1.
Secaucus, New Jersey
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Secaucus is a town in Hudson County, New Jersey, United States. Secaucus is a derivation of the Algonquian words for black and snake, or place of snakes, or sekakes, sikakes, once an island, was part of the territory purchased by Director-General of New Netherland, Peter Stuyvesant in 1658. Settlement had begun by at least 1733 by the Smith family, Secaucus was originally formed as a borough by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on March 12,1900, from portions of North Bergen. On June 7,1917, Secaucus was incorporated as a town, replacing Secaucus borough, Secaucus was originally an agricultural community specializing in flowers. It later became known for its pig farms in the first half of the 20th century, in the early 1900s the town was home to approximately 55 pig farms, which housed nearly 250,000 pigs, which outnumbered humans 16 to 1. These farms served the demands of Newark and New York. Many of them were politicians, most notably pork peddler Henry B. Krajewski, who ran for New Jersey senator, three times for governor and twice for U. S. President, the towns pig farms, rendering plants, and junk yards gave the town a reputation for being one of the most odorous in the New York metropolitan area. In the 1950s the pig began to dwindle, partially due to construction on the New Jersey Turnpike. In 1963, debris from the demolition of Pennsylvania Station was dumped in the Secaucus Meadowlands, in later decades Secaucus became more of a commuter town. In a non-binding referendum in 1969, 90% of voters in Secaucus chose to leave Hudson County and join Bergen County, however, only the state has the authority to change county lines, so it never came to fruition. Today it remains the most suburban town in Hudson County, New Jersey Monthly magazine ranked Secaucus as its 182nd best place to live in its 2010 rankings of the Best Places To Live in New Jersey, after ranking the borough 11th in its 2008 rankings. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town had an area of 6.599 square miles. At the southern end of Secaucus is Snake Hill, an igneous rock intrusion jutting up some 150 feet from the Meadowlands below. Being partly surrounded by the Hackensack Meadowlands, Secaucus provides opportunities to observe the recovery of natural marshes in the towns post industrial, the Hackensack River and its tributary Mill Creek create the other borders for the district. The North End is one of the older, traditional residential neighborhoods of Secaucus which itself has been transformed to a town and retail. It is home to Secaucus High School, whose fields are used by the Bergen County Scholastic League. Nearby Schmiddts Wood is one of the last original hardwood forests in urban North Jersey, as part of the New Jersey Meadowlands District, the areas along the river are characterized by wetlands preservation and restoration areas
2.
Newspaper
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A newspaper is a serial publication containing news about current events, other informative articles about politics, sports, arts, and so on, and advertising. A newspaper is usually, but not exclusively, printed on relatively inexpensive, the journalism organizations that publish newspapers are themselves often metonymically called newspapers. As of 2017, most newspapers are now published online as well as in print, the online versions are called online newspapers or news websites. Newspapers are typically published daily or weekly, News magazines are also weekly, but they have a magazine format. General-interest newspapers typically publish news articles and feature articles on national and international news as well as local news, typically the paper is divided into sections for each of those major groupings. Papers also include articles which have no byline, these articles are written by staff writers, a wide variety of material has been published in newspapers. As of 2017, newspapers may also provide information about new movies, most newspapers are businesses, and they pay their expenses with a mixture of subscription revenue, newsstand sales, and advertising revenue. Some newspapers are government-run or at least government-funded, their reliance on advertising revenue, the editorial independence of a newspaper is thus always subject to the interests of someone, whether owners, advertisers, or a government. Some newspapers with high editorial independence, high quality. This is a way to avoid duplicating the expense of reporting from around the world, circa 2005, there were approximately 6,580 daily newspaper titles in the world selling 395 million print copies a day. Worldwide annual revenue approached $100 billion in 2005-7, then plunged during the financial crisis of 2008-9. Revenue in 2016 fell to only $53 billion, hurting every major publisher as their efforts to gain online income fell far short of the goal. Besides remodeling advertising, the internet has also challenged the business models of the era by crowdsourcing both publishing in general and, more specifically, journalism. In addition, the rise of news aggregators, which bundle linked articles from online newspapers. Increasing paywalling of online newspapers may be counteracting those effects, the oldest newspaper still published is the Gazzetta di Mantova, which was established in Mantua in 1664. While online newspapers have increased access to newspapers by people with Internet access, literacy is also a factor which prevents people who cannot read from being able to benefit from reading newspapers. Periodicity, They are published at intervals, typically daily or weekly. This ensures that newspapers can provide information on newly-emerging news stories or events, currency, Its information is as up to date as its publication schedule allows
3.
Hudson County, New Jersey
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Hudson County, a county in the U. S. state of New Jersey, lies west of the lower Hudson River, which was named for Henry Hudson, the sea captain who explored the area in 1609. Hudson County is the fourth-most populous county in the state, there are 12 municipalities in Hudson County, listed with area in square miles and 2010 Census data for population and housing. North Hudson and West Hudson each comprise municipalities in their distinct areas, according to the 2010 Census, the county had a total area of 62.31 square miles, including 46.19 square miles of land and 16.12 square miles of water. Based on land area, it is the smallest of New Jerseys 21 counties, less than half the size of the next smallest, Hudson is located in the heart of New York metropolitan area in northeastern New Jersey. The topography is marked by the New Jersey Palisades in the north with cliffs overlooking the Hudson to the east and less severe cuesta, or slope and they gradually level off to the southern peninsula, which is coastal and flat. The western region, around the Hackensack and Passaic is part of the New Jersey Meadowlands, much of the land along the countys extensive shoreline and littoral zone was created by land reclamation. The highest point, at 260 feet above sea level, is in West New York, North Bergen is the city with the second most hills per square mile in the United States behind San Francisco. Ellis Island and Liberty Island, opposite Liberty State Park, lie entirely within Hudson Countys waters, Liberty Island is wholly part of New York. Largely created through land reclamation, Ellis Island covers a area of 27.5 acres, with the 2. 74-acre natural island. Shooters Island, in the Kill van Kull, is shared with New York. Robbins Reef Light sits atop a reef which runs parallel the Bayonne and these boundaries and the topography-including many hills and inlets-create very distinct neighborhoods. Kennedy Boulevard runs the length of the peninsula. Numerous cuts for rail and vehicular traffic cross Bergen Hill, given its proximity to Manhattan, it is sometimes referred to as New York Citys sixth borough. At the time of European contact in the 17th century, Hudson County was the territory of the Lenape, namely the bands known as the Hackensack, the Tappan, the Raritan, and the Manhattan. They were a seasonally migrational people who practiced small-scale agriculture augmented by hunting and gathering which likely, given the topography of the area and these groups had early and frequent trading contact with Europeans. The west bank of the North River and the cliffs, hills, in 1630, Michael Pauw received a land patent, or patroonship and purchased the land between the Hudson and Hackensack Rivers, giving it the Latin-ized form of his name, Pavonia. He failed to settle the area and was forced to return his holdings to the Dutch West India Company, homesteads were established at Communipaw, Harsimus, Paulus Hook and Hoebuck. A series of raids and reprisals across the province lasted two years, and ended in an uneasy truce, other homesteads were established at Constable Hook, Awiehaken, and other lands at Achter Col on Bergen Neck
4.
Newark, New Jersey
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Newark is the most populous city in the U. S. state of New Jersey and the seat of Essex County. For 2015, the Census Bureaus Population Estimates Program calculated a population of 281,944, Newark is the second largest city in the New York metropolitan area, located approximately 8 miles west of lower Manhattan. Settled in 1666 by Puritans from New Haven Colony, Newark is one of the oldest European cities in the United States and its location at the mouth of the Passaic River, has made the citys waterfront an integral part of the Port of New York and New Jersey. Today, Port Newark-Elizabeth is the container shipping terminal of the busiest seaport on the American East Coast. In addition, Newark Liberty International Airport was the first municipal airport in the United States. Several leading companies have their headquarters in Newark, including Prudential, PSEG, Panasonic Corporation of North America, Audible. com, IDT Corporation, the U. S. District Court for the District of New Jersey sits in the city as well. Local cultural venues include the New Jersey Performing Arts Center, Newark Symphony Hall, The Prudential Center and the Newark Museum. Newark is divided into five wards, the East, West, South, North and Central wards. Newarks Branch Brook Park is the oldest county park in the United States and is home to the nations largest collection of cherry blossom trees, Newark was settled in 1666 by Connecticut Puritans led by Robert Treat from the New Haven Colony. It was conceived as an assembly of the faithful, though this did not last for long as new settlers came with different ideas. On October 31,1693 it was organized as a New Jersey township based on the Newark Tract, Newark was granted a Royal charter on April 27,1713. It was incorporated on February 21,1798 by the New Jersey Legislatures Township Act of 1798, during its time as a township, portions were taken to form Springfield Township, Caldwell Township, Orange Township, Bloomfield Township and Clinton Township. Newark was reincorporated as a city on April 11,1836, replacing Newark Township, the previously independent Vailsburg borough was annexed by Newark on January 1,1905. In 1926, South Orange Township changed its name to Maplewood, as a result of this, a portion of Maplewood known as Ivy Hill was re-annexed to Newarks Vailsburg. During the American Revolutionary War British troops made several raids into the town, the city has experienced revitalization since the 1990s. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city had an area of 26.107 square miles. It has the third-smallest land area among the 100 most populous cities in the U. S. behind neighboring Jersey City and Hialeah, the citys altitude ranges from 0 in the east to approximately 230 feet above sea level in the western section of the city. Newark is essentially a large basin sloping towards the Passaic River, historically, Newarks high places have been its wealthier neighborhoods
5.
Trenton, New Jersey
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Trenton is the capital city of the U. S. state of New Jersey and the county seat of Mercer County. It was briefly the capital of the United States, as of the 2010 United States Census, Trenton had a population of 84,913, making it the states 10th-largest municipality. The Census Bureau estimated that the population was 84,034 in 2014. Trenton dates back at least to June 3,1719, when mention was made of a constable being appointed for Trenton, while the area was still part of Hunterdon County. Boundaries were recorded for Trenton Township as of March 2,1720, a courthouse and jail were constructed in Trenton around 1720, Trenton became New Jerseys capital as of November 25,1790, and the City of Trenton was formed within Trenton Township on November 13,1792. Trenton Township was incorporated as one of New Jerseys initial group of 104 townships by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on February 21,1798, on February 22,1834, portions of Trenton Township were taken to form Ewing Township. The remaining portion of Trenton Township was absorbed by the City of Trenton on April 10,1837, portions of Ewing Township and Hamilton Township were annexed to Trenton on March 23,1900. The first settlement which would become Trenton was established by Quakers in 1679, in the then called the Falls of the Delaware, led by Mahlon Stacy from Handsworth, Sheffield. Quakers were being persecuted in England at this time and North America provided an opportunity to exercise their religious freedom, by 1719, the town adopted the name Trent-towne, after William Trent, one of its leading landholders who purchased much of the surrounding land from Stacys family. This name later was shortened to Trenton, during the American Revolutionary War, the city was the site of the Battle of Trenton, George Washingtons first military victory. On December 26,1776, Washington and his army, after crossing the icy Delaware River to Trenton, after the war, the Confederation Congress briefly met in Trenton in November and December 1784. Trenton became the capital in 1790, but prior to that year the New Jersey Legislature often met here. The city was incorporated in 1792, during the War of 1812, the United States Armys primary hospital was at a site on Broad Street. Throughout the 19th century, Trenton grew steadily, as European immigrants came to work in its pottery, in 1837, with the population now too large for government by council, a new mayoral government was adopted, with by-laws that remain in operation to this day. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city had an area of 8.155 square miles. Trenton is located near the geographic center of the state. However, Mercer County constitutes its own metropolitan area, formally known as the Trenton-Ewing MSA. Locals consider Trenton to be a part of an area called Central Jersey
6.
American Civil War
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The American Civil War was an internal conflict fought in the United States from 1861 to 1865. The Union faced secessionists in eleven Southern states grouped together as the Confederate States of America, the Union won the war, which remains the bloodiest in U. S. history. Among the 34 U. S. states in February 1861, War broke out in April 1861 when Confederates attacked the U. S. fortress of Fort Sumter. The Confederacy grew to eleven states, it claimed two more states, the Indian Territory, and the southern portions of the western territories of Arizona. The Confederacy was never recognized by the United States government nor by any foreign country. The states that remained loyal, including border states where slavery was legal, were known as the Union or the North, the war ended with the surrender of all the Confederate armies and the dissolution of the Confederate government in the spring of 1865. The war had its origin in the issue of slavery. The Confederacy collapsed and 4 million slaves were freed, but before his inauguration, seven slave states with cotton-based economies formed the Confederacy. The first six to declare secession had the highest proportions of slaves in their populations, the first seven with state legislatures to resolve for secession included split majorities for unionists Douglas and Bell in Georgia with 51% and Louisiana with 55%. Alabama had voted 46% for those unionists, Mississippi with 40%, Florida with 38%, Texas with 25%, of these, only Texas held a referendum on secession. Eight remaining slave states continued to reject calls for secession, outgoing Democratic President James Buchanan and the incoming Republicans rejected secession as illegal. Lincolns March 4,1861 inaugural address declared that his administration would not initiate a civil war, speaking directly to the Southern States, he reaffirmed, I have no purpose, directly or indirectly to interfere with the institution of slavery in the United States where it exists. I believe I have no right to do so, and I have no inclination to do so. After Confederate forces seized numerous federal forts within territory claimed by the Confederacy, efforts at compromise failed, the Confederates assumed that European countries were so dependent on King Cotton that they would intervene, but none did, and none recognized the new Confederate States of America. Hostilities began on April 12,1861, when Confederate forces fired upon Fort Sumter, while in the Western Theater the Union made significant permanent gains, in the Eastern Theater, the battle was inconclusive in 1861–62. The autumn 1862 Confederate campaigns into Maryland and Kentucky failed, dissuading British intervention, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which made ending slavery a war goal. To the west, by summer 1862 the Union destroyed the Confederate river navy, then much of their western armies, the 1863 Union siege of Vicksburg split the Confederacy in two at the Mississippi River. In 1863, Robert E. Lees Confederate incursion north ended at the Battle of Gettysburg, Western successes led to Ulysses S. Grants command of all Union armies in 1864
7.
Jersey City, New Jersey
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Jersey City is the second-most-populous city in the U. S. state of New Jersey after Newark. It is the seat of Hudson County as well as the countys largest city. 7% from the 2010 United States Census, when the citys population was at 247,597, ranking the city the 75th-largest in the nation. Part of the New York metropolitan area, Jersey City is bounded on the east by the Hudson River and Upper New York Bay and on the west by the Hackensack River and Newark Bay. After a peak population of 316,715 measured in the 1930 Census, the land comprising what is now Jersey City was inhabited by the Lenape, a collection of tribes. After spending nine days surveying the area and meeting its inhabitants, by 1621, the Dutch West India Company was organized to manage this new territory and in June 1623, New Netherland became a Dutch province, with headquarters in New Amsterdam. Michael Reyniersz Pauw received a grant as patroon on the condition that he would establish a settlement of not fewer than fifty persons within four years. He chose the west bank of the North River and purchased the land from the Lenape and this grant is dated November 22,1630 and is the earliest known conveyance for what are now Hoboken and Jersey City. Pauw, however, was a landlord who neglected to populate the area and was obliged to sell his holdings back to the Company in 1633. That year, a house was built at Communipaw for Jan Evertsen Bout, superintendent of the colony, during Kiefts War, approximately eighty Lenapes were killed by the Dutch in a massacre at Pavonia on the night of February 25,1643. Scattered communities of farmsteads characterized the Dutch settlements at Pavonia, Communipaw, Harsimus, Paulus Hook, Hoebuck, Awiehaken, and other lands behind Kil van Kull. The first village established on what is now Bergen Square in 1660, among the oldest surviving houses in Jersey City are the Newkirk House, the Van Vorst Farmhouse, and the Van Wagenen House. During the American Revolutionary War, the area was in the hands of the British who controlled New York, in the Battle of Paulus Hook Major Light Horse Harry Lee attacked a British fortification on August 19,1779. During the 19th century, former slaves reached Jersey City on one of the four routes of the Underground Railroad that led to the city. The City of Jersey was incorporated by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on January 28,1820, from portions of Bergen Township, while the area was still a part of Bergen County. The city was reincorporated on January 23,1829, and again on February 22,1838, on February 22,1840, it became part of the newly created Hudson County. Soon after the Civil War, the idea arose of uniting all of the towns of Hudson County east of the Hackensack River into one municipality. A bill was approved by the legislature on April 2,1869. An element of the bill provide that only contiguous towns could be consolidated, while a majority of the voters across the county approved the merger, the only municipalities that had approved the consolidation plan and that adjoined Jersey City were Hudson City and Bergen City
8.
Journal Square
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The square itself is at the intersection of Kennedy Boulevard and Bergen Avenues. The broader area extends to and includes Bergen Square, McGinley Square, India Square, many local, state, and federal agencies serving Hudson County maintain offices in the district. The Newkirk House and Van Wagenen House remain, while the still-intact Sip Manor was moved to Westfield, the newspaper built new headquarters and the new square was named in its honor. The bridge carrying the boulevard was designed by consulting engineer Abraham Burton Cohen, karen Angel of The New York Daily News described Journal Square from the 1920s to the 1960s as crown jewel, a glowing commercial, entertainment and transportation hub of the city. The Jersey Bounce, a hit song in the 1940s mentions Journal Square in its lyrics as the place where it got started, two days before Election Day in 1960 John F. Kennedy made his last campaign speech before returning to New England at Journal Square. Hudson Boulevard was named Kennedy Boulevard soon after his assassination, the Tube Bar, so-called for the Hudson Tubes was made famous by Louis Red Deutsch getting prank calls there. The Journal Square Transportation Center, opened between 1973-1975, includes the Journal Square PATH and bus station, and is headquarters of the Port Authority Trans-Hudson. It is attributed to have contributed to the decline of the district by moving the train-bus interchange, in front of the station is a statue of Jackie Robinson who in 1946 crossed the baseball color line at Roosevelt Stadium. A statue of Christopher Columbus, the work of Jersey City native Archimedes Giacomontonio, has located on the square since 1950. The Stanley and the Loews have both been restored, the first now an Assembly Hall of Jehovahs Witnesses, the used as a moviehouse. The campus of Hudson County Community College is a collection of buildings throughout the district around the square, a few blocks to the south near McGinley Square, are Saint Peters University, Hudson Catholic Regional High School, and the Jersey City Armory. A concentration of shops operated two of the ethnic groups, Overseas Filipino and Indian American, can be found along Newark Avenue. Northeast of Journal Square is Five Corners, the county seat of Hudson County, the Five Corners Branch of the Jersey City Public Library is sited on the intersection itself, while William L. Dickinson High School is located nearby at 2 Palisade Avenue. Many of the buildings in Journal Square include housing stock, convenience stores, bodegas, and downscale franchises, a proposed development by Kushner Real Estate Group and National Real Estate Advisors, Journal Squared, is planned as a 2,300,000 square foot 3-tower residential complex. The first phase, a 53-story tower, opened in early 2017 and it sits directly adjacent to the Journal Squared PATH station as a continuation of the dense transit-oriented development that has arisen further to the east in Jersey City. The towers were designed by Hollwich Kushner and Handel Architects, as of 2008 there were proposals to build a complex called 1 Journal Square which would combine rental housing, multi-story retail, and parking. Plans for the mixed-use development call for 68-story and 50-story residential towers above a 7-story retail, while the site has been cleared, construction has not begun. A further extension to 2013 requested by MEPTA was not granted by the Jersey City Redevelopment Agency, Jersey City is one of nine municipalities in New Jersey designated as eligible for Urban Transit Hub Tax Credits by the states Economic Development Authority
9.
Library of Congress
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The Library of Congress is the research library that officially serves the United States Congress and is the de facto national library of the United States. It is the oldest federal cultural institution in the United States, the Library is housed in three buildings on Capitol Hill in Washington, D. C. it also maintains the Packard Campus in Culpeper, Virginia, which houses the National Audio-Visual Conservation Center. The Library of Congress claims to be the largest library in the world and its collections are universal, not limited by subject, format, or national boundary, and include research materials from all parts of the world and in more than 450 languages. Two-thirds of the books it acquires each year are in other than English. The Library of Congress moved to Washington in 1800, after sitting for years in the temporary national capitals of New York. John J. Beckley, who became the first Librarian of Congress, was two dollars per day and was required to also serve as the Clerk of the House of Representatives. The small Congressional Library was housed in the United States Capitol for most of the 19th century until the early 1890s, most of the original collection had been destroyed by the British in 1814, during the War of 1812. To restore its collection in 1815, the bought from former president Thomas Jefferson his entire personal collection of 6,487 books. After a period of growth, another fire struck the Library in its Capitol chambers in 1851, again destroying a large amount of the collection. The Library received the right of transference of all copyrighted works to have two copies deposited of books, maps, illustrations and diagrams printed in the United States. It also began to build its collections of British and other European works and it included several stories built underground of steel and cast iron stacks. Although the Library is open to the public, only high-ranking government officials may check out books, the Library promotes literacy and American literature through projects such as the American Folklife Center, American Memory, Center for the Book, and Poet Laureate. James Madison is credited with the idea for creating a congressional library, part of the legislation appropriated $5,000 for the purchase of such books as may be necessary for the use of Congress. And for fitting up an apartment for containing them. Books were ordered from London and the collection, consisting of 740 books and 3 maps, was housed in the new Capitol, as president, Thomas Jefferson played an important role in establishing the structure of the Library of Congress. The new law also extended to the president and vice president the ability to borrow books and these volumes had been left in the Senate wing of the Capitol. One of the only congressional volumes to have survived was a government account book of receipts and it was taken as a souvenir by a British Commander whose family later returned it to the United States government in 1940. Within a month, former president Jefferson offered to sell his library as a replacement
10.
The Oregonian
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The Oregonian is a daily newspaper based in Portland, Oregon, owned by Advance Publications. It is the oldest continuously published newspaper on the U. S. west coast, founded as a weekly by Thomas J. Dryer on December 4,1850, and published daily since 1861. It is the largest newspaper in Oregon and the second largest in the Pacific Northwest by circulation, the Sunday edition is published under the title The Sunday Oregonian. The Oregonian received the 2001 Pulitzer Prize for Public Service, the gold medal annually awarded by the organization. The papers staff or individual writers have received seven other Pulitzer Prizes, chief among these pioneer community organizers seeking establishment of a Portland press were Col. W. W. Chapman and prominent local businessman Henry W. Corbett. There the pair met Thomas J. Dryers press was transported to Portland, each weekly issue consisted of four pages, printed six columns wide. Little attention was paid to current news events, with the bulk of the papers content devoted to political themes, a loud and bitter rivalry between the competing news organs ensued. Henry Pittock became the owner in 1861 as compensation for unpaid wages, pittocks goal was to focus more on news than the bully pulpit established by Dryer. From 1866 to 1872 Harvey W. Scott was the editor, Henry W. Corbett bought the paper from a cash-poor Pittock in October 1872 and placed William Lair Hill as editor. Scott, fired by Corbett for supporting Ben Holladays candidates, became editor of Holladays rival Bulletin newspaper, the paper went bankrupt around 1874, Holladay having lost $200,000 in the process. Corbett sold The Oregonian back to Pittock in 1877, marking a return of Scott to the editorial helm. A part-owner of the paper, Scott would remain as editor-in-chief until shortly before his death in 1910, in 1881, the first Sunday Oregonian was published. The paper became known as the voice of business-oriented Republicans, as evidenced by consistent endorsement of Republican candidates for president in every election before 1992. The new building was, the same as its predecessor, called the Oregonian Building and it contained about 100,000 square feet of floor space, including the basement but not the tower. The newspaper did not move again until 1948, the 1892 building was demolished in 1950. Following the death of Harvey Scott in 1910, the papers editor-in-chief was Edgar B, piper, who had previously been managing editor. Piper remained editor until his death in 1928, in 1922, The Morning Oregonian launched KGW, Oregons first commercial radio station. Five years later, KGW affiliated with NBC, the newspaper purchased a second station, KEX, in 1933, from NBC subsidiary Northwest Broadcasting Co
