The Internationale
 "L'Internationale" in original French version | |
|
International anthem of | |
| Also known as | L'Internationale (French) |
|---|---|
| Lyrics | Eugène Pottier, 1871 |
| Music | Pierre De Geyter, 1888 |
| Adopted | 1890s |
| Audio sample | |
|
"The Internationale" (instrumental) | |
"The Internationale" ("French: L'Internationale") is a left-wing anthem. It has been a standard of the socialist movement since the late nineteenth century, when the Second International adopted it as its official anthem. The title arises from the "First International", an alliance of workers which held a congress in 1864. The author of the anthem's lyrics, anarchist Eugène Pottier, attended this congress.
The original French refrain of the song is C'est la lutte finale / Groupons-nous et demain / L'Internationale / Sera le genre humain. (English: "This is the final struggle / Let us group together and tomorrow / The Internationale / Will be the human race."). "The Internationale" has been translated into many languages.
"The Internationale" has been celebrated by communists, socialists, anarchists, democratic socialists, and social democrats.
Contents
Copyright[edit]
The original French words were written in June 1871 by Eugène Pottier (1816–1887, previously a member of the Paris Commune)[1] and were originally intended to be sung to the tune of "La Marseillaise".[2] In 1888 Pierre De Geyter (1848–1932) set the earlier lyrics to a new melody, composed especially for Pottier's lyrics.[3] De Geyter's melody was first publicly performed in July 1888,[4] and soon thereafter Pottier's lyrics became closely associated with, and widely used with, De Geyter's new melody. Thus "The Internationale" gained an identity that was entirely distinct, and no longer in any way directly tied to the French national anthem, the Marseillaise.
In a successful attempt to save Pierre De Geyter's job as a woodcarver, the 6,000 leaflets printed by Lille printer Bolboduc only mentioned the French version of his family name (Degeyter). In 1904, Pierre's brother Adolphe was induced by the Lille mayor Gustave Delory to claim copyright, so that the income of the song would continue to go to Delory's French Socialist Party. Pierre De Geyter lost the first copyright case in 1914, but after his brother committed suicide and left a note explaining the fraud, Pierre was declared the copyright owner by a court of appeal in 1922.[5]
In 1972 "Montana Edition", owned by Hans R. Beierlein, bought the rights to the song for 5,000 Deutschmark, first for the territory of the former West Germany, then in the former East Germany, then worldwide. East Germany paid Montana Edition 20,000 DM every year for its rights to play the music. Pierre De Geyter died in 1932, causing the copyrights to expire in 2002.[6] Luckhardt's German text is public domain since 1984.
As the "Internationale" music was published before 1 July 1909 outside the United States of America, it is in the public domain in the United States.[7] As of 2013, Pierre De Geyter's music is also in the public domain in countries and areas whose copyright durations are authors' lifetime plus 80 years or less.[8] Due to France's wartime copyright extensions (prorogations de guerre), SACEM claims that the music was still copyrighted in France until October 2014.[9]
As Eugène Pottier died in 1887, his original French lyrics are in the public domain. Gustave Delory once acquired the copyright of his lyrics through the songwriter G B Clement having bought it from Pottier's widow.[10]
Original lyrics[edit]
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Wikisource has original text related to this article: |
| French | Literal English translation |
|---|---|
Debout, les damnés de la terre |
Stand up, damned of the Earth |
Translations into other languages[edit]
The German version, "Die Internationale", was used by East German anti-Stalinists in 1953 and again during the 1989 protests which toppled SED rule. When numerous East Germans were arrested for protesting the 40th anniversary celebrations for the GDR, several of them sang the hymn in police custody to embarrass their captors, and imply that they had abandoned the socialist cause they were supposed to serve.[citation needed]
Luckhardt's version, the standard German translation, of the final line of the chorus tellingly reads: "Die Internationale erkämpft das Menschenrecht". (The Internationale will win our human rights.) It was coupled with the chant: "Volkspolizei, steh dem Volke bei" (People's police, stand with the people!)[citation needed]
"The Internationale" in Chinese (simplified Chinese: 国际歌; traditional Chinese: 國際歌; pinyin: Guójìgē), literally the "International Song", has several different sets of lyrics. One such version served as the de facto anthem of the Communist Party of China,[12] the national anthem of the Chinese Soviet Republic,[13] as well as a rallying song of the students and workers at the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989.[14]
Russian lyrics[edit]
| English: "The Internationale" | |
|---|---|
| Internatsional | |
 The Internationale on a 1951 music sheet book. | |
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National anthem of  Russian SFSR  Soviet UnionCPSU | |
| Lyrics | Arkady Kots, 1902 |
| Music | Pierre De Geyter, 1888 |
| Adopted |
1918 (as anthem of Russian SFSR) 1922 (as anthem of Soviet Union) |
| Relinquished | 1944 |
| Audio sample | |
|
"The Internationale" | |
The Russian version was initially translated by Arkady Kots in 1902 and printed in London in Zhizn, a Russian émigré magazine. The first Russian version consisted of three stanzas (as opposed to six stanzas in the original French lyrics, and based on stanzas 1, 2 and 6) and the refrain. After the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia, the text was slightly re-worded to get rid of "now useless" future tenses – particularly the refrain was reworded (the future tense was replaced by the present, and the first person plural possessive pronoun was introduced). In 1918, the chief-editor of Izvestia, Yuri Steklov, appealed to Russian writers to translate the other three stanzas and in the end, the song was expanded into six stanzas.[11] In 1944, the Soviet Union adopted the "Hymn of the Soviet Union" as its national anthem. Prior to that time, "The Internationale" served as the principal musical expression of allegiance to the ideals of the October Revolution and the Soviet Union (the "Internationale" continued to be recognized as the official song of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, and the post-1919 Soviet version is still used by the Communist Party of the Russian Federation). The full song is as follows:
| Russian translation | Romanization | Literal English translation |
|---|---|---|
Вставай, проклятьем заклеймённый, |
Vstavay, proklyat′yem zakleymyonny, |
Stand up, ones who are branded by the curse, |
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Wikisource has original text related to this article: |
English lyrics[edit]
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Wikisource has original text related to this article: |
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Wikisource has original text related to this article: |
The traditional British version of "The Internationale" is usually sung in three verses, while the American version, written by Charles Hope Kerr with five verses, is usually sung in two.[12][13] The American version is sometimes sung with the phrase "the internationale", "the international soviet", or "the international union" in place of "the international working class". In English renditions, "Internationale" is sometimes sung as /ɪntərnæʃəˈnæli/ rather than the French pronunciation of [ɛ̃tɛʁnasjɔnal(ə)].
Billy Bragg was asked by Pete Seeger to sing "The Internationale" with him at the Vancouver Folk Festival in 1989. Bragg thought the traditional English lyrics were archaic and unsingable (Scottish musician Dick Gaughan[14] and former Labour MP Tony Benn[15] disagreed), and composed a new set of lyrics.[16] The recording was released on his album The Internationale along with reworkings of other socialist songs.
| British translation (by Eugène Pottier) |
Billy Bragg's revision[17] | American version (by Charles Hope Kerr) |
|---|---|---|
Arise, ye workers from your slumber, |
Stand up, all victims of oppression, |
Arise, ye prisoners of starvation! |
Chinese lyrics[edit]
Qu Qiubai's version[edit]
The most common and official Chinese version is the de facto anthem of the Communist Party of China.[23] It was first translated on 15 June 1923 from the Russian version by Qu Qiubai (Chinese: 瞿秋白),[24] a leading member of the Communist Party of China in the late 1920s. His translation has transliterated "The Internationale" as Yīngtènàxióngnài'ěr (simplified Chinese: 英特纳雄耐尔; traditional Chinese: 英特納雄耐爾) when singing the phrase in Standard Chinese. When the Chinese Soviet Republic was established in 1931, it was decided to be its national anthem.[25] As he was executed by the Kuomintang in 1935, his Chinese translation is in the public domain wherever the duration of copyright is an author's lifetime plus up to 70 years, including Chinese-speaking Mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau, Taiwan (lifetime plus 50 years in these places), and Singapore (lifetime plus 70 years). The three Chinese lyrics roughly correspond to the three Russian lyrics by Arkady Kots and the first, second, and sixth French lyrics by Eugène Pottier. The fourth and fifth stanzas are not used in the official Chinese version and the PRC forbids the use of them in public performances of the song.[citation needed]
The song was a rallying anthem of the demonstrators at the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989, and was repeatedly sung both while marching to the Square and within the Square.
...many hundreds of people (not only students) appeared on the street. They ran after the trucks and shouted protest slogans. A few stones were thrown. The soldiers opened fire with live ammunition. The crowd threw themselves on the ground, but quickly followed the convoy again. The more shots were fired, the more the crowd got determined and outraged. Suddenly they started singing "The Internationale"; they armed themselves with stones and threw them towards the soldiers. There were also a few Molotov cocktails and the last truck was set on fire.[18]
| Traditional Chinese | Simplified Chinese | Pinyin | Literal English translation |
|---|---|---|---|
起來，饑寒交迫的奴隸， |
起来，饥寒交迫的奴隶， |
Qǐlái, jīhánjiāopò de núlì, |
Arise, slaves afflicted by hunger and cold, |
Note that the lyrics above were translated from the first, second and sixth (last) stanza of the French original.
National Revolutionary Army version[edit]
When commemorating the 55th anniversary of the Paris Commune on 18 March 1926, the National Revolutionary Army printed a music sheet with three lyrics of "The Internationale" in Chinese, roughly corresponding to the first, second, and sixth French lyrics by Eugène Pottier. When singing refrain twice after each lyric, "The Internationale" is transliterated first as Yīngtè'ěrlāxióngnà'ěr (Chinese: 英特爾拉雄納爾) and second as Yīngtè'ěrnàxióngnà'ěr (Chinese: 英特爾納雄納爾).
| Traditional Chinese | Simplified Chinese | Pinyin | Literal English translation |
|---|---|---|---|
起來飢寒交迫的奴隸， |
起来饥寒交迫的奴隶， |
Qǐlái, jīhánjiāopò de núlì, |
Arise, slaves afflicted by hunger and cold, |
Shen Baoji's version[edit]
The third, fourth, and fifth French stanzas are not sung in Chinese in the above two versions of Qu and the National Revolutionary Army. Chinese translator Shen Baoji (simplified Chinese: 沈宝基; traditional Chinese: 沈寶基, 1908–2002) has made a complete Chinese translation, published in 1957, of all six French stanzas,.[27] Shen's translation has transliterated "The Internationale" as Yīngdāi'ěrnàxī'àonà'ěr (simplified Chinese: 因呆尔那西奥纳尔; traditional Chinese: 因呆爾那西奧納爾) in the stanzas, different from the transliterations of Qu and the National Revolutionary Army. As the Copyright Law of the People's Republic of China grants individuals copyright for their lifetime plus 50 years, Shen's translation is expected to remain copyrighted there until the end of 2052.
Non-Mandarin versions[edit]
In addition to the Mandarin version, "The Internationale" also has Cantonese[19] and Taiwanese Hokkien[20] versions, occasionally used in Hong Kong and Taiwan. The word "Internationale" is not translated in either version.
South Asian lyrics[edit]
- Versions of the song in Indian languages, particularly Bengali and Malayalam, have existed since the time of colonial rule. It was translated into Bengali by the radical poet Kazi Nazrul Islam and subsequently by Bengali mass singer Hemanga Biswas. The Assamese version was translated by the poet Bishnu Rabha.
- The Malayalam version of the song has existed since the 1950s with the translation of the song for the people of the Indian state of Kerala by actor and social activist Premji for the united Communist Party of India (CPI).
- Pakistani musical group Laal performed a version of this anthem in their translation.[21]
In film[edit]
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- In the 1965 film The East Is Red, produced the year prior to the Cultural Revolution, the song is performed at the end in the very last scene.[22]
- In the 1993 film In the Heat of the Sun (阳光灿烂的日子) by Chinese director Jiang Wen, the song plays loudly over a brutal scene where the main character, Ma Xiaojun, repeatedly beats an innocent victim to a state of bloodied unconsciousness. Set during the Cultural Revolution (1966–1976), the film's use of "The Internationale", a song played at official events and at the end of the day's radio broadcast during this era, is intended to symbolise the hypocrisy of Maoist ideological rectitude.[23]
- In Federico Fellini's 1973 film Amarcord, the song is played on gramophone as part of cruel prank to get an innocent person arrested by Fascists in 1930s Italy.
- Ken Loach used the Spanish version of this song in his 1995 movie Land and Freedom, set during the Spanish Civil War.[24]
References[edit]
- ^ Gill 1998, first paragraph.
- ^ David Walls, Sonoma State University. "Billy Bragg's Revival of Aging Anthems: Radical Nostalgia or Activist Inspiration?".
- ^ Gill 1998, ninth paragraph.
- ^ Gill 1998, 11th paragraph.
- ^ Gill 1998.
- ^ "Ich habe die Kommunisten bezahlen lassen", Die Welt, Hans R. Beierlein, 2014-04-18.
- ^ Peter B. Hirtle. "Copyright Term and the Public Domain in the United States". Archived from the original on 4 July 2012.
- ^ Year 1932 when Pierre De Geyter died, plus 80 years, would get to year 2012.
- ^ Vulser, Nicole (April 8, 2005). "Siffloter "L'Internationale" peut coûter cher". Le Monde (in French). Retrieved December 7, 2015.
- ^ Gill 1998, 16th paragraph.
- ^ A. V. Lunacharskiy (ed.). "The International (in Russian)". Fundamental'naya Elektronnaya Biblioteka.
- ^ David Walls, Sonoma State University. "Billy Bragg's Revival of Aging Anthems: Radical Nostalgia or Activist Inspiration?".
- ^ "The Internationale" in 82 languages
- ^ "I can see no more point in trying to 'modernise' it than I would in repainting the Cistine [sic] Chapel or rewriting Shakespeare's plays" Gaughan, Dick. "The Internationale". Dick Gaughan's Song Archive.
- ^ Tony Benn (2014). A Blaze of Autumn Sunshine: The Last Diaries. Arrow Books. p. 129. ISBN 978-0-09-956495-9.
- ^ Billy Bragg – Internationale on YouTube, from the Pete Seeger 90th Birthday Concert (The Clearwater Concert) at Madison Square Garden, May 3, 2009.
- ^ Billy Bragg. "The Internationale". Billy Bragg. Archived from the original on 2009-06-09.
- ^ Amnesty International, 30 August 1989. Preliminary Findings on Killings of Unarmed Civilians, Arbitrary Arrests and Summary Executions Since 3 June 1989, p. 19
- ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 12 June 2004. Retrieved 12 June 2004.
- ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 18 January 2006. Retrieved 18 January 2006.
- ^ Internationale Anthem – Laal Band on YouTube
- ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LQaK3tL6qIE
- ^ Braester, Yomi (2001). "Memory at a standstill: 'street-smart history' in Jiang Wen's In the Heat of the Sun". Screen. 42 (4): 350–362.
- ^ Soundtrack, Land and Freedom, IMDb
Sources
- Gill, Tom (3 June 1998). "The International". The Guardian. Melbourne. Archived from the original on 2009-10-25.
External links[edit]
Definitions from Wiktionary
Media from Wikimedia Commons
News from Wikinews
Quotations from Wikiquote
Texts from Wikisource
Textbooks from Wikibooks
Learning resources from Wikiversity
- Bibliowiki has original media or text related to this article: The Internationale (Bragg) (in the public domain in Canada)
- A documentary on "The Internationale".
- Another large collection of downloadable recordings
- "The Internationale": lyrics and tabs
- Communist propaganda clip with "The Internationale" as background music (Albanian and Russian) on YouTube
- "The Internationale" in a minor mode by the Prolétariat Mondial Organiseyyy on YouTube (in French)
- Downloadable recordings in more than 40 languages
- Piano arrangements and orchestral MIDI file of "The Internationale"
- Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
- IWW Version, translated by Charles Kerr from The Little Red Songbook London, 1916[permanent dead link]
- A collection of "The Internationale" in different languages[permanent dead link]
- Asian anthems
- Socialist International
- Socialist symbols
- Anarchist culture
- Russian Revolution
- Communist Party of the Soviet Union
- Multilingual songs
- Historical national anthems
- National symbols of the Soviet Union
- Political party songs
- Songs of the Spanish Civil War
- Protest songs
- Anarchist songs
- Billy Bragg songs
- Songs critical of religion
- 1871 songs
- Symbols of communism
- Chinese patriotic songs
- Maoist China propaganda songs
- French songs