanian people
–
Lithuanian folklore band
Kulgrinda performing in Vilnius
22.
Submarine
–
A submarine is a watercraft capable of independent operation underwater. It differs from a submersible, which has more limited underwater capability, the term most commonly refers to a large, crewed vessel. It is also used historically or colloquially to refer to remotely operated vehicles and robots, as well as medium-sized or smaller vessels, such as the midget submarine. The noun submarine evolved as a form of submarine boat, by naval tradition, submarines are usually referred to as boats rather than as ships. Although experimental submarines had been built before, submarine design took off during the 19th century, Submarines were first widely used during World War I, and now figure in many navies large and small. Civilian uses for submarines include marine science, salvage, exploration and facility inspection, Submarines can also be modified to perform more specialized functions such as search-and-rescue missions or undersea cable repair. Submarines are also used in tourism, and for undersea archaeology, most large submarines consist of a cylindrical body with hemispherical ends and a vertical structure, usually located amidships, which houses communications and sensing devices as well as periscopes. In modern submarines, this structure is the sail in American usage, a conning tower was a feature of earlier designs, a separate pressure hull above the main body of the boat that allowed the use of shorter periscopes. There is a propeller at the rear, and various hydrodynamic control fins, smaller, deep-diving and specialty submarines may deviate significantly from this traditional layout. Submarines use diving planes and also change the amount of water, Submarines have one of the widest ranges of types and capabilities of any vessel. Submarines can work at greater depths than are survivable or practical for human divers, modern deep-diving submarines derive from the bathyscaphe, which in turn evolved from the diving bell. In 1578, the English mathematician William Bourne recorded in his book Inventions or Devises one of the first plans for an underwater navigation vehicle and its unclear whether he ever carried out his idea. The first submersible of whose construction there exists reliable information was designed and built in 1620 by Cornelis Drebbel and it was propelled by means of oars. By the mid-18th century, over a dozen patents for submarines/submersible boats had been granted in England, in 1747, Nathaniel Symons patented and built the first known working example of the use of a ballast tank for submersion. His design used leather bags that could fill with water to submerge the craft, a mechanism was used to twist the water out of the bags and cause the boat to resurface. In 1749, the Gentlemens Magazine reported that a design had initially been proposed by Giovanni Borelli in 1680. By this point of development, further improvement in design stagnated for over a century, until new industrial technologies for propulsion. The first military submarine was the Turtle, a hand-powered acorn-shaped device designed by the American David Bushnell to accommodate a single person and it was the first verified submarine capable of independent underwater operation and movement, and the first to use screws for propulsion
Submarine
–
A
Russian Navy Typhoon-class submarine underway. Also known as "Project 941".
Submarine
–
Drebbel, the first navigable submarine
Submarine
–
The French submarine Plongeur
Submarine
–
The
Nordenfelt -designed,
Ottoman submarine
Abdül Hamid
23.
Soviet Navy
–
The Soviet Navy was the naval arm of the Soviet Armed Forces. The influence of the Soviet Navy played a role in the Cold War. The Soviet Navy was divided into four major fleets, the Northern, Pacific, Black Sea, the Caspian Flotilla was a smaller force operating in the land-locked Caspian Sea. Main components of the Soviet Navy included Soviet Naval Aviation, Naval Infantry, most of the Soviet Navy was reformed into the Russian Navy after the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, while some elements became the basis of the Ukrainian, Azerbaijani and Georgian navies. During the revolution, sailors deserted their ships at will and generally neglected their duties, the officers were dispersed and most of the sailors left their ships. Work stopped in the shipyards, where uncompleted ships deteriorated rapidly, the Black Sea Fleet fared no better than the Baltic. The Bolshevik revolution entirely disrupted its personnel, with murders of officers. At the end of April 1918, German troops entered Crimea, the more effective ships were moved from Sevastopol to Novorossiysk where, after an ultimatum from Germany, they were scuttled by Vladimir Lenins order. The ships remaining in Sevastopol were captured by the Germans and then, after November 1918, on 1 April 1919, when Red Army forces captured Crimea, the British squadron had to withdraw, but before leaving they damaged all the remaining battleships and sank thirteen new submarines. When the White Army captured Crimea in 1919, it rescued and reconditioned a few units, at the end of the civil war, Wrangels fleet, a White fleet, moved to Bizerta in French Tunisia, where it was interned. The first ship of the navy could be considered the rebellious Imperial Russian cruiser Aurora. Sailors of the Baltic fleet supplied the fighting force of the Bolsheviks during the October Revolution, some imperial vessels continued to serve after the revolution, albeit with different names. The Soviet Navy, established as the Workers and Peasants Red Fleet by a 1918 decree of the Soviet government, was less than service-ready during the interwar years, as the countrys attentions were largely directed internally, the Navy did not have much funding or training. The greater part of the old fleet was sold by the Soviet government to Germany for scrap, in the Baltic Sea there remained only three much-neglected battleships, two cruisers, some ten destroyers, and a few submarines. Despite this state of affairs, the Baltic Fleet remained a significant naval formation, there also existed some thirty minor-waterways combat flotillas. During the 1930s, as the industrialization of the Soviet Union proceeded, approved by the Labour and Defence Council in 1926, the Naval Shipbuilding Program included plans to construct twelve submarines, the first six were to become known as the Dekabrist class. Beginning 4 November 1926, Technical Bureau Nº4, under the leadership of B. M, malinin, managed the submarine construction works at the Baltic Shipyard. In subsequent years,133 submarines were built to designs developed during Malinins management, additional developments included the formation of the Pacific Fleet in 1932 and the Northern Fleet in 1933
Soviet Navy
–
Aurora was unofficially the first Soviet Navy vessel, after it
mutinied against
Imperial Russia in 1917.
Soviet Navy
–
Naval Ensign
Soviet Navy
–
Soviet souvenir naval cap
Soviet Navy
–
Pacific Fleet marines of the Soviet Navy hoisting the
Soviet naval ensign in
Port Arthur, on October 1, 1945.
24.
United States
–
Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
United States
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Native Americans meeting with Europeans, 1764
United States
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Flag
United States
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The signing of the
Mayflower Compact, 1620.
United States
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The
Declaration of Independence: the
Committee of Five presenting their draft to the
Second Continental Congress in 1776
25.
Red October (fictional submarine)
–
Red October is a modified Typhoon class submarine in the Tom Clancy novel The Hunt for Red October and the film that followed. It was built with a stealth propulsion system called a caterpillar drive. In the film however, it is shown as being a magnetohydrodynamic drive, the drama of the story partially centers around the dual capabilities of this submarine. As a submarine of the Typhoon class, it carries many ballistic missiles armed with nuclear warheads, with a stealthy propulsion unit, it can no longer be detected by NATO naval vessels. It thus becomes critical for the U. S. government to see this submarine either destroyed or captured, captain First Rank Marko Aleksandrovich Ramius was the first and last commanding officer of Red October. According to the story The Hunt for Red October, in late 1984 Ramius, once at sea Ramius murdered Ivan Putin, the political officer, and then turned the boat towards the United States. Despite efforts by the Soviet Navy, Red October managed to rendezvous with USS Dallas, along for the ride on Dallas, and later on Red October, is a part-time CIA analyst named Jack Ryan, who read Ramius intent and suggested setting up the rendezvous. The rescue plan resulted in the Soviet Navy believing the boat had been destroyed, the Soviet Alfa-class attack submarine Konovalov discovered Red Octobers survival, but was destroyed before it could report back that Red Octobers sinking had been staged. Most of the officers defected with Ramius but the commander of Dallas concealed the defection from the rest of the Soviet crew, the submarine was reverse engineered by the U. S. Navy to discern its secrets. The technology then seems to disappear, although there are references in some other books. In The Cardinal of the Kremlin Ramius says the U. S. Navy is building a version of the pump-jet system for American submarines. This type of system also would not be enclosed in a duct/pipe. A pump jet would be efficient, but not enough for a submarine of that size. In the series of books to come by Tom Clancy, the Red October adventure proved useful to Ryans career, years later the truth of these events came to light when political opponents of then President Jack Ryan revealed his part in the affair. None of the real Typhoon class submarines had 26 missile tubes or were considerably larger than the other Typhoon class SSBNs in the Russian Navy, most Typhoon class subs were only about 175 meters long with about a 23-meter beam. Red October would also have been about 5,000 tons heavier than the normal Typhoon class sub, no Soviet submarines were officially named Red October. Only the Japanese experimental civilian boat Yamato 1 has managed to use type of advanced propulsion system. In the film, Red October appears much like a standard Typhoon-class submarine though it has a number of significant differences, the aft section of the submarine contains two ducts for the caterpillar drive
Red October (fictional submarine)
–
A Typhoon -class ballistic missile submarine. The fictional submarine Red October would have looked similar in most respects to the submarine pictured here.
26.
Typhoon-class submarine
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The Project 941 or Akula, Russian Акула class submarine is a type of nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarine deployed by the Soviet Navy in the 1980s. The Russian Navy canceled its Typhoon modernization program in March 2012, with the announcement that Russia has eliminated the last SS-N-20 Sturgeon SLBMs in September 2012, the remaining Typhoons have reached the end of service. Besides their missile armament, the Typhoon class features six torpedo tubes, a Typhoon-class submarine can stay submerged for periods up to 120 days in normal conditions, and potentially more if deemed necessary. Their primary weapons system is composed of 20 R-39 ballistic missiles with a maximum of 10 MIRV nuclear warheads each, technically, Typhoons were able to deploy their long-range nuclear missiles while moored at their docks. In the main body of the sub, two long pressure hulls lie parallel with a third, smaller pressure hull above them, and two other pressure hulls for torpedoes and steering gear. This also greatly increases their survivability—even if one pressure hull is breached, the Typhoon class was developed under Project 941 as the Russian Akula class, meaning shark. It is sometimes confused with other submarines, as Akula is the name NATO uses to designate the Russian Project 971 Shchuka-B class attack submarines. The project was developed with the objective to match the SLBM armament of Ohio-class submarines, however, at the time, state-of-the-art Soviet SLBMs were substantially larger and heavier than their American counterparts. The submarine had to be scaled accordingly, originally, the submarines were designated by hull numbers only. Names were later assigned to the four vessels retained by the Russian Navy, the construction order for an additional vessel was canceled and never completed. Only the first of these submarines to be constructed, the Dmitriy Donskoy, is still in service with the Russian Navy. The Arkhangelsk and Severstal remain in reserve, not currently active with the Russian fleet, all the R-39 missiles have been retired. The Typhoons have since replaced by the Borei class since 2010-2011. In late December 2008, a senior Navy official announced that the two Typhoon-class submarines, the TK-17 and TK-20, that are in reserve would not be rearmed with the new Bulava SLBM missile system. They could however be modified to carry cruise missiles or to lay mines, in late June 2009, the Navy Commander-in-Chief, Admiral Vladimir Vysotskiy told reporters that the two submarines would be reserved for possible future repairs and modernization. In May 2010, the Navy Commander-in-Chief reported that Russias Typhoon-class submarines would remain in service with the Navy until 2019, in September 2011, the Russian defense ministry decided to write off all Project 941 Akula nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarines until 2014. The reasons for decommissioning the Typhoon class vessels are the restrictions imposed on Russia by the Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty, despite being a replacement for many types of submarines, the Borei class submarines are slightly smaller than the Typhoon class in terms of length and crew. These changes were in part designed to reduce the cost to build, in addition, the United States and Canada provided 80% of funds for scrapping the older Typhoon class submarines, making it much more economical to build a new submarine
Typhoon-class submarine
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Typhoon-class submarine underway
Typhoon-class submarine
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A Typhoon class submarine on the surface in 1985.
Typhoon-class submarine
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Satellite image of a Typhoon-class Submarine Severodvinsk. Declassified in 2012
Typhoon-class submarine
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Typhoon-class submarine, covered with ice
27.
Passive sonar
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Sonar is a technique that uses sound propagation to navigate, communicate with or detect objects on or under the surface of the water, such as other vessels. Two types of technology share the name sonar, passive sonar is essentially listening for the sound made by vessels, active sonar is emitting pulses of sounds, Sonar may be used as a means of acoustic location and of measurement of the echo characteristics of targets in the water. Acoustic location in air was used before the introduction of radar, Sonar may also be used in air for robot navigation, and SODAR is used for atmospheric investigations. The term sonar is used for the equipment used to generate. The acoustic frequencies used in sonar systems vary from low to extremely high. The study of sound is known as underwater acoustics or hydroacoustics. In the 19th century a bell was used as an ancillary to lighthouses to provide warning of hazards. The use of sound to locate underwater in the same way as bats use sound for aerial navigation seems to have been prompted by the Titanic disaster of 1912. S. Revenue Cutter Miami on the Grand Banks off Newfoundland Canada, in that test, Fessenden demonstrated depth sounding, underwater communications and echo ranging. The so-called Fessenden oscillator, at ca.500 Hz frequency, was unable to determine the bearing of the due to the 3 metre wavelength. The ten Montreal-built British H class submarines launched in 1915 were equipped with a Fessenden oscillator, during World War I the need to detect submarines prompted more research into the use of sound. Although piezoelectric and magnetostrictive transducers later superseded the electrostatic transducers they used, lightweight sound-sensitive plastic film and fibre optics have been used for hydrophones, while Terfenol-D and PMN have been developed for projectors. By 1918, both France and Britain had built prototype active systems, the British tested their ASDIC on HMS Antrim in 1920, and started production in 1922. The 6th Destroyer Flotilla had ASDIC-equipped vessels in 1923, an anti-submarine school, HMS Osprey, and a training flotilla of four vessels were established on Portland in 1924. The US Sonar QB set arrived in 1931, by the outbreak of World War II, the Royal Navy had five sets for different surface ship classes, and others for submarines, incorporated into a complete anti-submarine attack system. The effectiveness of early ASDIC was hamstrung by the use of the charge as an anti-submarine weapon. This required a vessel to pass over a submerged contact before dropping charges over the stern. The hunter was effectively firing blind, during which time a commander could take evasive action
Passive sonar
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French
F70 type frigates (here,
La Motte-Picquet) are fitted with VDS (Variable Depth Sonar) type DUBV43 or DUBV43C towed sonars
Passive sonar
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Sonar image of
shipwreck of the
Latvian Naval Forces ship Virsaitis in
Estonian waters.
Passive sonar
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Variable Depth Sonar and its winch
Passive sonar
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AN/AQS-13 Dipping sonar deployed from an
H-3 Sea King.
28.
Nuclear missiles
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Nuclear weapons delivery is the technology and systems used to place a nuclear weapon at the position of detonation, on or near its target. Several methods have developed to carry out this task. Strategic nuclear weapons are used primarily as part of a doctrine of deterrence by threatening large targets, weapons meant for use in limited military maneuvers, such as destroying specific military, communications, or infrastructure targets, are known as tactical nuclear weapons. In terms of yields, nowadays the former have much larger yield than the latter. The bombs that destroyed Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945 were weaker than many of todays tactical weapons, historically, the first method of delivery, and the method used in the only two nuclear weapons actually used in warfare, was a gravity bomb dropped by a plane. S. Nuclear warheads are represented in bombs, although some are in the form of missiles, gravity bombs are designed to be dropped from planes, which requires that the weapon be able to withstand vibrations and changes in air temperature and pressure during the course of a flight. Early weapons often had a core for safety, known as in flight insertion cores. They had to meet safety conditions, to prevent accidental detonation or dropping, a variety of types also had to have a fuse to initiate detonation. US nuclear weapons that met these criteria are designated by the letter B followed, without a hyphen, the B61, for example, was the primary bomb in the US arsenal for decades. Various air-dropping techniques exist, including bombing, parachute-retarded delivery. The early gravity nuclear bombs could only be carried by the B-29 Superfortress, most ballistic missiles exit the Earths atmosphere and re-enter it in their sub-orbital spaceflight. Placement of nuclear missiles on the low Earth orbit has been banned by the Outer Space Treaty as early as 1967. An ICBM is more than 20 times as fast as a bomber and more than 10 times as fast as a plane, and also flying at a much higher altitude. ICBMs can also be fired quickly in the event of a surprise attack, early ballistic missiles carried a single warhead, often of megaton-range yield. Because of the accuracy of the missiles, this kind of high yield was considered necessary in order to ensure a particular targets destruction. Since the 1970s modern ballistic weapons have seen the development of far more accurate targeting technologies and this set the stage for smaller warheads in the hundreds-of-kilotons-range yield, and consequently for ICBMs having multiple independently targetable reentry vehicles. Advances in technology have enabled a single missile to launch a payload containing several warheads, the number of independent warheads capable of deployment from ballistic missiles depends on the weapons platform the missile is launched from. For example, one D5 Trident missile carried by an Ohio-class submarine is capable of launching eight independent warheads, MIRV has a number of advantages over a missile with a single warhead
Nuclear missiles
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Nuclear weapons
Nuclear missiles
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Trident II SLBM launched by
Royal Navy Vanguard class submarine.
Nuclear missiles
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Cruise missiles have a shorter range than
ICBMs.
U/RGM-109E Tomahawk pictured (not nuclear capable anymore).
Nuclear missiles
–
The
Davy Crockett artillery shell is the smallest known nuclear weapon developed by the USA.
29.
Politburo
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A politburo /ˈpɒlɪtˌbjʊəroʊ/ or political bureau is the executive committee for a number of Communist Parties. The term politburo in English comes from the Russian Politbyuro, itself a contraction of Politicheskoye Byuro, the Spanish term Politburó is directly loaned from Russian, as is the German Politbüro. Chinese uses a calque, from which the Vietnamese, and Korean terms derive, the first politburo was created in Russia by the Bolshevik Party in 1917 to provide strong and continuous leadership during the Russian Revolution occurring during the same year. The first Politburo had seven members, Lenin, Zinoviev, Kamenev, Trotsky, Stalin, except for Lenin, who died in 1924, Stalin had all the original members of the Politburo executed from 1937–1940. During the 20th century, nations that had a politburo included the USSR, East Germany, Afghanistan, Czechoslovakia and China, today, there are five countries that have a politburo system. In Marxist–Leninist states, the party is seen as the vanguard of the people, in that way, the party officials in the Politburo informally lead the state. Officially, the Party Congress elects a Central Committee which, in turn, elects the Politburo, the Politburo was theoretically answerable to the Central Committee. Under Stalin this model was reversed, and it was the General Secretary who determined the composition of the Politburo and this tendency decreased to some extent after Stalins death, though in practice the Politburo remained a self-perpetuating body whose decisions de facto had the force of law. In Trotskyist parties, the Politburo is a bureau of the Central Committee tasked with making political decisions. It is appointed by the Central Committee from among its members, the post of General Secretary carries far less weight in this model. See, for example, the Lanka Sama Samaja Party
Politburo
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Soviet Politburo passes resolution to execute 346 "enemies of the CPSU and the Soviet Power" who led "counter-revolutionary, right-trotskyite, plotting and spying activities". Signed by secretary:
Stalin, 17 January 1940
30.
Political commissar
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The political commissar is the supervisory political officer responsible for the political education and organization, and committed to the civilian control of the military. Historically, the commissaire politique first appeared in the French Revolution, guarding it against anti-Revolutionary thought, in the communist government established by the October Revolution, the political commissar remained in the Red Army until 1942. In the Red Army and the Soviet Army, the political commissar existed, by name, only during the 1918–24, 1937–40, in the periods of the Red Armys history when political officers were militarily subordinate to unit commanders, the position of political commissar did not exist. The political supervision of the Russian military was effected by the political commissar, revolutionary Military Councils were established at army-, front-, fleet-, and flotilla-level, comprising at least three members — commander and two political workers. The political workers were denominated members of the RVS, not commissars, in 1919, the title politruk was assigned to political officers at company level. Despite being official political commissars, they were not addressed as commissar, beginning in 1925, the politico-military doctrinal course towards edinonachalie was established, and the political commissar, as a military institution, was gradually abolished. Earlier, in 1924, the RVSs were renamed as Military Councils, such high-level political officers were known as ChVS, on 10 May 1937 the political commissar was reinstated to the Red Army, and Military Councils were created. These events derived from the purges that began in the Soviet armed forces. Again, in August 1940, the political commissars was abolished, yet the Military Councils continued throughout the German-Soviet War, below army level, the edinonachalie system was restored. In July 1941, consequent to the Red Army’s defeats at war’s start, the commissar had an influential role as a second commander within the military units during this time. Their ranks and insignia generally paralleled those of officers, when this proved less-than-effective, General Konev asked Stalin to subordinate the political officer to commanding officers, the commissars work was refocused to morale-related functions. The term commissar itself was abolished in August 1942, and at the company- and regiment-level. Though no longer known by the original title, political officers were retained by all the Soviet armed forces. Soviet Army, Soviet Navy, Soviet Air Force, Soviet Strategic Rocket Forces, et al, the position of political commissar also exists in the Peoples Liberation Army of China. Usually, the political commissar is a military officer, although this position has been used to give civilian party officials some experience with the military. The political commissar was head of a party cell within the military, however, today the political commissar is largely responsible for administrative tasks such as public relations and counseling, and mainly serves as second-in-command. The position of political commissar also exists in the Republic of China Army of the Republic of China, opposed to this was Sun Li-jen, who was educated at the American Virginia Military Institute. Chiang Ching-kuo then arrested Sun Li-jen, charging him of conspiring with the American CIA of plotting to overthrow Chiang Kaishek, Sun was placed under house arrest in 1955
Political commissar
–
Brigade commissar
Leonid Brezhnev (right) giving a Communist party membership card to a soldier (1942)
31.
Soviet Northern Fleet
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The Northern Fleet is a unit of the Russian Navy responsible for the defense of northwestern Russia. The fleet has access to the Arctic and Atlantic oceans from bases on the Barents, the fleet headquarters and administrative center are located at the main base at Severomorsk with secondary bases elsewhere in the Kola Bay. The fleet was established as part of the Soviet Navy in 1937, the fleet operated more than 200 submarines ranging from diesel-electric attack to nuclear-powered ballistic missile classes during the Soviet Era. A civilian Northern Fleet also existed prior to the Second World War, on June 19,1916, the Russian Empire formed the Arctic Sea Flotilla to safeguard Allied transportation routes through the Barents Sea from German naval forces. After the October Revolution, the Soviet Navy formed the White Sea Flotilla in March 1920, the White Sea Flotilla was renamed as the Naval Forces of the North Sea and disbanded in January 1923. The Northern Flotilla was formed in early 1933 by transferring patrol boats Smerch and Uragan, D-class submarines Dekabrist and Narodovolyets and these ships departed from Kronstadt on 18 May 1933 and arrived at Murmansk on 5 August. Another destroyer, another boat, another submarine, and two minesweepers joined the flotilla at Soroka in September 1933. Polyarny became the main base, and a flight of MBR-2 flying boats joined the unit at Murmansk in September 1935. The Northern Flotilla received new ships, airfields, coastal and air defense artillery, the Northern fleet blocked the Finnish military base at Petsamo through the Winter War of 1939 and 1940. By June 1941, the fleet included 8 destroyers,15 submarines,2 torpedo boats,7 patrol boats,2 minesweepers, in August 1940, the Soviets created the White Sea Military Base to defend the coastline, bases, ports, and other installations. The White Sea Flotilla was established in August 1941 under the command of Rear-Admiral M. Dolinin, subsequent commanders were Vice Admiral G. Stepanov, Rear-Admiral Stepan Kucherov, and Vice-Admiral Yuri Panteleyev. Marines and up to 10,000 Northern Fleet personnel participated in land including the Petsamo-Kirkenes Operation of 1944. Northern Fleet Naval Infantry units caused tens of thousands of Nazi casualties fighting during the Moscow, Leningrad, Stalingrad, among the air units of the Northern Fleet was the 121st Fighter Aviation Regiment. The Northern Fleet was reinforced with aircraft and ships from the Pacific Ocean and Caspian Sea. During the war, the Northern Fleet secured safe passage for 1,463 ships in convoys and 2,568 ships in internal convoys. Its submarines, torpedo boats, and aviation sank 192 enemy transport ships and 70 other hostile military ships, the Northern Fleet also damaged a total of 118 transport, military, and auxiliary ships. Soviet submarine K-21, under the command of Captain Nikolai Lunin, attacked the German battleship Tirpitz at 71°22 2N, the К-21 logbook reports observation of two torpedo explosions, but no damage is reported by German sources. Ships were lost fighting against unequal odds, patrol boat Tuman, a former trawler, was sunk by three Kriegsmarine destroyers at the entrance to Kola Bay on August 4,1941
Soviet Northern Fleet
–
A Soviet landing party heading for
Kirkenes,
Norway.
Soviet Northern Fleet
–
Northern Fleet sleeve ensign
32.
Langley, Virginia
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Langley is an unincorporated community in the census-designated place of McLean in Fairfax County, Virginia, United States. Langley is often used as a metonym for the Central Intelligence Agency, as it is home to its headquarters, the land which makes up Langley today once belonged to Thomas Lee, former Crown Governor of the Colony of Virginia from 1749 to 1750. Lee’s land was named Langley in honor of Langley Hall, which was part of the Lee home estate in Shropshire, in 1839,700 acres of land was purchased by Benjamin Mackall from the Lee family, while keeping the name. The community was absorbed into McLean many years ago, although there is still a Langley High School. It is now referred to as Upper McLean. In addition to being a community for Washington, D. C. The animated TV show American Dad. created by Seth MacFarlane, is set in Langley Falls, Langley Falls is the fictional community where the Smith family reside in the Washington, D. C. metropolitan area. The town name is a portmanteau of Langley and Great Falls and it could also be a portmanteau of Langley and Falls Church. Falls Church, however, is an independent city, the Emmy Award-winning show Homeland takes place in Langley. In the later games of the Syphon Filter series, the Agency, gabe Logan, the lead character of the series and head of the Agency, is shown to also live in Langley. The TV show Covert Affairs is set in the city of Langley, the Weird Al Yankovic song Party in the CIA refers to Langley. Langley is mentioned in the song Watch the World by Box Car Racer, singer-songwriter Tori Amos mentions Langley in her song Gold Dust, which is included in her 2002 released album Scarlets Walk. In the Clutch song 50,000 Unstoppable Watts Neil Fallon states Your friends from Langley are back again, in the song Payback, the rapper Immortal Technique states Langley, Virginia, where my connect for cocaine is. Eda, a character from the anime series Black Lagoon, admits before killing a foe that her hometown is actually Langley, Virginia, in the second season of Quantico, the premise of the show shifts from the FBI to the CIA. In one of the episodes, the CIA recruits are tasked to complete part of their training exercise at the headquarters in Langley. Quantico, Virginia Why Is It Named Langley, Virginia, - Ghosts of DC history blog
Langley, Virginia
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Langley High School, pictured here in June 2008, serves much of northeastern Fairfax County, Virginia. Visible on the left is the five stone memorial to the families affected by the September 11 attack on the Pentagon.
33.
Secret Intelligence Service
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The Secret Intelligence Service, commonly known as MI6, is the foreign intelligence agency of the British government. The SIS Chief is held accountable to the Foreign Secretary, SIS is bound by the Intelligence Services Act 1994. The name MI6 was used as a flag of convenience during the First World War when it was known by many names, the existence of the SIS was not officially acknowledged until 1994. It forms a part of the UKs intelligence machinery alongside GCHQ, MI5, in late 2010, the head of SIS delivered what he said was the first public address by a serving chief of the agency in its then 101-year history. The remarks of Sir John Sawers primarily focused on the relationship between the need for secrecy and the goal of maintaining security within the UK and his remarks acknowledged the tensions caused by secrecy in an era of leaks and pressure for ever-greater disclosure. Since 1995, the SIS headquarters have been at Vauxhall Cross on the South Bank of the River Thames, the service derived from the Secret Service Bureau, which was founded in 1909. The bureau was split into naval and army sections which, over time, specialised in foreign espionage and internal counter-espionage activities and this specialisation was because the Admiralty wanted to know the maritime strength of the Imperial German Navy. This specialisation was formalised before 1914 and its first director was Captain Sir George Mansfield Smith-Cumming, who often dropped the Smith in routine communication. He typically signed correspondence with his initial C in green ink and this usage evolved as a code name, and has been adhered to by all subsequent directors of SIS when signing documents to retain anonymity. The services performance during the First World War was mixed, because it was unable to establish a network in Germany itself, most of its results came from military and commercial intelligence collected through networks in neutral countries, occupied territories, and Russia. After the war, resources were reduced but during the 1920s. In August 1919, Cumming created the new passport control department, the post of Passport Control Officer provided operatives with diplomatic immunity. Circulating Sections established intelligence requirements and passed the intelligence back to its consumer departments, mainly the War Office, the debate over the future structure of British Intelligence continued at length after the end of hostilities but Cumming managed to engineer the return of the Service to Foreign Office control. In the immediate post-war years under Sir George Mansfield Smith-Cumming and throughout most of the 1920s, SIS was focused on Communism, in particular, Russian Bolshevism. Smith-Cumming died suddenly at his home on 14 June 1923, shortly before he was due to retire, an economic intelligence section, Section VII, to deal with trade, industrial and contraband. A clandestine radio communications organisation, Section VIII, to communicate with operatives, Section N to exploit the contents of foreign diplomatic bags Section D to conduct political covert actions and paramilitary operations in time of war. Section D would organise the Home Defence Scheme resistance organisation in the UK, with the emergence of Germany as a threat following the ascendence of the Nazis, in the early 1930s attention was shifted in that direction. Sinclair died in 1939, after an illness, and was replaced as C by Lt Col. Stewart Menzies, the extensive double-cross system run by MI5 to feed misleading intelligence to the Germans Imagery intelligence activities conducted by the RAF Photographic Reconnaissance Unit
Secret Intelligence Service
–
A young Englishman, member of the Secret Intelligence Service, in
Yatung (bo), photographed by
Ernst Schäfer in 1939
Secret Intelligence Service
–
Operation Gold: the Berlin tunnel in 1956
Secret Intelligence Service
–
The SIS building at
Vauxhall Cross, London, seen from
Vauxhall Bridge
34.
U.S. Naval Academy
–
The United States Naval Academy is a four-year coeducational federal service academy in Annapolis, Maryland, United States. The entire campus is a National Historic Landmark and home to historic sites, buildings. It replaced Philadelphia Naval Asylum, in Philadelphia, that served as the first United States Naval Academy from 1838 to 1845 when the Naval Academy formed in Annapolis. Candidates for admission generally must both apply directly to the academy and receive a nomination, usually from a Member of Congress, students are officers-in-training and are referred to as midshipmen. Tuition for midshipmen is fully funded by the Navy in exchange for an active duty service obligation upon graduation, approximately 1,200 plebes enter the Academy each summer for the rigorous Plebe Summer, but only about 1,000 midshipmen graduate. The United States Naval Academy has some of the highest paid graduates in the according to starting salary. Midshipmen are required to adhere to the academys Honor Concept, the United States Naval Academys campus is located in Annapolis, Maryland, at the confluence of the Severn River and the Chesapeake Bay. In its 2016 edition, U. S. News & World Report ranked the U. S. Naval Academy as the No.1 public liberal arts college and tied for the 9th best overall liberal arts college in the U. S. In the category of High School Counselor Rankings of National Liberal Arts Colleges, Military Academy and the U. S. Air Force Academy, and is tied for the No.5 spot for Best Undergraduate Engineering program at schools where doctorates not offered. In 2016, Forbes ranked the U. S. Naval Academy as No.24 overall in its report Americas Top Colleges, nominations may be made by members of and delegates to Congress, the President or Vice-President, the Secretary of the Navy or certain other sources. Candidates must also pass a fitness test and a thorough medical exam as part of the application process. In the 21st century, there have been about 1,200 students in each new class of plebes, the U. S. government pays for tuition, room, and board. Midshipmen receive monthly pay of $1,017.00, as of 2015, from this amount, pay is automatically deducted for the cost of uniforms, books, supplies, services, and other miscellaneous expenses. Midshipmen only receive a portion of their pay in cash while the rest is released during firstie year. Midshipmen fourth-class to midshipmen second-class receive monthly stipends of $100, $200, $300, Midshipmen first-class receive the difference between pay and outstanding expenses. Students at the academy are addressed as Midshipman, an official military rank. The same term comprises both males and females, upon graduation, most naval academy midshipmen are commissioned as ensigns in the Navy or second lieutenants in the Marine Corps and serve a minimum of five years after their commissioning. If they are selected to serve as a pilot, they will serve 8–11 years minimum from their date of winging, Foreign midshipmen are commissioned into the armed forces of their native countries
U.S. Naval Academy
–
Rotunda steps leading to Memorial Hall
U.S. Naval Academy
–
United States Naval Academy
U.S. Naval Academy
–
United States Naval Academy in Annapolis MD
U.S. Naval Academy
–
U.S. Naval Academy in 1853
35.
USS Dallas (SSN-700)
–
USS Dallas is a Los Angeles-class nuclear-powered attack submarine of the United States Navy. She is the Navys second vessel of that name, and the first to be named after the city of Dallas, Texas, although another two ships were scheduled but never completed. The contract to build Dallas was awarded to the Electric Boat Division of General Dynamics Corporation in Groton, Connecticut on 31 October 1973 and her keel was laid down on 9 October 1976. She was launched on 28 April 1979 sponsored by Mrs. William P. Clements, Jr. and commissioned on 18 July 1981, Dallas was the first submarine of the Los Angeles class to be originally built with an all-digital fire control system and sonar system. After commissioning, Dallas was attached to Submarine Development Squadron 12, New London, Connecticut, since September 1988, Dallas has been a member of Submarine Squadron 2, New London, Connecticut. During her time with Squadron 2, she completed the first ever Depot Modernization Period, Dallas recently completed an Engineered Refueling Overhaul at the Portsmouth Naval Shipyard in Kittery, Maine. The D1G-2 core was replaced with a D2W core, Dallas has had a removable Dry Deck Shelter for over a decade. Dallas has completed one deployment to the Indian Ocean, four Mediterranean Sea deployments, on 27 August 1981 Dallas damaged her lower rudder when she ran aground while approaching the Atlantic Underwater Test and Evaluation Center site at Andros Island, Bahamas. The submarine worked herself free after several hours and returned on the surface to New London, Connecticut, in 2013 the US Navy announced that Dallas would be retired in 2014, however this was later extended to Fiscal Year 2017. The Dallas Maritime Museum, to be located along the banks of the Trinity River, is planned to some components of the original boat. Originally, it was planned to decommission Dallas in September 2014, in May 2013 officials with the city of Dallas, Texas announced a plan to create a maritime museum more than 250 miles from the nearest body of salt water. Mayor Mike Rawlings and members of a foundation formed to create the new facility revealed one of their goals is to acquire and display Dallas next to a 30, 000-square-foot museum building. However, on 30 May 2014, the U. S. Navy announced that the life for Dallas had been extended to fiscal year 2017. The U. S. Navy projected to save $10 million in Pre-Inactivation Restricted Availability costs as a result of the change, the Navy has stated that the disposition of Dallas following its eventual decommissioning is as yet undecided. Most recently, the Dallas Navy League was scheduled to host the 7-10 April 2017 decommissioning ceremony to place in Galveston. This was canceled by the organization citing financial difficulties, former members of the USS Dallas have launched an effort with public officials from the namesake city of Dallas and host city of Galveston to reinvigorate the ceremony for these same dates. Dallas received two Meritorious Unit Commendations, two Navy Unit Commendations and was awarded the Battle Efficiency E for FY1986,1991,1992,1993,1999,2000 and 2013. The ship is used in a minor role in several other Clancy books, as such
USS Dallas (SSN-700)
–
Dallas carrying a
Dry Deck Shelter.
USS Dallas (SSN-700)
–
Dallas returning from her 2013 deployment.
36.
Los Angeles class submarine
–
The Los Angeles class is a class of nuclear-powered fast attack submarines in service with the United States Navy. They represent two generations and close to half a century of the U. S. Navys attack submarine fleet, as of 2016,36 of the class are still in commission and 26 retired from service. Of the 26 retired boats,14 of them were laid up half way through their projected lifespans due to their midlife reactor refuelings being cancelled, a further four boats were proposed by the Navy, but later cancelled. The class has more operating nuclear submarines than any other in the world, all submarines of this class are named after American towns and cities, the exception being USS Hyman G. Rickover. This system of naming broke a tradition in the U. S. Navy of naming attack submarines for creatures of the ocean. In 1982 after building 31 boats, the class underwent a minor redesign, the last 23 saw a significant upgrade with the 688i improvement program. These boats are quieter, with advanced electronics, sensors. Externally they can be recognized quickly as the diving planes are placed at the bow rather than on the sail. According to the U. S. Department of Defense, the top speed of the submarines of the Los Angeles class is over 25 knots, some published estimates have placed their top speed at 30 to 33 knots. In his book Submarine, A Guided Tour Inside a Nuclear Warship, the U. S. Navy gives the maximum operating depth of the Los Angeles class as 650 ft, while Patrick Tyler, in his book Running Critical, suggests a maximum operating depth of 950 ft. Although Tyler cites the 688-class design committee for this figure, the government has not commented on it, the maximum diving depth is 1,475 ft according to Janes Fighting Ships, 2004–2005 Edition, edited by Commodore Stephen Saunders of the Royal Navy. The last 31 boats of this also have 12 dedicated vertical launching system tubes for launching Tomahawks. Over close to forty years the suite of the class has changed dramatically. The class was equipped with the Mk 113 mod 10 Fire control system. The Mk 113 runs on a UYK-7 computer, the Mk 117 FCS, the first all digital fire control system replaced the Mk 113. The first 688 sub to be built with the Mk 117 was SSN-700, the Mark 1 Combat Control System/All Digital Attack Center replaced the Mk 117 FCS which it was based on. The Mk 1 CCS was built by Lockheed Martin, and gave the class the ability to fire Tomahawk missiles, the CSS internal tracker model provides processing for both towed array and spherical array trackers. Trackers are signal followers which generate bearing, arrival angle and frequency based on information received by an acoustic sensor
Los Angeles class submarine
–
USS Asheville arrives at
Naval Base Point Loma,
California in November 2005.
Los Angeles class submarine
–
The aft end of the control room for
USS Jefferson City in June 2009
Los Angeles class submarine
–
A portside bow view of the fore section of
USS Santa Fe tied up at the pier in February 1994: The doors of the Mark 36 vertical launch system for the Tomahawk missiles are in the "open" position.
Los Angeles class submarine
–
USS Greeneville with an attached
ASDS
37.
Commander (United States)
–
In the United States, commander is a military rank that is also sometimes used as a military billet title, depending on the branch of service. It is also used as a rank or title in some organizations outside the military, particularly in police, the commander rank started out as Master and Commander in 1674 within the British Navy for the officer responsible for sailing a ship under the Captain and some times second-in-command. Sub-captain, under-captain, rector and master-commanding was also used for the same position, with the Master and Commander also serving as captain of smaller ships, the British Navy subsumed as the third and lowest of three grades of captain given the various sizes of ships. The American Continental Navy adopted the tri-graded captain ranks, Captain 2nd Grade, or Master Commandant, became Commander in 1838. Commander ranks above lieutenant commander and below captain, Commander is equivalent to the rank of lieutenant colonel in the other uniformed services. Notably, it is the first rank at which the holder wears an embellished cap, whereas officers of the other services are entitled to embellishment at O-4 rank. A commander in the U. S. Navy may command a frigate, destroyer, submarine, aviation squadron or small shore activity, or may serve on a staff afloat or ashore, or a larger vessel afloat. An officer in the rank of commander who commands a vessel may also be referred to as captain as a courtesy title, commanding officers of aviation squadrons and shore activities may also be informally referred to as skipper but never as captain. Although it exists largely as a training organization, the U. S. Maritime Service also has the grade of commander. The commission is appointed by the President via the Secretary of Transportation, for example, the senior officer in a U. S. Navy aviation squadron is the commanding officer because he or she is in command of that singular unit. That officers immediate superior in command will likely be an air group or air wing commander and this is in keeping with the naval tradition of commanding officers commanding single units, but commanders commanding multiple units. The Los Angeles Police Department was one of the first American police departments to use this rank, a commander is the third-highest rank in the force, above the rank of captain and below deputy chief. Duties are as commanding officer of Community Affairs, Internal Affairs, Governmental Liaison, Narcotics, Organized Crime and Vice, Criminal Intelligence, Detective Services, the San Francisco Police Department also has a Commander rank. Like the LAPD, it is above Captain and below Deputy Chief, the Metropolitan Police Department of the District of Columbia uses the rank of commander. The rank falls between those of inspector and assistant chief, the Rochester Police Department uses the rank of commander. Higher than captain and below deputy chief, the rank is achieved by appointment, Commander is the rank held by the two patrol division heads and other commanders fill various administrative roles. The Saint Paul Police Department is another force that uses the rank of commander. In the Saint Paul Police Department, commanders serve as the chief of the district/unit that they oversee, many police departments in the Midwest use the rank of commander
Commander (United States)
–
U.S. Navy commander Ann Clair Phillips, first
commanding officer of
USS Mustin, in 2003.
Commander (United States)
–
U.S. Navy commander Michele Day of
USS Benfold.
38.
Mid-Atlantic Ridge
–
In the North Atlantic, it separates the Eurasian and North American Plates, whereas in the South Atlantic it separates the African and South American Plates. The ridge extends from a junction with the Gakkel Ridge northeast of Greenland southward to the Bouvet Triple Junction in the South Atlantic, although the Mid-Atlantic Ridge is mostly an underwater feature, portions of it have enough elevation to extend above sea level. The section of the ridge that includes the island of Iceland is also known as the Reykjanes Ridge, the ridge has an average spreading rate of about 2.5 cm per year. A ridge under the Atlantic Ocean was first inferred by Matthew Fontaine Maury in 1850, the ridge was discovered during the expedition of HMS Challenger in 1872. A team of scientists on board, led by Charles Wyville Thomson, the existence of such a ridge was confirmed by sonar in 1925 and was found to extend around the Cape of Good Hope into the Indian Ocean by the German Meteor expedition. Ewing, Heezen and Tharp discovered that the ridge is part of a 40, the ridge is central to the breakup of the hypothetical supercontinent of Pangaea that began some 180 million years ago. The Mid-Atlantic Ridge includes a deep valley that runs along the axis of the ridge along nearly its entire length. This rift marks the boundary between adjacent tectonic plates, where magma from the mantle reaches the seafloor, erupting as lava. This trench, however, is not regarded as the boundary between the North and South American Plates, nor the Eurasian and African Plates and this bulge is thought to be caused by upward convective forces in the asthenosphere pushing the oceanic crust and lithosphere. This divergent boundary first formed in the Triassic period, when a series of three-armed grabens coalesced on the supercontinent Pangaea to form the ridge, usually, only two arms of any given three-armed graben become part of a divergent plate boundary. The failed arms are called aulacogens, and the aulacogens of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge eventually became many of the river valleys seen along the Americas. The Fundy Basin on the Atlantic coast of North America between New Brunswick and Nova Scotia in Canada is evidence of the ancestral Mid-Atlantic Ridge, atlantis Massif Central Atlantic Magmatic Province Fifteen-Twenty Fracture Zone Evans, Rachel. Plumbing Depths to Reach New Heights, Marie Tharp Explains Marine Geological Maps, the Library of Congress Information Bulletin. MAR-ECO, a Census of Marine Life project on life along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge
Mid-Atlantic Ridge
–
A
fissure of the ridge in the Þingvellir National Park, Iceland
Mid-Atlantic Ridge
–
A map of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge
Mid-Atlantic Ridge
–
A rock outcrop of the ridge at Thingvellir in Iceland
39.
Royal Navy
–
The Royal Navy is the United Kingdoms naval warfare force. Although warships were used by the English kings from the medieval period. The modern Royal Navy traces its origins to the early 16th century, from the middle decades of the 17th century and through the 18th century, the Royal Navy vied with the Dutch Navy and later with the French Navy for maritime supremacy. From the mid 18th century it was the worlds most powerful navy until surpassed by the United States Navy during the Second World War. The Royal Navy played a key part in establishing the British Empire as the world power during the 19th. Due to this historical prominence, it is common, even among non-Britons, following World War I, the Royal Navy was significantly reduced in size, although at the onset of the Second World War it was still the worlds largest. By the end of the war, however, the United States Navy had emerged as the worlds largest, during the Cold War, the Royal Navy transformed into a primarily anti-submarine force, hunting for Soviet submarines, mostly active in the GIUK gap. The Royal Navy is part of Her Majestys Naval Service, which includes the Royal Marines. The professional head of the Naval Service is the First Sea Lord, the Defence Council delegates management of the Naval Service to the Admiralty Board, chaired by the Secretary of State for Defence. The strength of the fleet of the Kingdom of England was an important element in the power in the 10th century. English naval power declined as a result of the Norman conquest. Medieval fleets, in England as elsewhere, were almost entirely composed of merchant ships enlisted into service in time of war. Englands naval organisation was haphazard and the mobilisation of fleets when war broke out was slow, early in the war French plans for an invasion of England failed when Edward III of England destroyed the French fleet in the Battle of Sluys in 1340. Major fighting was confined to French soil and Englands naval capabilities sufficed to transport armies and supplies safely to their continental destinations. Such raids halted finally only with the occupation of northern France by Henry V. Henry VII deserves a large share of credit in the establishment of a standing navy and he embarked on a program of building ships larger than heretofore. He also invested in dockyards, and commissioned the oldest surviving dry dock in 1495 at Portsmouth, a standing Navy Royal, with its own secretariat, dockyards and a permanent core of purpose-built warships, emerged during the reign of Henry VIII. Under Elizabeth I England became involved in a war with Spain, the new regimes introduction of Navigation Acts, providing that all merchant shipping to and from England or her colonies should be carried out by English ships, led to war with the Dutch Republic. In the early stages of this First Anglo-Dutch War, the superiority of the large, heavily armed English ships was offset by superior Dutch tactical organisation and the fighting was inconclusive
Royal Navy
–
Royal Navy
Royal Navy
–
The
Battle of Sluys as depicted in
Froissart's Chronicles; late 14th century
Royal Navy
–
A late 16th century painting of the
Spanish Armada in battle with English warships
Royal Navy
–
The Dutch
Raid on the Medway in 1667 during the Second Anglo–Dutch War
40.
HMS Invincible (R05)
–
HMS Invincible was the Royal Navys lead ship of the three light aircraft carriers in her class. She was launched on 3 May 1977 as the ship to carry the name. She saw action in the Falklands War when she was deployed with HMS Hermes, Invincible was also deployed in the Yugoslav Wars and the Second Gulf War. In 2005, she was decommissioned and eventually sold for scrap to the Turkish company Leyal Ship Recycling in February 2011, Invincible was built at Barrow-in-Furness by Vickers Shipbuilding and Engineering. She was laid down in 1973, launched on 3 May 1977 and commissioned on 11 July 1980, whereafter she joined the other carriers Hermes. The sale was confirmed by the Ministry of Defence, on 2 April 1982, however, Argentina invaded the Falkland Islands. Along with eight Sea Harriers, the Invincibles airgroup included twelve Sea King helicopters that were larger than the ship had originally been designed to accommodate. Small machine guns were added around the deck and island for close-in defence. As the 707 would be no threat to the fleet, Woodward ordered Weapons Tight. The Harrier pilot reported that it was a Brazilian airliner, with all the normal navigation, on 1 June, Australian Prime Minister Malcolm Fraser advised the British government that the sale of Invincible to Australia could be cancelled if desired. In July 1983, a year after the end of the Falklands conflict, although Argentina claimed to have damaged the ship during the conflict, this was officially denied by the British government and no evidence of any such damage has been produced or uncovered. Between 1993 and 1995, Invincible was deployed in the Adriatic for Operation Deny Flight, in 1997, flying the flag of Rear-Admiral Alan West, Commander UK Task Group, Invincible led a deployment that included 3 Commando Brigade Royal Marines. During the following two years, Invincible contributed to Operation Bolton in southern Iraq before she was redeployed to the Balkans to support the NATO action against Yugoslavia over Kosovo, there, while her helicopters aided refugees, her Harriers were involved in military strikes. On 6 June 2005, the Ministry of Defence announced that Invincible would be inactive until 2010 and she was decommissioned on 3 August 2005, twenty months after an extensive refit that had been intended to give her ten more years of service. Illustrious succeeded her as the services flagship, the Royal Navy maintained that Invincible could have been deployed had the need arisen and that Navy policy assumed she was still an active aircraft carrier. In March 2010, Invincible was tied up and minimally maintained with other decommissioned ships up-river of HMNB Portsmouth. On 10 September 2010, she was struck off the Naval Reserve List and, in December, the DSA tender documents confirmed that the ships engines had been removed and that its generators and pumps were generally unserviceable or not working. In light, however, of Chinas re-arming of the Varyag – bought under a similar pretext –, a month later, in February 2011, BBC News reported that the Ministry of Defence had announced the sale of Invincible to Leyal Ship Recycling in Turkey
HMS Invincible (R05)
–
HMS Invincible in 1990
HMS Invincible (R05)
–
Invincible in the South Atlantic, during the Falklands War
HMS Invincible (R05)
–
Invincible returns to the
Solent after the Falklands War
HMS Invincible (R05)
–
Invincible as part of the
International Fleet Review in June 2005
41.
Scuttling
–
Scuttling is the deliberate sinking of a ship by allowing water to flow into the hull. This can be achieved in several ways—valves or hatches can be opened to the sea and their success would have halted his inland march and conquest of the Aztec Empire. HMS Sapphire was a 32-gun, fifth-rate sailing frigate of the Royal Navy in Newfoundland Colony to protect the English migratory fishery, the vessel was trapped in Bay Bulls harbour by four French naval vessels led by Jacques-François de Brouillan. To avoid capture, the English scuttled the vessel on 11 September 1696, the British sank one ship on October 10,1781 to prevent it from getting captured by the French fleet. During the Belgian war of independence, Dutch gunboat commander Jan van Speijk came under attack from a mob of Antwerp labourers. When they forced him and his crew to surrender, he ignited a barrel of gunpowder, thus sinking his ship and killing himself, according to tradition, in his last words he said hed rather be blown up than become a Belgian. Van Speijk went on to become a hero in The Netherlands. After the war, it became a challenge to recover the ships. In 1861, the Federal steam frigate Merrimack was set afire in Gosport Shipyard to keep her from falling into Confederate hands, the unsuccessful attempt at scuttling enabled the Confederate Navy to raise and rebuild her as Virginia. Virginia was later sunk by the Confederates after her famous battle with USS Monitor to keep her from being taken back. During the War of the Pacific, as Chilean troops entered Lima and El Callao, in August 1914, SS Kaiser Wilhelm der Grosse was requisitioned by the Kaiserliche Marine and converted into an auxiliary cruiser, assigned to commerce raiding in the Atlantic. She was fitted with six 10.5 cm guns and two 37 mm guns, after sparing two passenger ships because they were carrying many women and children, she sank two freighters before she herself was sunk on 26 August 1914. She was caught refuelling off the shore of the then Spanish colony of Río de Oro in western Africa by the old British 6-inch gunned cruiser HMS Highflyer, badly outgunned, the ship eventually ran out of ammunition. The crew abandoned and scuttled her, British sources at the time insisted that Kaiser Wilhelm der Grosse sank because of the damage inflicted by Highflyer. In December 1914, SMS Dresden was the only German warship to escape destruction in the Battle of the Falkland Islands and she eluded her British pursuers for several more months, until she put into Más a Tierra in March 1915. Her engines were out and she had almost no coal left for her boilers. There, she was trapped by British cruisers, which violated Chilean neutrality, dresdens Executive Officer - the future Admiral Wilhelm Canaris - negotiated with the British and bought time for his shipmates to scuttle Dresden. Thetis, Intrepid and Iphigenia were filled with concrete then sent to block a critical canal, heavy defensive fire caused the Thetis to scuttle prematurely, the other two cruisers sank themselves successfully in the narrowest part of the canal
Scuttling
–
Monument to the Scuttled Ships by
Amandus Adamson, just off the promenade at
Sevastopol.
Scuttling
–
A ship lying underwater in Sevastopol, 1858.
Scuttling
–
Merrimack alight 20 April 1861.
Scuttling
–
SMS Hindenburg after scuttling in Scapa Flow.
42.
USS Ethan Allen (SSBN-608)
–
USS Ethan Allen, lead ship of her class, was the second ship of the United States Navy to be named for American Revolutionary War hero Ethan Allen. Ethan Allens keel was laid down by the Electric Boat Corporation of Groton and she was launched on 22 November 1960, sponsored by Mrs. Robert H. Hopkins, great-great-great-granddaughter of Ethan Allen. The ship was commissioned on 8 August 1961, with Captain Paul L. Lacy, Jr. commanding Blue Crew and Commander W. W. Behrens, Ethan Allen was the first submarine designed as a ballistic missile launch platform. She was constructed from HY80 steel, and was fitted with the Mark 2 Mod 3 Ships Inertial Navigation System, at launch, she was outfitted with Polaris A-2 submarine-launched ballistic missiles and Mark 16 Mod 6 torpedoes, the torpedo fire control system was the Mark 112 Mod 2. The A-2s would be replaced with Polaris A-3s and their gas/steam ejection launch gear and Mark 80 fire control systems during 1965, in addition, Ethan Allen was updated with Mark 37 and Mark 48 torpedoes during her operational lifetime. On 6 May 1962, Ethan Allen, under Captain Lacy and with Admiral Levering Smith aboard and that test, part of Operation Dominic, was the only complete operational test of an American strategic missile. The warhead was said to hit right in the pickle barrel, USS Carbonero and USS Medregal participated in the test, about 30 miles from the impact point. Ethan Allen was decommissioned on 31 March 1983 and stricken from the Naval Vessel Register on 2 April 1983 and her hulk was tied up in Bremerton, Washington, until entering the Nuclear Powered Ship-Submarine Recycling Program. Recycling was completed on 30 July 1999, the destruction of Ethan Allen was intended to simulate the explosion and sinking of a nuclear missile submarine, although the Ethan Allen–class submarines were considerably smaller than Typhoons. This eventually assists in the theft of the Red October, Ethan Allen also appears in the novel Footfall by Larry Niven and Jerry Pournelle. This article incorporates text from the public domain Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships, the entry can be found here
USS Ethan Allen (SSBN-608)
–
USS Ethan Allen (SSBN-608)
43.
Captain Lieutenant
–
Captain lieutenant or captain-lieutenant is a military rank, used in a number of navies worldwide and formerly in the British Army. It is generally equivalent to the Commonwealth or US rank of lieutenant, the same rank is used in the navies of Finland, Denmark and Norway. The Norwegian Navy goes a step further in ranking the kapteinløytnant as OF-3 when serving afloat, in the Estonian Navy the similarly sounding rank of kaptenleitnant is an officer rank classified as NATO OF-4, i. e. equal to commander in the Royal Navy and United States Navy. As the commander of the Estonian Navy is a captain, this is the de facto second highest rank in the Estonian Navy, the French Army of the Ancien Régime used a rank of capitaine-lieutenant very similar to the British one. It was mostly encountered in the Royal Guard, where the king was officially captain of most of the guard companies, dArtagnan is perhaps the most famous captain-lieutenant in French history, as commander of the first mousquetaire company. Kapitänleutnant is an OF2 rank equivalent to the Hauptmann in the German Army, see also In the Royal Netherlands Navy, a kapitein-luitenant ter zee is equivalent to a US Navy or Royal Navy commander. In the Portuguese Navy, a capitão-tenente is the equivalent naval rank to a British or American lieutenant commander, the Brazilian Navy uses the rank of capitão-tenente, in the same manner as the Navy of Portugal, but in contrast to those of other South American countries. It is equivalent to the USN and RN lieutenant, kapitan-leytenant is a rank in the Russian Navy, previously the Red Fleet/Soviet Navy and Imperial Russian Navy. It is the rank below a captain of the 3rd rank, in Soviet times, it may be achieved as early as an officers 5th year of service. In Russian and other East-European navies it is the most senior officer rank. The Russian Navy assigns this rank the two-and-a-half stripe insignia used in Britain, on the other hand, the US Navy considers this rank equivalent to lieutenant. In terms of responsibilities, officers of rank may serve as department heads on larger warships. Unlike the equivalent OF2-rank Kapitänleutnant in the German Navy, submarines are at least nominally not on the list of eligible positions, in the past, when the boats were smaller, captain-lieutenants were eligible for the submarine command. However, in current Soviet/Russian ship ranking no modern submarine is given 3rd rank and this reflects the high status of submarines, as all nuclear submarines are considered 1st rank and large and medium diesels 2nd rank, while smaller 3rd rank submarines simply arent built. Rank insignia IRA, Soviet Navy, RF Navy The rank is used by the navies of several ex-Soviet republics. It is used in the navies of Ukraine, Bulgaria and Latvia, captain-lieutenant was formerly a rank in the British Army, the senior subaltern rank, above lieutenant and below captain. A regiments field officers - its colonel, lieutenant colonel, and major - originally commanded their own companies and this left the colonels company without a captain. The lieutenant of this company thus became its acting captain and this state of affairs was formally recognised with the creation of the rank of captain-lieutenant, with its own entry in the table of prices for the purchase of commissions
Captain Lieutenant
–
Kapitan-leytenant
44.
Alfa class submarine
–
The Soviet Union/Russian Navy Project 705 was a class of hunter/killer nuclear-powered submarines. The class is known by the NATO reporting name of Alfa. They were the fastest class of submarines built, with only the prototype K-222 exceeding them in submerged speed. The Lira was a unique design among submarines, however, it also meant that the reactor had a short lifetime and had to be kept warm when it was not being used. As a result, the Liras were used as interceptors, mostly kept in ready for a high-speed dash into the North Atlantic. Project 705 was first proposed in 1957 by M. G, a special titanium alloy hull would be used to create a small, low drag,1,500 ton, six compartment vessel capable of very high speeds and deep diving. The submarine would operate as an interceptor, staying in harbor or on patrol route, a high-power liquid-metal-cooled nuclear plant was devised, which was kept liquid in port through external heating. Extensive automation would also reduce the needed crew numbers to just 16 men. A prototype of a design, the Project 661 or K-162 cruise missile submarine, was built at the SEVMASH shipyard in Severodvinsk. The long build time was caused by design flaws and difficulties in manufacture. Extensively tested and reconfigured, she was out of service following a reactor accident in 1980. She reportedly had a top speed of 44.7 knots and this combined with other reports created some alarm in the U. S. Navy and prompted the rapid development of the ADCAP torpedo program and the Sea Lance missile programs projects. The creation of the high-speed Spearfish torpedo by the Royal Navy was also a response to the threat posed by the capabilities of the Lira. Production started in 1964 as Project 705 with construction at both the Admiralty yard, Leningrad and at Sevmashpredpriyatiye, Severodvinsk, the lead unit was a Project 705 design and all subsequent were 705K. The first vessel was commissioned in 1971, Project 705 boats were intended to be experimental platforms themselves, to test all innovations and rectify their faults, that would afterwards found a new generation of submarines. This highly experimental nature mostly predetermined their future, in 1981, with the completion of the seventh vessel, production ended. All vessels were assigned to the Northern Fleet, the first vessel was decommissioned in 1974 and all seven before the end of 1996. The K-123 underwent a refit between 1983 and 1992 and had her reactor compartment replaced with a VM-4 pressurized water reactor, after being used for training she was officially decommissioned July 31,1996
Alfa class submarine
Alfa class submarine
–
Lira submarine (Project 705)
45.
Ohio-class submarine
–
The Ohio class is a class of nuclear-powered submarines currently used by the United States Navy. The navy has 18 Ohio-class submarines,14 ballistic missile submarines, the Ohio class was named after the lead submarine of this class, USS Ohio. The 14 Trident II SSBNs together carry approximately fifty percent of the total US active inventory of strategic thermonuclear warheads. All the Ohio-class submarines, except for USS Henry M. Jackson, are named for U. S. states, the Ohio-class submarines are the largest submarines ever built for the U. S. Navy. The Ohio-class submarines were designed specifically for extended war-deterrence patrols, each of these submarines is provided with two complete crews, called the Blue crew and the Gold crew, with each crew serving typically on 70- to 90-day deterrent patrols. To decrease the time in port for crew turnover and replenishment, the classs design allows the warship to operate for about fifteen years between major overhauls. These submarines are reported to be as quiet at their speed of 20 knots or more than the previous Lafayette-class submarines at 6 knots. Fire control for their Mark 48 torpedoes is carried out by Mark 118 Mod 2 system, the Ohio-class submarines were constructed from sections of hull, with each four-deck section being 42 ft in diameter. The sections were produced at the General Dynamics Electric Boat facility, Quonset Point, Rhode Island, the US Navy has a total of 18 Ohio-class submarines which consist of 14 ballistic missile submarines, and four cruise missile submarines. The SSBN submarines are known as Trident submarines, and provide the sea-based leg of the U. S. nuclear triad. Each SSBN submarine is armed with up to 24 Trident II submarine-launched ballistic missiles, each SSGN is capable of carrying 154 Tomahawk cruise missiles, plus a complement of Harpoon missiles to be fired through their torpedo tubes. The first eight Ohio-class submarines were armed at first with 24 Trident I C4 SLBMs, beginning with the ninth Trident submarine, Tennessee, the remaining boats were equipped with the larger, three-stage Trident II D5 missile. Starting with Alaska in 2000, the Navy began converting its remaining ballistic missile submarines armed with C4 missiles to carry D5 missiles and this task was completed in mid-2008. The first eight submarines had their home ports at Bangor, Washington, the remaining ten submarines originally had their home ports at Kings Bay, Georgia, replacing the Poseidon and Trident Backfit submarines of the Atlantic Fleet. During the conversion of the first four submarines to SSGNs, five of the submarines, Pennsylvania, Kentucky, Nebraska, Maine, further transfers occur as the strategic weapons goals of the United States change. In 2011, Ohio-class submarines carried out 28 deterrent patrols, each patrol lasts around 70 days. Four boats are on station in designated areas at any given time. From January to June 2014, Pennsylvania carried out a 140-day-long patrol, after the end of the Cold War, plans called for Ohio to be retired in 2002, followed by three of her sister boats
Ohio-class submarine
–
USS Michigan (SSBN-727) at a drydock, in November 2002.
Ohio-class submarine
–
USS Ohio being converted from an SSBN to an SSGN in March 2004.
Ohio-class submarine
–
The helm of the Ohio -class guided-missile submarine, USS Florida (SSGN-728), in March 2010.
Ohio-class submarine
–
Artist's concept of an Ohio -class SSGN launching
Tomahawk Land Attack Missiles.
46.
Rules of engagement
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They provide authorization for and/or limits on, among other things, the use of force and the employment of certain specific capabilities. In some nations, ROE have the status of guidance to military forces, while in other nations, Rules of engagement do not normally dictate how a result is to be achieved, but will indicate what measures may be unacceptable. While ROE are used in domestic and international operations by most militaries, ROE are not used for domestic operations in the United States. Instead, the use of force by the U. S. military in such situations is governed by Rules for the Use of Force, an abbreviated description of the rules of engagement may be issued to all personnel. Commonly referred to as an ROE card, this document provides the soldier with a summary of the ROE regulating the use of force for a particular mission, while many countries have their own rules of engagement documents, many others do not. Several countries have used the San Remo handbook as a model for creating their own ROE systems, the International Institute of Humanitarian Law in San Remo, Italy conducts a rules of engagement training course at least once per year, usually in September. Taught by some of the worlds foremost authorities on ROE, the course students from around the globe. Similar training by the San Remo ROE drafting team is conducted for the United Nations, staff colleges, often, violations of the laws of war are confused with violations of rules of engagement. Rules of engagement delineate the amount of force or other actions that a military force may employ during an operation. Breaches of the Geneva Conventions and other laws of war fall outside of ROE. While some courts have found that an error in judgement in determining a hostile act or hostile intent is a breach of ROE, the question that must be asked in such cases is Did the Soldier have authority to use deadly force during this mission. If the answer is yes, and the issue is self-defense, then attention must be turned to whether or not that force was reasonable and necessary in the circumstances. Likewise, in situations of murder of prisoners of war/detainees, in most cases, however, when a prisoner of war/detainee is held under captivity, that person is afforded special protection under international humanitarian law. If the detained person is abused or murdered, the violation is one of the criminal law
Rules of engagement
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Rules of Engagement for
Operation Provide Relief, 1992
47.
Norfolk
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Norfolk /ˈnɔːrfək/ is a county in East Anglia in England. It borders Lincolnshire to the west and north-west, Cambridgeshire to the west and southwest and its northern and eastern boundaries are the North Sea and, to the north-west, The Wash. With an area of 2,074 square miles and a population of 859,400, of the countys population, 40% live in four major built up areas, Norwich, Great Yarmouth, Kings Lynn and Thetford. The Broads is a network of rivers and lakes in the east of the county, the area is not a National Park although it is marketed as such. It has similar status to a park, and is protected by the Broads Authority. Norfolk was settled in times, with camps along the higher land in the west. A Brythonic tribe, the Iceni, inhabited the county from the 1st century BC to the end of the 1st century AD, the Iceni revolted against the Roman invasion in AD47, and again in 60 led by Boudica. The crushing of the second opened the county to the Romans. During the Roman era roads and ports were constructed throughout the county, situated on the east coast, Norfolk was vulnerable to invasions from Scandinavia and Northern Europe, and forts were built to defend against the Angles and Saxons. Norfolk, Suffolk and several adjacent areas became the kingdom of East Anglia, the influence of the Early English settlers can be seen in the many place names ending in -ton and -ham. Endings such as -by and -thorpe are also common, indicating Danish place names, in the 9th century the region came under attack. In the centuries before the Norman Conquest the wetlands of the east of the county began to be converted to farmland, and settlements grew in these areas. Migration into East Anglia must have high, by the time of the Domesday Book survey it was one of the most densely populated parts of the British Isles. During the high and late Middle Ages the county developed arable agriculture, the economy was in decline by the time of the Black Death, which dramatically reduced the population in 1349. During the English Civil War Norfolk was largely Parliamentarian, the economy and agriculture of the region declined somewhat. During the Industrial Revolution Norfolk developed little industry except in Norwich which was an addition to the railway network. In the 20th century the county developed a role in aviation, during the Second World War agriculture rapidly intensified, and it has remained very intensive since, with the establishment of large fields for growing cereals and oilseed rape. Norfolks low-lying land and easily eroded cliffs, many of which are chalk and clay, make it vulnerable to the sea, the low-lying section of coast between Kelling and Lowestoft Ness in Suffolk is currently managed by the Environment Agency to protect the Broads from sea flooding
Norfolk
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Wells-next-the-Sea.
Norfolk
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Flag
Norfolk
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River Wensum, Norwich.
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Norwich Cathedral: Spire and south transept.
48.
London
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London /ˈlʌndən/ is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom. Standing on the River Thames in the south east of the island of Great Britain and it was founded by the Romans, who named it Londinium. Londons ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its 1. 12-square-mile medieval boundaries. London is a global city in the arts, commerce, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research and development, tourism. It is crowned as the worlds largest financial centre and has the fifth- or sixth-largest metropolitan area GDP in the world, London is a world cultural capital. It is the worlds most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the worlds largest city airport system measured by passenger traffic, London is the worlds leading investment destination, hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city. Londons universities form the largest concentration of education institutes in Europe. In 2012, London became the first city to have hosted the modern Summer Olympic Games three times, London has a diverse range of people and cultures, and more than 300 languages are spoken in the region. Its estimated mid-2015 municipal population was 8,673,713, the largest of any city in the European Union, Londons urban area is the second most populous in the EU, after Paris, with 9,787,426 inhabitants at the 2011 census. The citys metropolitan area is the most populous in the EU with 13,879,757 inhabitants, the city-region therefore has a similar land area and population to that of the New York metropolitan area. London was the worlds most populous city from around 1831 to 1925, Other famous landmarks include Buckingham Palace, the London Eye, Piccadilly Circus, St Pauls Cathedral, Tower Bridge, Trafalgar Square, and The Shard. The London Underground is the oldest underground railway network in the world, the etymology of London is uncertain. It is an ancient name, found in sources from the 2nd century and it is recorded c.121 as Londinium, which points to Romano-British origin, and hand-written Roman tablets recovered in the city originating from AD 65/70-80 include the word Londinio. The earliest attempted explanation, now disregarded, is attributed to Geoffrey of Monmouth in Historia Regum Britanniae and this had it that the name originated from a supposed King Lud, who had allegedly taken over the city and named it Kaerlud. From 1898, it was accepted that the name was of Celtic origin and meant place belonging to a man called *Londinos. The ultimate difficulty lies in reconciling the Latin form Londinium with the modern Welsh Llundain, which should demand a form *lōndinion, from earlier *loundiniom. The possibility cannot be ruled out that the Welsh name was borrowed back in from English at a later date, and thus cannot be used as a basis from which to reconstruct the original name. Until 1889, the name London officially applied only to the City of London, two recent discoveries indicate probable very early settlements near the Thames in the London area
London
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Palace of Westminster,
Buckingham Palace and
Central London skyline
London
London
London
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The name London may derive from the
River Thames
49.
Alec Baldwin
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Alexander Rae Alec Baldwin III is an American actor, writer, producer, and comedian. A member of the Baldwin family, he is the oldest of the four Baldwin brothers, Baldwin first gained recognition appearing on seasons 6 and 7 of the CBS television drama Knots Landing, in the role of Joshua Rush. His performance in the 2003 romantic drama The Cooler garnered him a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor, Baldwin co-starred in Mission, Impossible – Rogue Nation, the fifth installment of the Mission, Impossible series, released on July 31,2015. He is also a columnist for The Huffington Post, since 2016, he has been the host of Match Game. He has three brothers, Daniel, William, and Stephen, who also became actors. He also has two sisters, Beth and Jane, Alec and his siblings were raised as Roman Catholics. They are of English, Irish, Scottish, French-Canadian, Baldwin attended Alfred G. Berner High School in Massapequa and played football there under Coach Bob Reifsnyder. In New York City, Baldwin worked as a busboy at the disco Studio 54, from 1976 to 1979, he attended George Washington University, afterward transferring to New York Universitys Tisch School of the Arts. There he studied with, among others, Geoffrey Horne and Mira Rostova at the Lee Strasberg Theatre Institute, Later, Baldwin made his Broadway debut in 1986 in a revival of Joe Ortons Loot alongside Zoë Wanamaker, Željko Ivanek, Joseph Maher, and Charles Keating. This production closed after three months, Baldwin also received an Emmy nomination for the 1995 television version of the production, in which both he and Jessica Lange reprised their roles, alongside John Goodman and Diane Lane. In 1998, Baldwin played the role in Macbeth at The Public Theater alongside Angela Bassett. In 2004, Baldwin starred in a revival of Twentieth Century with Anne Heche, on June 9,2005, he appeared in a concert version of the Rodgers and Hammerstein musical South Pacific at Carnegie Hall. He starred as Luther Billis, alongside Reba McEntire as Nellie, the production was taped and telecast by PBS on April 26,2006. In 2006, Baldwin made theater news in Roundabout Theatre Companys Off-Broadway revival of Joe Ortons Entertaining Mr. Sloane. In 2010, Baldwin starred opposite Sam Underwood in an acclaimed revival of Peter Shaffers Equus, directed by Tony Walton at Guild Hall in East Hampton. Baldwin has returned to Broadway as Harold in Orphans, the show, which opened April 18,2013, was also to have starred Shia LaBeouf as Treat, but LaBoeuf left the production in rehearsals and was replaced by Ben Foster. Baldwins first acting role was as Billy Aldrich in the NBC daytime soap opera The Doctors from 1980 to 1982, in fall 1983, he starred in the short-lived television series Cutter to Houston. He went on to appear as the brother of Valene Ewing, in 1986, Baldwin starred in Dress Gray, a four-hour made-for-television miniseries, as an honest cadet sergeant who tries to solve the mystery of a murdered gay classmate
Alec Baldwin
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Baldwin in 2012
50.
Jack Ryan (Tom Clancy)
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Dr John Patrick Jack Ryan, Sr. KCVO, Ph. D. is a fictional character created by Tom Clancy who appears in many of his novels and their respective film adaptations. Jack Ryan was born in Baltimore in 1950 and grew up there and he earned an NROTC commission in the Marines at Boston College. Medically discharged at the rank of 2ndLt following a helicopter crash and he met and married Caroline Cathy Mueller, a medical student and later an ophthalmic surgeon, with whom he had four children. He returned to academia, eventually accepting a position at the U. S. Naval Academy and he was later recommended to the CIA, eventually spending a short period there writing a position paper, as well as developing a counter-espionage mechanism. He returned to the academy and, while on a research trip to London. After his return to the States, he accepted a position with the CIA. He rose rapidly through the ranks in a variety of operations against the USSR. As DDI, he had political battles that led to him becoming President of the United States, Ryan had his background established in Patriot Games and Red Rabbit. He was born in 1950, the son of Emmet William Ryan, a Baltimore Police Department homicide lieutenant, the elder Ryan had served with the U. S. Armys 101st Airborne Division at the Battle of the Bulge. His mother, Catherine Burke Ryan, was a nurse, without Remorse mentioned that he had a sister, who lived in Seattle. S. While waiting for the Corps to assign him, he passed the Certified Public Accountant exam, after officer training at Marine Corps Base Quantico, he went on to serve as a platoon commander. The crash badly injured Ryans back, U. S. Navy surgeons, at the National Naval Medical Center in Bethesda, Maryland, inadequately repaired his back. This led to a recovery process after which, complete with a permanent disability and wearing a back brace. He passed his stockbrokers exam and took a position with Wall Street investment firm Merrill Lynchs Baltimore office and his parents died in a plane crash at Chicago Midway International Airport,19 months after his crash in Crete. He developed a fear of flying that persisted for years, the film version of The Hunt for Red October changed his education background to being a 1972 graduate of the US Naval Academy. Ryans story starts in Patriot Games and continues in Red Rabbit and he did so well that one of Merrill Lynchs senior vice presidents, Joe Muller, came to Baltimore to have dinner with him, with the objective of inviting him to the firms New York City headquarters. Also present is Mullers daughter Caroline, nicknamed Cathy, then a medical student at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine. They immediately fall in love and get engaged, one night, while having dinner with his fiancée, Ryan throws out his back
Jack Ryan (Tom Clancy)
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Alec Baldwin portraying Jack Ryan
