1.
Benedict Cumberbatch
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Benedict Timothy Carlton Cumberbatch CBE is an English actor who has performed in film, television, theatre and radio. He is the son of actors Timothy Carlton and Wanda Ventham, Cumberbatch graduated from the University of Manchester and continued his training at the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art, obtaining a Master of Arts in Classical Acting. He first performed at the Open Air Theatre, Regents Park in Shakespearean productions, since then he has starred in the Royal National Theatre productions After the Dance and Frankenstein. In 2015, he played William Shakespeares Hamlet at the Barbican Theatre, Cumberbatchs television work includes appearances in Silent Witness and Fortysomething before playing Stephen Hawking in the television film Hawking in 2004. He has starred as Sherlock Holmes in the series Sherlock since 2010 and he has also headlined Tom Stoppards adaptation of Parades End and The Hollow Crown, The Wars of the Roses. From 2012 to 2014, through voice and motion capture, he played the characters of Smaug, Cumberbatch portrays the Marvel Comics character Dr. Stephen Strange in the Marvel Cinematic Universe, first appearing in the film Doctor Strange. Cumberbatch has received awards and nominations for acting including three Laurence Olivier Award nominations, winning Best Actor in a Play for Frankenstein. He has also received four Primetime Emmy Award nominations, winning Outstanding Lead Actor in a Miniseries or a Movie for Sherlock and his performance in The Imitation Game earned him an Academy Award nomination for Best Actor. In addition, he has received six BAFTA nominations, five Screen Actors Guild Award nominations, in 2014, Time magazine included him in its annual Time 100 as one of the Most Influential People in the World. He was appointed a CBE by Queen Elizabeth II in June 2015 for his services to the performing arts, Cumberbatch was born at Queen Charlottes and Chelsea Hospital in the White City district of West Londons Hammersmith and Fulham borough, to actors Timothy Carlton and Wanda Ventham. He grew up in the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea and he has a half-sister, Tracy Peacock, from his mothers first marriage. His grandfather, Henry Carlton Cumberbatch, was an officer of both World Wars, and a prominent figure of London high society. His great-grandfather, Henry Arnold Cumberbatch, was Queen Victorias consul general in Turkey, Cumberbatch attended boarding schools from the age of 8, he was educated at Brambletye School in West Sussex and was an arts scholar at Harrow School. He was a member of The Rattigan Society, Harrows principal club for the dramatic arts and he was involved in numerous Shakespearean works at school and made his acting debut as Titania, Queen of the Fairies, in A Midsummer Nights Dream when he was 12. Cumberbatchs drama teacher, Martin Tyrell, called him the best schoolboy actor he had worked with. After leaving Harrow, Cumberbatch took a gap year to volunteer as an English teacher at a Tibetan monastery in Darjeeling and he then attended the University of Manchester, where he studied Drama. He continued his training as an actor at the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art graduating with an MA in Classical Acting. Since 2001, Cumberbatch has had roles in a dozen classic plays at the Regents Park Open Air, Almeida, Royal Court
Benedict Cumberbatch
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At the 2014
San Diego Comic-Con International
Benedict Cumberbatch
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During rehearsals for
Frankenstein, April 2011
Benedict Cumberbatch
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Filming
Sherlock in
Chinatown, London, March 2010
Benedict Cumberbatch
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At the Los Angeles premiere of
The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug, December 2013
2.
Keira Knightley
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Keira Christina Knightley is an English actress. She began acting as a child on television and made her debut in 1995. She had a role as Sabé in Star Wars, Episode I – The Phantom Menace. In 2014, she was nominated for a Golden Globe, a SAG, a BAFTA Award, in October 2015, Knightley made her Broadway debut in the title role of Thérèse Raquin. Knightley was born in Teddington, London, England, the daughter of Sharman Macdonald, an actress turned playwright, and Will Knightley and her Scottish-born mother is of Scottish and Welsh descent, while her father is English. She was meant to be named Kiera, after the Russian ice skater, Kira Ivanova and she has an older brother, Caleb. Knightley lived in Richmond, attending Stanley Junior School, Teddington School and she requested an agent at the age of three. Knightley has noted that she was single-minded about acting during her childhood and she performed in a number of local amateur productions, which included After Juliet, written by her mother, and United States, written by her drama teacher, Ian McShane. She focused on art, history, and English literature while at Esher, after getting an agent at six, Knightley worked mostly in commercials and small TV roles. Her first role was Little Girl in Royal Celebration, a 1993 TV film, a year later, she had a small role in the film A Village Affair. She later starred in 1995s Innocent Lies and 1998s Coming Home and she was a princess in the 1996 film The Treasure Seekers. Later in 1999, she appeared as Rose in Oliver Twist, sabés dialogue was dubbed over with Natalie Portmans voice. This was to hide the fact that the handmaiden Padmé was actually disclosed as the real Queen Amidala at the end of the film. Knightley was cast in the role because of her resemblance to Portman. Knightleys first starring role was in 2001, when she played the daughter of Robin Hood in the made-for-television Walt Disney Productions feature Princess of Thieves and she trained for several weeks in archery, fencing and horse riding. During this time, Knightley also appeared in The Hole, a thriller that received a release in the United States. Its director Nick Hamm described her as a version of Julie Christie. She appeared in the adaptation of Doctor Zhivago as Lara, alongside Scottish actor Hans Matheson in the title role
Keira Knightley
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Knightley at the
68th Venice International Film Festival, September 2011
Keira Knightley
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Knightley at the premiere of
Atonement in
Leicester Square, London, 2007
Keira Knightley
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Knightley at the
BAFTA Awards in 2008
Keira Knightley
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Knightley was named Sexiest Woman in the World by
FHM 's in 2006.
3.
Matthew Goode
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Matthew William Goode is an English actor. He made his debut in 2002 with ABCs TV movie feature Confessions of an Ugly Stepsister. His breakthrough role was in romantic comedy Chasing Liberty, for which he received a nomination at Teen Choice Awards and he then appeared in supporting roles in Woody Allens Match Point, the German-British romantic comedy Imagine Me and You, the period drama Copying Beethoven. He then starred in romantic comedy Leap Year and Australian drama Burning Man, other notable film roles include The Lookout, A Single Man, Cemetery Junction, Stoker, Belle, The Imitation Game and Self/less. As well as appearing in films, Goode has appeared in television shows. His most notable roles include Henry Talbot in the final season of historical period drama Downton Abbey and Finley Finn Polmar in the CBS legal drama The Good Wife. Goode was born in Exeter, Devon and his father is a geologist and his mother, Jennifer, is a nurse and amateur theatre director. Goode is the youngest of five children with a brother, two half-brothers, and a half-sister, television presenter Sally Meen, from his mothers previous marriage and he grew up in the village of Clyst St. Mary, near Exeter. Goode was educated at Exeter School, an independent school in Exeter, Devon, followed by the University of Birmingham, in 2004, Goode made his American film debut opposite Mandy Moore in the romantic comedy Chasing Liberty. He had a take on Brooke Burgess in the BBC miniseries He Knew He Was Right based upon Anthony Trollopes novel of the same name. In 2008, Goode starred in the drama film Brideshead Revisited as Charles Ryder, in 2010, he co-starred opposite Amy Adams in the romantic comedy Leap Year. In 2013, Goode played the lead in the short lived, critically acclaimed BBC Two drama Dancing on the Edge and that same year, he co-starred opposite Mia Wasikowska and Nicole Kidman in the psychological thriller film Stoker. In March 2014, Goode joined the cast of the CBS legal drama The Good Wife during the season replacing Josh Charles, who played Will Gardner as Finley Finn Polmar. He made his debut in the episode titled Dramatics, Your Honor in which Will was killed off. That same year, he co-starred in the historical thriller The Imitation Game as Hugh Alexander, in 2014, Goode co-starred in the ITV drama Downton Abbeys Season 5 Christmas special titled A Moorland Holiday as Henry Talbot. He returned to Downton Abbey in October 2015 beginning in the episode of the sixth season. In May 2015, Goode left The Good Wife after the finale titled Wanna Partner. After appearing in films in the mid-2010s, he appeared in 2016s Allied
Matthew Goode
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Goode at the 2014
Toronto International Film Festival, September 2014
4.
Rory Kinnear
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Rory Kinnear is an English actor and playwright who has worked with the Royal Shakespeare Company and the Royal National Theatre. He is known for playing Bill Tanner in the James Bond films Quantum of Solace, Skyfall, and Spectre and he is the youngest actor to play the role of Bill Tanner. He also won a Laurence Olivier Award for portraying Fopling Flutter in a 2008 version of The Man of Mode, in 2014, he won the Olivier Award for Best Actor for his portrayal of Shakespeares villain Iago in the National Theatre production of Othello. Kinnear was born in London, England, the son of the actor Roy Kinnear and he has two sisters, Kirsty and Karina. Through his father, a well-known British comedy actor, he is the grandson of the rugby union and rugby league player Roy Kinnear. Educated at Tower House School and St Pauls School, London, he read English at Balliol College, Oxford, Kinnears performances in Phyllida Lloyds production of Mary Stuart and Trevor Nunns Hamlet, in which he played Laertes, met with acclaim. He also achieved recognition as the outrageous Sir Fopling Flutter in The Man of Mode at the National Theatre, winning a Laurence Olivier Award, in 2010, he played Angelo in Measure for Measure at the Almeida Theatre. Later in 2010 he played the role in Hamlet at the National Theatre. The two portrayals won him the best actor award in the Evening Standard drama awards for 2010, Kinnear appeared in The Last of the Haussmans by Stephen Beresford at the Royal National Theatre during the summer of 2012. The production was broadcast to cinemas around the world on 11 October 2012 through the National Theatre Live programme and he starred as Iago opposite Adrian Lester in the title role of Othello in 2013 at the National Theatre throughout the summer of 2013. Both actors won the Best Actor award in the Evening Standard Theatre Awards for their roles, the award is given to only one actor. From September 2013 the Bush Theatre in London staged Kinnears debut play The Herd, the play ran at the Steppenwolf Theatre in Chicago beginning 2 April 2015. For The Threepenny Opera at the Olivier Theatre in May 2016 Kinnear found his dormant singing voice for the role of Macheath. In February 2017 he made his debut with The Winters Tale. He currently portrays Bill Tanner in the Daniel Craig era James Bond film series taking over from Michael Kitchen. He is the person to play the character. He has appeared in Quantum of Solace, Skyfall and Spectre, as well as the films, Kinnear also lends his voice and likeness to the Bond video games, GoldenEye 007, James Bond 007, Blood Stone and 007 Legends. In 2014, he played the character, Detective Nock, in the The Imitation Game based loosely on the biography Alan Turing
Rory Kinnear
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Kinnear in 2012
5.
Charles Dance
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Walter Charles Dance, OBE is an English actor, screenwriter, and film director. Dance typically plays assertive bureaucrats or villains, Charles Dance was born in Redditch, Worcestershire, the son of Eleanor, a cook, and Walter Dance, an engineer. Growing up in Plymouth, he attended Widey Technical School for Boys in Crownhill, Dance was a member of the Royal Shakespeare Company during the mid-to-late-1970s and was in many of their productions in London and Stratford-upon-Avon. Later he returned to the RSC to take the role in Coriolanus at Stratford-upon-Avon and Newcastle in 1989. He received rave reviews and a Critics Circle Best Actor award for his performance as the Oxford don C. S. Lewis in William Nicholsons Shadowlands, in the 2007 stage revival. He has also starred in many other British television dramas such as Edward the Seventh, Murder Rooms, Randall and Hopkirk, Rebecca, The Phantom of the Opera, Fingersmith and Bleak House. He also played Guy Spencer, the pro-Hitler propagandist, in the installment of Foyles War. Dance made a guest appearance on the BBC drama series Merlin as the Witchfinder Aredian and he played Havelock Vetinari in the 2010 Sky adaptation of Terry Pratchetts Going Postal. He played the role of Tywin Lannister in HBOs Game of Thrones, based on the Song of Ice, Dance was wooed for the role by the producers whilst filming Your Highness in Belfast. Dance also played Conrad Knox on the British television series Strike Back and he appeared in Paris Connections as the Russian oligarch Aleksandr Borinski. Dance made one of his earliest big screen appearances in the 1981 James Bond film For Your Eyes Only as evil henchman Claus. Though he turned down the opportunity to screen test for the James Bond role, in 1989 he played Bond creator Ian Fleming in Anglia Televisions dramatised biography, Goldeneye. On 30 June 2013, Dance appeared amongst other celebrities in an episode of the BBCs Top Gear as a Star in a Reasonably Priced Car for the debut of the Vauxhall Astra. Dances debut film as a writer and director was Ladies in Lavender, in 2009, he directed his own adaptation of Alice Thomas Elliss The Inn at the Edge of the World. Dance married Joanna Haythorn in 1970 and he became engaged to sculptor Eleanor Boorman in September 2010. They have a daughter, Rose, born in March 2012, Dance was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire on 17 June 2006. He lives in Kentish Town in north London
Charles Dance
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Dance at the London Film and Comic Con, July 2012.
6.
Mark Strong
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Mark Strong is a British theatre, film and television actor. Strong was born in Islington, London, the son of an Austrian mother and his father left the family soon after his birth, and Strong was brought up by his mother, who worked as an au pair. Strong said in an interview, The home I grew up in was a flat in Myddelton Square in Londons Islington and we moved around a lot when I was a kid. I remember flats in Walthamstow, Clapton, Stoke Newington, and Edmonton and his English name is not a stage name, when he was a child, his mother changed his name by deed poll to help him fit in with his peers. Strong attended Wymondham College, where he sang in the bands the Electric Hoax. Strong is a face on British television. He appeared in two Prime Suspect serials for ITV as Inspector Larry Hall, in Prime Suspect 3 and Prime Suspect 6. He also had starring roles in two BBC Two drama serials, Our Friends in the North and The Long Firm, for which he earned a BAFTA nomination and he also played the villainous Colonel Brand in Sharpes Mission. Strong portrayed the lead, Mr. Knightley, in the 1996 ITV adaptation of Jane Austens novel Emma. He then played the role of Steve in the 1997 film adaptation of Nick Hornbys Fever Pitch and he was later featured in Roman Polanskis Oliver Twist, played Mussawi in the film Syriana, and played an assassin named Sorter in Revolver. Strong portrayed the traitorous Wictred in Tristan & Isolde, showing his talent with swordplay, and since 2006, he has provided the narration in the BBCs genealogy series Who Do You Think You Are. In 2007, Strong was one of the two actors considered for the part of Anton Chigurh in No Country for Old Men, despite the persistence of rumours. Strong was Pinbacker, the captain of Icarus I, the first ship that was sent to reignite the Sun in Sunshine. Pinbacker was inspired by the character of Sergeant Pinback from Dark Star, the characters disfiguring burns were influenced by the injuries suffered by F1 driver Niki Lauda. Also in 2007, Strong portrayed Prince Septimus, the youngest of the seven Stormhold princes, in Stardust. In 2008, he played Nick Calderelli in Miss Pettigrew Lives for a Day, Mannie Miesel in Flashbacks of a Fool, Finn in Babylon A. D. Archy in RocknRolla, and Philipp Bouhler in Good. Also in 2008, he portrayed Hani Salaam, the Jordanian intelligence chief and director of the feared GID in Body of Lies, the film marked his third time working with director Guy Ritchie. He went on to work with Ridley Scott for a time in the 2010 epic adventure film Robin Hood
Mark Strong
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Strong at the
61st Berlin International Film Festival in 2011
Mark Strong
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Strong with the cast of
Green Lantern at the 2010
San Diego Comic-Con International.
Mark Strong
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Strong at the
Sherlock Holmes premiere in Berlin, 2010.
7.
Alexandre Desplat
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Alexandre Michel Gérard Desplat is a French film composer. Fox, Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1 and Part 2, The Kings Speech, Moonrise Kingdom, Argo, Rise of the Guardians, Zero Dark Thirty, Godzilla, The Imitation Game, and Unbroken. Desplat was born in Paris, to a French father and a Greek mother who met at the University of California, after their marriage, they moved back to France, where Alexandre was born. Alexandre is the brother of Marie-Christine, also known as Kiki, who is leading jazz band Certains lAiment Chaud. At the age of five, he began playing piano and he also became proficient on trumpet and flute. He studied with Claude Ballif, Iannis Xenakis in France and Jack Hayes in the U. S. Desplat swiftly became skilled, Desplats musical interests were wide, listening to a mix of the French symphonists like Ravel and Debussy, jazz and even more exotic world music. He was also influenced by South American and African artists, among whom were Carlinhos Brown and Ray Lema. Being a big fan of films, Desplat set his sights on becoming a composer from an early age. He worked on his first film Le souffleur in 1986, when recording the music for his first film, he met violinist Dominique Lemonnier who became his favorite soloist, artistic director and wife. Desplat worked on many films throughout his career since the 1980s, and his big Hollywood break came in 2003 with the soundtrack for the film Girl with a Pearl Earring. Fox, Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1, The Ghost Writer, Daniel Auteuils remake of La Fille du Puisatier, Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2, and The Grand Budapest Hotel. Desplat has composed songs that have been sung in films by such artists as Akhenaton, Kate Beckinsale, Charlotte Gainsbourg, Valérie Lemercier, Miosotis. He has also written music for the theatre, including pieces performed at the Comédie Française, Desplat has conducted performances of his music played by the London Symphony Orchestra, the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra, and the Munich Symphony Orchestra. Desplat has also given Master Classes at La Sorbonne in Paris, in 2007, he composed the scores for Philip Pullmans Golden Compass, Zach Helms directorial debut Mr. Magoriums Wonder Emporium with American composer Aaron Zigman, and the Ang Lee movie Lust, Caution. He won the 2007 BMI Film Music Award,2007 World Soundtrack Award,2007 European Film Award and he also won the Silver Berlin Bear at the Berlin Film Festival for Best Film Music in The Beat that My Heart Skipped. In 2008, Desplat received his second Oscar nomination for David Finchers Curious Case of Benjamin Button, Desplat received his third Oscar nomination and a BAFTA nomination for Fantastic Mr. Fox in 2010, both of which were won by Michael Giacchino for Up. In early 2011, Desplat began to write the music to Harry Potter and he reunited with director David Yates, who offered Desplat the opportunity to score the second part after his work on the Part 1 soundtrack in 2010 enchanted everyone in the control room. Desplats soundtrack sequel to the 2008 film Largo Winch was released in 2011 and was well received, Desplats 2011 projects included The Tree of Life, directed by Terrence Malick, A Better Life, La Fille du Puisatier, Roman Polanskis Carnage, and George Clooneys Ides of March
Alexandre Desplat
–
Alexandre Desplat
8.
The Weinstein Company
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The Weinstein Company is a mini-major film studio, founded in New York City by Bob and Harvey Weinstein in 2005. The studio originated after the Weinsteins had left Miramax Films, which they had co-founded in 1979 and they retained ownership of Dimension Films. TWC is one of the largest mini-major film studios in North America, in February 2006, TWC announced a distribution pact with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. MGM distributed the product domestically in theatres, while TWC will retain ownership of their product. On July 13,2006, the Weinsteins and Robert L. Johnson announced the creation of a joint venture studio titled Our Stories Films, in late August 2006, it was announced that TWC and co-investors Hubbard Media Group purchased Ovation TV, an arts-focused cable channel. In November 2006, TWC announced a deal with Blockbuster Video to give the video renting company exclusive rights for rentals starting on January 1,2007. However, under the First Sale Doctrine of United States copyright law, the company is the co-producer, along with Miramax, of the Lifetime reality series Project Runway, which for its first five seasons aired on Bravo. The series won a Peabody Award in 2007, on May 23,2007, the Weinstein Company announced the launch of three new direct-to-video labels, The Miriam Collection, Kaleidoscope TWC, and Dimension Extreme. On February 8,2008, TWC launched a distributor called Third Rail Releasing that released films aimed mainly at the video market. On September 25,2008, TWC ended its three-year distribution pact with MGM three months before the December 31 end date and this happened in part because TWC had struck a television output deal with Showtime, though not through MGMs output deal with them. During the span of their pact, TWC paid for marketing and prints, in 2009, TWC might have lost the rights to the movie Sin City 2. The first film cost only 40 million dollars to make and brought in almost 159 million in box office alone, Weinstein Company lawyer Bert Fields quickly denied this report saying TWCs rights to produce sequels to Sin City remain intact as they always have been. Any suggestion to the contrary is complete hogwash, in June 2009, the Weinstein Company announced the hiring of a financial adviser to restructure the finances of the company. Since July 2009, many occurred at TWC, and the release dates of some films were pushed back. On September 14,2009, TWC sold its stake in Genius Products, Genius however, had announced to exit the home video distribution business and the DVD rights that were distributed by Genius were sold to Vivendi Entertainment. TWC also struck a deal with Vivendi, the same year, it won a Peabody Award for The No.1 Ladies Detective Agency. In January 2010, TWC announced more layoffs at the company after the box office failure of Nine, on February 21,2010, The Weinstein Company made a deal with Sony Pictures Home Entertainment releasing the DVDs through Sony Pictures Worldwide Acquisitions Group. Bob and Harvey Weinstein attempted to buy back Miramax from Disney in 2010, an ownership interest in TWCs library at that point, consisting of 200 titles, was sold off to Goldman Sachs and Assured Guaranty in 2010
The Weinstein Company
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The Weinstein Company LLC
9.
Thriller film
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Thriller film, also known as suspense film or suspense thriller, is a film genre that falls under the general thriller genre. The thriller films key characteristics are excitement and suspense, the suspense element, found in most films plots, is particularly exploited by the filmmaker in this genre. Tension is created by delaying what the audience sees as inevitable, a strict definition of the thriller film is that the films overarching goal is to build tension in audiences as the film approaches its climax. Tension is built through situations that are menacing or where escape seems impossible, Life is typically threatened in thriller film, such as when the protagonist does not realize entering a dangerous situation. Thriller films characters conflict with other or with an outside force. Thriller films are typically hybridized with other genres, there exist adventure thrillers, science fiction thrillers, Western thrillers, Thriller films also share a close relationship with horror films, both eliciting tension. In plots about crime, thriller films focus less on the criminal or the detective, common themes include terrorism, political conspiracy, pursuit, or romantic triangles leading to murder. Alfred Hitchcocks first thriller was his silent film, The Lodger. His next thriller was Blackmail, his and Britains first sound film and his notable thrillers in the 1930s include The Man Who Knew Too Much and The 39 Steps. 326 —this film would be an inspiration for the future James Bond films, the German film M, directed by Fritz Lang, starred Peter Lorre as a criminal deviant who preys on children. Hitchcock continued his suspense-thrillers, directing Foreign Correspondent, the Oscar-winning Rebecca, Suspicion, Saboteur and Shadow of a Doubt, notable non-Hitchcock films of the 1940s include The Spiral Staircase and Sorry, Wrong Number. In the 1950s, Hitchcock added technicolor to his thrillers, now with exotic locales and he reached the zenith of his career with a succession of classic films such as, Strangers on a Train, Dial M For Murder with Ray Milland, Rear Window and Vertigo. Non-Hitchcock thrillers of the 1950s include The Night of the Hunter —Charles Laughtons only film as director—and Orson Welless crime thriller Touch of Evil, director Michael Powells Peeping Tom featured Carl Boehm as a psychopathic cameraman. After Hitchcocks classic films of the 1950s, he produced Psycho about a lonely, mother-fixated motel owner, J. Lee Thompsons Cape Fear, with Robert Mitchum, had a menacing ex-con seeking revenge. A famous thriller at the time of its release was Wait Until Dark by director Terence Young, john Boormans Deliverance followed the perilous fate of four Southern businessmen during a weekends trip. In Francis Ford Coppolas The Conversation, a bugging-device expert systematically uncovered a covert murder while he himself was being spied upon, Peter Hyams science fiction thriller Capricorn One proposed a government conspiracy to fake the first mission to Mars. His notable films include Sisters, Obsession, which was inspired by Vertigo, Dressed to Kill. Other films include Curtis Hansons The Hand That Rocks the Cradle and Unlawful Entry, detectives/FBI agents hunting down a serial killer was another popular motif in the 90s
Thriller film
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A common theme in thrillers involves innocent victims dealing with deranged adversaries, as seen in Hitchcock's film
Rebecca (1940), where Mrs. Danvers tries to persuade Mrs. De Winter to leap to her death.
Thriller film
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A common occurrence in thrillers is characters being taken as
hostages and with a
ransom in need. (Hostages, 1896 painting by
Jean-Paul Laurens, Musée des Beaux-Arts, Lyon)
Thriller film
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Little Red Riding Hood is an early example of a psychotic stalker story, a common convention in the thriller genre (art by
Gustave Doré).
Thriller film
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Rear Window is considered to be one of Hitchcock's best and one of the
greatest movies ever made. The film received four
Academy Award nominations.
10.
Cryptanalyst
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Cryptanalysis is the study of analyzing information systems in order to study the hidden aspects of the systems. Cryptanalysis is used to breach cryptographic security systems and gain access to the contents of encrypted messages, methods for breaking modern cryptosystems often involve solving carefully constructed problems in pure mathematics, the best-known being integer factorization. Given some encrypted data, the goal of the cryptanalyst is to gain as much information as possible about the original, attacks can be classified based on what type of information the attacker has available. Ciphertext-only, the cryptanalyst has access only to a collection of ciphertexts or codetexts, known-plaintext, the attacker has a set of ciphertexts to which he knows the corresponding plaintext. Chosen-plaintext, the attacker can obtain the corresponding to an arbitrary set of plaintexts of his own choosing. Adaptive chosen-plaintext, like an attack, except the attacker can choose subsequent plaintexts based on information learned from previous encryptions. Related-key attack, Like a chosen-plaintext attack, except the attacker can obtain ciphertexts encrypted under two different keys, the keys are unknown, but the relationship between them is known, for example, two keys that differ in the one bit. Attacks can also be characterised by the resources they require and those resources include, Time — the number of computation steps which must be performed. Memory — the amount of required to perform the attack. Data — the quantity and type of plaintexts and ciphertexts required for a particular approach and its sometimes difficult to predict these quantities precisely, especially when the attack isnt practical to actually implement for testing. But academic cryptanalysts tend to provide at least the estimated order of magnitude of their attacks difficulty, saying, for example, the results of cryptanalysis can also vary in usefulness. Global deduction — the attacker discovers a functionally equivalent algorithm for encryption and decryption, instance deduction — the attacker discovers additional plaintexts not previously known. Information deduction — the attacker gains some Shannon information about plaintexts not previously known, distinguishing algorithm — the attacker can distinguish the cipher from a random permutation. Academic attacks are often against weakened versions of a cryptosystem, such as a cipher or hash function with some rounds removed. In academic cryptography, a weakness or a break in a scheme is defined quite conservatively, it might require impractical amounts of time, memory. Furthermore, it might reveal a small amount of information, enough to prove the cryptosystem imperfect. Finally, an attack might only apply to a version of cryptographic tools, like a reduced-round block cipher. In practice, they are viewed as two sides of the coin, secure cryptography requires design against possible cryptanalysis
Cryptanalyst
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Close-up of the rotors in a
Fialka cipher machine
Cryptanalyst
–
The decrypted
Zimmermann Telegram.
Cryptanalyst
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The
Bombe replicated the action of several
Enigma machines wired together. Each of the rapidly rotating drums, pictured above in a
Bletchley Park museum mockup, simulated the action of an Enigma rotor.
11.
Alan Turing
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Alan Mathison Turing OBE FRS was an English computer scientist, mathematician, logician, cryptanalyst and theoretical biologist. Turing is widely considered to be the father of computer science. During the Second World War, Turing worked for the Government Code and Cypher School at Bletchley Park, for a time he led Hut 8, the section responsible for German naval cryptanalysis. After the war, he worked at the National Physical Laboratory and he wrote a paper on the chemical basis of morphogenesis, and predicted oscillating chemical reactions such as the Belousov–Zhabotinsky reaction, first observed in the 1960s. Turing was prosecuted in 1952 for homosexual acts, when by the Labouchere Amendment and he accepted chemical castration treatment, with DES, as an alternative to prison. Turing died in 1954,16 days before his 42nd birthday, an inquest determined his death as suicide, but it has been noted that the known evidence is also consistent with accidental poisoning. In 2009, following an Internet campaign, British Prime Minister Gordon Brown made a public apology on behalf of the British government for the appalling way he was treated. Queen Elizabeth II granted him a pardon in 2013. The Alan Turing law is now a term for a 2017 law in the United Kingdom that retroactively pardons men cautioned or convicted under historical legislation that outlawed homosexual acts. Turings father was the son of a clergyman, the Rev. John Robert Turing, from a Scottish family of merchants that had based in the Netherlands. Turings mother, Julius wife, was Ethel Sara, daughter of Edward Waller Stoney, the Stoneys were a Protestant Anglo-Irish gentry family from both County Tipperary and County Longford, while Ethel herself had spent much of her childhood in County Clare. Julius work with the ICS brought the family to British India and he had an elder brother, John. At Hastings, Turing stayed at Baston Lodge, Upper Maze Hill, St Leonards-on-Sea, very early in life, Turing showed signs of the genius that he was later to display prominently. His parents purchased a house in Guildford in 1927, and Turing lived there during school holidays, the location is also marked with a blue plaque. Turings parents enrolled him at St Michaels, a day school at 20 Charles Road, St Leonards-on-Sea, the headmistress recognised his talent early on, as did many of his subsequent educators. From January 1922 to 1926, Turing was educated at Hazelhurst Preparatory School, in 1926, at the age of 13, he went on to Sherborne School, an independent school in the market town of Sherborne in Dorset. Turings natural inclination towards mathematics and science did not earn him respect from some of the teachers at Sherborne and his headmaster wrote to his parents, I hope he will not fall between two stools. If he is to stay at school, he must aim at becoming educated
Alan Turing
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Turing aged 16
Alan Turing
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King's College, Cambridge, where Turing was a student in 1931 and became a Fellow in 1935. The computer room is named after him.
Alan Turing
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Two cottages in the stable yard at
Bletchley Park. Turing worked here in 1939 and 1940, before moving to
Hut 8.
Alan Turing
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A complete and working replica of a
bombe at the National Codes Centre at Bletchley Park
12.
Second World War
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World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although related conflicts began earlier. It involved the vast majority of the worlds countries—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing alliances, the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread war in history, and directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. Marked by mass deaths of civilians, including the Holocaust and the bombing of industrial and population centres. These made World War II the deadliest conflict in human history, from late 1939 to early 1941, in a series of campaigns and treaties, Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe, and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan. Under the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours, Poland, Finland, Romania and the Baltic states. In December 1941, Japan attacked the United States and European colonies in the Pacific Ocean, and quickly conquered much of the Western Pacific. The Axis advance halted in 1942 when Japan lost the critical Battle of Midway, near Hawaii, in 1944, the Western Allies invaded German-occupied France, while the Soviet Union regained all of its territorial losses and invaded Germany and its allies. During 1944 and 1945 the Japanese suffered major reverses in mainland Asia in South Central China and Burma, while the Allies crippled the Japanese Navy, thus ended the war in Asia, cementing the total victory of the Allies. World War II altered the political alignment and social structure of the world, the United Nations was established to foster international co-operation and prevent future conflicts. The victorious great powers—the United States, the Soviet Union, China, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and the United States emerged as rival superpowers, setting the stage for the Cold War, which lasted for the next 46 years. Meanwhile, the influence of European great powers waned, while the decolonisation of Asia, most countries whose industries had been damaged moved towards economic recovery. Political integration, especially in Europe, emerged as an effort to end pre-war enmities, the start of the war in Europe is generally held to be 1 September 1939, beginning with the German invasion of Poland, Britain and France declared war on Germany two days later. The dates for the beginning of war in the Pacific include the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War on 7 July 1937, or even the Japanese invasion of Manchuria on 19 September 1931. Others follow the British historian A. J. P. Taylor, who held that the Sino-Japanese War and war in Europe and its colonies occurred simultaneously and this article uses the conventional dating. Other starting dates sometimes used for World War II include the Italian invasion of Abyssinia on 3 October 1935. The British historian Antony Beevor views the beginning of World War II as the Battles of Khalkhin Gol fought between Japan and the forces of Mongolia and the Soviet Union from May to September 1939, the exact date of the wars end is also not universally agreed upon. It was generally accepted at the time that the war ended with the armistice of 14 August 1945, rather than the formal surrender of Japan
Second World War
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Clockwise from top left: Chinese forces in the
Battle of Wanjialing, Australian
25-pounder guns during the
First Battle of El Alamein, German
Stuka dive bombers on the
Eastern Front in December 1943, a U.S. naval force in the
Lingayen Gulf,
Wilhelm Keitel signing the
German Instrument of Surrender, Soviet troops in the
Battle of Stalingrad
Second World War
–
The
League of Nations assembly, held in
Geneva,
Switzerland, 1930
Second World War
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Adolf Hitler at a German
National Socialist political rally in
Weimar, October 1930
Second World War
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Italian soldiers recruited in 1935, on their way to fight the
Second Italo-Abyssinian War
13.
Black List (survey)
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The Black List is an annual survey of the most liked motion picture screenplays not yet produced. The website states that these are not necessarily the best screenplays, the produced films have all together grossed well over $25.54 billion, and have been nominated for 241 Academy Awards and 205 Golden Globe Awards, winning 48 and 40, respectively. As of the 88th Academy Awards, four of the last eight best picture Oscars went to scripts featured on a previous Black List, and while, as a rule, they have not yet been produced, many of them are already in production. The first Black List was compiled in 2005 by Franklin Leonard, at the working as a development executive for Leonardo DiCaprios production company. He emailed about 90 fellow development executives and asked them to name the 10 best unproduced screenplays they read that year, to thank them for participating, he compiled the list and sent it to the respondents. The name The Black List was a nod to his heritage as an African American man, the Black List tallies the number of likes various screenplays have been given by development executives. Screenplays are ranked based on how many likes each of them get, the most likes received by a single screenplay is The Imitation Game, with 133 upon topping the 2011 list, it went on to win the Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay. More than 300 screenplays have been put into production after appearing on The Black List. C. O. D
Black List (survey)
–
Created
14.
Hollywood
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Hollywood is an ethnically diverse, densely populated neighborhood in the central region of Los Angeles, California. It is notable as the home of the U. S. film industry, including several of its studios, and its name has come to be a shorthand reference for the industry. Hollywood was a community in 1870 and was incorporated as a municipality in 1903. It was consolidated with the city of Los Angeles in 1910, in 1853, one adobe hut stood in Nopalera, named for the Mexican Nopal cactus indigenous to the area. By 1870, an agricultural community flourished, the area was known as the Cahuenga Valley, after the pass in the Santa Monica Mountains immediately to the north. According to the diary of H. J. Whitley, known as the Father of Hollywood, along came a Chinese man in a wagon carrying wood. The man got out of the wagon and bowed, the Chinese man was asked what he was doing and replied, I holly-wood, meaning hauling wood. H. J. Whitley had an epiphany and decided to name his new town Hollywood, Holly would represent England and wood would represent his Scottish heritage. Whitley had already started over 100 towns across the western United States, Whitley arranged to buy the 500-acre E. C. Hurd ranch and disclosed to him his plans for the land. They agreed on a price and Hurd agreed to sell at a later date, before Whitley got off the ground with Hollywood, plans for the new town had spread to General Harrison Gray Otis, Hurds wife, eastern adjacent ranch co-owner Daeida Wilcox, and others. Daeida Wilcox may have learned of the name Hollywood from Ivar Weid, her neighbor in Holly Canyon and she recommended the same name to her husband, Harvey. In August 1887, Wilcox filed with the Los Angeles County Recorders office a deed and parcel map of property he had sold named Hollywood, Wilcox wanted to be the first to record it on a deed. The early real-estate boom busted that year, yet Hollywood began its slow growth. By 1900, the region had a post office, newspaper, hotel, Los Angeles, with a population of 102,479 lay 10 miles east through the vineyards, barley fields, and citrus groves. A single-track streetcar line ran down the middle of Prospect Avenue from it, but service was infrequent, the old citrus fruit-packing house was converted into a livery stable, improving transportation for the inhabitants of Hollywood. The Hollywood Hotel was opened in 1902 by H. J. Whitley who was a president of the Los Pacific Boulevard, having finally acquired the Hurd ranch and subdivided it, Whitley built the hotel to attract land buyers. Flanking the west side of Highland Avenue, the structure fronted on Prospect Avenue, the hotel was to become internationally known and was the center of the civic and social life and home of the stars for many years. Whitleys company developed and sold one of the residential areas
Hollywood
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The Four Ladies installation at the
Hollywood Boulevard –
La Brea Avenue Gateway
Hollywood
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Glen-Holly Hotel, first hotel in Hollywood, at the corner of what is now Yucca Street. It was built in the 1890s.
Hollywood
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Hollywood Hotel, 1905
Hollywood
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The intersection of
Hollywood and Highland, 1907
15.
European Film Market
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The Berlin International Film Festival, also called the Berlinale, is one of the worlds leading film festivals and most reputable media events. It is held annually in Berlin, Germany, founded in West Berlin in 1951, the festival has been celebrated annually in February since 1978. With around 300,000 tickets sold and 500,000 admissions it is considered the largest publicly attended film festival based on actual attendance rates. Up to 400 films are shown in sections, representing a comprehensive array of the cinematic world. Around twenty films compete for the called the Golden and Silver Bears. Since 2001 the director of the festival has been Dieter Kosslick, the European Film Market, a film trade fair held simultaneously to the Berlinale, is a major industry meeting for the international film circuit. The trade fair serves distributors, film buyers, producers, financiers, the Berlinale Talent Campus, a week-long series of lectures and workshops, gathers young filmmakers from around the globe. It partners with the festival itself and is considered to be a forum for upcoming artists, the festival, the EFM and other satellite events are attended by around 20,000 professionals from over 130 countries. More than 4200 journalists are responsible for the exposure in over 110 countries. At high-profile feature film premieres, movie stars and celebrities are present at the red carpet, the Berlinale has established a cosmopolitan character integrating art, glamour, commerce and a global media attention. The Berlin International Film Festival was founded in West Berlin in 1951, alfred Hitchcock’s Rebecca opened the first Berlinale. Although the film had premiered in 1940, many Germans had been unable to watch it until after the war ended, since 1978 the festival has been celebrated annually in February. The next-to-most recent festival, the 66th Berlinale, was held from 11 February to 21 February 2016, meryl Streep presided over the international jury. Joel and Ethan Coens film Hail, Caesar. was selected to open the festival, the Golden Bear was awarded to the Italian documentary Fire at Sea, directed by Gianfranco Rosi. The 67th Berlin International Film Festival was held February 9 to February 19,2017, the festival is composed of seven different film sections. Films are chosen in each category by a director with the advice of a committee of film experts. Categories include, Competition, comprises feature-length films yet to be released outside their country of origin, films in the Competition section compete for several prizes, including the top Golden Bear for the best film and a series of Silver Bears for acting, writing and production. Panorama, comprises new independent and arthouse films that deal with controversial subjects or unconventional aesthetic styles, films in the category are intended to provoke discussion, and have historically involved themes such as LGBT issues
European Film Market
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Berlinale Palace, the main venue at
Potsdamer Platz
European Film Market
–
Berlin International Film Festival
European Film Market
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Venues of the festival are spread throughout the central city districts
European Film Market
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The Berlinale Palast is the venue for the competition premieres
16.
87th Academy Awards
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During the ceremony, AMPAS presented Academy Awards in 24 categories. The ceremony was televised in the United States by ABC, and produced by Neil Meron and Craig Zadan, actor Neil Patrick Harris hosted the ceremony for the first time. In related events, the Academy held its 6th Annual Governors Awards ceremony at the Grand Ballroom of the Hollywood and Highland Center on November 8,2014. On February 7,2015, in a ceremony at the Beverly Wilshire Hotel in Beverly Hills, California, Birdman or, and The Grand Budapest Hotel each won four awards, with the former film earning the Best Picture honor. The telecast garnered more than 37 million viewers in the United States, the nominees for the 87th Academy Awards were announced on January 15,2015, at 5,30 a. m. PST, at the Samuel Goldwyn Theater in Beverly Hills, California, by directors J. J. Abrams and Alfonso Cuarón, Academy president Cheryl Boone Isaacs, for the first time, nominations for all 24 competitive categories were announced. Birdman or and The Grand Budapest Hotel tied for the most nominations with nine each, the winners were announced during the awards ceremony on February 22,2015. For the first time since the expansion of the Best Picture nominee roster at the 82nd ceremony in 2010, Birdman was the first film to win Best Picture without an editing nomination since Ordinary People. Alejandro G. Iñárritu became the second consecutive Mexican to win for Best Directing after Cuarón who won for helming Gravity, at age 84, Robert Duvall was the oldest male acting nominee in Oscar history. Having won for his work on Gravity the year before, Emmanuel Lubezki became the person to win two consecutive Best Cinematography awards. John Toll was the last one who accomplished this feat for his work on 1994s Legends of the Fall, winners are listed first, highlighted in boldface, and indicated with a double dagger. Hayao Miyazaki — A master storyteller whose animated artistry has inspired filmmakers, maureen OHara — One of Hollywood’s brightest stars, whose inspiring performances glowed with passion, warmth and strength. Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award Harry Belafonte — For a lifetime of demonstrating how art is ennobled by ceaseless courage, the following individuals, listed in order of appearance, presented awards or performed musical numbers. Meron and Zadan explained their decision to hire the television and theatre star saying and we have known him his entire adult life, and we have watched him explode as a great performer in feature films, television and stage. To work with him on the Oscars is the storm, all of his resources. To be asked to follow in the footsteps of Johnny Carson, Billy Crystal, Ellen DeGeneres, and everyone else who had the great fortune of hosting is a bucket list dream come true. Nevertheless, both Meron and Zadan denied such allegations and insisted that Harris was their only choice saying, many names are discussed and sometimes even floated without there being any formal offers. At times, these casual discussions take on a life of their own, Neil Patrick Harris received the Academy’s formal offer
87th Academy Awards
–
Official poster
87th Academy Awards
–
Actor
Chris Pine and Academy President
Cheryl Boone Isaacs (left) and directors
J. J. Abrams and
Alfonso Cuarón (right) at the 87th Academy Awards nominations announcement
87th Academy Awards
87th Academy Awards
–
Alejandro González Iñárritu, Best Film (co-winner), Best Director and Best Original Screenplay winner
17.
Academy Award for Best Director
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The Academy Award for Best Director is an award presented annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. It is given in honor of a director who has exhibited outstanding directing while working in the film industry. However, these categories were merged for all subsequent ceremonies, nominees are determined by single transferable vote within the directors branch of AMPAS, winners are selected by a plurality vote from the entire eligible voting members of the Academy. For the first eleven years of the Academy Awards, directors were allowed to be nominated for multiple films in the same year, the Academy Awards for Best Director and Best Picture have been very closely linked throughout their history. Of the 89 films that have been awarded Best Picture,63 have also been awarded Best Director, since its inception, the award has been given to 69 directors or directing teams. John Ford has received the most awards in this category with four, william Wyler was nominated on twelve occasions, more than any other individual. As of the 2017 ceremony, Damien Chazelle is the most recent winner in category for his work on La La Land. Chazelle also became the youngest director in history to receive this award, two directing teams have shared the award, Robert Wise and Jerome Robbins for West Side Story in 1961 and Joel and Ethan Coen for No Country for Old Men in 2007. The Coen brothers are the siblings to have won the award. For the first five ceremonies, the eligibility period spanned twelve months from August 1 to July 31, for the 6th ceremony held in 1934, the eligibility period lasted from August 1,1932 to December 31,1933. Since the 7th ceremony held in 1935, the period of eligibility became the full calendar year from January 1 to December 31. org The Academy Awards Database Oscar. com
Academy Award for Best Director
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Frank Borzage, co-winner of the first award.
Academy Award for Best Director
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Lewis Milestone, co-winner of the first award.
Academy Award for Best Director
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John Ford has the most awards with four.
Academy Award for Best Director
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Clint Eastwood is the oldest winner for directing
Million Dollar Baby.
18.
Academy Award for Best Actor
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The Academy Award for Best Actor is an award presented annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. It is given in honor of an actor who has delivered a performance in a leading role while working within the film industry. The 1st Academy Awards ceremony was held in 1929 with Emil Jannings receiving the award for his roles in The Last Command and The Way of All Flesh. Currently, nominees are determined by single transferable vote within the branch of AMPAS. In the first three years of the awards, actors were nominated as the best in their categories, at that time, all of their work during the qualifying period was listed after the award. The following year, this unwieldy and confusing system was replaced by the current system in which an actor is nominated for a performance in a single film. Starting with the 9th ceremony held in 1937, the category was officially limited to five nominations per year, since its inception, the award has been given to 79 actors. Daniel Day-Lewis has received the most awards in this category with three Oscars, spencer Tracy and Laurence Olivier were nominated on nine occasions, more than any other actor. As of the 2017 ceremony, Casey Affleck is the most recent winner in category for his role as Lee Chandler in Manchester by the Sea. In the following table, the years are listed as per Academy convention, and generally correspond to the year of release in Los Angeles County. For the first five ceremonies, the eligibility period spanned twelve months from August 1 to July 31, for the 6th ceremony held in 1934, the eligibility period lasted from August 1,1932 to December 31,1933
Academy Award for Best Actor
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Emil Jannings (center) was the first winner in this category for his roles in 1928's
The Last Command and 1927's
The Way of All Flesh.
Academy Award for Best Actor
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Warner Baxter won in 1928 for his performance in
In Old Arizona.
Academy Award for Best Actor
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George Arliss won in 1929 for his performance in
Disraeli.
Academy Award for Best Actor
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Lionel Barrymore won in 1930 for his performance in
A Free Soul.
19.
Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress
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The Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress is an award presented annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. It is given in honor of an actress who has delivered a performance in a supporting role while working within the film industry. At the 9th Academy Awards ceremony held in 1937, Gale Sondergaard was the first winner of award for her role in Anthony Adverse. Initially, winners in both supporting acting categories were awarded instead of statuettes. Beginning with the 16th ceremony held in 1944, however, winners received full-sized statuettes, currently, nominees are determined by single transferable vote within the actors branch of AMPAS, winners are selected by a plurality vote from the entire eligible voting members of the Academy. Since its inception, the award has given to 78 actresses. Dianne Wiest and Shelley Winters have received the most awards in this category with two awards each, despite winning no awards, Thelma Ritter was nominated on six occasions, more than any other actress. As of the 2017 ceremony, Viola Davis is the most recent winner in category for her role as Rose Maxson in Fences. In the following table, the years are listed as per Academy convention, and generally correspond to the year of release in Los Angeles County. Toronto, Ontario, Canada, University of Toronto Press, inside Oscar, The Unofficial History of the Academy Awards. New York, United States, Ballantine Books, oscars. org Oscar. com The Academy Awards Database
Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress
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Alice Brady won for her performance in 1937's
In Old Chicago.
Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress
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Hattie McDaniel won in 1939 for her role as Mammy in
Gone with the Wind, thus becoming the first black performer to win an Oscar.
Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress
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Jane Darwell won for her performance as Ma Joad in
The Grapes of Wrath (1940).
Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress
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Teresa Wright won for her role in 1942's
Mrs Miniver.
20.
72nd Golden Globe Awards
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The 72nd Golden Globe Awards, honoring the best in film and American television of 2014, was broadcast live from the Beverly Hilton Hotel in Beverly Hills, California on January 11,2015, by NBC. The ceremony was produced by Dick Clark Productions in association with the Hollywood Foreign Press Association, george Clooney was announced as the Cecil B. DeMille Lifetime Achievement Award honoree on September 14,2014, tina Fey and Amy Poehler were the co-hosts for the third consecutive and final time. The nominations were announced on December 11,2014 by Kate Beckinsale, Peter Krause, Paula Patton, the Affair, Birdman, Boyhood, Fargo, The Theory of Everything, and Transparent were among the films and television shows that received multiple awards. These are the nominees for the 72nd Golden Globe Awards, winners are listed at the top of each list. However, the lack of energy and adherence to routine faced negative criticism. Jethro Nededog of The Wrap was among many reviewers to praise Fey and Poehler, though he wished they had appeared more often throughout the ceremony, claiming, “the fun was front-loaded”. Comedian Margaret Cho appeared at several instances as a disapproving North Korean film critic, Cho had previously played Kim Jong-Il and Kim Jong-Un on Fey’s comedy series 30 Rock, the latter role garnering Cho a Primetime Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series. Some reviewers enjoyed the recurring gag and Cho’s skewering of Best Television Series – Musical or Comedy nominee Orange Is the New Black’s placement in the “Comedy” category, of note during the ceremony were overt references to oppressed populations and current political events in several victors speeches. Best Original Song winner Common alluded to the Ferguson, Missouri polices shooting of Michael Brown as well as to the 2014 NYPD officer killings by armed civilians, the ceremony averaged a Nielsen 12.6 rating/19 share and was watched by 19.3 million viewers. This rating was an eight percent decline from the previous ceremonys viewership of 20.9 million, official website 72nd Golden Globe Awards at the Internet Movie Database 72nd Golden Globe Awards at NBC
72nd Golden Globe Awards
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Eddie Redmayne, Best Actor in a Motion Picture – Drama winner
72nd Golden Globe Awards
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Julianne Moore, Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama winner
72nd Golden Globe Awards
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Michael Keaton, Best Actor in a Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy winner
72nd Golden Globe Awards
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Amy Adams, Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy winner
21.
British Academy of Film and Television Arts
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The British Academy of Film and Television Arts is an independent charity that supports, develops and promotes the art forms of the moving image – film, television and game in the United Kingdom. David Lean was the founding Chairman of the Academy, the first Film Awards ceremony took place in May 1949 and honouring the films The Best Years of Our Lives, Odd Man Out and The World Is Rich. In 2005, it placed a cap on worldwide voting membership which now stands at approximately 6,500. BAFTA has offices in Scotland and Wales in the UK, in Los Angeles and New York in the United States and runs events in Hong Kong, amanda Berry OBE has been chief executive of the organisation since December 2000. Many of these events are free to online at BAFTA Guru. BAFTA runs a number of programmes across the UK, US. Launched in 2012, the UK programme enables talented British citizens who are in need of support to take an industry-recognised course in film. Each BAFTA Scholar receives up to £12,000 towards their annual course fees, since 2013, three students every year have received one of the Prince William Scholarships in Film, Television and Games, supported by BAFTA and Warner Bros. These scholarships are awarded in the name of in his role as President of BAFTA, since 2015, BAFTA has been offering scholarships for British citizens to study in China, vice versa. BAFTA presents awards for film, television and games, including entertainment, at a number of annual ceremonies across the UK and in Los Angeles. The BAFTA award trophy is a mask, designed by American sculptor Mitzi Cunliffe. Todays BAFTA award – including the mask and marble base – weighs 3.7 kg and measures 27 cm x 14 cm x 8 cm. BAFTAs annual film awards ceremony is known as the British Academy Film Awards, or the BAFTAs, in 1949 the British Film Academy, as it was then known, presented the first awards for films made in 1947 and 1948. Since 2008 the ceremony has held at the Royal Opera House in Londons Covent Garden. It had been held in the Odeon cinema on Leicester Square since 2000, the ceremony had been performed during April or May of each year, but since 2002 it has been held in February to precede the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences Academy Awards, or Oscars. They have been awarded annually since 1954, the first ever ceremony consisted of six categories. Until 1958, they were awarded by the Guild of Television Producers and Directors, from 1968 until 1997, BAFTAs Film and Television Awards were presented together, but from 1998 onwards they were presented at two separate ceremonies. The Television Craft Awards celebrate the talent behind the programmes, such as working in visual effects, production
British Academy of Film and Television Arts
–
The BAFTA award, designed by Mitzi Cunliffe
22.
39th Toronto International Film Festival
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The 39th annual Toronto International Film Festival was held in Canada from 4–14 September 2014. David Dobkins film The Judge, starring Robert Downey Jr. a Little Chaos, a British period drama directed by Alan Rickman and starring Kate Winslet closed the festival. More films for each section were announced on 12 August, with the completed on 19 August. A total of 393 films were shown, including 143 world premieres, the first Friday was dubbed Bill Murray Day, as festival organisers dedicated a day to the actor by screening a select number of his films for free. Jules Big Muddy by Jefferson Moneo Corbo by Mathieu Denis The Crows Egg by M, the selected films received a followup screening at the TIFF Bell Lightbox as a Canadas Top Ten minifestival in January 2015
39th Toronto International Film Festival
–
Festival poster
23.
Human Rights Campaign
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The Human Rights Campaign is the largest LGBT civil rights advocacy group and political lobbying organization in the United States. The organization has a number of legislative initiatives as well as supporting resources for LGBT individuals, the Human Rights Campaigns leadership includes President Chad Griffin. Steve Endean, who had worked with a previously established Gay Rights National Lobby from 1978, in 1983, Vic Basile, at the time one of the leading LGBT rights activists in Washington, D. C. was elected as the first executive director. In October 1986, the HRC Foundation was formed as a non-profit organization, tim McFeeley, a Harvard Law School graduate, founder of the Boston Lesbian and Gay Political Alliance, and a co-chair of the New England HRC Committee, was elected the new executive director. Total membership was then approximately 25,000 members, in 1992, HRC endorsed a presidential candidate for the first time, Bill Clinton. In March 1993, HRC began a new project, National Coming Out Day, from January 1995 until January 2004, Elizabeth Birch served as the executive director of the HRC. Under her leadership, the more than quadrupled its membership to 500,000 members. In 1995, the dropped the word Fund from its name. That same year, it underwent a complete reorganization, the HRC Foundation added new programs such as the Workplace Project and the Family Project, while HRC itself broadly expanded its research, communications, and marketing/public relations functions. The organization also unveiled a new logo, an equal sign inside of a blue square. As part of the surrounding the Millennium March on Washington. Billed as a concert to end hate crimes, Equality Rocks honored hate crime victims and their families, such as featured speakers Dennis and Judy Shepard, the parents of Matthew Shepard. The event included Melissa Etheridge, Garth Brooks, Pet Shop Boys, k. d. lang, Nathan Lane, Rufus Wainwright, Albita Rodríguez, Elizabeth Birchs successor, Cheryl Jacques, resigned in November 2004 after only 11 months as executive director. Jacques said she had resigned over a difference in management philosophy, in March 2005, HRC announced the appointment of Joe Solmonese as the president. He served in that position until stepping down in May 2012 to co-chair the Barack Obama presidential campaign, on March 10,2010, the first legally recognized same-sex weddings in the District of Columbia were held at the headquarters of the Human Rights Campaign. On August 9,2007, HRC and Logo TV co-hosted a forum for 2008 Democratic presidential candidates dedicated specifically to LGBT issues, in 2010, HRC lobbied for the repeal of the United States ban on HIV-positive peoples entry into the country for travel or immigration. In September 2011, it was announced that Joe Solmonese would step down as president of HRC following the end of his contract in 2012, Griffin took office on June 11,2012. In 2012, HRC said that it had raised and contributed $20 million to re-elect President Obama, in 2013, HRC conducted a postcard campaign in support of the Employment Non-Discrimination Act
Human Rights Campaign
–
Human Rights Campaign headquarters in
Washington, D.C.
Human Rights Campaign
–
Human Rights Campaign
Human Rights Campaign
–
The Human Rights Campaign often has a large presence at LGBT-related events such as the
Chicago Pride Parade as seen above.
Human Rights Campaign
–
LGBT history
24.
Bletchley Park
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Bletchley Park was the central site for British codebreakers during World War II. Run by the Government Code and Cypher School, it penetrated the secret communications of the Axis Powers – most importantly the German Enigma. Located in Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire, England UK, Bletchley Park is open to the public, Bletchley Park is opposite Bletchley railway station. It is close to junctions 13 and 14 of the M1, located 50 miles northwest of London, the site appears in the Domesday Book as part of the Manor of Eaton. Browne Willis built a mansion there in 1711, but after Thomas Harrison purchased the property in 1793 this was pulled down and it was first known as Bletchley Park after its purchase by Samuel Lipscomb Seckham in 1877. A key advantage seen by Sinclair and his colleagues was Bletchleys geographical centrality, Bletchley Park was known as B. P. to those who worked there. Station X, London Signals Intelligence Centre, and Government Communications Headquarters were all cover names used during the war, the formal posting of the many Wrens – members of the Womens Royal Naval Service – working there, was to HMS Pembroke V. Royal Air Force names of Bletchley Park and its outstations included RAF Eastcote, RAF Lime Grove, the postal address that staff had to use was Room 47, Foreign Office. Commander Alastair Denniston was operational head of GC&CS from 1919 to 1942, beginning with its formation from the Admiraltys Room 40, key GC&CS cryptanalysts who moved from London to Bletchley Park included John Tiltman, Dillwyn Dilly Knox, Josh Cooper, and Nigel de Grey. These people had a variety of backgrounds – linguists, chess champions, and crossword experts were common, the British War Office recruited top solvers of cryptic crossword puzzles, as these individuals had strong lateral thinking skills. On the day Britain declared war on Germany, Denniston wrote to the Foreign Office about recruiting men of the professor type, personal networking drove early recruitments, particularly of men from the universities of Cambridge and Oxford. Trustworthy women were recruited for administrative and clerical jobs. Later-recruited cryptanalysts included the mathematicians Derek Taunt, Jack Good, Bill Tutte, and Max Newman, historian Harry Hinsley, joan Clarke was one of the few women employed at Bletchley as a full-fledged cryptanalyst. This eclectic staff of Boffins and Debs caused GC&CS to be dubbed the Golf, Cheese and Chess Society. During a September 1941 morale-boosting visit, Winston Churchill reportedly remarked to Denniston, I told you to leave no stone unturned to get staff, but I had no idea you had taken me so literally. Six weeks later, having failed to get sufficient typing and unskilled staff to achieve the productivity that was possible, Turing, Welchman, Alexander and Milner-Barry wrote directly to Churchill. His response was Action this day make sure they have all they want on extreme priority and report to me that this has been done. At the end of the week, a worker went off at 8 a. m
Bletchley Park
–
The Mansion
Bletchley Park
–
The stableyard cottages
Bletchley Park
–
Stephen Kettle 's 2007 statue of
Alan Turing
25.
Cryptography
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Cryptography or cryptology is the practice and study of techniques for secure communication in the presence of third parties called adversaries. Modern cryptography exists at the intersection of the disciplines of mathematics, computer science, Applications of cryptography include ATM cards, computer passwords, and electronic commerce. Cryptography prior to the age was effectively synonymous with encryption. The originator of an encrypted message shared the decoding technique needed to recover the information only with intended recipients. The cryptography literature often uses Alice for the sender, Bob for the intended recipient and it is theoretically possible to break such a system, but it is infeasible to do so by any known practical means. The growth of technology has raised a number of legal issues in the information age. Cryptographys potential for use as a tool for espionage and sedition has led governments to classify it as a weapon and to limit or even prohibit its use. In some jurisdictions where the use of cryptography is legal, laws permit investigators to compel the disclosure of encryption keys for documents relevant to an investigation, Cryptography also plays a major role in digital rights management and copyright infringement of digital media. Until modern times, cryptography referred almost exclusively to encryption, which is the process of converting ordinary information into unintelligible text, decryption is the reverse, in other words, moving from the unintelligible ciphertext back to plaintext. A cipher is a pair of algorithms that create the encryption, the detailed operation of a cipher is controlled both by the algorithm and in each instance by a key. The key is a secret, usually a short string of characters, historically, ciphers were often used directly for encryption or decryption without additional procedures such as authentication or integrity checks. There are two kinds of cryptosystems, symmetric and asymmetric, in symmetric systems the same key is used to encrypt and decrypt a message. Data manipulation in symmetric systems is faster than asymmetric systems as they generally use shorter key lengths, asymmetric systems use a public key to encrypt a message and a private key to decrypt it. Use of asymmetric systems enhances the security of communication, examples of asymmetric systems include RSA, and ECC. Symmetric models include the commonly used AES which replaced the older DES, in colloquial use, the term code is often used to mean any method of encryption or concealment of meaning. However, in cryptography, code has a specific meaning. It means the replacement of a unit of plaintext with a code word, English is more flexible than several other languages in which cryptology is always used in the second sense above. RFC2828 advises that steganography is sometimes included in cryptology, the study of characteristics of languages that have some application in cryptography or cryptology is called cryptolinguistics
Cryptography
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German Lorenz cipher machine, used in
World War II to encrypt very-high-level
general staff messages
Cryptography
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16th-century book-shaped
French cipher machine, with arms of
Henri II of France
Cryptography
–
Enciphered letter from
Gabriel de Luetz d'Aramon,
French Ambassador to the Ottoman Empire, after 1546, with partial decipherment
Cryptography
–
Whitfield Diffie and
Martin Hellman, authors of the first published paper on public-key cryptography
26.
Cryptanalysis of the Enigma
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This yielded military intelligence which, along with that from other decrypted Axis radio and teleprinter transmissions, was given the codename Ultra. This was considered by western Supreme Allied Commander Dwight D. Eisenhower to have been decisive to the Allied victory, the Enigma machines were a family of portable cipher machines with rotor scramblers. Good operating procedures, properly enforced, would have made the cipher unbreakable, the German plugboard-equipped Enigma became Nazi Germanys principal crypto-system. It was broken by the Polish General Staffs Cipher Bureau in December 1932—with the aid of French-supplied intelligence material that had obtained from a German spy. Shortly before the outbreak of World War II, the Polish Cipher Bureau initiated the French and British into its Enigma-breaking techniques, from this beginning, the British Government Code and Cypher School at Bletchley Park built up an extensive cryptanalytic facility. Initially, the decryption was mainly of Luftwaffe and a few Army messages, however, the German Navy introduced an Enigma version with a fourth rotor for its U-boats resulting in a prolonged period when these messages could not be decrypted. With the capture of relevant cipher keys and the use of much faster US Navy Bombes, regular, the Enigma machines produced a polyalphabetic substitution cipher. This constant altering of the electrical pathway produces a long period before the pattern—the key sequence or substitution alphabet—repeats. Decrypting enciphered messages involves three stages, defined differently in that era than in modern cryptography. e. Today, it is assumed that an attacker knows how the encipherment process works. Enigma machines, however, had so many potential internal wiring states that reconstructing the machine, the Enigma rotor cipher machine was potentially an excellent system. It generated a polyalphabetic cipher, with a period before repetition of the substitution alphabet that was much longer than any message, or set of messages. A major weakness of the system, however, was no letter could be enciphered to itself. This meant that some possible solutions could quickly be eliminated because of the same appearing in the same place in both the ciphertext and the putative piece of plaintext. This contained a set of 26 contacts that made electrical connection with the set of 26 spring-loaded pins on the right hand rotor, the internal wiring of the core of each rotor provided an electrical pathway from the pins on one side to different connection points on the other. The left hand side of each rotor made electrical connection with the rotor to its left, the leftmost rotor then made contact with the reflector. The reflector provided a set of thirteen paired connections to return the current back through the scrambler rotors, whenever a key on the keyboard was pressed, the stepping motion was actuated, moving the rightmost rotor on one position. Because it advanced with each key pressed it is called the fast rotor
Cryptanalysis of the Enigma
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The
Enigma machine was used commercially from the early 1920s and was adopted by the militaries and governments of various countries—most famously,
Nazi Germany.
Cryptanalysis of the Enigma
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The plugboard (Steckerbrett) was positioned at the front of the machine, below the keys. In the above photograph, two pairs of letters have been swapped (A↔J and S↔O). During World War II, ten leads were used, leaving only six letters 'unsteckered'.
Cryptanalysis of the Enigma
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Marian Rejewski about 1932, when he first broke
Enigma
Cryptanalysis of the Enigma
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Zygalski sheet
27.
Enigma machine
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The Enigma machines were a series of electro-mechanical rotor cipher machines developed and used in the early- to mid-twentieth century to protect commercial, diplomatic and military communication. Enigma was invented by the German engineer Arthur Scherbius at the end of World War I, early models were used commercially from the early 1920s, and adopted by military and government services of several countries, most notably Nazi Germany before and during World War II. Several different Enigma models were produced, but the German military models, however, Japanese and Italian models were also in use. Rejewski did that without knowing the machine wiring, so the result did not allow the Poles to read any messages, however, the French had a spy with access to German cipher materials that included the daily keys used in September and October 1932. Those keys included the plugboard settings, the French gave the material to the Poles, and Rejewski used some of that material and the message traffic in September and October to solve for the unknown rotor wiring. Consequently, the Poles were able to build their own Enigma machines, Rejewski was aided by cryptanalysts Jerzy Różycki and Henryk Zygalski, both of whom had been recruited with Rejewski from Poznań University. The Polish Cipher Bureau developed techniques to defeat the plugboard and find all components of the daily key, over time, the German cryptographic procedures improved, and the Cipher Bureau developed techniques and designed mechanical devices to continue breaking the Enigma traffic. In 1938, the Germans added complexity to the Enigma machines that finally became too expensive for the Poles to counter. The Poles had six bomby, but when the Germans added two more rotors, ten times as many bomby were needed, but the Poles did not have the resources, the demonstration represented a vital basis for the later British continuation and effort. During the war, British cryptologists decrypted a vast number of messages enciphered on Enigma, the intelligence gleaned from this source, codenamed Ultra by the British, was a substantial aid to the Allied war effort. Like other rotor machines, the Enigma machine is a combination of mechanical and electrical subsystems, the mechanical parts act in such a way as to form a varying electrical circuit. When a key is pressed, one or more move to form a new rotor configuration. Current flows through various components in the new configuration, ultimately lighting one display lamp, which shows the output letter. For example, when encrypting a message starting ANX. the operator would first press the A key, the operator would next press N, and then X in the same fashion, and so on. Current flowed from the battery through a depressed bi-directional keyboard switch to the plugboard, next, it passed through the plug A via the entry wheel, through the wiring of the three or four installed rotors, and entered the reflector. The repeated changes of electrical path through an Enigma scrambler implemented a polyalphabetic substitution cipher that provided Enigmas security, the diagram on the right shows how the electrical pathway changed with each key depression, which caused rotation of at least the right-hand rotor. Current passed into the set of rotors, into and back out of the reflector, the greyed-out lines are other possible paths within each rotor, these are hard-wired from one side of each rotor to the other. The letter A encrypts differently with consecutive key presses, first to G and this is because the right-hand rotor has stepped, sending the signal on a completely different route
Enigma machine
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Military Enigma machine
Enigma machine
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Enigma in use, 1943
Enigma machine
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Enigma rotor assembly. In the Wehrmacht Enigma, the three installed movable rotors are sandwiched between two fixed wheels: the entry wheel, on the right, and the reflector on the left.
Enigma machine
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Three Enigma rotors and the shaft, on which they are placed when in use.
28.
Bombe
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The bombe was an electromechanical device used by British cryptologists to help decipher German Enigma-machine-encrypted secret messages during World War II. The US Navy and US Army later produced their own machines to the functional specification. The initial design of the bombe was produced in 1939 at the UK Government Code and Cypher School at Bletchley Park by Alan Turing, the engineering design and construction was the work of Harold Keen of the British Tabulating Machine Company. It was a development from a device that had been designed in 1938 in Poland at the Biuro Szyfrów by cryptologist Marian Rejewski. The Enigma was a rotor machine used for the encryption and decryption of secret messages. It was developed in Germany in the 1920s, the repeated changes of the electrical pathway from the keyboard to the lampboard implemented a polyalphabetic substitution cipher, which turned plaintext into ciphertext and back again. The Enigmas scrambler contained rotors with 26 electrical contacts on each side, at each key depression, the right-hand or fast rotor advanced one position, which caused the encipherment to change. In addition, at a point, the right-hand rotor caused the middle rotor to advance, in a similar way. Each rotor caused the turnover of the rotor to its left after a full rotation, the Enigma operator could rotate the wheels by hand to change the letter of the alphabet showing through a window, to set the start position of the rotors for enciphering a message. This three-letter sequence was the message key, There were 26 ×26 ×26 =17,576 possible positions of the set of three rotors, and hence different message keys. By opening the lid of the machine and releasing a compression bar, multiplying 17,576 by the six possible wheel orders gives 105,456 different ways that the scrambler could be set up. Although 105,456 is a number, it does not guarantee security. A brute-force attack is possible, one could imagine using 100 code clerks who each tried to decode a message using 1000 distinct rotor settings, the Poles developed card catalogs so they could easily find rotor positions, Britain built EINS catalogs. Less intensive methods were also possible, if all message traffic for a day used the same rotor starting position, then frequency analysis for each position could recover the polyalphabetic substitutions. If different rotor starting positions were used, then overlapping portions of a message could be using the index of coincidence. Many major powers could break Enigma traffic if they knew the rotor wiring, the German military knew the Enigma was weak. In 1930, the German army introduced a security feature. The Enigma encryption is an inverse, it swapped letters in pairs
Bombe
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The working rebuilt bombe at
Bletchley Park museum. Each of the rotating drums simulates the action of an Enigma rotor. There are 36 Enigma-equivalents and, on the right-hand end of the middle row, three indicator drums.
John Harper led the "Phoenix" team that built this. It was officially switched on by
the Duke of Kent, patron of the
British Computer Society on 17 July 2008.
Bombe
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A three-rotor Enigma with plugboard (Steckerbrett)
Bombe
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The plugboard of an Enigma machine, showing two pairs of letters swapped: S–O and A–J. During
World War II, ten plugboard connections were made.
Bombe
–
The three drums of one of the 36 Enigma-equivalents, and the mounting plates for another, showing the 104 contacts for the wire brushes on the back of the drums. The top drum corresponds to the left-hand Enigma rotor, the middle drum to the middle rotor and the bottom drum to the right-hand rotor.
29.
Winston Churchill
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Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill KG OM CH TD PC DL FRS RA was a British statesman who was the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1940 to 1945 and again from 1951 to 1955. Churchill was also an officer in the British Army, a historian. He won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1953 for his overall, in 1963, he was the first of only eight people to be made an honorary citizen of the United States. Churchill was born into the family of the Dukes of Marlborough and his father, Lord Randolph Churchill, was a charismatic politician who served as Chancellor of the Exchequer, his mother, Jennie Jerome, was an American socialite. As a young officer, he saw action in British India, the Anglo–Sudan War. He gained fame as a war correspondent and wrote books about his campaigns, at the forefront of politics for fifty years, he held many political and cabinet positions. Before the First World War, he served as President of the Board of Trade, Home Secretary, during the war, he continued as First Lord of the Admiralty until the disastrous Gallipoli Campaign caused his departure from government. He then briefly resumed active service on the Western Front as commander of the 6th Battalion of the Royal Scots Fusiliers. He returned to government under Lloyd George as Minister of Munitions, Secretary of State for War, Secretary of State for Air, at the outbreak of the Second World War, he was again appointed First Lord of the Admiralty. Following the resignation of Neville Chamberlain on 10 May 1940, Churchill became Prime Minister and he led Britain as Prime Minister until victory over Nazi Germany had been secured. After the Conservative Party suffered a defeat in the 1945 general election. He publicly warned of an Iron Curtain of Soviet influence in Europe, after winning the 1951 election, Churchill again became Prime Minister. His second term was preoccupied by foreign affairs, including the Malayan Emergency, Mau Mau Uprising, Korean War, domestically his government laid great emphasis on house-building. Churchill suffered a stroke in 1953 and retired as Prime Minister in 1955. Upon his death aged ninety in 1965, Elizabeth II granted him the honour of a state funeral and his highly complex legacy continues to stimulate intense debate amongst writers and historians. Born into the family of the Dukes of Marlborough, a branch of the noble Spencer family, Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill, like his father. His ancestor George Spencer had changed his surname to Spencer-Churchill in 1817 when he became Duke of Marlborough, to highlight his descent from John Churchill, Churchill was born on 30 November 1874, two months prematurely, in a bedroom in Blenheim Palace, Woodstock, Oxfordshire. From age two to six, he lived in Dublin, where his grandfather had been appointed Viceroy, Churchills brother, John Strange Spencer-Churchill, was born during this time in Ireland
Winston Churchill
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The Right Honourable Sir Winston Churchill
KG OM CH TD DL FRS RA
Winston Churchill
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Jennie Jerome (1854–1921), the American-born mother of Winston Churchill
Winston Churchill
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Churchill, aged seven, in 1881
Winston Churchill
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Blenheim Palace, the Churchill family home
30.
Joan Clarke
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Joan Elisabeth Lowther Murray, MBE was an English cryptanalyst and numismatist best known for her work as a code-breaker at Bletchley Park during the Second World War. Joan Elisabeth Lowther Clarke was born on 24 June 1917 in West Norwood, London and she was the youngest child of Dorothy and the Revd William Kemp Lowther Clarke, a clergyman. She had three brothers and one sister and she was denied a full degree, however, which Cambridge awarded only to men until 1948. Joan’s mathematical abilities were first discovered by Gordon Welchman, in an undergraduate Geometry class at Cambridge, Welchman was one of the top four mathematicians to be recruited in 1939 to supervise decoding operations at Bletchley Park. After noticing Clarke’s mathematical abilities he recruited her to him at Bletchley Park and be a part of the Government Code. The GCCS started up in 1939 with only one purpose, to break the German Enigma Code, the Enigma Code was a machine the Germans invented to encrypt their messages, they strongly believed their machine was unbreakable. Clarke first arrived at Bletchley Park on June 17,1940 and she was first placed in a group only made up of women referred to as The Girls, that mainly did routine clerical work. At this time, cryptology was not a job for a woman, according to Clarke, she only knew of one other female cryptologist that worked at Bletchley Park. In June 1940, Clarke was recruited by her former supervisor, Gordon Welchman, to the Government Code. Although Clarke had the position as her male coworkers, she was being paid less due to her gender. Clarkes first work promotion was to Linguist Grade which was designed to earn her extra money despite the fact that she did not speak another language and this promotion was a recognition of her workload and contributions to the team. In 1941, trawlers were captured as well as their cipher equipment, before this information was obtained, wolf packs had sunk 282,000 tons of shipping a month from March to June 1941. By November, Clarke and her team were able to reduce this number to 62,000 tons, hugh Alexander, head of Hut 8 from 1943 to 1944, described her as one of the best Banburists in the section. Alexander himself was regarded as the best of the Banburists, good considered the process more an intellectual game than a job. It was not easy enough to be trivial, but not difficult enough to cause a nervous breakdown, Clarke would become deputy head of Hut 8 in 1944, although she would be prevented from progressing because of her gender, and would be paid less than the men. Clarke and Turing became very good friends at Bletchley Park, Turing would arrange their shifts so they could work together, and they also spent a much of their free time together. In early 1941, Turing proposed marriage to Clarke, and subsequently introduced her to his family, although privately admitting his homosexuality to her—she was reportedly unfazed by the revelation—Turing decided that he could not go through with the marriage, and broke up with Clarke in mid-1941. Clarke later admitted that she suspected Turings homosexuality for some time, Clarke and Turing had been close friends since soon after they met, and continued to be until Turings death in 1954
Joan Clarke
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Clarke, c. the 1940s
31.
Epiphany (feeling)
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An epiphany is an experience of sudden and striking realization. Epiphanies are studied by psychologists and other scholars, particularly those attempting to study the process of innovation, epiphanies are relatively rare occurrences and generally follow a process of significant thought about a problem. Often they are triggered by a new and key piece of information, but importantly, the word epiphany originally referred to insight through the divine. Today, this concept is often used without such connotations. The words secular usage may owe much of its popularity to Irish novelist James Joyce, Joyce had first expounded on epiphanys meaning in the fragment Stephen Hero, although this was published posthumously in 1944. For the philosopher Emmanuel Lévinas, epiphany or a manifestation of the divine is seen in anothers face, in traditional and pre-modern cultures, initiation rites and mystery religions have served as vehicles of epiphany, as well as the arts. The Greek dramatists and poets would, in the ideal, induct the audience into states of catharsis or kenosis, respectively. In modern times an epiphany lies behind the title of William Burroughs Naked Lunch, a state, as Burroughs explained. Epiphanies can come in different forms, and are often generated by a complex combination of experience, memory, knowledge, predisposition. A contemporary example of an epiphany in education might involve the process by which a student arrives at some form of new insight or clarifying thought. Despite this popular image, epiphany is the result of significant work on the part of the discoverer, a common myth predicts that most, if not all, innovations occur through epiphanies. Not all innovations occur through epiphanies, Scott Berkun notes that the most useful way to think of an epiphany is as a bonus of working on tough problems. Most innovations occur without epiphany, and epiphanies often contribute little towards finding the next one, crucially, epiphany cannot be predicted, or controlled. Famous epiphanies include Archimedes realization of how to estimate the volume of a given mass, the biographies of many mathematicians and scientists include an epiphanic episode early in the career, the ramifications of which were worked out in detail over the following years. For example, allegedly Albert Einstein was struck as a child by being given a compass. Another, perhaps better, example from Einsteins life occurred in 1905 after he had spent an evening trying to reconcile Newtonian physics. Another famous epiphany myth is associated with Isaac Newtons apple story, another myth is that epiphany is simply another word for vision. Actually, realism and psychology make epiphany a different mode as distinguished from vision, in Christianity, the Epiphany refers to a realization that Christ is the Son of God
Epiphany (feeling)
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From "L'atmosphere" book of 1888
32.
Stewart Menzies
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Major General Sir Stewart Graham Menzies, KCB, KCMG, DSO, MC was Chief of MI6, British Secret Intelligence Service from 1939 to 1952, during and after the Second World War. His grandfather, Graham Menzies, was a distiller who helped establish a cartel. His parents became friends of King Edward VII who at the time was rumoured to be Menzies father, Menzies was a nephew of Robert Stewart Menzies. But Menzies father was dissolute, never established a worthwhile career, Menzies was educated at Eton College, becoming president of the student society Pop, and left in 1909. He excelled in sports, hunting and cross country running and he won prizes for his studies of languages, and was considered an all-around excellent student. From Eton he joined the Grenadier Guards as a Second Lieutenant, after a year with this regiment, he transferred to the Second Life Guards. He was promoted to Lieutenant and appointed Adjutant by 1913, during the First World War Menzies served in France. He was wounded at Zandvoorde in October 1914, and fought gallantly in the First Battle of Ypres, Menzies was promoted to captain on 14 November, and received the DSO in person from King George V on 2 December. Menzies regiment was decimated during fighting in 1915, suffering heavy casualties in the Second Battle of Ypres. Menzies was seriously injured in a gas attack in 1915, and was discharged from active combat service. He then joined the section of Field Marshal Douglas Haig. In late 1917, he reported to high British leadership that Haigs intelligence chief Brigadier John Charteris was fudging intelligence estimates and this whistle-blowing was apparently done very discreetly. Menzies was promoted to major before the end of the war. Following the end of the war, Menzies entered MI6 and he was a member of the British delegation to the 1919 Versailles Peace Conference. Soon after the war, Menzies was promoted to lieutenant-colonel of the Imperial General Staff, General Staff Officer, within MI6, he became assistant director for special intelligence. Admiral Hugh Sinclair became director-general of MI6 in 1924, and he made Menzies his deputy by 1929, in 1924, Menzies was allegedly involved — alongside Sidney Reilly and Desmond Morton — in the forging of The Zinoviev Letter. This forgery is considered to have been instrumental in the Conservative Partys victory in the United Kingdom general election of 1924, in 1939, when Admiral Sinclair died, Menzies was appointed Chief of Secret Intelligence Service. He expanded wartime intelligence and counterintelligence departments and supervised codebreaking efforts at Bletchley Park, overseeing the work of cryptanalyst, when the Second World War began, SIS expanded greatly
Stewart Menzies
–
Sir Stewart Menzies
33.
Allen Leech
–
Alan Allen Leech is an Irish actor best known for his role as Tom Branson on the historical drama series Downton Abbey. Leech came to attention as Marcus Agrippa on the HBO historical drama series Rome. Leech was born in Killiney, County Dublin to David Leech, the CEO of a computer company, and Kay Leech. He is the third of four children, he has a brother, Greg, an older sister, Ali. Leech became interested in acting at 11 when he was given the part of the Cowardly Lion in a production of The Wizard of Oz. He recalled how he decided to become an actor when Peter McDonald told him how acting is a profession on the last night of the productions run. Afterwards, drama became the point of Leechs teenage years, apart from his family life. He became set on acting after winning a role in a 1998 production of A Streetcar Named Desire at the Gate Theatre. He landed his first major roles in Cowboys & Angels and Man About Dog while at Trinity, Leechs first professional stage role was at the Gate in their production of A Streetcar Named Desire. I was the caller to Frances McDormands Blanche Dubois. The Coen brothers were walking backstage, and me a naive 16-year-old and he appeared as Willi in the Queen and Peacock, at the Garter Lane Arts Centre. The following years, Leech was in Tom Murphys The Morning After Optimism, Leech played the role of Shane Kirwan in the Irelands RTÉ series Love Is the Drug, in which he received a Best Actor nomination from the Irish Film and Television Awards. He followed that up with the role of Willy in the television series Legend and he received a Best Supporting Actor nomination from Irish Film and Television Awards for his performance. In 2007, Leech appeared in the HBO drama series Rome as Marcus Agrippa, Octavians top soldier, the film, Rewind, opened in Ireland on 25 March 2011. In 2010, he appeared on the screen in The Tudors as the doomed Francis Dereham. Leech also appeared in ITV 2010s television series Downton Abbey as chauffeur Tom Branson and he played the role of officer Sam Leonard in television series Primeval in 2011 in series five. Leech also starred in the 2012 film adaptation The Sweeney, Leech was voted sexiest Irish male in 2005 in U Magazine. He was named one of GQs 50 best dressed men in Britain in 2015, Leech dated television presenter Charlie Webster from 2014 to 2015
Allen Leech
–
Leech at the London premiere of
The Adventures of Tintin: The Secret of the Unicorn, 2011.
34.
Peter Hilton
–
Peter John Hilton was a British mathematician, noted for his contributions to homotopy theory and for code-breaking during the Second World War. Hilton was born in London, the son of Elizabeth Amelia and Mortimer Jacob Hilton and he won a scholarship to The Queens College, Oxford in 1940. During the Second World War, as an undergraduate, Hilton was obliged to enroll in training with the Royal Artillery, the team was, in fact, recruiting on behalf of the Government Code and Cypher School. He accepted, and, aged 18, arrived at wartime codebreaking station Bletchley Park on 12 January 1942 and he was initially put to work on Naval Enigma in Hut 8. In late 1942, he transferred to work on German teleprinter ciphers, a special section known as the Testery had been formed in July 1942 to work on one such cipher, codenamed Tunny, and Hilton was one of the early members of the group. Occasionally the same message was sent repeated, a security blunder which Bletchley park called a depth. Hilton derived great satisfaction from being able to look at the encoded texts coming from two separate messages, combine them and extract two messages in clear German. Hilton obtained his DPhil in 1949 from Oxford University under the supervision of John Henry Whitehead and his dissertation was titled, Calculation of the Homotopy Groups of An2-polyhedra. In 1958, he became the Mason Professor of Pure Mathematics at the University of Birmingham and he moved to the United States in 1962 to be Professor of Mathematics at Cornell University, a post he held until 1971. From 1971 to 1973, he held a joint appointment as Fellow of the Battelle Seattle Research Center,1 September 1972, he was appointed Louis D. Beaumont University Professor at Case Western Reserve University. 1 September 1973, he took up the appointment, in 1982, he was appointed Distinguished Professor of Mathematics at Binghamton University, becoming Emeritus in 2003. Latterly he spent each spring semester as Distinguished Professor of Mathematics at the University of Central Florida, Hilton constructed the 51-letter palindrome, Doc note, I dissent. A fast never prevents a fatness, hiltons principal research interests were in algebraic topology, homological algebra, categorical algebra and mathematics education. He published 15 books and over 600 articles in these areas, Hilton is featured in Mathematical People. He died in Binghamton, New York at age 87, Hilton is portrayed by actor Matthew Beard in the 2014 film The Imitation Game, which tells the tale of Alan Turing and the cracking of Nazi Germanys Enigma code. Professor Hilton was presented with a Festschrift of papers dedicated to him, an International Conference was held in Montreal in May,1993, to mark the 70th birthday of Hilton. The proceedings were published as The Hilton Symposium, CRM Proceedings and Lecture Notes, Volume 6, American Mathematical Society, in 1994, Professor Hilton was the Mahler Lecturer of the Australian Mathematical Society. In the summers of 2001 and 2001, Professor Hilton was Visiting Erskine Fellow at the University of Canterbury, Christchurch, in winter term of 2005 Professor Hilton received an appointment as Courtesy Faculty in the College of Arts and Sciences at University of South Florida
Peter Hilton
–
Peter Hilton
35.
I. J. Good
–
Irving John Good was a British mathematician who worked as a cryptologist at Bletchley Park with Alan Turing. After World War II, Good continued to work with Turing on the design of computers, Good moved to the United States where he was professor at Virginia Tech. He was born Isadore Jacob Gudak to a Polish Jewish family in London and he later anglicised his name to Irving John Good and signed his publications I. J. Good. An originator of the now known as intelligence explosion, Good served as consultant on supercomputers to Stanley Kubrick, director of the 1968 film 2001. Good was born Isadore Jacob Gudak to Polish Jewish parents in London and his father was a watchmaker, who later managed and owned a successful fashionable jewellery shop, and was also a notable Yiddish writer writing under the pen-name of Moshe Oved. Good was educated at the Haberdashers Askes Boys School, at the time in Hampstead in north west London, Good studied mathematics at Jesus College, Cambridge, graduating in 1938 and winning the Smiths Prize in 1940. Hardy and Besicovitch before moving to Bletchley Park in 1941 on completing his doctorate, on 27 May 1941, having just obtained his doctorate at Cambridge, Good walked into Hut 8, Bletchleys facility for breaking German naval ciphers, for his first shift. This was the day that Britains Royal Navy destroyed the German battleship Bismarck after it had sunk the Royal Navys HMS Hood, Hut 8 had not, however, been able to decrypt on a current basis the 22 German Naval Enigma messages that had been sent to Bismarck. The German Navys Enigma ciphers were considerably more secure than those of the German Army or Air Force, Naval messages were taking three to seven days to decrypt, which usually made them operationally useless for the British. This was about to change, however, with Goods help, had caught Good sleeping on the floor while on duty during his first night shift. At first, Turing thought Good was ill, but he was cross when Good explained that he was just taking a short nap because he was tired, for days afterwards, Turing would not deign to speak to Good, and he left the room if Good walked in. The new recruit only won Turings respect after he solved the bigram tables problem, during a subsequent night shift, when there was no more work to be done, it dawned on Good that there might be another chink in the German indicating system. The German telegraphists had to add letters to the trigrams which they selected out of the kenngruppenbuch. Good wondered if their choice of dummy letters was random, or whether there was a bias towards particular letters, after inspecting some messages which had been broken, he discovered that there was a tendency to use some letters more than others. The bigram table which produced one of the popular dummy letters was probably the correct one, when Good mentioned his discovery to Alan Turing, Turing was very embarrassed, and said, I could have sworn that I tried that. It quickly became an important part of the Banburismus procedure, jack Goods refusal to go on working when tired was vindicated by a subsequent incident. During another long night shift, he had been baffled by his failure to break a doubly enciphered Offizier message. This was one of the messages which was supposed to be enciphered initially with the Enigma set up in accordance with the Offizier settings, and subsequently with the general Enigma settings in place
I. J. Good
–
I. J. Good
36.
Steven Waddington
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Steven Waddington is an English film and television actor, best known for his supporting role in Michael Manns The Last of the Mohicans. Waddington was born in Leeds, West Riding of Yorkshire, the child of Peter Waddington. He attended Lawns Park Primary School and Intake High School, both in Leeds, shortly after his eighteenth birthday he won a place at East 15 Acting School in Loughton, Essex. He finished his training in the summer of 1989 and subsequently joined the Royal Shakespeare Company, first at Stratford and then at the Barbican and on tour in Newcastle. He was cast in his first film, Edward II, after being recommended to Derek Jarman by fellow actor, Nigel Terry and his first film role was as the eponymous king in Derek Jarmans Edward II. Waddington starred as Prasutagus in the 2003 film Boudica as well the Duke of Buckingham in the Showtime series The Tudors and he also appeared in Tim Burtons 1999 film version of Sleepy Hollow as Mr Killian. He played a role as Jeff in Steve Coogans The Parole Officer. He more recently appeared in the ITV drama Vital Signs along with Tamzin Outhwaite, Waddington also starred as Wilfred of Ivanhoe in the 1997 BBC/A&E production of Ivanhoe, based on the novel by Sir Walter Scott. Waddington reprised his role as Richard the Lionheart in the BBC/Discovery Channel drama documentary Heroes and Villains, from April to July 2010 he portrayed canteen head Adam Fleet in Waterloo Road. He featured in two Swedish films, in 2008 he played the role of Arnold of Torroja in the film and mini-series Arn - The Knight Templar and McCullen in Agent Hamilton, But Not If It Concerns Your Daughter in 2012. In 2012 he appeared in the four-part ITV mini-series Titanic, steven Waddington at the Internet Movie Database
Steven Waddington
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Steven Waddington
37.
Victoria Wicks
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Victoria Wicks is a British actress. She is known for her role as Sally Smedley in Channel 4s award winning comedy series Drop the Dead Donkey and her other television roles include Mrs. Gideon in The Mighty Boosh, and the College Director in Skins. Her film appearances include The Imitation Game and High-Rise and she is an Associate of Howard Barkers theatre company, The Wrestling School. Wicks was born Beverly Victoria Anne Wicks in Chippenham, Wiltshire, England to Brian, wicks’s mother, Judith Bates, born 1933, was the second child of the writer H. E. Bates. Wicks is the niece of Jonathan Bates, the award-winning Sound Editor who died in 2008, and the producer, Richard Bates. Wicks is a director of Evensford Productions Ltd, the set up in 1955 to protect. Wicks trained at the Royal Welsh College of Music & Drama where she was awarded the Pernod and her first job was as Acting Assistant Stage Manager at Northampton Rep for a year, before going to Bristol Old Vic, Regent’s Park and then the RSC. In 1986 Wicks was in Andy Hamilton’s black comedy Tickets for the Titanic, the Mighty Boosh, is an award-winning radio, television and stage show created by Noel Fielding and Julian Barratt. Mrs Gideon was the Head of Reptiles at the Zooniverse in Series 1, Wicks also played Harriet Lawes, the Head of College in series 1,2 and 3 of Skins. Wicks joined the Wrestling School‘ in 1996, the company was formed in 1988 for the sole purpose of performing the work of the dramatist Howard Barker. Wicks is an Associate of the Wrestling School, in 2010 Wicks was invited to the Segal Theatre Center in New York as guest of Theatre Minima to celebrate a day-long event on the work of Howard Barker. Wicks played the hgh priestess of the Sybillines in The Fires of Pompeii, in 2014, she played Dorothy Clarke in The Imitation Game, and Susannah Marshall in the E4 drama Glue. In 1984 Wicks married Peter Williams, they have one daughter, Madelaine Rose, Victoria Wicks at the Internet Movie Database BBC Comedy Guide - Victoria Wicks Kilpatrick, David. Theatre Journal - Volume 55, Number 4, December 2003, the Johns Hopkins University Press Guardian review of the 2002 production of Gertrude—The Cry
Victoria Wicks
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Victoria Wicks
38.
Warner Bros.
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Entertainment Inc. – colloquially known as Warner Bros. or Warner Bros. It is one of the Big Six major American film studios, Warner Bros. is a member of the Motion Picture Association of America. The companys name originated from the four founding Warner brothers, Harry, Albert, Sam, Jack, the youngest, was born in London, Ontario. The three elder brothers began in the theater business, having acquired a movie projector with which they showed films in the mining towns of Pennsylvania. In the beginning, Sam and Albert Warner invested $150 to present Life of an American Fireman and they opened their first theater, the Cascade, in New Castle, Pennsylvania, in 1903. When the original building was in danger of being demolished, the modern Warner Bros. called the current building owners, the owners noted people across the country had asked them to protect it for its historical significance. In 1904, the Warners founded the Pittsburgh-based Duquesne Amusement & Supply Company, in 1912, Harry Warner hired an auditor named Paul Ashley Chase. By the time of World War I they had begun producing films, in 1918 they opened the first Warner Bros. studio on Sunset Boulevard in Hollywood. Sam and Jack produced the pictures, while Harry and Albert, along with their auditor and now controller Chase, handled finance and distribution in New York City. During World War I their first nationally syndicated film, My Four Years in Germany, on April 4,1923, with help from money loaned to Harry by his banker Motley Flint, they formally incorporated as Warner Brothers Pictures, Incorporated. The first important deal was the acquisition of the rights to Avery Hopwoods 1919 Broadway play, The Gold Diggers, however, Rin Tin Tin, a dog brought from France after World War I by an American soldier, established their reputation. Rin Tin Tin debuted in the feature Where the North Begins, the movie was so successful that Jack signed the dog to star in more films for $1,000 per week. Rin Tin Tin became the top star. Jack nicknamed him The Mortgage Lifter and the success boosted Darryl F. Zanucks career, Zanuck eventually became a top producer and between 1928 and 1933 served as Jacks right-hand man and executive producer, with responsibilities including day-to-day film production. More success came after Ernst Lubitsch was hired as head director, lubitschs film The Marriage Circle was the studios most successful film of 1924, and was on The New York Times best list for that year. Despite the success of Rin Tin Tin and Lubitsch, Warners remained a lesser studio, Sam and Jack decided to offer Broadway actor John Barrymore the lead role in Beau Brummel. The film was so successful that Harry signed Barrymore to a contract, like The Marriage Circle. By the end of 1924, Warner Bros. was arguably Hollywoods most successful independent studio, as the studio prospered, it gained backing from Wall Street, and in 1924 Goldman Sachs arranged a major loan
Warner Bros.
Warner Bros.
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Warner Bros.
Warner Bros.
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Lobby card from Open Your Eyes (1919)
Warner Bros.
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Lobby card from
The Beautiful and Damned (1922)
39.
Leonardo DiCaprio
–
Leonardo Wilhelm DiCaprio is an American actor and film producer. He began his career by starring as Josh in Critters 3. He starred in the adaptation of the memoir This Boys Life. Since 2000, DiCaprio has received acclaim for his work in a wide range of film genres. Edgar, the western Django Unchained, and the period drama The Great Gatsby and he also won his first Academy Award and BAFTA Award for his performance in The Revenant. DiCaprio is the founder of his own company, Appian Way Productions. Leonardo Wilhelm DiCaprio was born on November 11,1974 in Los Angeles and he is the only child of Irmelin, a legal secretary, and George DiCaprio, an underground comics artist and producer/distributor of comic books. DiCaprios father is of Italian and German descent, DiCaprios maternal grandfather, Wilhelm Indenbirken, was German. His maternal grandmother, Helene Indenbirken, was a Russian-born German citizen, in an interview in Russia, DiCaprio referred to himself as half-Russian and said that two of his grandparents were Russian. DiCaprios parents met while attending college and subsequently moved to Los Angeles, DiCaprio was named Leonardo because his pregnant mother was looking at a Leonardo da Vinci painting in a museum in Italy when he first kicked. His parents separated when he was an old, and he lived mostly with his mother. The two lived in several Los Angeles neighborhoods, such as Echo Park and Los Feliz, while his mother worked several jobs, DiCaprio attended Seeds Elementary School and John Marshall High School a few blocks away, after attending the Los Angeles Center for Enriched Studies for four years. However, he dropped out of school following his third year. DiCaprio spent part of his childhood in Germany with his grandparents, Wilhelm. He is conversant in German and Italian, DiCaprios career began with his appearance in several commercials and educational films. In 1990, he got his break on television when he was cast in the series based on the movie Parenthood. After Parenthood, DiCaprio had bit parts on several shows, including The New Lassie and Roseanne, as well as a stint on the soap opera Santa Barbara. His involvement in Parenthood and the daily soap earned him a nomination for the Young Artist Award for Best Young Actor each, released in 1991, the movie went direct-to-video
Leonardo DiCaprio
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DiCaprio at the London premiere of The Wolf of Wall Street in 2014
Leonardo DiCaprio
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DiCaprio at a press conference for
The Beach in February 2000.
Leonardo DiCaprio
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DiCaprio at the red carpet at the 2007
Tribeca Film Festival.
Leonardo DiCaprio
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DiCaprio at the premiere of
Shutter Island at the 60th Berlin Film Festival in 2010
40.
Ron Howard
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Ronald William Ron Howard is an American actor and filmmaker. Howard is best known for playing two roles in television sitcoms in his youth and directing a number of successful feature films later in his career. Howard first came to prominence playing young Opie Taylor in the sitcom The Andy Griffith Show for eight years, in 1980, Howard left Happy Days to focus on directing. His films include, the science-fiction/fantasy film Cocoon, the historical docudrama Apollo 13, the biographical drama A Beautiful Mind, in 2002, Howard narrated the Fox comedy series, Arrested Development, on which he would also serve as producer and play a semi-fictionalized version of himself. In 2003, Howard was awarded the National Medal of Arts, asteroid 12561 Howard is named after him. He was inducted into the Television Hall of Fame in 2013, Howard has two stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for his contributions in the television and motion pictures industries. Howard was born in Duncan, Oklahoma, the son of Jean Speegle Howard, an actress, and Rance Howard, a director, a writer. He has German, English, Scottish, Irish, and Dutch ancestry and his father was born with the surname Beckenholdt, and had taken the stage name Howard by 1948, for his acting career. Rance Howard was serving three years in the United States Air Force at the time of Rons birth, the family moved to Hollywood in 1958, the year before the birth of his younger brother, Clint Howard. They rented a house on the south of the Desilu Studios. They lived in Hollywood for at least three years, before moving to Burbank, Howard was tutored at Desilu Studios in his younger years, and graduated from John Burroughs High School. He later attended the University of Southern Californias School of Cinematic Arts, Howard has said he knew from a young age he might want to go into directing thanks to his early experience as an actor. In 1959, Howard had his first credited role, in The Journey. Howard played Timmy in Counterfeit Gun, Season 4, Episode 2 of the TV series, in 1960, Howard was cast as Opie Taylor in The Andy Griffith Show. Credited as Ronny Howard, he portrayed the son of the character for all eight seasons of the show. He and Griffith remained close until Griffiths death nearly 45 years later, in the 1962 film version of The Music Man, Howard played Winthrop Paroo, the child with the lisp, the film starred Robert Preston and Shirley Jones. He also starred in the 1963 film The Courtship of Eddies Father and he appeared as Barry Stewart on The Eleventh Hour, in the episode Is Mr. Martian Coming Back. In the 1970s, he appeared in at least one episode of The Bold Ones, Howard appeared on the 1969 Disneyland Records album The Story and Song from the Haunted Mansion
Ron Howard
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Howard in 2011
Ron Howard
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Andy Griffith and Howard in
The Andy Griffith Show, circa 1961
Ron Howard
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With
Cara Williams in
Pete and Gladys in 1960
Ron Howard
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Richie (Ron Howard) takes a turn on Fonzie's motorcycle in a scene from
Happy Days
41.
David Yates
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David Yates is an English filmmaker who has directed feature films, short films, and television productions. He rose to prominence by directing the final four films in the Harry Potter film series, entries five, six, seven. His work on the series brought him commercial success along with accolades. Yates following projects include, but are not limited to, The Legend of Tarzan and Fantastic Beasts, Yates is a founding member of Directors UK. He has had a partnership with Warner Bros. as a director. David Yates was born in 1963 in Lancashire, England and his parents died when he was young. Raised in the village of Rainhill, Yates was inspired to pursue a career in filmmaking after watching Steven Spielbergs 1975 movie Jaws, before her death, Yates mother bought him a Super 8mm camera. He used this to various films in which his friends. One such film, The Ghost Ship, was shot on board the vessel where his uncle worked as a cook and he attended St Helens College where he completed the courses of sociology, politics, and literature before moving on to the University of Essex. Yates said that he used to skive off college all the time, while at the University of Essex, Yates formed the Film and Video Production Society. He graduated with a BA Government in 1987, in 1988, Yates made his first serious film When I Was a Girl in Swindon. The film entered the circuit where it was named Best Short Film at the San Francisco International Film Festival. It contributed to Yates acceptance into the National Film and Television School in 1989 and led to the BBC hiring him to direct Oranges and Lemons, before completing film school, he began to direct, produce and write the screenplay to the dramatic short The Weavers Wife. He also made his short film Good Looks, which was presented at the Chicago International Film Festival. After graduating in 1992, Yates directed an episode of the film studies programme Moving Pictures, the programme followed media personalities Russell Grant, Honor Blackman and Pam Ayres visiting and exploring the South Coast towns of Brighton, Eastbourne and Weymouth. Yates directed his fifth short film Punch before making his film debut in 1998 with the release of the independent historical-drama film The Tichborne Claimant. The film, which was shown at the Edinburgh International Film Festival, was written by Joe Fisher and it starred Stephen Fry and Robert Hardy and was shot on location in Merseyside and on the Isle of Man. Among the actors which Yates directed were David Suchet, Cillian Murphy and Miranda Otto in their roles as Augustus Melmotte, Paul Montague, Yates shared the British Academy Television Award for Best Drama Serial with screenwriter Andrew Davies and producer Nigel Stafford-Clark at the 2002 BAFTA Awards
David Yates
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Yates at
Alice Tully Hall,
New York City, 2010
David Yates
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The
National Film and Television School, where Yates trained as a director and received the Honorary Fellowship for Outstanding Contribution to the British Film and Television Industry in 2010, joining the likes of
Richard Attenborough,
Alan Parker,
Nick Park and
David Lean.
David Yates
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David Yates with his wife, Yvonne Walcott, at the premiere of
Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1 in New York City on 15 November 2010.
42.
Headhunters (film)
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Headhunters is a 2011 Norwegian action thriller film, based on the 2008 novel of the same name by Jo Nesbø. The film was directed by Morten Tyldum and stars Aksel Hennie, Nikolaj Coster-Waldau, Hennie portrays the successful but insecure corporate recruiter Roger Brown who lives a double life as an art thief to fund his lavish lifestyle. He finds out one of his job prospects is in possession of a valuable painting. The film is the highest-grossing Norwegian film of all time, asked to dinner by his mistress, Lotte, Roger declines and ends their relationship. Rogers wife and art gallery owner, Diana, introduces him to Clas Greve, an executive for GPS tech company HOTE. Diana reveals that Clas has asked her authenticate a lost Rubens painting he inherited that is believed to be worth millions. Roger takes Clas to lunch to discuss the job at Pathfinder, despite his misgivings, Roger meets with Ove to work out details on stealing the painting. Roger manages to steal it from Clas home, but he discovers Dianas cellphone beside Clas bed, later, after a seemingly successful meeting with Pathfinder, an upset Roger flippantly informs Clas that the company may be looking for someone else to fill the position. Finding Clas has followed him to Oves cabin, Roger narrowly escapes after a scuffle, Roger switches his car for Oves and throws his clothes in a lake, changing into his spare uniform and fleeing to a farm where Ove used to stay. Clas tails Roger to the farm with his dog and murders the farmer, trying to escape on a tractor, Roger is attacked by Clas dog, which he kills by impaling it on the tractors forks. Roger, believing Clas is chasing him, drives erratically and falls from the tractor, waking in a hospital, Roger learns the police think he is Ove, who arrest him for the farmers murder when he tries to escape. Driving to the station, the officers pull over to block a truck reported stolen, playing dead until Clas leaves the scene, Roger shaves his head and hides his hair on a body, then swaps clothes with a detectives disfigured body to fake his death. Roger turns to Lotte for help, only to discover she has worked for Clas. When Roger lets his guard down, Lotte attacks him with a knife, causing Roger to shoot, Roger returns home and admits everything to Diana, who apologizes for her affair with Clas. The next morning, Roger goes to a morgue to retrieve his cut hair, while cleaning Oves cabin of evidence, Roger is confronted by Clas, who was able to track the location transmitters in the cut hair. Clas gloats that Diana has returned to him, and tries to shoot Roger, Roger fatally wounds Clas with Oves gun, explaining Diana only resumed their affair so she could load Clas gun with blanks. Later, Roger and a visibly pregnant Diana are shown selling their house and it was the first of Nesbøs novels to be turned into a film. The film was shot in and around Oslo on a budget of 30 million NOK over 40 days, a Hollywood remake of Headhunters is planned, with the British journalist and screenwriter Sacha Gervasi writing the screenplay
Headhunters (film)
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Norwegian pre-release theatrical poster
43.
Principal photography
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Principal photography is the phase of film production in which the movie is filmed, with actors on set and cameras rolling, as distinct from pre-production and post-production. Its start generally marks a point of no return for the financiers, feature films usually have insurance in place by the time principal photography begins. The death of a star before completing all planned takes. For example, sets are notoriously flammable, and most older studios feature water towers for that reason, furthermore, professional-quality movie cameras are normally rented as needed, and most camera houses will not allow rentals of their equipment without proof of insurance. Once a film concludes principal photography, it is said to have wrapped, in these circumstances, additional material may have to be shot. If the material has already been shot once, or is substantial, the process is referred to as a re-shoot, learning materials related to Filmmaking at Wikiversity Media related to Filmmaking at Wikimedia Commons
Principal photography
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Film production on location in
Newark, New Jersey.
44.
Sherborne School
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Sherborne School is a British independent boys school, located in the town of Sherborne in north-west Dorset, England. It is one of the member schools of the Headmasters. It has close partnerships with the girls school Sherborne Girls and shares some activities. The schools origins date back to the century, when a tradition of education in Sherborne was begun by St Aldhelm. According to legend, Alfred the Great was one of the early pupils. The school was linked with Sherborne Abbey, formerly a Benedictine house. The earliest known Master was Thomas Copeland in 1437, after the Dissolution of the Monasteries, Edward VI re-founded the school in 1550 as King Edwards School, a free grammar school for local boys. The present-day school stands on land once belonged to the abbeys monastery. The Library, Chapel, and Headmasters rooms, which adjoin the Abbey Church, are modifications of its monastic buildings. In the Beckett Room below the library there survives Anglo-Saxon masonry, each school was required to pay a nominal penalty of £10,000. All schools involved in the agreed to make ex-gratia payments, totalling £3 million. The trust was designed to benefit pupils who attended the schools during the period in respect of which fee information was shared. She wrote to John Vickers, the OFT director-general, saying and they are schools that have quite openly continued to follow a long-established practice because they were unaware that the law had changed. Sheikh Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani, the current emir of Qatar received his education at the school obtaining his A Levels in 1997. In March 2009, it was announced that a replica of the school would be built in Doha, Qatar, with the first academic year starting in September 2009, as Sherborne is predominantly a boarding school, the house system is based on the boarding programme. Each house has around 70 boys with a mix of boarders and day pupils. Day boys are fully integrated into after-school and weekend programmes, there are eight houses, The schools cricket ground – the Upper – is usually used by the 1st XI cricket team. The ground was first used in 1870, when Sherborne School played Clifton College, the ground is also one of the venues used by Dorset for their home fixtures
Sherborne School
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Sherborne School
Sherborne School
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Illustrated London News, 6 July 1861
Sherborne School
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Sherborne School cricket ground
45.
Central Saint Martins
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Central Saint Martins, often abbreviated to CSM, is a public tertiary art school in London, England. It is a constituent college of the University of the Arts London and it offers full-time courses at foundation, undergraduate and postgraduate levels, and a variety of short and summer courses. It was formerly known as Central Saint Martins College of Arts and Design, and before that as Central Saint Martins College of Art and Design. Central Saint Martins College of Art and Design was formed in 1989 from the merger of the Central School of Art and Design, founded in 1896, and Saint Martins School of Art, founded in 1854. Since 1986 both schools had been part of the London Institute, formed by the Inner London Education Authority to bring together seven London art, design, fashion and media schools. The London Institute became an entity in 1988, could award taught degrees from 1993, was granted University status in 2003 and was renamed University of the Arts London in 2004. The Drama Centre London, founded in 1963, joined Central Saint Martins in 1999 as a school, maintaining its name. The Byam Shaw School of Art, founded in 1910, was merged into Central Saint Martins in 2003, the Central School of Art and Design was established as the Central School of Arts and Crafts in 1896 by the London County Council. It grew directly from the Arts and Crafts movement of William Morris, the first principal, from 1896 until 1911, was William Richard Lethaby, a blue plaque in his memory was erected in 1957. The school was at first housed in Morley Hall, rented from the Regent Street Polytechnic, in 1908 it moved to purpose-built premises in Southampton Row, in the London Borough of Camden. In the same year the Royal Female School of Art, established in 1842, was merged into the school, Central became part of the London Institute in 1986, and merged with Saint Martins in 1989. Saint Martins School of Art was established in 1854 by Henry Mackenzie and it became independent from the church in 1859. Frank Martin became head of the department in 1952, he brought in young sculptors. Among these, Anthony Caro was particularly influential, the group around him came to be known as the New Generation of British sculptors and the sculpture department of Saint Martins became, in the words of Tim Scott, the most famous in the art world. Saint Martins became part of the London Institute in 1986, the Drama Centre London was founded in 1963 by a breakaway group of teachers and students from the Central School of Speech and Drama, led by John Blatchley, Yat Malmgren and Christopher Fettes. The school is a member of Drama UK and its undergraduate Acting course is accredited by Drama UK, the Drama Centre London merged with Central Saint Martins in 1999. The Byam Shaw School of Art was founded by the artists John Byam Shaw and it was originally located in Campden Street, Kensington, and moved to larger premises in Archway in 1990. It was subsumed by Central Saint Martins in 2003, in 1998 the London Institute received a Queens Anniversary Prize for the massive contribution of Central Saint Martins College of Art & Design to the growth of the fashion industry in Britain
Central Saint Martins
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The King's Cross campus of Central Saint Martins.
Central Saint Martins
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Central School of Art and Design, Southampton Row, Holborn, London WC1B 4AP:
Blue Plaque for
William Lethaby, first Principal of the Central School of Arts and Crafts, placed by
London County Council in 1957
46.
Southampton Row
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Southampton Row is a major thoroughfare running northwest-southeast in Bloomsbury, Camden, central London, England. The road is designated as part of the A4200, to the north, Southampton Row adjoins the southeast corner of Russell Square. To the south at Holborn tube station, it becomes Kingsway at the junction with High Holborn, on the corner with Theobalds Road is the complex that formerly housed Central Saint Martins College of Art and Design, and the Cochrane Theatre. There are several hotels on Southampton Row, including the Bedford, DoubleTree by Hilton Hotel London - West End. The street was named after Thomas Wriothesley, 4th Earl of Southampton and it was previously known as Kingsgate Street. In 1822 the Chartist Henry Hetherington registered a printing press at 13 Kingsgate Street—an eight-roomed house, including shop, the first studio of the sculptor Robert William Sievier was in Southampton Row until 1837. The architect William Lethaby was the first Principal, as recorded by a plaque on Southampton Row. Sir John Barbirolli, the conductor and cellist, was born in Southampton Row on 2 December 1899, a commemorative blue plaque was placed on the wall of the Bloomsbury Park Hotel in May 1993 to mark his birthplace. In 1907 the Institute of Education moved to its first purpose-built building on Southampton Row, in 1938 the Institute moved to the Senate House complex of the University of London on Malet Street, not far away to the northwest. He realised that splitting an atom with a neutron could produce further neutrons which themselves could also split atoms, leading to a chain reaction and this led directly to the development of the atomic bomb and nuclear energy. The Sue Ryder Care charity, established in 1953, is registered at 114–118 Southampton Row, also in 1953, John Cass opened a bookshop on Southampton Row, where he began publishing books and journals which were acquired by Taylor & Francis in 2003. In 1966 the Indica Bookshop was separated from the Indica Gallery, an art gallery supported by Paul McCartney. The street formed part of a route that included a tunnel for trams. Nowadays it is a bus route. Southampton Row formed part of the ORN for the London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic games, list of eponymous roads in London Southampton Street, Westminster, London
Southampton Row
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Central Saint Martins College of Art and Design, Southampton Row campus at the junction with Theobald's Road.
Southampton Row
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Blue plaque for the architect
William Lethaby (1857–1931), a key figure in the foundation of the original Central School.
Southampton Row
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The southern end of Southampton Row looking south from the junction with Theobald's Road. The railing are part of the old tramway tunnel, now disused.
Southampton Row
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Buildings
47.
Nettlebed
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Nettlebed is a village and civil parish in the Chiltern Hills about 4.5 miles northwest of Henley-on-Thames in Oxfordshire and 6 miles southeast of Wallingford. The 2011 Census recorded a population of 727. Archaeological finds show that the area around Nettlebed has been inhabited since Palaeolithic times, the site was frequently travelled through since ancient times, being a pass through the Chiltern Hills used by the road between Oxford and Henley. The road between Henley and Wallingford was made into a turnpike in 1736 and ceased to be a turnpike in 1873 and it is now classified the A4130. The Church of England parish of Saint Bartholomew was originally a chapelry of the adjacent parish of Benson. There is a record of the Empress Matilda giving the benefice of Benson, including chapels at Nettlebed and Warborough, to the Augustinian Abbey at nearby Dorchester, Oxfordshire in about AD1140. The Mediaeval church building was replaced in 1845–46 by the present building, the bell tower has a ring of six bells, all cast by Charles and George Mears of the Whitechapel Bell Foundry in 1846. From the 14th century Nettlebed became important for making, which continued until the 1930s. One remaining pottery kiln is preserved in the village, the sand used in the manufacture of the first flint glass was sourced from Nettlebed by George Ravenscroft in 1674. Nettlebed had what seems to have been the only mill in Oxfordshire. It used to be at Chinnor but was moved to a site at Nettlebed in about 1825. It was an octagonal building with four common sails and a fantail. The village is home to a long-established and highly regarded folk club which holds its concerts on Monday evenings from 8pm at The Village Club in Nettlebed High Street, Nettlebed Folk Song Club was started in July 1975 at the Bull Inn. The club quickly established as one of the folk music scenes major venues. When the Bull Inn was closed by its owners, Brakspear Brewery in 1991, the moved to its present venue. The Club is also famous for its unique special performances such as Feast of Fiddles and Rocks Specials where a mix of leading national performers and local artists provide themed evenings. Nettlebed Folk Song Club is recognised as one of the top venues in the U. K. Celia Johnson, star of the 1945 film Brief Encounter, chichester, Phillimore & Co Ltd. p.127
Nettlebed
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Historic pottery kiln
Nettlebed
–
Nettlebed
pudding stone
Nettlebed
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St Bartholomew's parish church
48.
Oxfordshire
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Oxfordshire is a county in South East England bordering on Warwickshire, Northamptonshire, Buckinghamshire, Berkshire, Wiltshire and Gloucestershire. The county has major education and tourist industries and is noted for the concentration of performance companies and facilities. Oxford University Press is the largest firm among a concentration of print and publishing firms, the main centre of population is the city of Oxford. The highest point is White Horse Hill, in the Vale of White Horse, oxfordshires county flower is the Snakes-head Fritillary. Historically the area has always had some importance, since it contains valuable agricultural land in the centre of the county, largely ignored by the Romans, it was not until the formation of a settlement at Oxford in the eighth century that the area grew in importance. Alfred the Great was born across the Thames in Wantage, Vale of White Horse, the University of Oxford was founded in 1096, though its collegiate structure did not develop until later on. The university in the county town of Oxford grew in importance during the Middle Ages, the area was part of the Cotswolds wool trade from the 13th century, generating much wealth, particularly in the western portions of the county in the Oxfordshire Cotswolds. Morris Motors was founded in Oxford in 1912, bringing industry to an otherwise agricultural county. The importance of agriculture as an employer has declined rapidly in the 20th century though, nonetheless, Oxfordshire remains a very agricultural county by land use, with a lower population than neighbouring Berkshire and Buckinghamshire, which are both smaller. The Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry, the army unit in the area, was based at Cowley Barracks on Bullingdon Green. Conversely, the Caversham area of Reading, now administratively in Berkshire, was part of Oxfordshire as was the parish of Stokenchurch. This is a chart of trend of gross value added of Oxfordshire at current basic prices published by the Office for National Statistics with figures in millions of British Pounds Sterling. Oxfordshire has a comprehensive education system with 23 independent schools and 35 state secondary schools. Only eight schools do not have a form, these are mostly in South Oxfordshire. The county has two universities, the ancient University of Oxford and the modern Oxford Brookes University, both located in Oxford, in addition, Wroxton College, located in Banbury, is affiliated with Fairleigh Dickinson University of New Jersey. The dreaming spires of the buildings of the University of Oxford are among the reasons for Oxford being the sixth most visited city in the United Kingdom for international visitors. Among many notable University buildings are the Sheldonian Theatre, built 1664–68 to the design of Sir Christopher Wren, Blenheim Palace close to Woodstock was built by the great architect John Vanbrugh for John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough, after he had won the battle of Blenheim. The gardens, which can be visited, were designed by the landscape gardener Capability Brown, in the palace, which can also be visited by the public, Sir Winston Churchill was born in 1874
Oxfordshire
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Oxfordshire County Council http://www.oxfordshire.gov.uk
Oxfordshire
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Flag
Oxfordshire
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Brasenose Lane in Oxford city centre, a street onto which three colleges back.
Oxfordshire
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The University of Oxford's Chemistry Research Laboratory.
49.
Chesham
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Chesham is a market town in the Chiltern Hills, Buckinghamshire, England. It is located 11 miles south-east of the county town of Aylesbury, Chesham is also a civil parish designated a town council within Chiltern district. It is situated in the Chess Valley and surrounded by farmland, the town is known for its four Bs, usually quoted as, - boots, beer, brushes and Baptists. Cheshams prosperity grew significantly during the 18th and 19th centuries with the development of manufacturing industry, in the face of fierce competition from both home and abroad all these traditional industries rapidly declined. The ready availability of skilled labour encouraged new industries to the town both before and after the end of the Second World War, today employment in the town is provided mainly by small businesses engaged in light industry, technology and professional services. From the early part of the 20th century onwards there has been an expansion of the town with new housing developments. Increasingly Chesham has also become a town with improved connection to London via the London Underground. The town centre has been redeveloped since the 1960s and was pedestrianised in the 1990s. The population of the town has increased to slightly over 20,000, There is archaeological evidence of the earliest settlement during the Late Mesolithic period around 5000 BC in East Street, Chesham where a large quantity of Flint tools were found. The earliest farming evidence from the Neolithic era around 2500 BC, Bronze Age tribes settled in the valley around 1800 BC and they were succeeded by Iron Age Belgic people of the Catuvellauni tribe around 500 BC. Between 150–400 AD there is evidence of Romano-British farming and nearby at Latimer there is evidence of a Roman villa. However the area was deserted until the Saxon period around the 7th century. Contrary to popular belief, the town is not named after the river, rather and she held an estate here which she bequeathed to Abingdon Abbey. Prior to 1066 there were three adjacent estates which comprised Caestreham which are recorded in the Domesday Book as being of 1½,4 and 8½ hides. The most important of these manors was held by Queen Edith, other land having been returned to the Crown it was in the hands of Harold Godwinson and his brother Leofwine Godwinson. Part of these later became Chesham Bois parish, after 1066 Edith kept her lands and William the Conqueror divided royal lands between his half brother Odo, Bishop of Bayeux and Hugh de Bolbec. The Domesday Book records that there were three manors in Cestreham and one at nearby Latimer, William the Conqueror shared out the estates between four of his dependants. The vast majority of land was granted to Hugh de Bolebec and smaller parcels to Odo, Bishop of Bayeux, Toustain Mantel, before the 13th century the three Cestreham manors were known as Chesham Higham, Chesham Bury and Chesham Boys
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Chesham Clock Tower in Market Square
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Church Street in Chesham old town
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Thomas Harding memorial
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Painting of Chesham town, circa 1750
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